Moscow State University

Moscow State University (MSU), officially M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University,Template:Efn is a public research university in Moscow, Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The university includes 15 research institutes, 43 faculties, more than 300 departments, and six branches. Alumni of the university include past leaders of the Soviet Union and other governments. As of 2019, 13 Nobel laureates, six Fields Medal winners, and one Turing Award winner were affiliated with the university.

History

Decree on the foundation of the Moscow State University

Imperial Moscow University

The Principal Medicine Store building on Red Square that housed Moscow University from 1755 to 1787

Ivan Shuvalov and Mikhail Lomonosov promoted the idea of a university in Moscow, and Russian Empress Elizabeth decreed its establishment on Template:OldStyleDate.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The first lectures were given on Template:OldStyleDate. Saint Petersburg State University and MSU each claim to be Russia's oldest university. Though Moscow State University was founded in 1755, St. Petersburg which has had a continuous existence as a "university" since 1819 sees itself as the successor of an academy established on in 1724, by a decree of Peter the Great.Template:Citation needed <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

MSU originally occupied the Principal Medicine Store on Red Square from 1755 to 1787. Catherine the Great transferred the university to a building on the other side of Mokhovaya Street, constructed between 1782 and 1793, to a design by Matvei Kazakov, and rebuilt by Domenico Giliardi after fire consumed much of Moscow in 1812.Template:Citation needed<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Main buildings of the university in Mokhovaya Street, 1798

In the 18th century, the university had three departments: philosophy, medicine, and law. A preparatory college was affiliated with the university until its abolition in 1812. In 1779, Mikhail Kheraskov founded a boarding school for noblemen (Благородный пансион) which in 1830 became a gymnasium for Russian nobility. The university press, run by Nikolay Novikov in the 1780s, published the newspaper in Imperial Russia: Moskovskie Vedomosti.Template:Citation needed

In 1804, medical education split into clinical (therapy), surgical, and obstetrics faculties. Between 1884 and 1897, the Department of Medicine built a medical campus in Devichye Pole, between the Garden Ring and Novodevichy Convent; designed by Template:Ill, with university doctors like Nikolay Sklifosovskiy and Fyodor Erismann acting as consultants. The campus, and medical education in general, were separated from Moscow University in 1930. Devichye Pole was operated by the independent I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University and by various other state and private institutions.Template:Citation needed

The roots of student unrest in the university reach deep into the nineteenth century. In 1905, a social-democratic organization emerged at the university and called for the overthrow of the Czarist government and the establishment of a republic in Russia. The imperial government repeatedly threatened to close the university. In 1911, in a protest over the introduction of troops onto the campus and mistreatment of certain professors, 130 scientists and professors resigned en masse, including Nikolay Dimitrievich Zelinskiy, Pyotr Nikolaevich Lebedev, and Sergei Alekseevich Chaplygin; thousands of students were expelled.Template:Citation needed

Moscow State University

1917–49

After the October Revolution of 1917, the institution began to admit children of the proletariat and peasantry. In 1919, the university abolished tuition fees, and established a preparatory facility to help working-class children prepare for entrance examinations. During the implementation of Joseph Stalin's first five-year plan (1928–32), the university was expanded.Template:Citation needed

1950–99

A 1962 Soviet stamp features Moscow State University.

In 1970, the university imposed a 2% quota on Jewish students.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A 2014 article entitled "Math as a tool of anti-semitism" in The Mathematics Enthusiast discussed antisemitism in the Moscow State University's Department of Mathematics during the 1970s and 1980s.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In the mid-1980s, the Dean of MSU's law faculty was dismissed for taking bribes.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> After 1991, nine new faculties were established. The following year, the university gained a unique status: it is funded directly from the state budget (bypassing the Ministry of Education).Template:Citation needed

On 6 September 1997, French electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre used the front of the university as the backdrop for a concert. The concert attracted a paying crowd of half a million people.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2000–2020

