View source for Üsküdar

{{About|the district of Istanbul|the ferry|SS Üsküdar|the ghost town|Chrysopolis, California}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = metro district
| name                 = Üsküdar
| image_skyline            = {{multiple image|total_width = 280px|perrow = 1/2/2/2|border = infobox
| image1 = Kuleli Military High School in April 2024.jpg
| alt1   = 
| image2 = Kız kulesi2.jpg
| alt2   = 
| image3 = Sunset and Şemsi Ahmed Paşa Mosque.jpg
| alt3   = 
| image4 = Istanbul Üsküdar Belediyesi 0513.jpg
| alt4   = 
| image5 = Beylerbeyi Palace in October 2023.jpg
| alt5   = 
}}
| image_caption            = '''Clockwise from top:''' [[Kuleli Military High School]], [[Şemsi Pasha Mosque]] and sunset, [[Beylerbeyi Palace]], Üsküdar Municipality Building and [[Maiden's Tower]] 
| image_map            = Istanbul location Üsküdar.svg
| map_caption          = Map showing Üsküdar District in Istanbul Province
| coordinates          = {{coord|41|01|26|N|29|00|59|E|display=it}}
| province             = Istanbul
| leader_party         = CHP
| leader_name          = Sinem Dedetaş
| leader_name1         = 
| area_total_km2       = 35
| elevation_m          = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 524452
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          = 
| area_code            = 0216
| website              = {{URL|http://www.uskudar.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Üsküdar''' ({{IPA|tr|ysˈcydaɾ}}) is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Istanbul Province|Istanbul Province, Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306001414/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=6 March 2023 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 35&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 524,452 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> It is a large and densely populated district on the [[Anatolia]]n (Asian) shore of the [[Bosphorus]]. It is bordered to the north by [[Beykoz]], to the east by [[Ümraniye]], to the southeast by [[Ataşehir]] and to the south by [[Kadıköy]]; with [[Beşiktaş|Karaköy, Kabataş, Beşiktaş]], and the historic [[Sarayburnu]] quarter of [[Fatih]] facing it on the opposite shore to the west.<!-- new boundaries of Uskudar http://www.ibb.gov.tr/tr-TR/Pages/Haber.aspx?NewsID=15773 --> Üsküdar has been a conservative cultural center of the Anatolian side of Istanbul since [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman times]] with its landmark as well as numerous tiny [[mosques]] and [[dergah]]s.

Previously known as '''Chrysopolis''' and  '''Scutari''', present-day Üsküdar is a major transport hub, with ferries to [[Eminönü]], Karaköy, Kabataş, Beşiktaş and some of the Bosphorus suburbs. Üsküdar is a stop on the [[Marmaray]] rail service at the point where it starts its journey under the Bosphorus, re-emerging on the European side at [[Sirkeci]]. Via Marmaray, Üsküdar is linked to [[Gebze]] on the Asian side of the city and [[Halkalı railway station|Halkali]] on the European side. Üsküdar is also a stop on the [[Istanbul Metro|M5 Metro]] line to [[Çekmeköy (Istanbul Metro)|Çekmeköy.]] Buses run along the Bosphorus shore all the way up north to [[Anadolukavağı|Anadolu Kavağı]] in Beykoz district. A bus service also operates to the summer town of [[Şile]] on the [[Black Sea]].

== Etymology ==
{{lang|tr|Üsküdar|italic=no}} was previously called ''Chrysopolis'' (Greek: {{lang|grc|Χρυσόπολις}}, 'Golden City') and later {{lang|grc-Latn|Skoutarion}} ([[Byzantine Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Σκουτάριον}}) during the [[Byzantine Empire]]. This may commemorate the leather {{lang|la|[[scutum (shield)|scutum]]}} shields used by guards since the word ''scutari'' means 'raw tanned leather'. Invading [[Persians]], [[List of ancient Slavic peoples|Slavic tribes]], [[Arabs]], and [[Crusades|Crusaders]] called the city {{lang|und-Latn|Esküdar}} or {{lang|fr|Escutaire}}.<ref name="WDL2">{{cite serial |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8823/ |title=Mosque and Street, Scutari, Constantinople, Turkey |website=[[World Digital Library]] |year=1890–1900 |access-date=18 October 2013 }}</ref>

