View source for Škoda Works

{{short description|European industrial conglomerate}}
{{about|the former parent company|the present-day automobile manufacturer|Škoda Auto|the rail vehicle manufacturer|Škoda Transportation}}
{{More references needed|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Škoda, a.s.
| logo = Škoda Works logo.svg
| logo_caption = 
| image = Škoda Works 1945 (NARA 204917965).jpg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerates]]
| fate = Divided
| predecessor = 
| successor = {{ubl|[[Doosan Škoda Power]]|[[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]]|[[Pilsen Steel]]|[[Škoda Auto]]|[[Škoda JS]]|[[Škoda Transportation]]}}
| foundation = [[Plzeň]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia]], [[Austrian Empire]] ({{Start date|1859}})
| founder = [[Emil Škoda]]
| defunct = {{End date|1999}}
| location_city = [[Plzeň]]
| location_country = [[Czech Republic]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| products = {{ubl|Locomotives,|aircraft,|ships,|machine tools,|steam turbines,|guns,|trolleybuses and trams}}
}}

The '''Škoda Works''' ({{langx|cs|Škodovy závody}}, {{IPA|cs|ˈʃkoda|-|Cs-Skoda.ogg}}) was one of the largest European industrial [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerates]] of the 20th century. In 1859, Czech engineer [[Emil Škoda]] bought a foundry and machine factory in [[Plzeň]], [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] that had been established ten years previously, founding Škoda Works. By [[World War I]], Škoda Works had become the largest arms manufacturer in Austria-Hungary, supplying the [[Austro-Hungarian Army|Austro-Hungarian]] army with [[mountain gun]]s, [[Mortar (weapon)|mortar]]s and machine guns, including the Škoda M1909, and the ships of the Austro-Hungarian navy with heavy guns. After the war and the creation of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]], the company, previously focusing on the manufacturing of armaments, diversified and became a major manufacturer of [[locomotive]]s, [[aircraft]], [[ship]]s, [[machine tool]]s, [[steam turbine]]s, equipment for [[power station|power utilities]], among other industrial products.<ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o |first=NETservis |title=Škoda Plzeň |url=https://www.nzm.cz/qr-traktory/traktory-en/skoda-plzen |access-date=2025-09-25 |website=Národní zemědělské muzeum, s. p. o. |language=En}}</ref> Škoda Works and their associated Czechoslovak architects and engineers also played a major role in the industrialization and modernization of Iran under [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]]. They were responsible for designing and constructing a wide range of projects, including power plants, manufacturing facilities, defense industries, and public and civil architecture that became defining elements of the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]’s program of modernization in [[Imperial Iran]].{{sfn|Alirezaijan|2025}} 

The deteriorating political situation in Europe by the latter half of the [[interwar period]] eventually led to a renewed focus on armaments. Following [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)|1938 occupation of Czechoslovakia]], Škoda's factories started supplying the German army with [[Panzer 35(t)]] tanks and [[Hetzer|Jagdpanzer 38]] tank destroyers, both based on earlier designs for the [[Czechoslovak Army]]. After [[World War II]], Škoda Works was nationalized and split into several companies by the new communist government. Important products during the Communist era included [[nuclear reactors]] and [[trolley bus]]es.

By the early 1990s, with the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] no longer in power, the companies that were part of the Škoda group were [[privatization|privatized]] and eventually sold off to a number of international buyers such as German [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]] [[Volkswagen Group|Volkswagen]] and South Korean [[Doosan Group|Doosan]]. [[Škoda Auto|Škoda]] Works is the predecessor of several modern-day companies, most notably car maker [[Škoda Auto]], power station equipment manufacturer [[Doosan Škoda Power]], as well as tram and train manufacturer [[Škoda Transportation]].

