Rhaetic

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Rhaetic or Raetic (Template:IPAc-en), also known as Rhaetian,Template:Sfn was a Tyrsenian language spoken in the ancient region of Rhaetia in the eastern Alps in pre-Roman and Roman times. It is documented by around 280 texts dated from the 5th through the 1st century BC, which were found through northern Italy, southern Germany, eastern Switzerland, Slovenia and western Austria,Template:Sfn<ref name="Raetic script"/> in two variants of the Old Italic scripts.Template:Sfn Rhaetic is largely accepted as being closely related to Etruscan.<ref>Template:Harvnb:Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kamania on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins. </ref>

The ancient Rhaetic language is not to be confused with the modern Romance languages of the same Alpine region, known as Rhaeto-Romance.

Classification

Template:See also

Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)Template:Sfn

The German linguist Helmut Rix proposed in 1998 that Rhaetic, along with Etruscan, was a member of a language family he called Tyrrhenian, and which was possibly influenced by neighboring Indo-European languages.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Robert S. P. Beekes likewise does not consider it Indo-European.<ref>Template:Harvnb: It seems improbable that Rhaetic (spoken from Lake Garda to the Inn valley) is Indo-European, as it appears to contain Etruscan elements.</ref> Howard Hayes Scullard (1967), on the contrary, suggested it to be an Indo-European language, with links to Illyrian and Celtic.Template:Sfn Nevertheless, most scholars now think that Rhaetic is closely related to Etruscan within the Tyrrhenian grouping.Template:Sfn

Rix's Tyrsenian family is supported by a number of linguists such as Stefan Schumacher,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn Carlo De Simone,Template:Sfn Norbert Oettinger,Template:Sfn Simona Marchesini,Template:Sfn and Rex E. Wallace.Template:Sfn Common features between Etruscan, Rhaetic, and Lemnian have been observed in morphology, phonology, and syntax. On the other hand, few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scanty number of Rhaetic and Lemnian texts and possibly to the early date at which the languages split.Template:Sfn<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The Tyrsenian family (or Common Tyrrhenic) is often considered to be Paleo-European and to predate the arrival of Indo-European languages in southern Europe.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn<ref>Template:Harvnb: Italy was home to a number of languages in the Iron Age, some of them clearly Indo-European (Latin being the most obvious, although this was merely the language spoken in the Roman heartland, that is, Latium, and other languages such as Italic, Venetic or Ligurian were also present), while the centre-west and northwest were occupied by the people we call Etruscans, who spoke a language which was non-Indo-European and presumed to represent an ethnic and linguistic stratum which goes far back in time, perhaps even to the occupants of Italy prior to the spread of farming.</ref>

History

In 2004 L. Bouke van der Meer proposed that Rhaetic could have developed from Etruscan from around 900 BC or even earlier, and no later than 700 BC, since divergences are already present in the oldest Etruscan and Rhaetic inscriptions, such as in the grammatical voices of past tenses or in the endings of male gentilicia. Around 600 BC, the Rhaeti became isolated from the Etruscan area, probably by the Celts, thus limiting contacts between the two languages.Template:Sfn Such a late datation has not enjoyed consensus, because the split would still be too recent, and in contrast with the archaeological data, the Rhaeti in the second Iron Age being characterized by the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, in continuity with late Bronze Age culture and early Iron Age Laugen-Melaun culture. The Raeti are not believed, archeologically, to descend from the Etruscans, as well as it is not believed plausible that the Etruscans are descended from the Rhaeti.<ref name="Marzatico2019">Template:Harvnb: Se resta il fatto che la documentazione archeologica smentisce in tutta evidenza un rapporto filogenetico fra Etruschi e Reti, visti anche fenomeni di continuità come nell’ambito della produzione vascolare di boccali di tradizione Luco/Laugen (fig. 8), non è escluso che la percezione di prossimità esistenti fra la lingua e la scrittura delle due entità etniche possano avere indotto eruditi del tempo a costruite "a tavolino" un rapporto di parentela. (...)</ref> Helmut Rix dated the end of the Proto-Tyrsenian period to the last quarter of the 2nd millennium BC.Template:Sfn Carlo De Simone and Simona Marchesini have proposed a much earlier date, placing the Tyrsenian language split before the Bronze Age.Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn This would provide one explanation for the low number of lexical correspondences.Template:Sfn*

