The Queen Is Dead
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Template:Infobox album The Queen Is Dead is the third studio album by the English rock band the Smiths, released on 16 June 1986 by Rough Trade Records. Following the release of their second album Meat Is Murder, the Smiths retreated to Greater Manchester to begin work on new material, with Johnny Marr and Morrissey writing extensively at Marr's home in Bowdon as the band sought to escape the pressures of London and their label Rough Trade. The album was produced by Morrissey and Marr, with engineering by Stephen Street; its music blends indie rock and post-punk. Recording for the album took place between July 1985 and December of that year, with sessions held at RAK Studios in London, Jacobs Studios in Farnham and Drone Studios in Manchester.
The Queen Is Dead spent 22 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number two. It reached number 70 on the US Billboard Top Pop Albums chart and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in late 1990. The album received widespread critical acclaim, praised for Marr's guitar work and Morrissey's witty and emotional lyricism. It has been included in multiple lists of the greatest albums of all time. Rolling Stone ranked the album 113th on its 2020-updated list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time". In its 2013 list, NME named The Queen Is Dead the greatest album of all time.
Background
Following the completion of Meat Is Murder in December 1984,Template:Sfn guitarist Johnny Marr began developing new ideas for the Smiths' next album. In early 1985, the band returned to Greater Manchester, with Morrissey settling in Hale and Marr purchasing a home in Bowdon; the latter served as a writing base for the band. Marr described this period as an attempt to "shut out the outside world" and focus creatively, distancing themselves from the pressures of London and their record label. Drummer Mike Joyce likened Marr's home to a personal Brill Building due to the creative intensity.Template:Sfn During this time, Morrissey channeled his frustrations with the media and music industry into lyrics.Template:Sfn
Recording and production
The Queen Is Dead was developed over a period of more than eighteen months, from its earliest musical sketches to its release.Template:Sfn The album was produced by Morrissey and Marr, working predominantly with engineer Stephen Street, who had engineered the band's 1985 album Meat Is Murder.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref> The three shared a strong bond in the studio, helped by their similar ages and interests, which created a relaxed atmosphere.<ref name="sound on sound">Template:Cite web</ref> At the time the band was having difficulty with its record label Rough Trade Records. However, according to Street, "this didn't get in the way of recording because the atmosphere in the studio was very, very constructive".<ref name="sound on sound" /> The first song from the album to be completed, "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side", was recorded at Drone Studios in Manchester in July 1985.Template:Sfn Marr later recalled composing the song's melody while riding a bus during the Meat Is Murder tour.Template:Sfn "Frankly, Mr. Shankly", "I Know It's Over" and "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" were written by Morrissey and Marr in a "marathon" writing session in the late summer of 1985 at Marr's home in Bowdon.Template:Sfn
In August 1985, "Bigmouth Strikes Again" and "Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others" were recorded at RAK Studios in London, along with the B-sides to "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side"; "Asleep" and "Rubber Ring".Template:Sfn<ref name="sound on sound" /> Kirsty MacColl sang a backing vocal for "Bigmouth Strikes Again" but her take was deemed to be "really weird" by Marr, and was replaced with a sped-up vocal by Morrissey in the final mix, processed by Street who ran his voice through a harmoniser. The same vocal manipulation was performed for "The Queen Is Dead", and both were attributed to "Ann Coates" on the record sleeve (Ancoats is a district in Manchester, just north-east of the city centre). Morrissey liked to experiment with effects on his voice, but he rarely used backing vocals or harmonies aside from the harmoniser, though he enjoyed experimenting during sessions.<ref name="sound on sound" />Template:Sfn "Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others" has an opening which fades in, out, and back again.<ref name=":3" /> This effect was devised by Street, who aimed to create a mix that sounded similar to a door closing and opening again.Template:Sfn