==History==

===1859–1899: establishment===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
In 1859, Count Ernst von Waldstein-Wartenberg of the aristocratic [[Waldstein family|Waldstein]] and [[Wartenberg family|Wartenberg]] families set up a branch of his foundry and engineering works in [[Plzeň]]. The output of the plant, employing over 100 workers, included machinery and equipment for sugar mills, breweries, mines, steam engines, boilers, iron bridge structures, and railway facilities. In 1869, the plant was bought by engineer and entrepreneur [[Emil Škoda]]. Škoda soon expanded the firm, and in the 1880s, he founded what was then a very modern steelworks capable of delivering castings weighing dozens of tons. Steel castings and later forgings for larger passenger liners and warships went on to rank alongside the sugar mills as the top export branches of the factory.

===1899–1945: before and during World War II===
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
[[File:Skodawerke AG 1900.jpg|thumb|Share of the Škodawerke AG, issued 1. February 1900]]
[[Image:German anti-tank gun & crew October 1918 AWM H13453.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Skoda 75 mm Model 15|Škoda 75 mm Model 15]]]]
[[Image:LT vz 35 2.JPG|thumb|right|[[Panzer 35(t)]] tank]]
[[Image:Gun turret on SMS Tegetthoff.JPG|thumb|Škoda supplied all the artillery weaponry for [[dreadnoughts]] of the Austro-Hungarian Navy [[Tegetthoff-class battleship|''Tegetthoff'' class]].]]

In 1899, the ever-expanding business was transformed into a [[joint-stock company]], and before [[World War I]], Škoda Works had become the largest arms manufacturer in Austria-Hungary. It was a navy and army contractor, mainly supplying heavy guns and ammunition.

Exports included castings, such as part of the piping for the [[Niagara Falls]] power plant and for the [[Suez Canal]] sluices as well as machinery for sugar mills in [[Turkey]], breweries throughout Europe, and guns for the [[Far East]] and [[South America]].

World War I brought a drop in the output of peacetime products. Huge sums were invested into expanding production capacities. By then, Škoda Works held majorities in a number of companies in the [[Czech lands]] and abroad that were not involved in arms manufacture. In 1917, the company had 35,000 employees in Plzeň alone.

Following the emergence of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] in 1918, the complex economic conditions of [[Post-war|postwar]] Europe caused the company to be transformed from what was exclusively an arms manufacturer into a multi-sector concern. In addition to traditional branches, the production programme embraced a number of new concepts, such as steam (and later electric) locomotives, freight and passenger vehicles, aircraft, ships, machine tools, steam turbines, power-engineering equipment, etc.

In 1923, the company's world-famous registered [[trademark]], the winged arrow in a circle, was entered in the Companies Register. The deteriorating political situation in Europe saw arms production rise again in the mid-1930s.

Škoda manufactured the triple-barreled gun turrets for the {{Sclass|Tegetthoff|battleship|2}}<nowiki/>s of the [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] navy. Prior to [[World War II]], Škoda produced ''LT-35'' [[tank]]s, which are better known under their German designation, ''[[Panzer 35(t)]]''. They were originally produced for the [[Czechoslovak Army]] and were used extensively by the [[Wehrmacht]] in the [[invasion of Poland|Polish campaign]], the [[Fall of France]] and the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union]]. In July 1944, Škoda started production of the [[Jagdpanzer 38(t)]].

In 1924, Škoda Works acquired the [[Laurin & Klement]] car manufacturer, later known as [[Škoda Auto]]. The companies were separated after 1945, when all of the [[economy of Communist Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak economy]] was [[nationalisation|nationalised]].

;[[Mountain gun]]s produced by Škoda:

* [[Skoda 75 mm Model 15|Škoda 75 mm Model 15]] 
* [[Skoda 75 mm Model 1928|Škoda 75 mm Model 1928]]
* [[Skoda 75 mm Model 1936|Škoda 75 mm Model 1936]]
* [[Skoda 75 mm Model 1939|Škoda 75 mm Model 1939]]
* [[Skoda 100 mm Model 1916|Škoda 100 mm Model 1916]]
* [[Skoda 100 mm Model 16/19|Škoda 100 mm Model 16/19]]
* [[Skoda 105 mm Model 1939|Škoda 105 mm Model 1939]]
* [[Skoda 150 mm Model 1918|Škoda 150 mm Model 1918]]