== History ==

=== Chrysopolis ===
Üsküdar was founded in the 7th century BC by [[Ancient Greeks|ancient Greek]] colonists from [[Megara]]  a few decades before [[Byzantium]] was founded on the opposite shore.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MQRNMc0wgMgC&pg=PA219|title=Imperial Istanbul: A Traveler's Guide|first=Jane|last=Taylor|date=13 October 1998|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781860642494|access-date=16 May 2018|via=Google Books}}</ref> It was originally called ''Chrysopolis'' ({{langx|grc|Χρυσόπολις}}, 'Golden City'). According to an ancient Greek geographer, the city received the name Chrysopolis because the [[Persian empire]] had a gold depository there or because it was associated with [[Agamemnon]] and [[Chryseis]]' son, Chryses.<ref name="Smith">William Smith.''[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=chrysopolis-geo Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography — "Chryso'polis"]'' 1854.</ref> On the other hand, according to an 18th-century writer, it received the name because of the excellence of its harbor.<ref>{{cite book|author=François Sabbathier|title= Dictionnaire pour l'intelligence des auteurs classiques, grecs et latins: tants sacrés que profanes, contenant la géographie, l'histoire, la fable, et les antiquités|date=1772|volume=11|page=135|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOE1AAAAMAAJ}}</ref> The city was used as a harbor and shipyard and was an important staging post in the wars between the Greeks and Persians. In 410 BC Chrysopolis was taken by the Athenian general [[Alcibiades]], and the Athenians used it thenceforth to charge a toll on ships coming from and going to the Black Sea.<ref name="Smith"/> Long overshadowed by its neighbor [[Chalcedon]] during the Hellenistic and Roman period, it maintained its identity and increased its prosperity until it surpassed Chalcedon.<ref name="Taylor"/> Due to its less favorable location with respect to the currents of the Bosporus, however, it never surpassed Byzantium.<ref name="Taylor"/>
In AD 324, the [[Battle of Chrysopolis|final battle]] between [[Constantine the Great|Constantine I]], Emperor of the West, and [[Licinius]], Emperor of the East, in which Constantine defeated Licinius, took place at Chrysopolis.<ref name="Taylor"/> When Constantine made Byzantium his capital, Chrysopolis, together with Chalcedon, became suburbs.<ref name="Taylor"/> Chrysopolis remained important throughout the Byzantine period because all trade routes to Asia started there, and all Byzantine army units headed to Asia mustered there.<ref name="Taylor"/>
During the brief usurpation of the Armenian general [[Artabasdos]], his eldest son, [[Niketas (son of Artabasdos)|Niketas]], was defeated with his [[Byzantine army|forces]] at Chrysopolis by the army of [[Constantine V]], before Artabasdos was finally deposed by the legitimate emperor Constantine and blinded. For this reason, and because of its location across from [[Constantinople]], it was a natural target for anyone aiming at the capital.<ref name="Taylor"/> Also, in the 8th century AD it was taken by a small band of Arabs, who caused considerable destruction and panic in Constantinople, before withdrawing.<ref name="Taylor"/> In 988, a rebellion that nearly toppled [[Basil II]] began in Chrysopolis, before he was able to crush with the aid of [[Varangian Guard|Russian mercenaries]].<ref name="Taylor"/>

=== Skoutarion, Scutari ===
[[File:12_-_Konstantinopel%3B_Scheda-Karte_europ_Türkei.jpg|thumb|left|Under the Ottomans, Scutari was a large neighborhood with many cemeteries, across the water from [[Constantinople]] (map by [[Joseph von Scheda]], 1860–70).]]
In the 12th century, the city changed its name to ''Skoutarion'' ({{langx|el|Σκουτάριον}}), the name deriving from the Emperor's Skoutarion Palace nearby.<ref name="Taylor"/> In 1338 the Ottoman leader [[Orhan Gazi]] took Skoutarion, giving the Ottomans a base within sight of Constantinople for the first time.<ref name="Taylor"/>
In the Ottoman period Üsküdar was one of the three communities outside the city walls of Constantinople (along with [[Eyüp]] and [[Galata]]). The area was a major burial ground, and today many large cemeteries remain, including Karacaahmet Mezarlığı, Bülbülderesi Mezarlığı, and a number of Jewish and Christian cemeteries. Karacaahmet Mezarlığı is one of Istanbul's largest cemeteries. The Bülbülderesi cemetery is next to Fevziye Hatun mosque.<ref>Soner Yalçın. ''Efendi''.</ref>

During the WWI, Üsküdar suffered several times in 1918 due to the British [[Bombing of Constantinople in World War I|bombing of İstanbul]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Selçuk |first=Mustafa |title=Birinci Dünya Savaşın'da İtilaf Devletleri'nin İstanbul'a Yönelik Hava Taaruzları |trans-title=The Allied Powers' Air Attacks on Istanbul in World War I |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/108927 |journal=Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi}}</ref>

The neighborhood suffered during the ethnic-religious violence of the 6 September 1955, [[Istanbul pogrom]]. Turkish rioters looted Greek and Armenian Christian shops and many Greeks and Armenians subsequently fled the country.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780974766034|url-access=registration|title=The Mechanism of Catastrophe: The Turkish Pogrom of September 6–7, 1955, and the Destruction of the Greek Community of Istanbul|first=Speros|last=Vryonis|date=1 January 2005|website=Greekworks.com|access-date=16 May 2018|via=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-9747660-3-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mills|first=Amy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHyA1DCtsnUC&pg=PA119|title=Streets of Memory: Landscape, Tolerance, and National Identity in Istanbul|publisher=The University of Georgia Press|date=2010|isbn=9780820335735}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pamuk|first=Orhan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KTE7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA278|title=Istanbul: Memories and the City|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|date=2005|isbn=9781524732233}}</ref>

=== Üsküdar today ===
[[File:Kandilli_Pier.jpg|right|thumb|The waterfront of Üsküdar as seen from Kandilli Pier]]
The district of Üsküdar is one of Istanbul's oldest-established residential areas. It is directly opposite the old city of [[Eminönü]] and transport across the Bosphorus is easy by boat or bridge. So there are well-established communities here, many retired people, and many residents commute to the European side for work or school (being cheap and central Üsküdar has a large student population). During the rush-hour, the waterfront is bustling with people running from ferryboats and motorboats onto buses and minibuses. The [[Çamlıca Hill]] is a popular picnic spot for many Istanbul residents.
[[File:Mihrimah_Sultan_Mosque.jpg|right|thumb|[[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque, Üsküdar|Mihrimah Sultan (İskele) Mosque]] in Üsküdar]]
The central square is the center of Üsküdar with departing ferries  and a [[Marmaray]] station adding to the importance of the square.
The area behind the ferry dock is a busy shopping district, with many restaurants (including the well-known ''Kanaat Lokantası'' serving Ottoman cuisine, [[olive oil]]-based dishes, and ice cream) and a number of important Ottoman mosques (see section below). The youth mainly congregate around cafes on Uncular Gastronomy Street that saw a rise in popularity following the Covid-19 pandemic.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAFvqpQEyqc |title=İstanbul'da keşfedilmeyi bekliyor {{!}} Üsküdar'ın yeni lezzet durağı {{!}} Uncular Gastronomi Sokağı |date=2023-09-23 |last=Anadolu Ajansı |access-date=2024-09-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> The private [[Üsküdar University]], founded by the Human Values and Mental Health Foundation, has a campus here.
Uskudar has two public libraries: [[Şemsi Pasha Mosque]] Public Library (built in 1953) and Selimiye Public Library.

