Pope Urban VII

Pope Urban VII (Template:Langx; Template:Langx; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was head of the Catholic Church, and ruler of the Papal States from 15 to 27 September 1590. His papacy was the shortest recognized in history.

Castagna, born in Rome in 1521, was a highly educated man who held various positions within the Catholic Church and the structures of the Papal States of his day. He served as Governor of Fano, Perugia, and Umbria and, as the Archbishop of Rossano, participated in the Council of Trent. Later, he was appointed as the Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and Venice and served as the Papal legate to Flanders and to Cologne. He was elevated to the cardinalate in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII.

Upon the death of Pope Sixtus V, Castagna was elected as pope on 15 September 1590, taking the name Urban VII. He was known for his charity, public works projects, and strict opposition to nepotism. His papacy was short-lived as he died of malaria on 27 September 1590, after just 12 days in office. Urban VII is remembered for instituting the world's first known public smoking ban, threatening excommunication for those using tobacco in or near a church.

Biography

Giovanni Battista Castagna was born in Rome in 1521 to a noble family as the son of Cosimo Castagna of Genoa and his wife Costanza Ricci-Giacobazzi of Rome.<ref name=Ott>Template:CE1913</ref>

Castagna studied at universities in Italy. Shortly after finishing his studies at the University of Bologna with the award of a doctorate in civil and canon law, he became an auditor to his uncle, Cardinal Girolamo Verallo, whom he accompanied as datary on a papal legation to France.<ref name=Ott/>

Serving as a constitutional lawyer, Castagna entered the Roman Curia during the pontificate of Pope Julius III as the Referendary of the Apostolic Signatura. Though still a layman, on 1 March 1553 he was chosen to be the new Archbishop of Rossano. He quickly received all the minor and major orders, culminating in his ordination to the priesthood on 30 March 1553 in Rome. He then received episcopal consecration a month after, at the home of his uncle Cardinal Verallo.

He served as the governor of Fano from 1555 to 1559, and as the governor of Perugia and Umbria from 1559 to 1560. During the reign of Pius IV, he settled satisfactorily a long-standing boundary dispute between the inhabitants of Terni and Spoleto.<ref name=Ott/> Castagna participated in the Council of Trent from 1562 to 1563 and served as the president of several conciliar congregations. In 1565 came an appointment as the Apostolic Nuncio to Spain and served there until 1572,<ref>Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Urban VII". Encyclopedia Britannica</ref> resigning his post from his archdiocese in 1573.

Among other positions, Castagna was the Apostolic Nuncio to Venice from 1573 to 1577, governor of Bologna from 1576 to 1577. Apostolic Nuncio to Venice, Papal Legate to Flanders from 1573 to 1577 and to Cologne from 1578 to 1580.

On 12 December 1583 Pope Gregory XIII made Castagna a cardinalate and he became Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello al Corso.Template:Cn

Papacy

Election

Template:Main After the death of Pope Sixtus V, a conclave was convoked to elect a successor. Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany had been appointed a cardinal at the age of fourteen but was never ordained to the priesthood. At the age of thirty-eight, he resigned from the cardinalate upon the death of his older brother, Francesco in 1587, to succeed to the title. There were suspicions that Francesco and his wife died of arsenic poisoning after having dined at Ferdinando's Villa Medici, although one story has Ferdinando as the intended target of his sister-in-law. Ferdinando's foreign policy attempted to free Tuscany from Spanish domination.

He was consequently opposed to the election of any candidate supported by Spain. He persuaded Cardinal Alessandro Peretti di Montalto, grand-nephew of Sixtus V, to switch his support from Cardinal Marco Antonio Colonna, which brought the support of the younger cardinals who had been appointed by the Sixtus.<ref name=Pirie>Pirie, Valérie Pirie. The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves, London. Sidgwick & Jackson, 1935.</ref>

Castagna, a seasoned diplomat, moderate and of proven rectitude, was elected as pope on 15 September 1590 and selected the pontifical name of "Urban VII".<ref name=Pirie/>

Activities

Urban VII was known for his charity to the poor. He subsidized Roman bakers so they could sell bread below cost, and restricted the spending on luxury items for members of his court. He subsidized public works projects throughout the Papal States. Urban VII was strictly against nepotism and he forbade it within the Roman Curia.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

His short reign gave rise to the world's first known public smoking ban, as he threatened to excommunicate anyone who "took tobacco in the porchway of or inside a church, whether it be by chewing it, smoking it with a pipe or sniffing it in powdered form through the nose".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Death

Urban VII died in Rome on 27 September 1590<ref>"Urban VII", The Holy See, vatican.va. Accessed 25 February 2024.</ref> of malaria.<ref name=walshconclave>Template:Cite book</ref> He had reigned for 13 days<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and died before he could be crowned.<ref name=walshconclave /> He was buried at St. Peter's Basilica. His remains were transferred to the church of Santa Maria sopra Minerva on 21 September 1606.<ref name=reardon>Template:Cite book</ref>

His estate, valued at 30,000<ref name=blackconfrat>Template:Cite book</ref> to 32,000 scudi,<ref name=reardon /> was bequeathed to the Confraternity of the Annunziata alla Minerva<ref name=blackconfrat /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> for use as dowries for poor young girls.<ref name=reardon />

File:Menorah (Temple) מנורת בית המקדש Temple vessels Vatican מדלייה שיצא עי הוותיקן בשנת 1590 בעת מינוי האפיפיור אורבנוס השביעיאורבנוס.JPG

The reverse of a 1590 coin in honor of Urban VII, with a menorah and the legend
SIC•LUCEAT•LUX•VESTRA
(Let your light so shine – Matt. 5:16)

See also

• List of popes

External links

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