National Council (Switzerland)

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox legislature Template:Politics of Switzerland

The National Council (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland, representing the people. The other house, the Council of States, represents the states. As the powers of the houses are the same, it is sometimes called perfect bicameralism.<ref name=NC>Template:Cite web</ref> Both houses meet in the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The national council comprises 200 persons. Adult citizens elect the council's members, who are called National Councillors, for four year terms. These members are apportioned to the Swiss cantons in proportion to their population.<ref name=NC/>

Organisation

With 200 members, the National Council is the larger house of the Swiss legislature. It represents the people, the vote of each citizen having more or less the same weight, whereas the Council of States represents the cantons - each of them having the same weight, regardless of its population.<ref name=Cormon>Pierre Cormon, Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners, Editions Slatkine, 2014, Template:ISBN, p. 28 Template:Webarchive</ref>

When the Swiss federation was founded in 1848, the number of seats was not yet fixed, and was thus determined by the population of the individual cantons. According to the provisions of the federal constitution at that time, a canton was to receive one National Council member for every 20,000 citizens. Thus, the first National Council, which met in 1848, had 111 members.

In 1963, the number of members was fixed at 200. The division of the seats between the individual cantons is determined by each canton's percentage of the national population, as revealed in the national census (including foreign residents), using the largest remainder method. A change in the division of the seats occurred in 2003, as a result of the 2000 census.

Every canton is entitled to at least one seat in the National Council.

Unlike the Council of States where no translation is provided, simultaneous translation is provided into German, French, and Italian, but not Romansh.<ref>The art of interpreting in Switzerland's polyglot parliament, SwissInfo, 26 September 2019</ref>

Electoral system

Under the Swiss Federal Constitution, elections for the National Council are held every four years by the Swiss people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The most recent election took place on Sunday, 22 October 2023.

Since a popular initiative in 1918, elections have been by proportional representation, in which each canton forms an electoral district (Wahlkreis). There is no election threshold. Since 1971 women have been entitled to vote and stand in National Council elections.

Since the reform of the census system and the adoption of the use of government administrative data for determining the population in 2007, the distribution of the seats in the National Council between the cantons has been based on the permanent resident population (including residents who are not entitled to vote) in the year following the most recent federal election.<ref>Bundesgesetz über die politischen Rechte (SR 161.1), Art. 16¹ „Verteilung der Sitze auf die Kantone“, in effect since 1 January 2008.</ref> There is a proviso that each canton is entitled to at least one seat.

The number of seats given to the cantons which are entitled to more than one seat is determined using the largest remainder method. Cantons which are only entitled to send one councillor to the National Council elect the candidate who wins a majority of votes.

The cantons use a unique system of proportional representation, sometimes called a "free list". Each citizen may cast as many votes as there are seats available to their constituency, and may even cast up to two votes for the same candidate. For every vote received by a candidate, that candidate's party also receives a vote. Voters also list a party vote, in which all blank candidate votes contribute towards the party's total. In elections, political parties publish lists in the cantons with their candidates. Each list contains at most the number of candidates which the canton is entitled to send to the National Council. In addition, each party can produce multiple lists to the canton (e.g. men's, women's, youth, or seniors' lists; in larger cantons they might offer lists for individual cities or districts). It is also possible for several parties to enter a single shared list. Voters may choose a pre-prepared party list without making changes or they can alter it by cumulative voting or panachage. Thus, the voter can give his vote to a specific candidate and ignore the rest of that candidate's party. Alternatively, it is possible for the voter to split his or her vote among several candidates from different parties.

Template:Vertical bar chart

The seats are then apportioned using the Hagenbach-Bischoff System. This system is unique in that it allows voters to split their vote across different parties, depending on which candidate the voter prefers.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fictional voter

To determine a party's strength, the notion of "fictional voter" was introduced and is defined by the Swiss Federal Statistical Institute as: number of votes obtained by party A * (number of valid ballots / number of valid votes). Individual voters can choose to make fewer than the permissible number of votes. The number of valid votes / number of valid ballots closely matches the number of deputies a canton needs to elect. More exactly, this number represents the average number of valid votes per voter. The formula can then be summed up by: number of votes obtained by party A / average of valid votes per voters.

The result is the number of fictional voters for a given party in a given canton. A total number of fictional voters can then be established and the party strength can be deduced.

The number of deputies in each party is determined at the cantonal level using proportional representation with the Hagenbach-Bischoff system (except in single-member cantons.) The election's turnout is computed as: number of valid ballots cast / number of registered voters.