== Neighborhoods ==
Üsküdar is a municipality within borders of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality ({{lang|tr|[[büyükşehir belediyeleri|büyükşehir]]}}). The municipality is subdivided into 33 neighborhoods ({{lang|tr|[[mahalle]]ler}}):<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306001414/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=6 March 2023 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Acıbadem, Üsküdar|Acıbadem]]
* Ahmediye
* [[Altunizade]]
* Aziz Mahmut Hüdayi
* Bahçelievler
* Barbaros 
* [[Beylerbeyi]]
* [[Bulgurlu, Üsküdar|Bulgurlu]]
* [[Burhaniye, Üsküdar|Burhaniye]]
* [[Çengelköy]]
* Cumhuriyet
* Ferah 
* Güzeltepe
* [[İcadiye]]
* [[Kandilli, Üsküdar|Kandilli]]
* Kirazlıtepe
* Kısıklı 
* Küçük Çamlıca
* Küçüksu 
* Kuleli
* Küplüce 
* [[Kuzguncuk]]
* Mehmet Akif Ersoy
* Mimar Sinan
* Muratreis
* [[Salacak]]
* Selami Ali
* [[Selimiye, Üsküdar|Selimiye]]
* [[Sultantepe, Üsküdar|Sultantepe]]
* Ünalan 
* Valide-İ Atik
* Yavuztürk 
* Zeynep Kamil
{{div col end}}

The boundaries and names of the official neighborhoods change from time to time and sometimes do not correspond to historically recognized neighborhoods or to residents' own perceptions.
The most prominent neighborhood is Üsküdar's historic center ({{lang|tr|merkez}}), centered on the ferry docks and roughly corresponding to the current Mimar Sinan neighborhood (former Selmanağa, Tembel Hacı Mehmet, and İnkılap neighborhoods). This area includes large historic mosques, many businesses and markets, and is a transportation hub.
Other prominent neighborhoods include the former villages on the Bosphorus to the north of the historic center, Kuzguncuk, Beylerbeyi, Çengelköy, Kuleli, Vaniköy (now part of Kandilli), and Kandilli; the neighborhoods along the Bosphorus shore south of the historic center, [[Salacak]], [[Harem, Istanbul|Harem]] (now part of Aziz Mahmud Hudayı), and Selimiye; and the mostly residential neighborhoods on the hilltops and hillsides, Doğancılar (now mostly part of Aziz Mahmud Hudayı), İmrahor (now part of Salacak), Selamsız (now part of Selamiali), Bağlarbaşı (now part of Altunizade), Altunizade, Acıbadem, Küçük Çamlıca, and Büyük Çamlıca (mostly in Kısıklı, Burhaniye, and Ferah).

=== Salacak ===
[[File:Istanbul_Bosphorus_(245928487).jpeg|right|thumb|Selimiye Barracks, located in the Üsküdar district]]
[[File:Kuleli_Military_High_School.jpg|right|thumb|[[Kuleli Military High School]] view from the water at night]]
Üsküdar's long promenade along the coast from the center down in southern direction towards the bus station at [[Harem, Istanbul|Harem]] is popular in summer as it commands views of the European shore of [[Topkapı Palace]], [[Hagia Sophia]], [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque]] (The [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|Blue Mosque]]), [[Taksim Square|Taksim]] and [[Beşiktaş]]. This promenade is lined with cafes and restaurants, the most prominent of which is not on the coast but out in the water: the [[Maiden's Tower]] ({{lang|tr|Kız Kulesi}}), a small tower just off the coast that has existed since [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] times, when it was called Leander's Tower. From time to time it has been used as a toll booth; now it is used as an upscale restaurant and a venue for wedding parties. The name comes from a legend about a princess shut in the tower.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
On nice days people gather on the shore to fish, sit and drink tea or to enjoy being out on the water in little rowing boats. The [[Ayazma Mosque]] (1760) stands on the shore opposite the tower. The streets of Salacak behind the coast, in the area called ''Imrahor'', are attractive and still hold a number of classic Ottoman wooden houses. The legendary 17th-century [[Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi]] is said to have landed here on his hang-glider flight across the Bosphorus.<ref>Çelebi, Evliya (2003). Seyahatname. Istanbul: Yapı Kredi Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, p. 318.</ref>
Further down along the coast is the Harem neighborhood, which contains a major intercity bus terminal and the [[Selimiye Barracks]], where [[Florence Nightingale]] once tended wounded British soldiers.<ref name="WDL">{{cite serial |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8822/ |title = Cypresses and Road Leading to the Cemetery, Scutari, Constantinople, Turkey |website = [[World Digital Library]]|year = 1890–1900|access-date = 18 October 2013}}</ref> Behind the coast, towards the east, Üsküdar climbs steeply into the residential areas uphill, Bağlarbaşı and Doğancılar.

=== Doğancılar ===
A neighborhood on the hill above Salacak, with plenty of trees between the buildings and a small park. There is a wide avenue winding uphill from Üsküdar, which has plenty of shops and cafes, and also a theater (the Musahipzade Celal Sahnesi), the fire station, the former women's prison ([[Paşakapısı Prison]]), Burhan Felek High School and Doğancılar mosque (opposite the park).