Students celebrating the 250th anniversary of the university in 2005

In 2007, MSU Rector Viktor Sadovnichy said that corruption in Russia's education system was a "systemic illness," and that he had seen an ad guaranteeing a perfect score on entrance exams to MSU, for a significant fee.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

On 19 March 2008, Russia's most powerful supercomputer to date, the SKIF MSU (Template:Langx; skif means 'Scythian' in Russian) was launched at the university. Its peak performance of 60 TFLOPS (LINPACK – 47.170 TFLOPS) made it the fastest supercomputer in the Commonwealth of Independent States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In November 2012, Mikhail Basharatyan, Deputy Dean of the MSU World Economy Department, was fired for taking a bribe from a pupil.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In February 2013, Andrei Andriyanov resigned as head of the Kolmogorov Special Educational and Scientific Center of the university, after an investigation concluded that he had included fake references in his doctoral thesis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

2020–present

In March 2022, Victor Sadovnichy, rector of Moscow State University and president of the Russian Union of Rectors, was the lead signature in a public statement endorsing the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="yaledailynews.com">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="rsr-online.ru">Template:Cite web</ref> In reaction, Academia Europaea, a pan-European academy, suspended the membership of Sadovnichy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In response to the Russian invasion, that same month Yale University, the Hamburg University of Applied Sciences, University of Potsdam, and HKU Business School suspended their longstanding relationships with the university, and the University of St Andrews suspended a joint master's degree programme with the university.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Intel and AMD, the largest chip manufacturers in the world, whose processors are used in the Moscow State University supercomputer, as well as Nvidia, reacted by suspending deliveries of their processors to Russia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Campus

Building of the Faculties of Biology and of Soil Science

Since 1953, most of the faculties have been situated on Sparrow Hills, in southwest Moscow. In the post-war era, Joseph Stalin ordered seven tiered neoclassic towers to be built around the city. It was built using Gulag labour, as were many of Stalin's Great Construction Projects in Russia.<ref>Figes, O. (2013) 'Just Send Me Word – A True Story of Love and Survival in the Gulag' p. 192, Penguin Books: London.</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The MSU main building was the tallest building in Europe until 1990. The central tower is 240 m tall, 36 stories high.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university library

Along with the university administration, the Museum of Earth Sciences and faculties of Mechanics and Mathematics, Geology, Geography, and Fine and Performing Arts are in the main building. The building on Mokhovaya Street houses the Faculty of Journalism, the Faculty of Psychology, and Institute of Asian and African Countries. A number of faculty buildings are located near Manege Square in the centre of Moscow and a number of campuses abroad in Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.Template:Citation needed The Ulyanovsk branch of MSU was reorganized into Ulyanovsk State University in 1996.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Faculties

Rector Viktor Sadovnichiy

The first Humanities Building

Template:As of, the Old Building housed the Department of Oriental studies.

As of 2009, the university had 39 faculties and 15 research centres. A number of small faculties opened, such as Faculty of Physics and Chemistry and Higher School of Television. The full list of faculties is as follows:<ref name=structure>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Faculty of Mechanics and Mathematics
• Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics
• Faculty of Physics
• Faculty of Chemistry
• Faculty of Materials Science
• Faculty of Biology
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• Faculty of Geography
• Faculty of Fundamental Medicine
• Faculty of Space Research
• Faculty of History
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• Faculty of Economics
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• Faculty of Journalism
• Faculty of Psychology
• Institute of Asian and African Countries
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• Faculty of Political Science
• Faculty of Fine and Performing Arts
• Faculty of Global Studies
• Faculty of Education
• Graduate School of Business Administration
• Faculty of Physics and Chemistry
• Moscow School of Economics
• Graduate School of Translation and Interpretation
• Graduate School of Public Administration
• Graduate School of Public Audit
• Graduate School of Administration and Innovations
• Graduate School of Innovative Business Administration
• Graduate School of Contemporary Social Sciences
• Graduate School of Television
• Center of Military Training

Institutions and research centers

• Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Institute of Mechanics<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Sternberg Astronomical Institute
• A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Research Computing Center<ref>Research Computing Center</ref>
• N.N. Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Problems of Microphysics
• White Sea Biological Station
• Moscow University Herbarium<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Academic reputation

