Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
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Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest is a temperate climate terrestrial habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature, with broadleaf tree ecoregions, and with conifer and broadleaf tree mixed coniferous forest ecoregions,<ref name=wwf/> and include temperate rainforests.
These forests are richest and most distinctive in central China and eastern North America, with some other globally distinctive ecoregions in the Himalayas, Western and Central Europe, the southern coast of the Black Sea, Australasia, Southwestern South America and the Russian Far East.<ref name=wwf/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Ecology
The typical structure of these forests includes four layers.<ref name=wwf>Template:CC-notice Template:Cite web</ref>
- The uppermost layer is the canopy composed of tall mature trees ranging from Template:Convert high. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade-tolerant understory that is roughly Template:Convert shorter than the canopy.
- The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy.
- Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants.
- Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.
Trees
In the Northern Hemisphere, characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks (Quercus spp.), beeches (Fagus spp.), maples (Acer spp.), or birches (Betula spp.).<ref name=wwf/> The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of some of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include pines (Pinus spp.), firs (Abies spp.), and spruces (Picea spp.). In some areas of this biome, the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species. In the Southern Hemisphere, endemic genera such as Nothofagus and Eucalyptus occupy this biome, and most coniferous trees (members of the Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae) occur in mixtures with broadleaf species, and are classed as broadleaf and mixed forests.
Climate
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool seasons, including climates such as humid continental, humid subtropical, and oceanic, that give them moderate annual average temperatures: Template:Convert. These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct dry season. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Other areas, such as central eastern North America, have a fairly even distribution of rainfall; annual rainfall is typically over Template:Convert and often over Template:Convert, though it can go as low as Template:Convert in some parts of the Middle East and close to Template:Convert in the mountains of New Zealand and the Azores. Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland, or the Upper Midwest, where temperate forests can occur despite very harsh conditions with very cold winters.
The climates are typically humid for much of the year, usually appearing in the humid subtropical climate and in the humid continental climate zones to the south of tundra and the generally subarctic taiga. In the Köppen climate classification they are represented respectively by Cfa, Dfa/Dfb southern range and Cfb,<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> and more rarely, Csb, BSk and Csa.
Ecoregions
Australasia
Template:Australasian temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Eurasia
| Indomalayan temperate broadleaf and mixed forests | |
|---|---|
| Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests | Bhutan, India, Nepal |
| Northern Triangle temperate forests | Myanmar |
| Western Himalayan broadleaf forests | India, Nepal, Pakistan |
Americas
Template:Nearctic temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions Template:Neotropical temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions
See also
- Mixed coniferous forest
- Kuchler plant association system
- Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
- Temperate deciduous forest
- Trees of the world