During the same session, a first version of "Never Had No One Ever" was recorded.Template:Sfn The said track, completed in August 1985, was based on an instrumental demo which Marr had recorded in December 1984.Template:Sfn Marr described the track's atmosphere as representative of the album's overall mood and recording experience.Template:Sfn According to Marr, "Cemetry Gates" originated during an informal writing session in his kitchen with Morrissey. Marr recalled that he was uncertain about the song and had considered discarding it, but Morrissey responded enthusiastically.Template:Sfn Marr described the creative process as coming together "effortlessly and easy".<ref name=":3" /> "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side", "Bigmouth Strikes Again" and "Frankly, Mr. Shankly" were debuted live during a tour of Scotland in September and October 1985,Template:Sfn while "The Queen Is Dead" and "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" were played during a soundcheck.<ref name="Aston" />
The bulk of the album was recorded in the winter of 1985 at Jacobs Studios in Farnham, under the working title "Margaret on the Guillotine",Template:Sfn which was later used for Morrissey's song about Margaret Thatcher from his 1988 album Viva Hate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> "Frankly, Mr. Shankly" was an attempt to recreate the "vibe" of Sandie Shaw's "Puppet on a String", although "it didn't quite work out that way", according to Marr. Linda McCartney was asked to play piano on the track, but declined,<ref name="shortlist1">Template:Cite web</ref> and a first take featuring a trumpeter was scrapped.Template:Sfn A technical fault on the tape rendered the first completed version of the song unusable, and so it was re-recorded with John Porter at Wessex Studios in London.Template:Sfn "The Queen Is Dead" was among the last songs to be recorded. Its distinctive tom-tom loop was created by Joyce and Street using a sampler. A line of guitar feedback was played by Marr through a wah-wah pedal throughout the song.<ref name="sound on sound" /> The album was shortly completed before Christmas 1985.Template:Sfn
Title and cover
The album title is taken from American writer Hubert Selby Jr.'s 1964 novel, Last Exit to Brooklyn.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite book</ref> The cover of The Queen Is Dead features a still of French actor Alain Delon from the 1964 film The Unvanquished. Delon granted permission for the image's use, though according to Morrissey's Autobiography, the actor mentioned that his parents were dismayed by the album's title.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Musical style
Template:Listen Music critics have categorised The Queen Is Dead as an indie rock<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and post-punk<ref name="Paste">Template:Cite web</ref> recording. Marr was heavily influenced by the Stooges and the Rolling Stones while crafting the album.<ref name=":3" /> A central thematic tension in the album is the interplay between melancholy and other emotions.<ref name=":6" /> Humour, anger and joy are also notable concepts throughout the album.<ref name=":6" /> Mark Lindores praised Morrissey's lyrics for their wit and sensitivity, noting his ability to craft both humorous and genuinely moving lines.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> PitchforkTemplate:'s Simon Reynolds noticed that Morrissey's lyrics were inspired by both surreal humour and black comedy.<ref name="PitchforkR">Template:Cite web</ref> The album addresses a distinct criticism of the United Kingdom.Template:Sfn According to Kevin Korber of PopMatters, Morrissey's writing has largely centred on two themes: himself and the United Kingdom. He often portrays himself as a misunderstood figure at odds with a world that fails to comprehend him.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite web</ref> Marr notes that the album captures the progressive and the "night time" side of the Smiths.Template:Sfn
The album's opener and title track "The Queen Is Dead" was based on a song Marr began writing as a teenager.<ref name="Aston">Template:Cite news</ref> Influenced by the Velvet Underground and the Detroit garage rock scene,<ref name=":3" /> it is strongly anti-monarchist,<ref name=":3" /> portraying the royal family as "useless, taxpayer-funded tabloid fodder", according to Korber.<ref name=":0" /> "Frankly, Mr. Shankly" functions as a "meta" reflection on Morrissey's position within the music business, featuring a self-aware admission of his "insatiable lust for attention". This is captured in lines such as "Fame, fame, fatal fame / It can play hideous tricks on the brain", and his declaration that he would "rather be famous than righteous or holy".<ref name="PitchforkR" /> Lyrically, "I Know It's Over" shares elements with the two mentioned ballads: the suicidal connotations of "The Queen Is Dead" and the agonising diary of many mornings waking up alone of "Frankly, Mr. Shankly".Template:Sfn Despite what Simon Goddard described as Morrissey's "obvious depression", the song retains some hope in its message, stating that being "kind and gentle" is a noble trait that requires rare courage, and that love is "natural and real", even if not for Morrissey, whose unfulfilled heart's desire is further tormented by the sight of "loutish lovers" taking their partners for granted.Template:Sfn