The main building in winter

In world rankings, MSU was ranked 101st–150th by the Academic Ranking of World Universities 2024,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and 105th by QS World University Rankings 2026.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The university has contacts with universities throughout the world, exchanging students and lecturers. It houses the UNESCO International Demography Courses and Hydrology Courses. In 1991 the French University College, the Russian-American University, and the Institute of German Science and Culture were opened.Template:Citation needed

The institution's academic reputation was severely undermined because of its support for the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref name="yaledailynews.com"/><ref name="rsr-online.ru"/> (See: sanctions).

Staff and students

The university employs more than 4,000 academics and 15,000 support staff.Template:Citation needed Approximately 5,000 researchers work at the university's research institutes and facilities.<ref name="auto3">Template:Cite web</ref> More than 40,000 undergraduates and 7,000 advanced degree candidates are enrolled.<ref name="auto3"/> Annually, the university hosts approximately 2,000 students, graduate students, and researchers from around the world.Template:Citation needed

Notable people

Notable alumni of Moscow State University
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As of 2017, 13 Nobel laureates, 6 Fields Medal winners and one Turing Award winner had been affiliated with the university. It is the alma mater of writers Anton Chekhov, Boris Pasternak, and Ivan Turgenev; politicians Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Suslov, and Ruslan Khasbulatov; and mathematicians and physicists Vladimir Arnold, Boris Demidovich, Vladimir Drinfeld, Vitaly Ginzburg, Andrey Kolmogorov, Grigory Margulis, Andrei Sakharov, and Yakov Sinai.

Religious organizations

Information Center of the House Church of the Martyr Tatiana at Moscow State University (Main Building, 2016)

Russian legislation prohibits<ref>«В государственных и муниципальных образовательных учреждениях, органах, осуществляющих управление в сфере образования, создание и деятельность организационных структур политических партий, общественно-политических и религиозных движений и организаций (объединений) не допускаются» (Закон РФ от 10.07.1992 № 3266-1 (ред. от 12.11.2012) «Об образовании» Template:Webarchive, ст. 1, п. 5; действовал до 1 сентября 2013 г.).</ref><ref>«В государственных и муниципальных образовательных организациях создание и деятельность политических партий, религиозных организаций (объединений) не допускаются» (Федеральный закон Российской Федерации от 29 декабря 2012 г. № 273-ФЗ «Об образовании в Российской Федерации» Template:Webarchive, ст 27.12).</ref> the activities of religious organizations directly at universities, but they operate at Moscow State University. Religious literature and objects of worship are also traded on the territory of Moscow State University.

The Russian Orthodox Church

Orthodox churches at Moscow State University

There are two Orthodox churches at Moscow State University: the house church of the Martyr Tatiana at Moscow State University and the church of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Cyril and Methodius at Moscow State University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In 2011, Patriarch Kirill appealed to the rector of Moscow State University with a request to support the initiative to erect an Orthodox "chapel temple on the territory of the university complex on Vorobyovy Gory," which, in his opinion, would contribute to "solving many important issues related to the patriotic and spiritual and moral education of Russian youth.".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The proposal caused a mixed reaction on social networks and the media.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Interaction of Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia with Moscow State University

On November 18, 2011, the Academic Council of Moscow University decided to award Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia the title of Honorary Doctor of Moscow State University "for his outstanding contribution to the spiritual education of young people and close cooperation." On September 28, 2012, during the Patriarch's visit to Moscow State University, Viktor Sadovnichy presented him with the diploma of honorary Doctor of Moscow State University.<ref>Патриарх Кирилл стал почётным доктором МГУ Template:Webarchive // Интерфакс, 28.09.2012</ref> According to some media reports, before the patriarch's arrival at Moscow State University, students complained that they were being forcibly escorted to a meeting, but the student council and the press service of Moscow State University denied this.<ref>Студенты МГУ заявили, что их сгоняют на встречу с патриархом Template:Webarchive // Труд, 27.09.2012.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At a meeting with representatives of the student council, Rector Viktor Sadovnichy admitted that the facts of coercion were.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Criticism