;Other weapons produced by Škoda:
* [[Skoda M1909 machine gun|Škoda M1909 machine gun]]
* [[3,7cm KPÚV vz. 34]] - anti-tank gun
* [[3,7cm KPÚV vz. 37]] - anti-tank gun
* [[3,7cm ÚV vz. 38]] (A7) - used on LT vz. 38 light tank
* [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#Austro-Hungarian service|Skoda 47mm SFK L/33 H]]
* [[QF 3-pounder Hotchkiss#Austro-Hungarian service|Skoda 47mm SFK L/44 S]]
* [[4.7 cm KPÚV vz. 38]]
* [[Škoda 7 cm K10]]
* [[Škoda 7.5 cm d/29 Model 1911]]
* [[Škoda 76.5 mm L/50]]
* [[Škoda 10 cm K10]]
* [[Škoda 10 cm vz. 38 howitzer]]
* [[85 mm vz. 52]]
* [[100 mm vz. 53|Škoda 10 cm vz. 53]]
* [[Skoda 14 cm/56 naval gun|Škoda 14 cm/56]]
* [[Škoda 15 cm K10 gun|Škoda 15 cm K10]]
* [[Skoda K-series|Škoda 149 mm K-series]]
** Škoda 149&nbsp;mm K1 / Model 1933
** Škoda 149&nbsp;mm K4 / Model 1937
* [[Škoda 19 cm vz. 1904]]
* [[21 cm Kanone 39]]
* [[210 mm gun M1939 (Br-17)]]
* [[24 cm Haubitze 39]]
* [[Škoda 24 cm L/40 K97]]
* [[Škoda 305 mm Model 1911]]
* [[Škoda 30.5 cm /45 K10]]
* [[305 mm howitzer M1939 (Br-18)]]
* [[35 cm Marinekanone L/45 M. 16]]
* [[42 cm Haubitze M. 14/16]]

=== 1945–1989: after World War II ===
{{More references needed|section|date=January 2022}}
[[Image:CS 363 086-0 in prag.jpeg|thumb|[[ČSD Class ES 499.1|ES499.1 locomotive]]]]
[[File:Skoda tabl ЧС2.jpg|thumb|Škoda, Lenin Works Pilsen (People's Enterprise) in Russian Cyrillic]]
[[Image:Skoda 14 Tr in Vilnius.jpg|thumb|[[Škoda 14Tr]] [[trolleybus]] in [[Vilnius]]]]
[[File:Brno,_Řečkovice,_trolejbus_Škoda_T11_II.JPG|alt=A Škoda T11 Trolleybus in Brno bus depot|thumb|284x284px|A [[Škoda T 11]] [[Trolleybus]] in [[Brno]] bus depot]]
In 1945, the year that nationalisation efforts began in [[Czechoslovakia]], Škoda was nationalised, and many sections were split from the company. The car works in Mladá Boleslav became ''Automobilové závody, národní podnik'', AZNP, today's [[Škoda Auto]], and the aircraft plant in Prague and truck plant became part of a conglomerate of nine truck producers headquartered in Liberec as [[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]] ('''''Li'''berecké '''a'''utomobilové '''z'''ávody''), although the trucks were still marketed as Škodas.<ref name="LuK">{{cite magazine | ref = LundK | last = Schauen | first = Till | title = Bau-genossen |trans-title=The joys of cooperative building | language = German | pages = 62–63 | issue = 1 (December/Januar 2016) | volume = 24 | date = December 2015 | magazine = Last & Kraft | publisher = Vereinigte Fachverlage | location = Mainz, Germany | issn = 1613-1606 }}</ref> Some factories in [[Slovakia]] were also split off, and other plants produced food-industry equipment.

