Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone

Template:Short description Template:Use British English Template:Use dmy dates {{#invoke:infobox|infoboxTemplate | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{#if:|width: {{{mainwidth}}}}} | child = {{{embed}}}

| abovestyle = font-size: 100%;

| above = {{#if:Major-General The Right Honourable|

Major-General The Right Honourable

}}

{{#if:The Earl of Athlone|The Earl of Athlone|Template:PAGENAMEBASE}}

{{#if:Template:Post-nominals|

Template:Post-nominals

}}

| subheaderstyle = font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;

| subheader = {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes||{{#if:|{{#if:|

}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:|

}}}}}}

| image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=Earlofathlone.jpg|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|size=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | image3 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image=|upright=1|alt=|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | captionstyle = line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em; | caption{{#if:|3|{{#if:|2}}}} = Portrait, Template:Circa 1940

| headerstyle = color: #202122; {{#ifeq:{{{embed}}}|yes|background:#eee|background:lavender}}

| data2 = | header3 = {{#if:Prince Alexander of TeckTemplate:Birth date Kensington Palace, London, EnglandTemplate:Death date and ageKensington Palace, London, EnglandRoyal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; later Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore Template:Marriage Lady May Abel Smith
Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon
Prince Maurice of TeckFrancis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge Eton College; Royal Military Academy Sandhurst Army officer See below...|Personal details}} | label4 = Pronunciation | data4 =

| label5 = Born | data5 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

  |1={{#if:Prince Alexander of Teck|Prince Alexander of Teck}}
  |2={{#invoke:person date|birth}}

|3={{#if:Kensington Palace, London, England|

Kensington Palace, London, England

}}

| label6 = Died | data6 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br

 |1={{#invoke:person date|death}}

|2={{#if:Kensington Palace, London, England|

Kensington Palace, London, England

}}

| label7 = {{#ifexpr: Template:Strfind short

   | Manner |{{#if:|Manner|Cause}} }} of death

| data7 = {{#if:||}}

| label8 = Resting place | class8 = label | data8 = {{#invoke:Separated entries|br|Royal Vault, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle; later Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore|}}

| label9 = Citizenship | data9 =

| label10 = Nationality | data10 = {{#if:|{{#if:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Kensington Palace, London, England}}|{{#switch:{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}| {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:Country2nationality||{{#invoke:find country|main|string={{#invoke:delink|delink|Kensington Palace, London, England}}}}|nocat=true}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}|{{#invoke:delink|delink|{{{nationality}}}}}}} = | {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:find country|main|string=Kensington Palace, London, England}}|England|British}} = | #default = {{{nationality}}}}}|{{{nationality}}}}}|}} | label11 = Political party | data11 = {{#switch: | = | Democrat | Democratic | Democrat = Democratic | Republican | United States Republican Party | Republican | Republican Party = Republican | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Labour Party | Labour = Labour | Conservative Party | Conservative = Conservative | Liberal Party | Liberal = Liberal | KMT | Kuomintang | KMT | KMT | Kuomintang | Kuomintang (KMT) | Kuomintang (KMT) = Kuomintang | DPP | DPP | Democratic Progressive Party = Democratic Progressive Party | #default = }}

| label12 = Other political
affiliations | data12 =

| label13 = Height | data13 = {{#if:|Template:Infobox person/height}}

| label14 = Spouse{{#if:|s|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Template:Marriage|likely=(s)|plural=s}}}} | data14 = Template:Marriage

| label15 = Domestic partner{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data15 =

| label16 = Relations | data16 =

| label17 = Children | data17 = Lady May Abel Smith
Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon
Prince Maurice of Teck

| label18 = Parent{{#if:Francis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge|{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize|Francis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge|likely=(s)|plural=s}}|{{#ifexpr:Template:Count > 1|s}}}} | data18 = {{#if:Francis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge|Francis, Duke of Teck
Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge|{{#invoke:list|unbulleted|{{#if:|{{{father}}} (father)}}|{{#if:|{{{mother}}} (mother)}}}}}}

| label19 = Relatives | data19 =

| label20 = Residence{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | class20 = {{#if:Template:Death date and ageKensington Palace, London, England||label}} | data20 =

| label21 = Education | data21 = Eton College; Royal Military Academy Sandhurst

| label22 = Alma mater | data22 =

| label23 = Occupation | data23 =

| label24 = Profession | data24 = Army officer

| label25 = Known for | data25 =

| label26 = Salary | data26 =

| label27 = Cabinet | data27 =

| label28 = Committees | data28 =

| label29 = Portfolio | data29 =

| label30 = {{#if:|Civilian awards|Awards}} | data30 = See below...