=== Bağlarbaşı and Altunizade ===
[[File:Üsküdar American Academy's Bowker Hall.jpg|thumb|Üsküdar American Academy Bowker Hall]]
[[File:Altun_Izade_Mosque_5752.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of Altunizade Mosque]]
Formerly orchards and fruit-gardens ({{lang|tr|bağ}}), it became a residential neighborhood in the 19th century, home to the typical Istanbul urban mix of Greeks, Jews, Turks, and Armenians.{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} The neighborhood still has an Armenian school and the Armenian church of Surp Garabed, built in 1844. Until the 1990s the area remained a middle-class residential neighborhood,{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} and today is still an attractive district with a mixture of housing and office/commercial property. A number of properties have been converted to office and business use. Altunizade is still an attractive residential neighborhood, home to the large and busy Capitol shopping and entertainment center. Altunizade was established in the early 19th century by [[Altunizade İsmail Zühtü Pasha]]. He also commissioned [[Altunizade Mosque]], which was built in 1866.
There are a number of well-known schools within the district including [[Üsküdar American Academy]], one of the oldest established schools in the city, Üsküdar High School, a state school, Haydarpasha High School, [[Marmara University]]'s faculty of theology; and Burhan Felek sports complex.

=== Selamsız ===
[[File:Selamsiz_house.jpg|thumb|right|A wooden house in Selamsız]]
[[Selamsız]] is an old residential neighborhood, home to a [[Romani people|Roma]] community and Roma culture.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}

=== Acıbadem ===
The top half of the attractive district [[Acıbadem, Kadıköy|Acıbadem]] also belongs to Üsküdar, including Acıbadem and Academic hospitals. This avenue with its [[patisserie]]s, ice-cream parlors and cafés, is the center one of the most pleasant neighborhoods of Istanbul,{{citation needed|date=March 2019}} consisting of tree-lined streets and well-planned housing areas, as well as Fine Arts Academy ([[Marmara University]]), and  Çamlıca Girls’ High School set in a tree-lined garden.{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

=== Paşalimanı ===
Just past Üsküdar the coastline is called Paşalimanı. ''Liman'' means "port" in Turkish (from [[Greek language|Greek]] {{lang|el|limàni}}, {{lang|el|λιμάνι}}) and boats would moor here. A large stone building on the shore, built as a tobacco warehouse by late-Ottoman architect Vedat Tek, has been completely renovated and now serves as headquarters of [[List of power companies of Turkey|Ciner Grubu]] ([[Ciner Group]]), an industrial conglomerate. There is a small area of parkland right on the shore and the entrance to the large Fetih Paşa Korusu park is here.

=== Kuzguncuk ===
[[File:Kuzguncuk_4.jpg|thumb|200px|Kuzguncuk streets]]
A Bosphorus village of streets with little shops, seaside cafes, and many old-fashioned wooden houses, [[Kuzguncuk]] has a village atmosphere. There is a ferry dock and a little park on the waterfront. The village was called ''Kosinitsa'' in the Byzantine period. The area has become an attractive middle-class neighborhood, home to people like film director [[Uğur Yücel]], sculptor [[Kuzgun Acar]], painter [[Acar Başkut]] (whose studio is in the village), architects [[Nevzat Sayin]] and [[Cengiz Bektaş]], and the late poet [[Can Yücel]]. The neighborhood is also portrayed in the novel ''Mediterranean Waltz'' (Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna) by [[Buket Uzuner]].

=== Beylerbeyi ===
[[File:Beylerbeyi Harbour.JPG|thumb|250px|Beylerbeyi Harbor with the Bosphorus Bridge in the background]]

Just beyond the [[Bosphorus Bridge]] is [[Beylerbeyi]], an area known in Istanbul for its fish restaurants, and for the [[Beylerbeyi Palace]] on the shore. [[Sultan]] [[Abdülhamit II]] of [[Ottoman Empire]] died here in 1918.

=== Çengelköy ===
Formerly a waterfront village, known for the cucumbers grown in gardens on the green hillsides behind. There are a number of very grand seaside villas ({{lang|tr|[[yalı]]}}). The village has a number of shops, bakeries and waterfront cafes offering gorgeous views of the Bosphorus that tend to be busy, especially at weekends. Since the mid-1990s new housing estates have been built on the hillsides and now there are always queues of traffic through Çengelköy. But the village retains some of its romantic charm. The word {{lang|tr|çengel}} means "hook" or "anchor" in Turkish, and {{lang|tr|köy}} means "village"; apparently there were blacksmiths or metalworkers in the village in Ottoman times.{{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
The highly prestigious [[Kuleli Military High School]] is on the Bosphorus just beyond Çengelköy. Most graduates from here go on to military academy and careers as army officers.

=== Çamlıca ===
[[File:TV_tower,_Istanbul_(_1100239).jpg|thumb|right|[[Çamlıca Tower|Çamlıca TV and Radio Tower]] on [[Çamlıca Hill|Küçük Çamlıca]]]]
This hill, known as ''Tchamlidja'' in 19th-century spelling, has the highest point in Istanbul and commands a panoramic view of the entire city. One of the most prestiged schools of Turkey, Bilfen College is located on the Çamlıca hill.
<!-- Koşuyolu is in fact now part of Kadıköy. Was it once part of Üsküdar?
=== Koşuyolu ===
A quiet residential district, with some well-known hospitals in parkland going back to the Ottoman period.-->

