Cytisus scoparius
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Cytisus scoparius (syn. Sarothamnus scoparius), the common broom or Scotch broom, is a deciduous leguminous shrub native to western and central Europe.<ref name="flora">Template:Cite web</ref> In Great Britain and Ireland, the standard name is broom;<ref name="blamey"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="vedel">Template:Cite book</ref> this name is also used for other members of the Genisteae tribe, such as French broom or Spanish broom; and the term common broom is sometimes used for clarification.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In other English-speaking countries, the most common name is "Scotch broom" (or Scots broom);<ref name="NPSscotchbroom">Template:Cite web</ref> however, it is known as English broom in Australia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Though this plant is native to Europe, it has spread to many other parts of the world with human introduction. Scotch broom is now common in certain areas of North America and South America, and is considered an invasive species. In North America, Scotch broom was frequently planted in gardens, and was later used for erosion control along highway cuts and fills.<ref name="nps.gov">Template:Cite web</ref> Scotch broom is slightly toxic and unpalatable to livestock,<ref name="nps.gov"/> and its seeds are viable for up to ten years, allowing them to regrow many years later, after extermination of the plant.
Description
Plants of C. scoparius typically grow to Template:Convert tall, rarely to Template:Convert, with main stems up to Template:Convert thick, rarely Template:Convert. Stems are ridged and green.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> The shrubs have green shoots with small deciduous trifoliate leaves Template:Convert long, and in spring and summer are covered in profuse golden yellow flowers Template:Convert from top to bottom and 15–20 mm wide. Flowering occurs after 50–80 growing degree-days. The seed pods have long hairs only along their seams.<ref name=":0" /> In late summer, its legumes (seed pods) mature black, Template:Convert long, Template:Convert broad and 2–3 mm thick; they burst open, often with an audible crack, forcibly throwing seed from the parent plant. This species is adapted to Mediterranean and coastal climates, and its range is limited by cold winter temperatures. It also adapts to windy oceanic climates. The seeds, seedlings, and young shoots are sensitive to frost; adult plants are hardier, and branches affected by freezing temperatures regenerate quickly.<ref name="blamey" /><ref name="vedel" /><ref name="bean">Template:Cite book</ref> C. scoparius contains toxic alkaloids that depress the heart and nervous system.<ref name="plants of the Pacific Northwest coast">Template:Cite book</ref>
A legume, this shrub can fix nitrogen in the soil through a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria.
Phytochemicals
One of the main alkaloids of this plant is cytisine. The characteristic constituents are biogenic amines (mostly tyramine in the young shoots), flavonoids (spiraeoside and scoparoside), isoflavones and their glycosides (genistin), as well as allelopathic quinolizidine alkaloids (mostly sparteine, lupanine, scoparin and hydroxy-derivatives), which defend the plant against insect infestation and herbivores (with the exception of the resistant aphid species Aphis cytisorum).<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Classification
There are two subspecies of Cytisus scoparius:<ref name="flora"/><ref name="blamey"/>
- Cytisus scoparius subsp. scoparius - throughout the species' range.
- Cytisus scoparius subsp. maritimus (Rouy) Heywood - Western European maritime cliffs and associated environments; differs with prostrate growth; not over 0.4 m tall; downy young shoots.