| label31 = {{{blank1}}} | data31 =

| label32 = {{{blank2}}} | data32 =

| label33 = {{{blank3}}} | data33 =

| label34 = {{{blank4}}} | data34 =

| label35 = {{{blank5}}} | data35 =

| label36 = Signature | data36 = {{#if:|[[File:{{{signature}}}|{{#if:|{{{signature_size}}}|128x80px}}|class=skin-invert notpageimage|alt=|Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone's signature]]}}

| label37 = Website | data37 =

| label38 = Nickname{{#invoke:Detect singular|pluralize||likely=(s)|plural=s}} | data38 =

| header39 = {{#if:United KingdomBritish Army1894–1931Major-General Template:Unbulleted list|Military service}}

| label40 = Allegiance | data40 = United Kingdom

| label41 = {{#if:||Branch/service}} | data41 = British Army

| label42 = {{#if:||Years of service}} | data42 = 1894–1931

| label43 = {{#if:||Rank}} | data43 = Major-General

| label44 = {{#if:||Unit}} | data44 =

| label45 = Commands | data45 =

| label46 = {{#if:||Battles/wars}} | data46 = Template:Unbulleted list

| label47 = {{#if:See below...|Military awards|Awards}} | data47 =

| label48 = {{{military_blank1}}} | data48 =

| label49 = {{{military_blank2}}} | data49 =

| label50 = {{{military_blank3}}} | data50 =

| label51 = {{{military_blank4}}} | data51 =

| label52 = {{{military_blank5}}} | data52 =

| below =

{{#if:| As of {{{date}}}{{#if:|, {{{year}}}}}}}

{{#if:|Source: [{{{source}}}]}}

}}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}} }}{{#if:|{{#if:||{{#ifeq:{{#ifeq:|no|yes}}|yes||}}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=Template:Main other|preview=Page using Template:Infobox officeholder with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| regexp1 = 1blankname[%d]* | regexp2 = 1namedata[%d]* | regexp3 = 2blankname[%d]* | regexp4 = 2namedata[%d]* | regexp5 = 3blankname[%d]* | regexp6 = 3namedata[%d]* | regexp7 = 4blankname[%d]* | regexp8 = 4namedata[%d]* | regexp9 = 5blankname[%d]* | regexp10 = 5namedata[%d]* | allegiance | alma_mater | regexp11 = alongside[%d]* | alt | regexp12 = ambassador_from[%d]* | regexp13 = appointed[%d]* | regexp14 = appointer[%d]* | regexp15 = assembly[%d]* | awards | battles | battles_label | birth_date | birth_name | birth_place | birthname | regexp16 = blank[%d]* | bodyclass | branch | branch_label | cabinet | candidate | caption | categories | regexp17 = chancellor[%d]* | children | citizenship | regexp18 = co%-leader[%d]* | commands | committees | regexp19 = constituency[%d]* | regexp20 = constituency_AM[%d]* | regexp21 = constituency_MP[%d]* | regexp22 = convocation[%d]* | regexp23 = country[%d]* | regexp24 = data[%d]* | date | death_cause | death_date | death_manner | death_place | demo | regexp25 = deputy[%d]* | regexp26 = district[%d]* | education | election_date | embed | father | regexp28 = firstminister[%d]* | footnotes | regexp29 = governor[%d]* | regexp30 = governor_general[%d]* | regexp31 = governor%-general[%d]* | height | honorific_prefix | honorific-prefix | honorific_suffix | honorific-suffix | image | image name | image_name_alt | image_size | imagesize | image_upright | incumbent | regexp32 = jr/sr[%d]* | regexp33 = jr/sr and state[%d]* | known_for | regexp34 = leader[%d]* | regexp35 = legislature[%d]* | regexp36 = lieutenant[%d]* | regexp37 = lieutenant_governor[%d]* | mainwidth | regexp38 = majority[%d]* | regexp39 = majority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp40 = majority_leader[%d]* | regexp41 = majorityleader[%d]* | mawards | regexp42 = military_blank[%d]* | regexp43 = military_data[%d]* | regexp44 = minister[%d]* | regexp45 = minister_from[%d]* | regexp46 = minority_floor_leader[%d]* | regexp47 = minority_leader[%d]* | regexp48 = minorityleader[%d]* | regexp49 = module[%d]* | regexp50 = monarch[%d]* | mother | name | nationality | native_name | native_name_lang | nickname | nocat | regexp51 = nominator[%d]* | nominee | occupation | regexp52 = office[%d]* | opponent | regexp53 = order[%d]* | otherparty | parents | regexp54 = parliament[%d]* | regexp55 = parliamentarygroup[%d]* | partner | party | party_election | portfolio | regexp56 = preceded[%d]* | regexp57 = preceding[%d]* | regexp58 = predecessor[%d]* | regexp59 = premier[%d]* | regexp60 = president[%d]* | regexp61 = primeminister[%d]* | regexp62 = prior_term[%d]* | profession | pronunciation | rank | rank_label | relations | relatives | residence | resting_place | resting_place_coordinates | restingplace | restingplacecoordinates | regexp63 = riding[%d]* | runningmate | salary | serviceyears | serviceyears_label | signature | signature_alt | signature_size | smallimage | smallimage_alt | source | speaker | speaker_office | spouse | spouses | regexp64 = state[%d]* | regexp65 = state_assembly[%d]* | regexp66 = state_delegate[%d]* | regexp67 = state_house[%d]* | regexp68 = state_legislature[%d]* | regexp69 = state_senate[%d]* | regexp70 = status[%d]* | regexp71 = suboffice[%d]* | regexp72 = subterm[%d]* | regexp73 = succeeded[%d]* | regexp74 = succeeding[%d]* | regexp75 = successor[%d]* | regexp76 = taoiseach[%d]* | regexp77 = term[%d]* | regexp78 = term_end[%d]* | regexp79 = term_label[%d]* | regexp80 = term_start[%d]* | regexp81 = termend[%d]* | regexp82 = termlabel[%d]* | regexp83 = termstart[%d]* | regexp84 = title[%d]* | unit | unit_label | regexp85 = vicegovernor[%d]* | regexp86 = vicepremier[%d]* | regexp87 = vicepresident[%d]* | regexp88 = viceprimeminister[%d]* | regexp89 = assuming[%d]* | website | width | year }} Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone (Alexander Augustus Frederick William Alfred George; born Prince Alexander of Teck; 14 April 1874 – 16 January 1957), was a member of the extended British royal family, as a great-grandson of King George III, the youngest brother of Queen Mary, an uncle of Kings Edward VIII and George VI, and the husband of Princess Alice of Albany. He was a British Army officer and served as Governor-General of the Union of South Africa and Governor General of Canada.