The composition for "Never Had No One Ever" was based on the song "I Need Somebody" by the Stooges.Template:Sfn The lyric to the song reflects Morrissey's feeling unsafe and, being from an immigrant family, not at home on the streets of Manchester.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In interviews, he explained that the song expresses the frustration he felt at age 20, when he found himself unable to feel at ease or at home in the very streets where he had been born and raised.<ref name=":3" /> Musically, the track was composed by Marr, who sought to evoke a mood that was both "beautiful and dark", inspired by his teenage experiences listening to Raw Power by the Stooges.<ref name=":3" /> "Cemetry Gates" features what NME described as a light, "jaunty pop backing", which Street has described as a "nice bit of blessed relief" within the broader flow of The Queen Is Dead.<ref name=":3" /> Reynolds said that it retains a sense of emotional strength and is characterised as "sprightly and carefree".<ref name="PitchforkR" /> The lyrics focus on "plagiarists receiv[ing] the sharp lash of the Morrissey tongue".<ref name=":3" />
The track "Bigmouth Strikes Again" is driven by fast drum rolls,<ref name=":6">Template:Cite web</ref> which give it what has been described by Korber as a "shot of punk adrenaline".<ref name=":0" /> Lyrically, Morrissey criticises the media and society,<ref name=":0" /> presenting himself as a martyr, with Reynolds saying there is a "hint of reveling in the martyr posture". This theme is underscored by imagery evoking the execution of Joan of Arc by fire.<ref name="PitchforkR" /> "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" presents Morrissey's recurring theme of being misunderstood, this time framed in more universal terms.<ref name=":0" /> Described by NME as one of his most poetic moments,<ref name=":3" /> the lyrics refer allegorically to the band's experience of the music industry that failed to appreciate it.Template:Sfn It also reflects a self-perception of rejection, encapsulated in the line: "How can they hear me say those words and still they don't believe me?"<ref name="PitchforkR" /> "Vicar in a Tutu" centres on a cross-dressing clergyman,<ref name=":3" /> with Terence Cawley of The Boston Globe noting its "casual dismissal of gender norms", further describing as "sneakily subversive".<ref name=":6" /> Musically, the song features musical elements characteristic of the music hall tradition<ref name=":3" /> with Korber describing it as a "slight-yet-enjoyable rockabilly pastiche".<ref name=":0" />
"There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" features lyrics drawn from "Lonely Planet Boy" by the New York Dolls. According to Marr: "When we first played it, I thought it was the best song I'd ever heard".Template:Sfn Reynolds interpreted Morrissey's depiction of doomed love and romanticised death, highlighted by the iconic image of being hit by a double-decker bus, as evoking sincere yearning without lapsing into parody.<ref name="PitchforkR" /> It is grouped with other emotionally intense tracks such as "I Know It's Over" and described as part of the album's "life-and-death serious stuff",<ref name="PitchforkR" /> contributing to what Louder called the band's impression of being "simultaneously in love with both life and death".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The song's guitar part drew on the Rolling Stones' cover of Marvin Gaye's "Hitch Hike", whose original version by Gaye himself had acted as an inspiration for the Velvet Underground's "There She Goes Again".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> "Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others" features lyrics that Morrissey described as a deliberate reduction of meaning, intended to highlight, in his words, "the basic absurdity of recognising the contours of one's body".<ref name=":3" />
Release
Although The Queen Is Dead was initially planned for a February 1986 release, tensions with Rough Trade delayed it, with it eventually releasing on 16 June 1986.Template:Sfn A legal dispute with Rough Trade had delayed the album by almost seven months, and Marr was beginning to feel the stress of the band's exhausting touring and recording schedule. He later told NME, Template:"'Worse for wear' wasn't the half of it: I was extremely ill. By the time the tour actually finished it was all getting a little bit ... dangerous. I was just drinking more than I could handle".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The album's release was preceded by the singles "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side", released on 16 September 1985,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and "Bigmouth Strikes Again", on 19 May 1986.Template:Sfn "The Boy with the Thorn in His Side" was initially intended as a demo, but was considered by the band to be good enough for release as a single.Template:Sfn The Queen Is Dead would become the last Smiths album supported by a tour.Template:Sfn Many at Rough Trade favoured releasing "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" as the lead single, but Marr insisted on "Bigmouth Strikes Again", believing it was a more energetic and striking choice that better represented the band's sound.Template:Sfn "There Is a Light That Never Goes Out" was not released as a single until 12 October 1992, five years after their split, to promote the compilation album ...Best II.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