Retic culture and inscriptions

The language is documented in Northern Italy between the 5th and the 1st centuries BC by about 280 texts, in an area corresponding to the Fritzens-Sanzeno and Magrè cultures.Template:Sfn It is clear that in the centuries leading up to Roman imperial times, the Rhaetians had at least come under Etruscan influence, as the Rhaetic inscriptions are written in what appears to be a northern variant of the Etruscan alphabet. The ancient Roman sources mention the Rhaetic people as being reputedly of Etruscan origin, so there may at least have been some ethnic Etruscans who had settled in the region by that time.Template:Citation needed

Writing

Rhaetic was written using two varieties of the Etruscan alphabet: the Sanzeno and Magrè alphabets. They were almost identical except for the writing of a few characters. Generally, in the Sanzeno alphabet, pi is written with two lines, lambda and upsilon are pointed down, and heta uses two horizontal lines. In the Magrè alphabet, pi uses three lines, lambda and upsilon are pointed up, and heta uses three horizontal lines. Additionally, alpha, phi, tau, and the letter for the dental affricate are written differently. Besides characters, the two alphabets also differ slightly in punctuation. Word separation is sometimes seen in Sanzeno texts, but never seen in Magrè texts.Template:Sfn

Magrè was more commonly used to write Rhaetic than Sanzeno. The vast majority of Sanzeno texts are from far northern Italy, and only from the 4th and 5th centuries BC. Magrè texts however have been found from northern Italy to southern Germany, and cover the entire known time Rhaetic was spoken.Template:Sfn

The origins of Rhaetic's alphabets are ultimately unknown, but they seem to have been adopted through Venetic. The punctuation and the direction certain letters face in Magrè, as well as Magrè's use in close vicinity to Venetic, suggest some sort of relationship between them. Sanzeno, however, retains many traditional Etruscan writing traditions. Both alphabets use a unique letter for the dental affricate however, something that Etruscan's zeta could have provided if Etruscan was the source of either of Rhaetic's alphabets. In Venetic however, zeta is rarely used, suggesting it as the more likely source of Rhaetic's alphabets. It is still unknown whether the two alphabets share a common origin or if they developed independently of each other, and to what degree if they did.Template:Sfn

Rhaetic alphabetsTemplate:Efn
alpha epsilon wau zeta heta theta iota kappa lambda mu nu pi san rho sigma tau /ts/Template:Efn upsilon phi chi
Sanzeno (none) File:Greek Upsilon 07.svg File:Greek Phi 08.svg File:Greek Chi 03.svg
Magrè File:Greek Alpha 06.svg File:Rhaetic zeta.png File:Greek Eta 08.svg File:Greek Rho pointed.svg File:Rhaetic m tau 1.pngFile:Rhaetic m tau 2.png File:Rhaetic dental affricate.png File:Greek Upsilon 07.svg File:Rhaetic m phi.png

As of April 2020, there are 389 total inscriptions listed in the Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum's corpus. Of these, only 112 have been positively identified as Rhaetic. 177 have only two characters or less, and many have not been transliterated.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Phonology

Our understanding of Rhaetic phonology is quite uncertain, and the working hypothesis is that it is very similar to Etruscan phonology.Template:Sfn

Vowels

It appears that Rhaetic, like Etruscan, had a four-vowel system: /a/, /i/, /e/, /u/.

Consonants

Unlike Etruscan, Rhaetic does not seem to have the distinction between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. Consonant phonemes attested in Rhaetic include a dental (or palatal) affricate /ts/, dental sibilant /s/, palatal sibilant /ʃ/, nasals /n/, /m/ and liquids /r/, /l/.

Morphology

Nouns

The following cases are attested in Rhaetic:Template:Sfn

For plural, the ending -r(a) is attested.

Verbs

Two verbal suffixes have been identified, both known from Etruscan:

  • -ke is the 3rd person preterite ending
  • -u is the suffix that derives verbal nouns from preterite forms.Template:Sfn

See also

Notes

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References

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Sources

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Further reading

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