António Ramalho Eanes

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Background

Born at Alcains, Castelo Branco, he is the son of Manuel dos Santos Eanes, a general contractor, and Maria do Rosário Ramalho.<ref name=":0">{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Political career

After a long military career in the Portuguese Colonial Wars, Eanes was stationed in Portuguese Angola when the 25 April revolution of 1974 took place. He joined the Movimento das Forças Armadas (MFA or Armed Forces Movement) and after returning to Portugal was made president of RTP (Portuguese public television). In January–February 1975, he emerged as a leader in the "operationals" faction within the Portuguese military that represented the professional interests of the officer corps.Template:Sfn Around the same time, he was cultivated by the new US embassy team of Frank Carlucci, appointed in January 1975 by the United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger at the advice of Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency General Vernon A. Walters with the mission of "getting the communists out of the government and keeping them out"; he joined NATO training programmes following selection by Colonel Robert Schuler and Supreme Allied Commander Europe Alexander Haig, and earned the description of "a boy scout for democracy" from Carlucci's deputy Herbert S. Okun.Template:Sfn Eanes then ordered the military counter-coup of 25 November 1975 against the pro-communist radical faction of the MFA, ending that year's "hot summer" (Verão quente).<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref>Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn

File:President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan with President António Ramalho Eanes and Manuela Ramalho Eanes of Portugal.jpg
President Eanes and First Lady Manuela Eanes with U.S. president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan at the White House, 1983.

In June 1976 he was elected President of Portugal with the backing of all political parties except the Communists, and simultaneously held the positions of the commander-in-chief of the Portuguese Armed Forces, chief of the Armed Forces General Staff, and head of the Council of the Revolution.Template:Sfn He initially entrusted the Socialist Party with forming a minority government.Template:Sfn In 1977, he established an independent commission to examine Portugal's economy, and after dismissing the Socialist PM Mário Soares in August 1978 he appointed three successive technocratic cabinets of Alfredo Nobre da Costa, Carlos Mota Pinto and Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, none of which lasted more than a year.Template:Sfn At the end of 1980 he was re-elected, serving until March 1986. After his presidency, he headed the Democratic Renewal Party (Template:Langx), and continued to support the Social Democratic Party (PSD) minority government until 1987. He resigned in 1987 after being defeated by PSD in the legislative election.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref>

File:Antonio dos Santos Ramalho Eanes DF-SC-84-10029.jpg
António Ramalho Eanes (left), while president, departs after a state visit to the United States. Secretary of State George Shultz is on the right. (USAF)

He is a member of the Portuguese Council of State, as a former elected president of Portugal.

Eanes is one of the most admired and respected figures in Portuguese public life due to his extreme humility and sense of civic duty. In the words of historian Tom Gallagher, he "had remained a popular figure despite the country's steady drift to the right" and "won the approval of many Portuguese of different persuasions as an honest man who was quite clearly not a member of the political class of Lisbon lawyers or Coimbra University professors which (regardless of the political system in being) had long dominated the country".Template:Sfn Eanes once refused the honorary title of Marshal, since he considered the title unnecessary. More recently, in February of 2025 he refused a 100,000 euro prize because the Fatherland does not owe anyone anything. Years before Eanes had also refused to receive over one million euro in backpay from his military service. In July of that same year, Eanes suffered a car accident, but was unharmed.<ref>https://famashow.pt/famosos/2025-07-17-ramalho-eanes-antigo-presidente-da-republica-sofre-acidente-de-viacao--veja-aqui-as-imagens-8dfa7151</ref>

Honours

National

|CitationClass=web }}</ref>

Foreign

Family

He married at the Palace of Queluz on 28 October 1970 to Maria Manuela Duarte Neto Portugal (b. 29 December 1938), who was one of Portugal's most politically active First Ladies. They had two sons, Manuel António (b. 5 May 1972) and Miguel (b. 20 October 1977).

Electoral history

Presidential election, 1976

File:Braga 1976 08.jpg
Eanes campaign posters in Braga, 1976.

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Election table |- ! colspan="2" |Candidate ! Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |António Ramalho Eanes || 2,967,137 || 61.6 |- | style="background:#810000;"| | align=left |Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho || 792,760 || 16.5 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |José Pinheiro de Azevedo || 692,147 || 14.4 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |Octávio Pato || 365,586 || 7.6 |- | colspan="2" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 63,495 || – |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan="2" align="left"| Turnout | 4,881,125 || 75.47 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |}

Presidential election, 1980

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Election table |- ! colspan="2" |Candidate ! Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |António Ramalho Eanes || 3,262,520 || 56.4 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |António Soares Carneiro || 2,325,481 || 40.2 |- | style="background:#810000;"| | align=left |Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho || 85,896 || 1.5 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |Carlos Galvão de Melo || 48,468 || 0.8 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align=left |António Pires Veloso || 45,132 || 0.8 |- | style="background:red;"| | align=left |António Aires Rodrigues || 12,745 || 0.2 |- | colspan="2" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 60,090 || – |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan="2" align="left"| Turnout | 5,840,332 || 84.39 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |}

PRD leadership election, 1986

Template:Election table |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" ! align="center" colspan=2 style="width: 60px"|Candidate ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% |- |bgcolor=Template:Party color| | align=left | António Ramalho Eanes | colspan="2" align=right | Voice vote |- |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" | Turnout | align=right | | align=right | 100.0 |- | colspan="4" align=left|Source: Results<ref>"Exclusivo 1986. Eanes assume liderança do PRD", Diario de Notícias, 29 April 2019. Retrieved 6 June 2022.</ref> |}

Legislative election, 1987

{{#invoke:Labelled list hatnote|labelledList|Main article|Main articles|Main page|Main pages}} Template:Election table |- ! colspan="2" | Party ! Candidate ! Votes ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|% ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|Seats ! align="center" style="width: 50px"|+/− |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align="left"|PSD | align=left |Aníbal Cavaco Silva || 2,850,784 || 50.2 || 148 || style="color:green;"| +60 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align="left"|PS | align=left |Vítor Constâncio || 1,262,506 || 22.2 || 60 || style="color:green;"| +3 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align="left"| CDU | align=left |Álvaro Cunhal || 689,137 || 12.1 || 31 || style="color:red;"| –7 |- | style="background:green;"| | align="left"| PRD | align=left |António Ramalho Eanes || 278,561 || 4.9 || 7 || style="color:red;"| –38 |- | style="background:Template:Party color;"| | align="left"| CDS | align=left |Adriano Moreira || 251,987 || 4.4 || 4 || style="color:red;"| –18 |- | style="background:white;"| | colspan="2" align="left"| Other parties | 219,715 || 3.9 || 0 || ±0 |- | colspan="3" align="left"| Blank/Invalid ballots | 123,668 || 2.2 || – || – |- style="background-color:#E9E9E9" | colspan="3" align="left"| Turnout | 5,676,358 || 71.57 || 250 || ±0 |- | colspan="7" align=left|Source: Comissão Nacional de Eleições<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref> |}

Notes

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References

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Sources

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Template:PortuguesePresidents Template:Council of State of Portugal Template:Authority control

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