"The Queen Is Dead" was accompanied by an expressionistic music video directed by Derek Jarman, starts with a sampled excerpt from Bryan Forbes' 1962 British film The L-Shaped Room.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mayo Thompson from the band Red Krayola was an associate producer for the film and through working for Rough Trade persuaded Jarman to direct a promotional video for the Smiths.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The album became a commercial success upon release, spending 22 weeks on the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number two.<ref name=":2" /> It spent 21 weeks on the European Albums Chart,<ref name="europe" /> peaking at number 19 based on the sales from 18 major European countries.<ref name="europe" /> It also reached number 70 on the US Billboard 200 chart,<ref name="Billboard200">Template:Cite magazine</ref> and was certified Gold by the RIAA in late 1990.<ref name="RIAA" />
In June 2017, one year after the album's 30th anniversary, the Smiths released the full version of "The Queen Is Dead" on vinyl with other Smiths songs: "Oscillate Wildly", "Money Changes Everything", and "The Draize Train" served as B-sides. The band also released a 7" single containing "The Queen is Dead" and "I Keep Mine Hidden".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later that month, Morrissey accused HMV of trying to "freeze sales" on the new re-issues after the store limited the number of records sold to one per person.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later in 2017, the album was re-released as a deluxe reissue on Warner Bros. Records including new studio takes of "There's a Light That Never Goes Out" and "Rubber Ring" as well as a previously unheard live album recorded in 1986.<ref name=":5">Template:Cite web</ref> In a press release for the re-issue Morrissey said of the album: "You progress only when you wonder if an abnormally scientific genius would approve – and this is the leap The Smiths took with The Queen Is Dead".<ref name=":5" />
Critical reception
The Queen Is Dead has received acclaim from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the deluxe version of The Queen Is Dead received a rating of 99 out of 100 based on eleven critic reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".<ref name="Metacritic">Template:Cite web</ref>
From contemporary reviews, Mark Coleman of Rolling Stone gave the album an overwhelmingly positive review, remarking on Morrissey's sense of humour and singling out the singer's performance on "Cemetry Gates" as a highlight, and concluded that "like it or not, this guy's going to be around for a while".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Writing in British pop magazine Smash Hits, Tom Hibbert praised the guitar work and lyricism, describing Morrissey as "half genius half buffoon", while the other musical elements sound "like scratchings on a Fifth Form desk".<ref name="Singles Review">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Stephen Dalton, writing for Uncut, described the album as the Smiths' "most confident and coherent album yet" despite the escalating internal friction within the band.<ref name="Uncut">Template:Cite magazine</ref> In a mixed review, Robert Christgau of The Village Voice wrote that despite his dislike of the Smiths' previous albums, he held an "instant attraction" to The Queen Is Dead, where he found consolation in Morrissey's frank witty lyrics, "dishing the queen like Johnny Rotten never did and kissing off a day-job boss who's no Mr. Sellack", which "makes it easier to go along on his moonier escapades".<ref name="Christgau"/> J. D. Considine found that the band "epitomize[s] all that is admirable and annoying about British new music" finding the Smith's material to be "terrifically tuneful" due to Marr's "incisive, visceral guitar work", but felt that Morrissey "had a tendency to wander away from conventional notions of pitch often mangling the band's melodies in the process".<ref name="Considine">Template:Cite news</ref>
In retrospective reviews, Pitchfork writer Simon Reynolds described The Queen Is Dead as a masterpiece marking the Smiths' "imperial phase". He highlighted Morrissey's "idiosyncratic" and "grandly moving" lyrics and delivery, alongside Johnny Marr's "sparkling" melodies and intricate arrangements. He observed that, for true believers, the album cemented the Smiths' status as "the greatest group in the world" despite their struggle to gain widespread commercial success at the time, and positioned Morrissey as a "spurned savior" of British music.<ref name="PitchforkR" /> Stephen Thomas Erlewine, writing for AllMusic, described it as the Smiths' "great leap forward", showing their ascent to new musical and lyrical heights. He noted that while the album was "harder-rocking" than previous efforts, it did not conform to conventional rock structures. Instead, Johnny Marr's "dense web of guitars" created a variety of moods.<ref name="AllMusic">Template:Cite web</ref>