O. A. Zinovieva, a cultural critic at the Moscow State University Faculty of Arts, published a book in 2009 claiming to involve GULAG prisoners in the construction of the first stage.<ref>Зиновьева О. А. Символы сталинской Москвы. — М.: ТОНЧУ, 2009. — С. 95.</ref> The theory has no scientific confirmation, as it is presented without any evidence and is criticized by experts working with archival historical documents.<ref name=":3">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is no mention of this in the fundamental work of the German sociologist Dietmar Neutatz "The Moscow Metro from the first projects to the great construction of Stalinism," in which he examines the social composition of the builders of the subway.Template:Sfn

Criminal case for bribery

In October 2012, a criminal case was opened against Mikhail Basharatyan, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of World Politics at Moscow State University, and Viktor Baris, Head of the Department of Philosophy and Political Science at the Academy of Labor and Social Relations, under the article "receiving a large-scale bribe by a group of individuals by prior agreement".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The criminal case was opened in accordance with paragraphs "a" and "b" of part 5 of Article 290 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In mid-October 2012, a young man applying to graduate school contacted the police. In his statement, he indicated that he was offered to pay 30,000 euros for successful admission and subsequent defense of his thesis at the university.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The young man wanted to enter the postgraduate program of the Academy of Labor and Social Relations. For 30 thousand euros, Basharatyan and Baris promised to ensure admission and postgraduate studies, and also assured that he would have no problems with his PhD thesis and with its defense at Lomonosov Moscow State University.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On October 30, as part of the previously reached agreements, the suspects received 1 million rubles as a bribe. At the time of receiving the money, the criminals were caught red-handed.<ref name="автоссылка2">Template:Cite web</ref>

After his detention, Basharatyan was arrested, and the case was brought to court in 2014. At the same time, Basharatyan was not a member of any university dissertation council, so he could not influence the result of the defense of postgraduate works.<ref name="автоссылка2" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Fake dissertations

According to the Dissernet online expert community for 2014, MSU is one of the largest dissertative corporations in Russia that produce fake dissertations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Community experts note that the main sources of such dissertations at Moscow State University are the Faculty of Public Administration under the leadership of V. A. Nikonov and the Faculty of Sociology under the leadership of V. I. Dobrenkov.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

According to Dissernet data on 12/19/2020, Moscow State University ranks 4th among Russian universities in terms of the number of employees convicted of dishonesty (232), significantly behind the leader in this nomination, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics (382 cases).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Threats of expulsion and insults

In early March 2021, the media reported on insults and threats of expulsion of students related to the MSU Initiative Group. Lyudmila Grigorieva, Deputy Dean of the Faculty of Fundamental Physico-Chemical Engineering at Moscow State University, demanded that students join the harassment of one of the MSU eco-activists, demanding that students write negative comments on the activist's wall on social networks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In the process of communicating with students, Grigorieva called the MSU Initiative Group a "gang" and "Western liberals who are being fed by the West.".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> "They are against the country, against the university... They are given some crumbs and some leftovers there [in the West]. And so they grunt here for these scraps, crawl and shit all the time," Grigorieva said about the activists' activities.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Moscow State University in philately

• Russian and Soviet stamps
• 
  1950 postage stamp:
  the project of the 26-storey building of Moscow State University
• 
  1955 postage stamp:
  the old university building
• 
  1955 postage stamp:
  the new university building
• 
  1957 postage stamp:
  Moscow Festival of Youth and Students
• 
  1958 postage stamp:
  V Congress of the International Union of Architects
• 
  1958 postage stamp:
  X Congress of the International Astronomical Union in the new university building
• 
  2002 postage stamp:
  200th anniversary of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation
• 
  2005 postage stamp:
  250th anniversary of Moscow State University

See also

• Education in Russia
• List of early modern universities in Europe
• List of universities in Russia
• List of rectors of Moscow State University
• List of honorary professors of the Moscow State University

External links

• Template:Official website