Alexander was born in Kensington, the youngest son of Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge, and was educated at Eton and the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. In 1904, he married Princess Alice of Albany and rose in military rank through his service on the western front of the First World War, receiving numerous honours and decorations.

A cousin and also brother-in-law of King George V, Alexander relinquished his German titles in 1917, including that of Prince of Teck in the Kingdom of Württemberg, and was elevated to the peerage of the United Kingdom as the first Earl of Athlone. In 1923, the King appointed Athlone as Governor-General of South Africa, on the recommendation of British prime minister Stanley Baldwin, and he occupied the viceregal post until 1930. Athlone then served as Chancellor of the University of London until, in 1940, his nephew George VI appointed him as Governor General of Canada,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> on the recommendation of Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King. He occupied the post until 1946. Athlone helped galvanise the Canadian war effort and was a host to British and American statesmen during the Second World War.

After returning to the United Kingdom, Athlone sat on the organising committee for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, his great-niece. He died at Kensington Palace in 1957 and was interred in the Royal Burial Ground, Frogmore.

Early life, education, and military career

Template:Teck-Cambridge Family Alexander was born on 14 April 1874 at Kensington Palace,<ref name="Eilers">Template:Cite book</ref> the fourth child and third son of Prince Francis, Duke of Teck, and Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck. Although his mother was a granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria, Athlone, as the son of a prince of Teck in Württemberg, was styled from birth as His Serene Highness and held the title Prince Alexander of Teck.<ref name="Eilers" /><ref name="CPXIII258">Template:Cite book</ref> He was known, however, to his family and friends as Alge, derived from the first two letters of Alexander and George,<ref name="UW">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> and was characterised as a meticulous individual with a quick, but short-lived, temper and an ability to be cautious and tactful.<ref name="UW" />

File:Prince Alexander of Teck.jpg

Prince Alexander of Teck, 28 June 1910, wearing the insignia of the Royal Victorian Order, and the star and sash of the Order of the Rue Crown of Saxony