== Climate ==
Üsküdar experiences a [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa/Cf'') according to both [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] and [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]] climate classifications, with cool winters and warm to hot summers. Unlike most of southern Istanbul, Üsküdar is cooler than its surroundings, with an average temperature slightly below {{Convert|14|C|0|abbr=unit}}, and an [[American Horticultural Society|AHS]] heat zone rating of 3.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bitki Soğuğa ve Sıcağa Dayanıklılık|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/tarim/bitki-soguga-ve-sicaga-dayaniklilik.aspx|access-date=2021-04-28|website=www.mgm.gov.tr}}</ref> However, its coastal location still does allow it to be classified as [[Hardiness zone|USDA hardiness zone]] 9a.<ref name=":1" />
{{Weather box
| location = [[Kandilli, Istanbul]]
| source = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Üsküdar - Weather History & Climate Data - Meteostat|url=https://meteostat.net/en/place/TR-38KV|access-date=2021-06-03|website=meteostat.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Toros|first1=Hüseyin|last2=Abbasnia|first2=Mohsen|last3=Sagdic|first3=Mustafa|last4=Tayanç|first4=Mete|date=2017-11-19|title=Long-Term Variations of Temperature and Precipitation in the Megacity of Istanbul for the Development of Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change|journal=Advances in Meteorology|volume=2017 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1155/2017/6519856 |language=en |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017AdMet201719856T |hdl=11424/241888|hdl-access=free}}</ref>
| metric first = yes
| single line = Y
<!-- Average high temperatures -->| Jan high C = 7.9
| Feb high C = 8.0
| Mar high C = 10.4
| Apr high C = 15.5
| May high C = 20.2
| Jun high C = 24.9
| Jul high C = 27.1
| Aug high C = 27.0
| Sep high C = 23.8
| Oct high C = 19.0
| Nov high C = 14.6
| Dec high C = 10.5
| year high C = <!-- Mean daily temperature -->
| Jan mean C = 5.2
| Feb mean C = 5.1
| Mar mean C = 7.0
| Apr mean C = 11.3
| May mean C = 15.8
| Jun mean C = 20.2
| Jul mean C = 22.7
| Aug mean C = 22.8
| Sep mean C = 19.6
| Oct mean C = 15.4
| Nov mean C = 11.3
| Dec mean C = 7.8
| year mean C = <!-- Average low temperatures -->
| Jan low C = 2.4
| Feb low C = 2.2
| Mar low C = 3.5
| Apr low C = 7.1
| May low C = 11.3
| Jun low C = 15.4
| Jul low C = 18.2
| Aug low C = 18.5
| Sep low C = 15.3
| Oct low C = 11.7
| Nov low C = 8.0
| Dec low C = 5.0
| year low C = <!-- Total precipitation, this should include rain and snow. -->
| precipitation colour = green
<!-- IMPORTANT: use mm or cm but NOT both! -->| Jan precipitation mm = 103
| Feb precipitation mm = 83
| Mar precipitation mm = 69
| Apr precipitation mm = 45
| May precipitation mm = 37
| Jun precipitation mm = 36
| Jul precipitation mm = 32
| Aug precipitation mm = 39
| Sep precipitation mm = 69
| Oct precipitation mm = 96
| Nov precipitation mm = 101
| Dec precipitation mm = 128
| year precipitation mm = 
}}

== Sights of Üsküdar ==
[[File:Yeni_Valide_mosque,_Üsküdar_2.JPG|thumb| [[Yeni Valide Camii]], the "New Mosque" of the [[mother sultan]]]]
Though densely populated, Üsküdar has many areas of greenery, including the Çamlıca hills, the Bosphorus coastline, and various parks. In addition, the area has a high concentration of historic buildings and religious sites.

=== Parks ===
[[Fethi Paşa Korusu]] is a large park on the hillside that extends down to the Bosphorus shore, slightly beyond Üsküdar in the area called Paşalimanı. It is named after [[Fetih Ahmet Paşa]] an Ottoman prince who among other things was responsible for industrializing the [[glassworks]] of Ottoman Turkey, and had a home in the area. The parkland is in fact privately owned and let to the state on condition that it is preserved as a park. The owners are the estate of Turkish industrialist [[Nuri Demirağ]]. There is a café in the park, a stone waterfall which children climb on and a small stage area where on Friday evenings in summer a band of amateur musicians give open-air concerts at sunset. At weekends the young lovers of Üsküdar gather here to stroll and cuddle in the shade.<ref>{{Citation|title=Uskudara Gideriken instrumental Rabab Music of Turkish Song|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o8EfsZuXWU|url-status=dead|language=en|access-date=2020-06-12|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306092044/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2o8EfsZuXWU}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref>

=== Mosques ===
[[File:Şakirin_Mosque_(7487711428).jpg|right|thumb|[[Şakirin Mosque]]]]
Üsküdar is home to over 180 mosques,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uskudarmuftulugu.gov.tr/index.php?makaleid=77 |title=Üsküdar Müftülüğü |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008104913/http://www.uskudarmuftulugu.gov.tr/index.php?makaleid=77 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> many of them historic Ottoman buildings, many built for women of the imperial harem, and many built by the architect [[Mimar Sinan]]. Among the first things one sees on arriving by ferry are two mosques near the ferry terminal, both of them designed by Sinan. The larger one is the [[Mihrimah Sultan Mosque (Üsküdar)|Mihrimah Sultan Mosque]], sometimes called the İskele (Dock) Mosque, built by a daughter of [[Suleiman the Magnificent]]; the smaller one is the [[Şemsi Pasha Mosque]], built by a [[vizier]] of Suleiman's. Şemsi Pasha has a small library building in the courtyard. Opposite the Mihrimah Sultan Mosque is the large [[Yeni Valide Mosque]], commissioned by Ahmet III's mother. Uphill from the dock in the Valideiatik neighborhood is the [[Atik Valide Mosque]], built by Murat III's mother and also designed by Sinan.

Further uphill from there is the smaller [[Çinili Mosque|Çinili (Tiled) Mosque]]. In [[Karacaahmet Cemetery]] is the large [[Şakirin Mosque]], built in 2009. The [[Namazgâh Mosque]] (built in 1860) in the eastern part of Üsküdar, close to the border with [[Ümraniye]], is one of the few historical wooden mosques in Istanbul. The new [[Çamlıca Mosque]] is a landmark with its grand size overlooking Istanbul on Chamlija Hill.