The company was renamed ''Závody Vladimíra Iljiče Lenina'' (''[[Vladimir Ilyich Lenin]] Works'') in 1953, but since the new name caused losses of sales abroad, the name was changed back to Škoda in 1965.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://isdv.upv.cz/portal/pls/portal/portlets.ozs.det?pozk=2215&plan=cs | publisher = Úřad průmyslového vlastnictví [Office of Industrial Property] | title = Výpis z rejstříku ochranných známek | trans-title = Extract from the Register of Trademarks, file 8440, entry no. 111109 | language = cs | location = Prague, Czech Republic | accessdate = 2017-08-15 | archive-date = 2014-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140107193216/http://isdv.upv.cz/portal/pls/portal/portlets.ozs.det?pozk=2215&plan=cs | url-status = dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107193216/http://isdv.upv.cz/portal/pls/portal/portlets.ozs.det?pozk=2215&plan=cs |date=2014-01-07 }}</ref>

The factory concentrated on markets in the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[Eastern Bloc]]. The company produced a wide range of heavy machinery such as [[nuclear reactor]]s and [[locomotive]]s. A lack of updates to its product designs and infrastructure considerably weakened the company's competitive position and its brand.

After 1962, Škoda became well known in the Soviet Union and other countries as a [[trolley bus]] manufacturer after it began to export Škoda 9 Tr, one of its most successful models. The successor, Škoda 14 Tr, manufactured between 1982 and 1997, is still widely used, for example, in post-Soviet states.

In 1978, the company was turned into the government-owned group of companies ("koncern") Škoda. It was based in Plzeň and consisted of the companies: První brněnská strojírna (First Machine Works of Brno), [[ČKD]] Blansko, [[ČKD]] Dukla Praha-Karlín in [[Prague]], Slovenské energetické strojárne S. M. Kirova (Slovak S. M. Kirov Energy Machine Works) in [[Tlmače]], and Výzkumný ústav energetických zařízení (Energy Facilities Research Institute) in [[Brno]].

=== 1989–2011: after fall of communism ===
{{More references needed|section|date=January 2022}}
[[Image:Plzeň, Škoda Transportation, rozestavěný vůz metra typu 81-71M II.JPG|thumb|Hall of transportation section, parts of tram [[Škoda 14 T]] on left, modernized [[metro wagon 81-71]] on right]]
[[Image:Karlovo náměstí, Škoda 15T.jpg|thumb|Low floor tram [[Škoda 15 T]] in [[Prague]]]]
After the Communist Party [[Velvet Revolution|lost power in late 1989]], the company was privatized into the hands of management. Mismanagement and [[asset stripping]] led to a collapse. The company was restructured and some factories closed. Except for some smaller companies named Škoda and [[Škoda Auto]], after the chaotic 1990s period, the Czech Škoda companies were again regrouped within the [[holding company]] ''Škoda Holding a.s.'' in 2000. In 2010, the holding company changed its name to ''Škoda Investment, a.s.''.

Following the change in the political climate in 1989, Škoda started along a path of [[privatisation]] and used the time to come up with an optimal production programme, make new business contacts and look for markets other than those that had so far been its priority markets, communist countries.

In 1991, a foreign partner for the passenger car works ''Škoda Auto a.s.'' was sought by the Czech government. [[Volkswagen]] was chosen, and the German firm initially took a 30% stake, rising to 100% ownership by 1999. Škoda Auto is now a completely-independent entity from other companies bearing the Škoda name.

In 1992, the company was privatised by the so-called Czech method. It began expanding its production activities, acquiring the [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] and [[LIAZ (Czech Republic)|LIAZ]] vehicle works and constructing a plant to produce aluminum soft drink cans. The expansion put the company's financial stability in jeopardy. In 1999, it concluded an agreement with creditor banks, and the restructuring of the entire capital structure of the Škoda group was undertaken. The result was the legal and financial stability at the company. Currently, a sectoral restructuring of production companies in the group is under way. In April 2000, Škoda Holding a.s. took over the helm, controlling nineteen primary subsidiaries and most product lines.