When Alexander was nine years old, his parents fled the United Kingdom for continental Europe to escape their high debts. They stayed there for two years. Alexander remained at Eton College before moving on to the Royal Military College, Sandhurst.<ref name="CPXIII258" /> In October 1894, having completed his officer's training, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 7th Queen's Own Hussars,<ref name="CPXIII258" /><ref name=":0">Template:London Gazette</ref> and shortly after served in the Second Matabele War. Alexander was mentioned in despatches during the conflict and, after its cessation, was appointed on 8 December 1898 by Queen Victoria as a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order.<ref name=":1">Template:London Gazette</ref> He received a promotion to lieutenant in June 1899 and to captain the following April.<ref name=":2">Template:London Gazette</ref><ref name=":3">Template:London Gazette</ref> For his actions in the Second Boer War, Alexander was, in April 1901, appointed by King Edward VII as a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order.<ref name=":4">Template:London Gazette</ref>

The announcement came on 16 November 1903 that Alexander had become engaged to his second cousin once removed,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Princess Alice of Albany, daughter of Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, and thus a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and niece of the then soon-to-be Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn. They were married at St. George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle, on 10 February 1904 and,<ref name="Eilers" /><ref name="CPXIII258" /> six days later, in celebration of the wedding, the Prince was promoted to the grade of a Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order.<ref name=":5">Template:London Gazette</ref> The couple thereafter had three children: Princess May of Teck, born 1906; Prince Rupert of Teck, born 1907; and Prince Maurice Francis George of Teck.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> Maurice, however, lived only for less than six months between 29 March and 14 September 1910.

That same year, Alexander was appointed Chairman of Middlesex Hospital.<ref name="UW" />

First World War

Prior to the outbreak of the Great War in 1914, Alexander, who had been promoted to major in January 1911 and was a brevet lieutenant-colonel commanding the 2nd Regiment of Life Guards,<ref name=":6">Template:London Gazette</ref> was nominated by the British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to serve as Governor General of Canada. However, Alexander was called up for active service with his regiment.<ref name="ODNB">Template:Cite ODNB</ref> taking him to battle in France and Flanders. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel, with the temporary rank of brigadier-general, in December 1915.<ref name=":7">Template:London Gazette</ref> For his service on the battlefields, in June 1917 Alexander was appointed by his brother in law, King George V, as a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.<ref name=":8">Template:London Gazette</ref>

During the war, anti-German sentiment throughout the British Empire led the King to change the name of the royal house from the Germanic House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to the more English House of Windsor, while simultaneously renouncing all Germanic titles for himself and all members of the Royal Family. Through a royal warrant issued on 14 July 1917, Alexander, along with his brother, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Teck, similarly relinquished all of his German titles, styles, and honours, choosing instead the name of Cambridge, after his grandfather, Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge.<ref name="LondonGazette30374">Template:London Gazette</ref> Alexander was then known simply as Sir Alexander Cambridge (being entitled to the honorific Sir through his knighthoods in the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of the Bath), until, on 7 November 1917, the King created him Earl of Athlone and Viscount Trematon.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> Athlone had declined a marquessate, as he thought the title did not sound British enough. Athlone's wife retained her royal style and title, while their surviving children became the Lady May Cambridge and Rupert Cambridge, Viscount Trematon. Rupert was the heir apparent to the title of Earl of Athlone, but he died on 15 April 1928 following a car crash, ten days shy of his twenty-first birthday, and the third creation of the earldom later became extinct with the death of the first earl.

Post-war career and Governor-General of the Union of South Africa

Following the cessation of hostilities in Europe in 1918, Athlone was promoted to the brevet rank of colonel in June 1919, and retired from the army that November, with the honorary rank of brigadier-general.<ref name=":9">Template:London Gazette</ref><ref name=":10">Template:London Gazette</ref> He took up posts in the civilian world, continuing at Middlesex Hospital. Because of his experience there, he was appointed in 1921 to chair an investigative committee on the needs of doctors. Known as the Athlone Committee, its work resulted in the creation of post-graduate schools for medical education and research,<ref name="UW" /> such as the Royal Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. In March 1922, he was promoted to the rank of colonel in the Regular Army Reserves, retaining his honorary rank of brigadier-general,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and, in 1937, was appointed chair of a committee of inquiry into the arrangements for "recruitment, training and registration and terms and conditions of service" for nurses.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