Other important mosques of Üsküdar include<!-- list from Istanbul Inanc Atlasi --> Ahmediye, Ahmet Ağa, Ahmet Çelebi, Altunizade, [[Ayazma Mosque|Ayazma]], [[Aziz Mahmud Hudayi]], Baki Efendi, [[Beylerbeyi Mosque|Beylerbeyi]], Bodrumi Ömer Lütfi Efendi, Bostancı, Bulgurlu, Çakırcıbaşı, Fatih, [[Gülfem Hatun]], Hacı Ömer, İmrahor, İranlılar, İstavroz, Kandilli, Kara Davut Pasha, Kaymak Mustafa Pasha, Kısıklı, Küleli Bahçe, Malatyalı İsmail Ağa, Mirzazade, Paşalimanı, [[Rum Mehmed Pasha Mosque|Rum Mehmet Pasha]], [[Selimiye Mosque, Üsküdar|Selimiye]], Solak Sinan, Tahır Efendi, Üryanizade, and Vanikoy.

=== Churches ===
[[File:İstanbul_5116.jpg|thumb|right|The Surp Krikor Lusavoriç (St Gregory the Illuminator) Armenian Church]]
Churches of Üsküdar include <!-- list from municipal web site http://www.uskudar.bel.tr/portal/rehber_/rehbern.jsp?PageName=rehbern&ID=10404&ADI=Kiliseler --> the İlya Profiti (Prophet Elijah) Greek Orthodox Church in Muratreis (present building built in 1831), the Kandilli Khristos Rum Ortodoks Kilisesi (built in 1810), the Surp Garabet (Saint John the Baptist) Armenian Church in Murat Reis (first church on the site, 1590; present building built 1888), the Surp Haç (Holy Cross) Armenian Church in Selami Ali (built 1676, rebuilt 1880), the [[Surp Krikor Lusavoriç Armenian Church, Kuzguncuk|Surp Krikor Lusavoriç (Saint Gregory the Illuminator) Armenian Church]] in Kuzguncuk (first built 1835, rebuilt 1861), and the Surp Yergodasan Arakelots (Twelve Apostoles) Armenian Church in Kandilli (built 1846).<ref>Üsküdar Belediyesi. ''Kiliseler''. {{cite web |url=http://www.uskudar.bel.tr/portal/rehber_/rehbern.jsp?PageName=rehbern&ID=10404&ADI=Kiliseler |title=Üsküdar Belediyesi |access-date=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006122648/http://www.uskudar.bel.tr/portal/rehber_/rehbern.jsp?PageName=rehbern&ID=10404&ADI=Kiliseler |archive-date=6 October 2011 }} Retrieved 14 August 2009</ref><ref>Tuğlacı, pages 121–129, 169–171, 194.</ref>

=== Synagogues ===
Synagogues of Üsküdar include <!-- list from chief rabbinate http://www.musevicemaati.com/index.php?contentId=27 --> [[Bet Yaakov Synagogue|Bet Yaakov]] (built 1878) and [[Bet Nissim Synagogue|Bet Nissim]] (built in the 1840s).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musevicemaati.com/index.php?contentId=27|title=Alan Adına Ait Varsayılan Sayfa|website=Musevicemaati.com|access-date=16 May 2018|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925105621/http://musevicemaati.com/index.php?contentId=27|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Other religious buildings ===
[[File:Üsküdar_Mevlevhanesi_07.jpg|thumb|THe Üsküdar Mevlevi Lodge]]
Important [[khanqah|''tekke''s]] ([[dervish]] lodges) include the [[Aziz Mahmud Hudayi]] (1541–1628), who is buried in the neighbourhood named after him and is the founder of the [[Jelveti]] [[Sufi]] order;<ref>{{Cite web|title=AZİZ MAHMUD HÜDÂYÎ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/aziz-mahmud-hudayi|access-date=2020-11-17|website=islamansiklopedisi.org.tr|language=en}}</ref> the Nasuhi Efendi at Doğancılar, who is the founder of the Nasuhiyye [[Khalwati order|Khalwati]] [[Sufi]] order<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASÛHÎ TEKKESİ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nasuhi-tekkesi|access-date=2020-11-17|website=islamansiklopedisi.org.tr|language=en}}</ref> and the grandfather of the Turkish-American music producer [[Ahmet Ertegun]]; and the famous Özbekler Tekkesi at [[Sultantepe, Üsküdar|Sultantepe]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=ÖZBEKLER TEKKESİ - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ozbekler-tekkesi--kadirga|access-date=2020-11-17|website=islamansiklopedisi.org.tr|language=en}}</ref> where the Ertegun family members are buried. The Üsküdar [[Mevlevi Order|Mevlevi]] [[Dargah|dergah]] is the second of its kind following the one in [[Galata]]. Built in 1790 by [[Sheikh (Sufism)|Sheikh]] Numan Dede of the Galata lodge, it underwent many restorations and functions as the Classic Turkish Arts Foundation today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |url=https://www.ktsv.com.tr/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Klasik Türk Sanatları Vakfı |language=tr}}</ref>

Important tombs of saints ([[awliya]]) in Üsküdar include<!-- list from Istanbul Inanc Atlasi --> those of Aziz Mahmud Hudayi, Shaykh [[Mustafa Devati]], and Shaykh [[Nasuhi|Mehmet Nasuhi]]. Tombs of historical figures include [[Hacı Ahmet Pasha]], [[Halil Pasha]], [[İbrahim Edhem Pasha]], [[Karaca Ahmet]], and [[Rum Mehmet Pasha]].
[[Karacaahmet Cemetery]], the largest cemetery in Istanbul and one of the oldest, has many notable burials. Some of these include [[Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan]] (1888-1959), an Islamic scholar; Shaykh Jamaluddin Kumuki (1788-1869), the father-in-law of [[Imam Shamil]]; [[Sheikh Hamdullah]] (d. 1526), a master calligrapher. The cemetery runs between Üsküdar and [[Kadıköy]].

