Robert Bennet Forbes
Robert Bennet Forbes (September 18, 1804 – November 23, 1889), was an American sea captain, China merchant and ship owner.<ref name=obit/> He was active in ship construction, maritime safety, the opium trade, and charitable activities, including food aid to Ireland, which became known as America's first major disaster relief effort.
Early life
He was born in 1804 in Jamaica Plain, Boston, Massachusetts, to Ralph Bennet Forbes and Margaret Perkins, sister of the trader in slaves and China opium, Thomas Perkins. His brothers were Thomas Tunno Forbes and John Murray Forbes.<ref name=Hamilton>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=obit/>
On October 19, 1817, at age 13, he joined the crew on his uncle Thomas' Canton Packet and made his first voyage to China, the first of the three brothers to do so.<ref name=Hamilton />Template:Rp He arrived in Canton, China in March 1818 via the eastern route. He returned to Boston three months later.<ref name=cutter/>
In 1819, he made a second voyage aboard Canton Packet. On this voyage, he was promoted to third mate. He became second mate in 1821.<ref name=cutter/>
Ships' command and Far East trade
Aboard Nile he sailed for Manila. He had been ship's master of Levant. He became a full captain in 1825.<ref name=cutter/> From Manila Nile went to China, then to California, and from there to Buenos Aires.
In 1828, he sailed Danube for Sturgis & Perkins on a trading voyage to Smyrna, Ottoman Empire and other European ports. He later was captain of Template:Ship.<ref name=cutter/>
When Russell & Company were merged with his uncle's Turkish opium trading firm in 1830, Forbes was placed in command of their opium storehouse vessel Lintin which was moored permanently at the Pearl River estuary island after which it was named. His work in supervising the repacking of the opium and negotiating trades with drug smugglers made him his first fortune.<ref name = Hamilton />Template:Rp From his ample means, he made generous provision for his mother and younger brother. He visited China several times and became the American vice-consul at Canton.<ref name=cutter>Template:Cite book </ref>
In 1834, he married Rose Greene Smith and they had three children: Robert Bennet Forbes (1837-1891), Edith Forbes who married Charles Eliot Perkins, and James Murray Forbes (1845-1885).<ref name=cutter/>
In 1841, he witnessed the Battle of Kowloon between the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire from aboard his rowboat.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
He died on November 23, 1889, aged 85, in Milton, Massachusetts.<ref name=obit>Template:Cite news</ref>
Ships
Forbes owned or was involved in the construction of approximately seventy vessels.
His first ship was Lintin, a 390-ton bark built by Sprague and James in Medford, Massachusetts, in 1830. Forbes owned Lintin from 1830–1832, after which time she sailed in Chinese waters.<ref name = cutter /><ref name = gleason > Template:Cite book </ref> Forbes also owned Template:Ship, which took the first cargo of ice to China. "During the Civil War he was employed as a volunteer by the government to inspect the building of nine gunboats and at the same time built for himself and others the Meteor, of 1500 tons."<ref name = "cutter" />
The Sylph, yacht and pilot-boat, built in Boston in 1834 by Whitmore & Holbrook. was owned by Forbes. Her construction was overseen by Forbes.<ref name="Boston"> Template:Cite book</ref>
Forbes rig
The Forbes rig was also well received on Mermaid, as this 1852 excerpt from the "Boston Atlas" transcribed by Bruzelius shows:
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THE CLIPPER BARQUE MERMAID, Captain Smith, recently arrived, made the passage from Canton to New York in 87 days. The telegraph, when she arrived, reported Capt. Forbes as her commander, instead, no doubt of stating that she had Forbes's rig. This rig is working its way slowly into favor with ship-owners, and when its advantages are known, it will soon be universally adopted. It is the proper rig for large clippers ... The Mermaid ... has tested it in a voyage around the world, and like other vessels with it, has sailed with less men, than if she had been rigged in the usual style.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation
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Legacy
He built a Greek Revival mansion for his mother in Milton, Massachusetts, designed by Isaiah Rogers (1833), that is now the Captain Robert Bennet Forbes House Museum.
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Forbes was awarded the medal of the Liverpool Shipwreck and Humane Society in 1849 for gallant conduct. The Cunard steamship Europa, on which Forbes was a passenger, ran down and sank an emigrant ship, Charles Bartlett. Forbes jumped from the bulwarks of the Europa into the water and rescued first a woman and child, and then a man.<ref name = "cutter" />
In 1852, he was one of the founders and first president of the Sailors' Snug Harbor of Boston, a retirement home for "decrepit, infirm or aged sailors".<ref>Sailors' Snug Harbor of Boston Records, 1852-1975 at the Massachusetts Historical Society</ref>
In private writings, while noting that the flooding of China with opium was "demoralizing" millions of workers and "draining the country of money," he noted that he made his "fortune" by selling the drug. He wrote that he had "no moral feeling of indignation connected with the business" despite his awareness of the human costs and the Chinese government's aims to make opium illegal, turning Forbes and his fellows into smugglers. The opium trade led by western powers sparked several wars, led to the downfall of one Chinese dynasty and directly killed untold thousands of addicts.<ref>{{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=web }}</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Writings
Forbes' writings, most of them pamphlets, include:
- Template:Cite book
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- On the Establishment of a Line of Mail Steamers ... to China (1855)
- Remarks on Ocean Steam Navigation (1855)
- The Forbes Rig (1862)
- Means for Making the Highways of the Ocean more Safe (1867)
- Remarks on Magnetism and Local Attraction (1875)
- Template:Cite book
- The Lifeboat and other Life-saving Inventions (1880)
- New Rig for Steamers (1883)
- Notes on Navigation (1884)
- Loss of Life and Property in the Fisheries (1884)
- Template:Cite book
References
External links
- Template:Commonscat-inline
- Template:Wikisource author-inline
- Website of the Captain Forbes House Museum
- The Forbes and the Howe Rig, 1855
- Howe's Patent Rig
- Letter from R.B. Forbes to Captain Bradbury, ship N.B. Palmer, New York, 1855
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