Role

The role and powers of the National Council are regulated by the Parliament Act (ParlA) and the Title 5<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> of the Swiss Federal Constitution. The National Council, together with the Council of States, forms the Federal Parliament and exercises the highest legal authority in Switzerland, subject to the rights of the people and the cantons.<ref>Art. 148 BV</ref> Both chambers of the Federal Parliament are called "councils" (Räte). The National Council and the Council of States do not meet daily, but meet regularly for sessions.<ref>Art. 151 BV</ref> Usually, there are four sessions in a year, each lasting three weeks, with between two and five sittings per week. The spring session (Frühjahrssession) begins on the first Monday in March, the summer session (Sommersession) on the first Monday in June, the Autumn session (Herbstsession) after the Federal Day, and the winter session (Wintersession) on the last Monday in November.<ref>parlament.ch: Faktenblatt zu den Sessionen (PDF) Template:Webarchive</ref> During the sessions, proposed legislation is debated. If there is not enough time in the regular sessions, an extra session can be convened.<ref name="ParlG2">Art. 2 ParlG</ref> In special situations (political crises, wars, etc.) a quarter of the members of one of the two councils or the Federal Council can convene an extraordinary session.<ref name="ParlG2" /> To date, there have been eight extraordinary sessions, most of them called by the social democratic parliamentary group.

Extraordinary sessions of the National Council
Date	Reason/event
July 1891	Introduction of the federal currency monopoly
6–7 February 1985	Response to Forest dieback
9–11 October 1986	Energy policy after the Chernobyl disaster
22–23 January 1998	Tax loopholes and merger/economic policy (merger of UBS and SBV)
16 November 2001	Financing Swissair
3 October 2002	minimum interest rate ("employment pension")
1 October 2007	Tax issues
8 December 2008	2008 financial crisis
4–8 May 2020	COVID-19 pandemic

Powers

The National Council and the Council of States are constitutionally completely equal - a bill is only law when it has been accepted by both councils in the same version. All business is considered by both councils in turn. The presidents of the councils decide together which council will handle a given matter first (Erstrat).

Sometimes, after the first reading, the National Council and the Council of States end up producing different texts, in which case a difference resolution procedure takes place, in which the bill is sent back and forth between the two councils. After a bill has been sent back three successive times, the two councils must meet together to discuss the matter.

Each year the National Council elects a Template:Interlanguage link, who leads sessions of the National Council and joint sessions of the National Council and the Council of States.

Committees

Foreign Affairs Committee (FAC)
Committee for Science, Education and Culture (CSEC)
Committee for Social Security and Health (CSSH)
Committee for the Environment, Spatial Planning and Energy (CESPE)
Defence Committee (DefC)
Committee for Transportation and Telecommunications (CTT)
Committee for Economic Affairs and Taxation (CEAT)
Political Institutions Committees (PIC)
Committee for Legal Affairs (CLA)
Committee for Public Buildings (CPB)

Supervisory committees

Finance Committee (FC)
Control Committees (CC)
Parliamentary investigation committees (PIC)

Other committees

Committee on Pardons
Rehabilitation Committee
Drafting Committee
Judicial Committee

Members per canton

Abbr.	Canton	Number of seats	Population (2024)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>	Population per seat	Voting powerTemplate:Efn
ZH	Template:Flagu	36	1,620,020	45,001	58,320,720
BE	Template:Flagu	23	1,071,216	46,575	24,637,968
LU	Template:Flagu	10	437,944	43,794	4,379,440
UR	Template:Flagu	1	38,275	38,275	38,275
SZ	Template:Flagu	4	168,931	42,233	675,724
OW	Template:Flagu	1	39,662	39,662	39,662
NW	Template:Flagu	1	45,345	45,345	45,345
GL	Template:Flagu	1	42,371	42,371	42,371
ZG	Template:Flagu	3	133,739	44,580	401,217
FR	Template:Flagu	8	346,674	43,334	2,773,392
SO	Template:Flagu	6	289,792	48,299	1,738,752
BS	Template:Flagu	4	201,384	50,346	805,536
BL	Template:Flagu	7	301,323	43,046	2,109,261
SH	Template:Flagu	2	88,667	44,334	177,334
AR	Template:Flagu	1	56,705	56,705	56,705
AI	Template:Flagu	1	16,733	16,733	16,733
SG	Template:Flagu	12	540,036	45,003	6,480,432
GR	Template:Flagu	4	206,138	51,535	824,552
AG	Template:Flagu	16	735,808	45,988	11,772,928
TG	Template:Flagu	6	299,509	49,918	1,797,054
TI	Template:Flagu	8	358,903	44,863	2,871,224
VD	Template:Flagu	19	855,106	45,006	16,247,014
VS	Template:Flagu	8	371,288	46,411	2,970,304
NE	Template:Flagu	4	179,518	44,880	718,072
GE	Template:Flagu	12	531,102	44,259	6,373,224
JU	Template:Flagu	2	74,840	37,420	149,680
Overall		200	9,051,029	45,255	146,462,919

Notes

Template:Reflist

References

Template:Reflist

Bibliography

Template:Citation

External links

Template:Commons category

Template:Switzerland topics Template:Swiss legislatures Template:National lower houses Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control

National Council (Switzerland)

Contents

Organisation