Accolades
In 2000, The Queen Is Dead was voted number 10 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums.<ref name="Larkin">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2002, Pitchfork listed The Queen Is Dead as the sixth-best album of the 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2003, the album was ranked number 216 on Rolling StoneTemplate:'s list of the "500 Greatest Albums of All Time",<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> 218 in a 2012 revised list,<ref name=":4">Template:Cite web</ref> and 113 in the 2020 revision.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> NME named it the second-greatest British album of all time in its 2006 list.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2006, Q magazine placed the album at number three in its list of "40 Best Albums of the '80s".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The album was included in Spin Alternative Record Guide, a reference book part of the American Spin magazine. It was reviewed by Rob Sheffield, who gave the album a total score of ten.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> English-based magazine Clash added The Queen Is Dead to its "Classic Album Hall of Fame" in its June 2011 issue, saying it "is an album to lose yourself in; it has depth, focus and some great tunes. It's easy to see why the album is held in such high esteem by Smiths fanatics and why, a decade later, it became a key influence for all things Britpop".<ref name=":2">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
In 2012, Slant Magazine listed the album at number 16 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s" and said: "There may never again be an indie-rock album as good as The Queen Is Dead".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2013, it was ranked the greatest record of all time on the NMETemplate:'s "Greatest Albums of All Time" list.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> At Rolling Stone, Gavin Edwards retrospectively viewed the album as "one of the funniest rock albums ever", noting that Morrissey had "learned to express his self-loathing through mockery" while Marr "matched his verbal excess with witty, supple music", and concluded, "If the queen's reaction to Morrissey was 'We are not amused,' then she was the only one".<ref name="rollingstoneri" />
In 2016, Paste magazine named the album as the second-best post-punk album of all time. Staff writer Jay Sweet explained: "What truly makes this definitive album a benchmark is it marks the fall of the insufferable decade of synth music that preceded it and the second coming of the British Invasion with guitarist Johnny Marr's penchant for high-timbre guitar riffs and sonic urgency."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2024, the album was listed at number 66 by Apple Music in their "100 Best Albums" list.
Track listing
All lyrics are written by Morrissey; all music is composed by Johnny Marr.<ref name="LP">Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> Template:Track listing Template:Track listing
2017 collector's edition
Disc one features the 2017 master of the album. Disc four DVD features the 2017 master in 96 kHz / 24-bit PCM stereo.<ref>Template:Cite AV media notes</ref> Template:Track listing
Template:Track listing Template:Track listing
Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's liner notes.<ref name="LP" />Template:Col-begin Template:Col-3 The Smiths
- Morrissey – lead vocals, backing vocals ("Bigmouth Strikes Again"; credited as Ann Coates)
- Johnny Marr – guitars, sampler, marimba ("The Boy with the Thorn in His Side"),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> orchestration
- Andy Rourke – bass guitar
- Mike Joyce – drums
Template:Col-3 Production
- Morrissey – production
- Johnny Marr – production
- Stephen Street – engineering (except "Frankly, Mr. Shankly"), drum sampling ("The Queen Is Dead")<ref name="sound on sound" />
- John Porter – engineering ("Frankly, Mr. Shankly")
Template:Col-3 Design
- Steve Wright – group photography
- Morrissey – sleeve
- Caryn Gough – layout
Charts
| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)<ref name=aus>Template:Cite book</ref> | 30 |
| Canadian Albums (RPM)<ref name="CAN: Queen">
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29 |
| European Top 100 Albums<ref name="europe">Template:Cite magazine</ref> | 19 |
| UK Albums Chart<ref name="UK">Template:Cite web</ref> | 2 |
| UK Independent Albums<ref name="UKIndie">Template:Cite book</ref> | 1 |
| US Billboard 200<ref name="Billboard200" /> | 70 |
| US Cash Box<ref name="Cashbox">Template:Cite web</ref> | 129 |
| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| German Albums<ref name="offiziellecharts.de"/> | 33 |
| Greek Albums (IFPI Greece)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 11 |
| Chart (2024) | Peak position |
|---|---|
| Croatian International Albums (HDU)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | 2 |
Certifications
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