=== {{lang|tr|Çeşme}}s and {{lang|tr|sebil}}s ===
[[File:FountainAhmedIIIÜsküdar02.JPG|right|thumb|Sultan [[Ahmet III]] Fountain in Üsküdar square]]
Other notable Ottoman features to be seen in Üsküdar are the many ''{{linktext|çeşme|lang=tr}}''s (drinking water sources) and ''{{linktext|sebil|lang=tr}}''s (kiosks for distribution of drinks). One of the largest and most visible {{lang|tr|çeşme}}s is the fountain of [[Ahmet III]] (1728–29), an impressive marble structure in the center of Üsküdar near the ferry docks.
Other important {{lang|tr|çeşme}}s of Üsküdar include Gülnuş Emetullah Valide Sultan (1709, next to the Yeni Valide Mosque), Hüseyin Avni Pasha (1874, Paşalimanı), [[Mustafa III]] (1760, next to the Ayazma Mosque), and [[Selim III]] (1802, in Çiçekçi, Harem İskelesi Street).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFA79D6F5E6C1B43FF856F72A66C829B67 |title=T.C. KÜLTÜR ve TURİZM BAKANLIĞI |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228010047/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR/BelgeGoster.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFA79D6F5E6C1B43FF856F72A66C829B67 |archive-date=2007-02-28 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Important {{lang|tr|sebil}}s of Üsküdar include <!-- list from Istanbul Sebilleri -->those of Hacı Hüseyin Pasha (1865, near the [[Karacaahmet Cemetery]]), Halil Pasha (1617, attached to [[Halil Pasha]]'s tomb), Hudayi (first built in the 1590s but later much remodeled, near [[Aziz Mahmud Hudayi]]'s tomb), Sadettin Efendi (1741, near the tomb of Karacaahmet Cemetery), [[Şeyhülislam]] Arif Hikmet Bey (1858, near the Kartal Baba Mosque), Valide Çinili (1640, next to the Çinili Mosque), Valide-i Cedid (1709, next to the Yeni Valide Mosque), and Ziya Bey (1866, near the tomb of Karacaahmet).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uskudar-bld.gov.tr/portal/rehber_/t1.jsp?PageName=main&RehberGrpId=8 |title=Üsküdar Belediyesi Kurumsal Internet Portalı |access-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830184630/http://www.uskudar-bld.gov.tr/portal/rehber_/t1.jsp?PageName=main |archive-date=2009-08-30 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Museums and palaces ===
[[File:Istanbul_Beylerbeyi_Palace_IMG_7663_1805.jpg|thumb|right|[[Beylerbeyi Palace]] from Bosporus]]
<!-- no useful official list of museums; used http://www.istanbul.net.tr/istanbul_muzeler.asp -->
The Florence Nightingale Museum inside the [[Selimiye Barracks]] in Selimiye displays items associated with [[Florence Nightingale|Nightingale]] and her medical work in Istanbul during the [[Crimean War]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Scutari (Turkey) |display=Scutari |volume=24 |page=518}}</ref> [[Beylerbeyi Palace]] in [[Beylerbeyi]] was built for [[Sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan]] [[Abdulaziz]] in the 1860s, and used as the last place Sultan [[Abdul Hamid II]] was held under house arrest by the [[Young Turks|Revolutionaries]].

== Education ==

* [[Marmara University]]
* [[Üsküdar University]]
* [[Tarabya British Schools]], [[Çengelköy]] campus<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tarabyabritishschools.com/contact-us|title=Contact Us|publisher=[[Tarabya British Schools]]|access-date=2019-07-09}}</ref>
* [[Üsküdar American Academy]] (formerly American Academy for Girls)

== Twin municipalities ==
*{{flagicon|NMK}} [[Saraj Municipality|Saraj]], [[Skopje]]<ref>[http://ina-online.net/maqedoni/17899.html Komuna e Sarajit binjakëzim me komunën turke Uskudar] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604001559/http://ina-online.net/maqedoni/17899.html |date=4 June 2012 }}, INA, 1 June 2012 (in Albanian)</ref>
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Brooklyn]], [[New York (state)|New York]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailysabah.com/istanbul/2015/08/12/brooklyn-uskudar-istanbul-and-new-yorks-iconic-districts-join-forces|title=Brooklyn-Üsküdar: Istanbul and New York's iconic districts join forces|website=Dailysabah.com|date=12 August 2015 |access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Shibuya]], [[Tokyo]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.city.shibuya.tokyo.jp/gikai/kaigi_kekka/sonohoka/yukotoshi/index.html|publisher=渋谷区|language=Japanese|title=友好都市との交流|access-date=28 May 2021}}</ref>