Distribution and habitat
Cytisus scoparius is native to western and central Europe,<ref name="flora" /> being common in Great Britain and Republic of Ireland.<ref>Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge Press. Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. Template:ISBN</ref> It is found in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils at low altitudes, tolerating very acidic soil conditions.<ref name="blamey">Template:Cite book</ref>
Outside of its native range, it is an ecologically destructive colonizing invasive species in grassland, shrub and woodland, and other habitats.<ref name="usda">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Ecology
As an invasive species
Cytisus scoparius has been introduced into several other countries and continents, outside of its native range, and is commonly classified as a noxious invasive species in western North America, mainly in British Columbia (including on Vancouver Island), California, Oregon, Washington (west of the Cascades), the Sierra Nevada range,<ref name="feis">Template:Cite web</ref> fragmented areas of North America's eastern seaboard,<ref name="usda" /> as well as Australia (where it is highly invasive and an environmental weed),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>New Zealand,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and in India.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> These shrubs are sometimes utilized for civic and public landscaping projects in the American west due to their hardiness, and will seasonally reseed themselves, growing in disturbed areas, and along utility and transportation rights-of-way. The prolific growth of the plants after timber harvest or wildfire events clearly inhibits reforestation efforts, the sprouts competing with native plant seedlings and trees.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It is estimated that broom is responsible for US$47 million in lost timber production each year in the state of Oregon.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In New Zealand, broom is estimated to cost the forestry industry NZ$90 million, and to cost farmers an additional NZ$10 million in losses.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Biological control for broom has been investigated since the mid-1980s, with a number of insect species being tested. Some of the tested invertebrates include the broom twig miner (Leucoptera spartifoliella), broom seed beetles (Bruchidius villosus), broom gall mites (Aceria genistae), sap-sucking broom psyllids (Arytainilla spartiophila), the Scotch broom seed weevil (Exapion fuscirostre) and recently, the broom leaf beetle (Gonioctena olivacea) and broom shoot moths (Agonopterix assimilella).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eradication
The method used to remove broom is dependent on its prolific seed cycle. Care should be taken to avoid disturbing (aerating, loosening, etc.) the adjacent ground, the sprouting and seedling plants between late spring and mid-fall; late fall through winter (possibly to mid-spring) are preferred times to eradicate mature plants.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are several methods, cutting, pulling, burning, herbicide or introducing chickens and goats.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Drought areas respond well to cutting while the seed pods are young and still green. In cooler, wetter areas pulling is the preferred method, and hand-operated broom pullers are available.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Low temperature fires, such as a grass fire, will increase seed germination and new sprouts may form on the burned stumps of mature broom. A spring fire followed by drought conditions will reduce seedling survival.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Often new plants will grow from roots or seed, requiring repeated treatments.
Cultivation
Cytisus scoparius is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant, with several cultivars selected for variation in flower colour, including "Moonlight" with deep yellow flowers, "Andreanus" and "Firefly" with dark orange-red flowers, and growth habit, including "Pendula" with pendulous branchlets.<ref name="bean" />
Uses
Broom contains scoparin, which is a diuretic. The plant also is used as a cathartic and as a cardiac stimulant, which is credited to the presence of sparteine.<ref name="A Modern Herbal p127">A Modern Herbal, Grieve, Maude, Template:ISBN, p. 127</ref> A decoction or infusion of broom can be used to treat dropsy due to its diuretic action.<ref>A Modern Herbal, Grieve, Maude, Template:ISBN, pp 126–127</ref> An ointment can be made from the flowers to treat gout.<ref name=Watts/> Oxysparteine, produced from the action of acid on the sparteine, is useful as a cardiac stimulant and has the advantage over digoxin that it does not accumulate in the body.<ref name="A Modern Herbal p127"/> A medicinal beer was brewed from this herb, called broom ale, as a remedy for dropsy.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Culture
In Welsh mythology, Blodeuwedd is the name of a woman made from the flowers of broom, meadowsweet (Filipendula ulmaria) and the oak by Math fab Mathonwy and Gwydion to be the wife of Lleu Llaw Gyffes. Her story is part of the Fourth Branch of the Mabinogi, the tale of Math son of Mathonwy.<ref name=Watts>D.C. Watts Template:Google books</ref>
Broom was considered a sign of plenty when it bore many flowers.<ref name="A Modern Herbal p126">A Modern Herbal, Grieve, Maude, Template:ISBN, p. 126</ref> However a traditional rhyme from Sussex warns: "Sweep the house with blossomed broom in May/sweep the head of the household away."<ref name=Watts/> Broom was also used in a decorated bundle of broom at weddings in place of rosemary when that was scarce,<ref name="A Modern Herbal p126"/> and its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.<ref>Roberto Dainotto Template:Google books</ref>
In Italy, the shrub was burnt with the intent of stopping witches.<ref name=Watts/>
Royal symbols
The name of the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England in the Middle Ages, may have been derived from common broom, which was then known as planta genista in Latin.<ref name=Costain>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref name=JonesP>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The plant was used as a heraldic badge by Geoffrey V of Anjou and five Plantagenet kings of England as a royal emblem.<ref>J. Bernard Burke Template:Google books</ref> The broomscod, or seed-pod, was the personal emblem of Charles VI of France.