For their London residence, the Athlones used the grace and favour apartments of Princess Alice's mother, the late Duchess of Albany, in the Clock House at Kensington Palace and, in 1923, they acquired a country residence, Brantridge Park, in West Sussex.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In December of the same year, Athlone was appointed by the King as both an honorary major-general and as the Governor-General of the Union of South Africa,<ref name="UW" /> replacing his wife's cousin, Prince Arthur of Connaught.<ref name=":11">Template:London Gazette</ref> He arrived in Pretoria in January 1924 and was immediately at work with his viceregal duties, opening the newly finished parliament building, just weeks before his South African prime minister, Jan Smuts, suddenly advised him to prorogue the legislature.<ref name="Time">Template:Cite magazine</ref>

In the ensuing election—the running of which forced Athlone to cancel the planned tour of Prince Edward, Prince of Wales<ref name="Time" />—the National Party won a majority of seats in the House of Assembly, meaning Athlone appointed the party's leader, James Barry Munnik Hertzog, as his new prime minister. At the time, Afrikaner nationalism was increasing in the dominion, and Hertzog was a republican who promoted the secession of South Africa from the British Empire. As such, he proposed the country adopt its own flag over the Union Flag. Athlone, however, proved sympathetic and tactful, and resolved the issue by advancing a flag that was unique to South Africa, but which still contained the Union Flag within it, despite opposition from numerous Afrikaners. He also gained popularity with South Africans of all races through his frequent tours of the country,<ref name="UW" /> performing a number of ceremonial duties, including opening Pioneers' Park in Johannesburg.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

For his service to the Crown in South Africa, Athlone was appointed by George V as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter, on 17 April 1928,<ref name=":12">Template:London Gazette</ref> and, upon his return to the UK, was made on 4 August 1931 the Governor and Constable of Windsor Castle.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> The following year, he was also selected as the Chancellor of the University of London, which post he held until 1955.<ref name="GGCam">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> In May 1936 he succeeded Field Marshal Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby as colonel of The Life Guards, an appointment he held until his death.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>

In 1937 he led the Ministry of Health and Board of Education Interim Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Nursing Services, also known as The Athlone Report. It looked at nursing recruitment, retention and skills and included Dame Ellen Musson<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

In January 1939, Athlone was appointed president of The Football Association.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The move represented the first time the FA had appointed someone that was not a football administrator to the position.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Governor General of Canada

File:RooseveltChurchillMackenzie.jpg

The Earl of Athlone (seated right) with (left to right) Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King, US President Roosevelt, and UK Prime Minister Churchill, at La Citadelle, August 1943

File:Althorn-Alice-MK.jpg

The Earl of Athlone and his wife, Princess Alice, followed by Prime Minister Mackenzie King at the State Opening of Parliament, 6 September 1945

In Canada in the late 1930s, there had been calls from government circles and the media alike for the King to appoint a Canadian-born individual as governor general. However, with the rush to fill the post after the unexpected death (on February 11, 1940) of the incumbent viceroy, Lord Tweedsmuir, and with the country embroiled in the Second World War, Canadian prime minister William Lyon Mackenzie King advised King George VI that the time was not right for such a change in viceregal tradition.

File:Duchess of Teck and family colour.jpg

The Duchess of Teck and her family c. 1880; Prince Alexander sits centre with his arm around the Duchess, Princess Mary (later Queen Mary) is seated at far right

Instead, it was George's uncle, the Earl of Athlone, whose name Mackenzie King put forward and the Earl accepted.<ref>His appointment was formally made on 2 June 1940 by commission under the king's royal sign-manual and signet.<ref name=GGCam/><ref>Canada Gazette, volume 74, number 2, 13 July 1940, page 55</ref></ref> Subsequently, Athlone, along with his wife and his aide-de-camp, Alastair Windsor, Earl of Macduff,<ref group="n" name="Capt">Lord Macduff (originally Prince Alastair of Connaught), who would succeed to the title of Duke of Connaught and Strathearn in 1942, was the grandson of the previous Governor General of Canada, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, and the son of former South African governor general Prince Arthur of Connaught. He died at Rideau Hall in 1943.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> voyaged to Canada to take up his position, their liner using a submarine-evading zig-zag pattern across the Atlantic Ocean to Halifax, Nova Scotia.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref> After travelling on to Ottawa by train, Athlone was sworn in during a ceremony in the Senate chamber on 21 June 1940. The Athlones' three grandchildren, Anne, Richard, and Elizabeth (children of their daughter May), lived with them in Canada for the duration of the war.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>