== Notable residents ==
*[[Richard Guyon]] (1813–1856), British-born Hungarian soldier, general in the Hungarian revolutionary army
*[[Maximus the Confessor]], [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] monk, theologian and scholar. He entered a monastery in Chrysopolis in the early 7th century.<ref>{{cite book |first = George Thomas |last = Kurian |title = The Encyclopedia of Christian Literature |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dk4G-52QT-8C&q=Patriarch+pyrrhus+of+Constantinople+chrysopolis&pg=PA454 |page=454|year =2010 |publisher = Scarecrow Press |isbn = 978-0-8108-6987-5}}</ref>
*[[Philippicus (comes excubitorum)|Philippicus]], Byzantine general, a monk in Chrysopolis between 602–610, buried in Chrysopolis<ref>{{cite book |first = Michael |last = Whitby |title = The Emperor Maurice and his Historian – Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan Warfare |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=VAcAJfJP9KUC |page=129|year = 1988 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0-19-822945-3}}</ref>
*[[Sergius I of Constantinople]], Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople<ref>{{cite book |first = Bernhard |last = Bischoff |title = Biblical commentaries from the Canterbury school of Theodore and Hadrian |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4kmkDO_5qcC&q=Patriarch+Pyrrhus+of+Constantinople+chrysopolis&pg=PA65 |page=59|year =1994 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 0-521-33089-0}}</ref>
*[[Patriarch Pyrrhus of Constantinople]], Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople<ref>{{cite book |first = Demetrios |last = Bathrellos |title = The Byzantine Christ: person, nature, and will in the Christology of Saint Maximus the Confessor |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4kmkDO_5qcC&q=Patriarch+Pyrrhus+of+Constantinople+chrysopolis&pg=PA65 |page=65|year =2004 |publisher = Oxford University Press |isbn = 0-19-925864-3}}</ref>
*[[Alexios Mosele (Caesar)|Alexios Mosele]], Byzantine aristocrat and general<ref>{{cite book |first = John |last = Skylitzes |title = A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4kmkDO_5qcC&q=Patriarch+Pyrrhus+of+Constantinople+chrysopolis&pg=PA65 |page=66|year =2010 |publisher = Cambridge University Press |isbn = 978-0-521-76705-7}}</ref>
*[[Michael III]], Byzantine emperor
*[[Florence Nightingale]], English nurse, writer and statistician
*[[Mehmet Akif Ersoy]], Turkish poet of the [[Turkish national anthem]]
*[[Halide Edib Adıvar]], Turkish novelist and feminist political leader
*[[Xenophon Sideridis]], Greek historian, writer and researcher
*[[Şeker Ahmed Pasha]], Turkish painter
*[[Mehmed Orhan]], Turkish aristocrat, a pretender to the throne of the [[Ottoman Dynasty]]
*[[Munir Ertegun|Münir Ertegün]], Turkish legal counsel in international law to the Ottoman Empire and diplomat of Turkey
*[[Ahmet Ertegun]], Turkish-American musician and businessman. Founder and president of [[Atlantic Records]] and [[New York Cosmos (1971–1985)|New York Cosmos]] soccer team.
*[[Nesuhi Ertegun]], Turkish-American record producer and executive of [[Atlantic Records]] and [[Warner Music Group|WEA International]]
*[[Barış Manço]], Turkish rock singer, composer and television producer
*[[Bülent Ersoy]], transgender Turkish celebrity and singer of Ottoman classical music
*[[Özgü Namal]], Turkish actress
*[[Billur Kalkavan]], Turkish actress, socialite and television presenter
*[[Zara (Turkish singer)|Zara]], popular Turkish folk singer
*[[Semahat Özdenses]] (1913–2008), Turkish singer and composer of Ottoman classical music
*[[Hasan Çelebi]], world-renown master [[Islamic calligraphy|Islamic calligrapher]]
*[[Kadir Mısıroğlu]] (1933–2019), Islamist writer and conspiracy theorist
*[[Zabel Sibil Asadour]], [[Armenian people|Armenian]] poet and writer
*[[Calouste Gulbenkian]], Armenian businessman and philanthropist, once the richest man in the world
*[[Garabet Yazmaciyan]], Armenian painter
*[[Gabriel Noradunkyan]], Ottoman Armenian politician
*[[Yeghishe Tourian of Jerusalem|Yeghishe Tourian]], Armenian Patriarch of Jerusalem and Constantinople
*[[Bedros Tourian]], Armenian poet
*[[Hovhannes Hintliyan]], Armenian pedagogue and educator
*[[Hrand Nazariantz]], Armenian poet and writer
*[[Levon Shant]], Armenian poet, writer and playwright
*[[Sirvart Kalpakyan Karamanuk]], Armenian composer, pianist and teacher
*[[Schahan Berberian]], Armenian philosopher, composer and pedagogue
*[[Srpuhi Kalfayan]], Armenian nun and philanthropist
*[[Zabel Yesayan]], Armenian poet, writer and teacher
*[[Naim Frashëri]], Albanian poet, leader of National Albanian Awakening
*[[Yeranuhi Karakashian]], Armenian actress

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{commons category|Üsküdar}}
*{{cite book |title=Adım Adım İstanbul İnanç Atlası: Camiler, Türbeler, Ziyaret Yerleri, Mezarlıklar |year=2004 |publisher=Mapmedya |isbn=975-6206-02-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Hürel|first=Haldun |title=Semtleri, Mahalleri, Caddeleri ve Sokakları A'dan Z'ye İstanbul'un Alfabetik Öyküsü |year=2008|publisher=İkarus |isbn=978-975-999-290-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Kumbaracılar |first=İzzet |title=İstanbul Sebilleri |year=2008 |publisher=Kapı |isbn=978-9944-486-87-3}} (First published 1938)
*{{cite book |last=Tuğlacı |first=Pars |title=İstanbul Ermeni Kiliseleri = Armenian Churches of Istanbul = Istʻanpuli Hayotsʻ ekeghetsʻinerě |year=1991 |publisher=Pars |isbn=975-7423-00-9}}

{{Üsküdar}}
{{Districts of Turkey |provname=Istanbul|sortkey=Uskudar}}
{{Anatolian neighborhoods of İstanbul by the Bosphorus}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uskudar}}
[[Category:Üsküdar| ]]
[[Category:Bosphorus]]
[[Category:Populated places in Istanbul Province]]
[[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Districts of Istanbul Province]]
[[Category:Transit centers in Istanbul]]
[[Category:Megarian colonies in Thrace]]
[[Category:Populated places of the Byzantine Empire|Chrysopolis]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 7th century BC]]
[[Category:Istanbul pogrom]]