Athlone immediately made himself active in the support of the war effort, travelling across the country and focusing much of his attention on the troops, either those training at military facilities or those injured and in hospital. Viewing his position as governor general as a link between Canadians and their monarch, Athlone also communicated in speeches that the King stood with them in their fight against Adolf Hitler and the Nazi regime.<ref name=GGCam/>

The war was brought close to home for the Athlones also because many of those belonging to displaced European royal families sought refuge in Canada and resided at or near the royal and viceroyal residence, Rideau Hall. Among the royal guests were Crown Prince Olav and Crown Princess Märtha of Norway; Grand Duchess Charlotte and Prince Felix of Luxembourg; King Peter II of Yugoslavia; King George II of Greece; Empress Zita of Bourbon-Parma (Austria-Hungary) and her daughters; as well as Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and her daughter, Princess Juliana.<ref name=Hubbard>Template:Harvnb</ref> Further, in December 1941, British prime minister Winston Churchill arrived at the residence, where he presided over British Cabinet meetings via telephone from his bed.<ref>Template:Harvnb</ref>

It was Athlone's duty to play host at Quebec City to his prime minister, still Mackenzie King, as well as Churchill and President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, who all gathered to take part in what would become known as the Quebec Conferences, with the first taking place between 17 and 24 August 1943 at the viceregal residence in La Citadelle, and the second occurring from 12 to 16 September 1944 at the Château Frontenac. It was at these meetings that the four men discussed the Allied strategies that would eventually lead to victory over Nazi Germany and Japan. When Germany fell on 8 May 1945 and Japan on 15 August of the same year, Athlone led the national celebrations held on Parliament Hill and elsewhere. He thereafter spoke in speeches about Canada's future being marked not by war but by a strong role in reconstruction and reconciliation.<ref name=GGCam/>

During his time as the Canadian viceroy, Athlone also lent his status to various charitable and other social events, and mounted a number of activities of his own, such as tobogganing parties and skating lessons on the grounds of Rideau Hall, as well as skiing in Gatineau Park. When he departed Canada at the end of his time as the King's representative, Athlone left as a legacy the Athlone Fellowship, awarded by the Engineering Institute of Canada.<ref name=GGCam/>

Post-viceregal life

File:Earl of Athlone bust, Senate House, London 02.jpg

Bust of the Earl of Athlone, Senate House, University of London.

After Lord Athlone's replacement as governor general was appointed on 21 March 1946, he returned to the United Kingdom to retirement, taking up residence again in a grace and favour apartment at Kensington Palace and, on 1 September of that year, resigning as colonel of the 7th Queen's Own Hussars.<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> He did not completely remove himself from public activity, however, and was, along with his Canadian viceregal successor, Lord Alexander of Tunis, appointed to the committee charged with organising the coronation in 1953 of Athlone's great-niece, Queen Elizabeth II,<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref> and continued to sit as Chancellor of the University of London until 1955.<ref name=GGCam/>

The Earl of Athlone died at Kensington on 16 January 1957 at the age of 82, and was interred in the Royal Vault at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, on 19 January before being transferred to the Royal Burial Ground at Frogmore on 15 May 1957.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> He was the last surviving great-grandchild of George III.

Titles and honours

Military ranks

23 October 1894; Second Lieutenant<ref name=":0" />
8 August 1899; Lieutenant<ref name=":2" />
6 April 1900; Captain<ref name=":3" />
17 February 1911; Major<ref name=":6" />
10 January 1916; Brevet Lieutenant Colonel<ref name=":7" />
10 January 1916; Temporary Brigadier-General<ref name=":7" />
10 January 1916; Brevet Colonel<ref name=":9" />
5 November 1919; Honorary Brigadier-General<ref name=":10" />
30 November 1923; Honorary Major General<ref name=":11" />

Orders and decorations

British

Orders of Chivalry

Template:Flagicon KG: Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, 17 April 1928<ref name=":12" />
Template:Flagicon image KCVO: Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order,13 December 1898<ref name=":1" />
- Template:Flagicon image GCVO: Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, 16 February 1904<ref name=":5" />
Template:Flagicon DSO: Companion of the Distinguished Service Order, 19 April 1901<ref name=":4" />
Template:Flagicon KStJ: Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem, 14 June 1917<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
Template:Flagicon GCB: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (civil division), 19 June 1911<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
Template:Flagicon CMG: Companion of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, 4 June 1917<ref name=":8" />
- Template:Flagicon GCMG: Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, 6 November 1923<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>
- Template:Flagicon Grand Master of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George, 24 June 1936<ref>Template:London Gazette</ref>