In 2003, the Czech government sold its 49% stake to the [[Appian Group]] for 350 million [[CZK]];<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rozhlas.cz/zpravy/ekonomika/_zprava/vlada-schvalila-prodej-skody-holding--57473|title=Vláda schválila prodej Škody Holding americké Appian Machinery}}</ref> (in 2020, equivalent to 14.78 million [[USD]]) later that year the Appian Group acquired the rest of its stake in a [[liquidation]] of the previous owner.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.compet.cz/hospodarska-soutez/sbirky-rozhodnuti/2654/ |title=Rozhodnutí OF/S264/02-215/03 |publisher=Compet.cz |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref> The Appian Group is a [[holding company]] [[incorporation (business)|incorporated]] in the [[Netherlands]] and controlled through a screen of [[shell company|shell companies]]. The real owner or owners are unknown, despite investigations by the [[Czech police]].<ref>{{cite web| author=all: Economia, a.s. |url=http://hn.ihned.cz/c1-37934410-janousek-stopa-ktere-se-mnozi-boji |title=Janoušek - stopa, které se mnozí bojí |date=30 July 2009 |publisher=Hn.ihned.cz |accessdate=2013-04-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Police amass damning evidence over Škoda Plzeň sale, no prosecutions likely: report | website=Radio Prague International | date=2016-03-04 | url=https://english.radio.cz/police-amass-damning-evidence-over-skoda-plzen-sale-no-prosecutions-likely-8232357 | access-date=2020-06-18}}</ref> In September 2010, a group of four current or former Škoda or Appian managers announced that it would acquire Škoda from Appian for an undisclosed price.<ref>{{cite web|author=lidovky.cz |url=http://byznys.lidovky.cz/velke-tajemstvi-ceskeho-byznysu-odhaleno-plzenska-skoda-odkryla-majitele-1td-/firmy-trhy.asp?c=A100920_145554_firmy-trhy_nev |title=lidovky.cz: Velké tajemství českého byznysu odhaleno: plzeňská Škoda odkryla majitele |publisher=Byznys.lidovky.cz |date=2010-09-20 |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref><ref name=ihned>{{cite web| url=http://ekonomika.ihned.cz/c1-46514910-na-skodu-uz-je-videt-appian-zustal-tajemny |title=ihned.cz: Plzeňskou Škodu koupili čtyři manažeři. Appian v pozadí ale dál zůstává v mlze |publisher=Ekonomika.ihned.cz |date=2010-09-21 |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref> The Czech media speculated that the acquisition was only a formality, as the managers probably owned the parent company Appian.<ref name=ihned/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.motejlek.com/krsek-korecky-cmejla-a-divis-koupili-firmu-kterou-uz-davno-vlastnili |title=Krsek, Korecký, Čmejla a Diviš koupili firmu, která byla už dávno jejich |publisher=motejlek.com |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref>

Škoda was then focused solely on the transport sector. Other divisions have been sold, a large part of them to the Russian company [[OMZ]] (the price was not published, estimated at 1 billion CZK).<ref name=do>{{cite web| url=http://magazin.ceskenoviny.cz/tema/zpravy/jihokorejsky-doosan-smi-prevzit-skodu-power/403088&id_seznam=6617 |title=Jihokorejský Doosan smí převzít Škodu Power |publisher=Magazin.ceskenoviny.cz |date=2012-10-22 |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref> Some smaller transport companies were acquired, such as part of the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] company [[Ganz Works|Ganz]], VÚKV (owner of the [[Velim railway test circuit]]) and some transport-related assets of the former [[ČKD]], now called Škoda Vagonka. In 2009, Škoda holding announced that the [[South Korea]]n conglomerate [[Doosan]] would acquire its [[Doosan Škoda Power|power section]] for 11,5 billion CZK (US$656 million).<ref name=do/><ref>{{cite web|last=Park |first=Kyunghee |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=akEVk3ywRtuM |title=Doosan Buys Škoda Power, its Biggest Purchase Abroad (Update1) |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2009-09-14 |accessdate=2013-04-07}}</ref> Finally, in March 2011, Škoda sold its [[Škoda Transportation]] subsidiary to [[Cyprus]]-based company Škoda Industry (Europe) Ltd,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zpravy.e15.cz/byznys/prumysl-a-energetika/uohs-schvalil-zmenu-majitele-skoda-transportation |title=E15: Skoda Industry může převzít Škodu Transportation |access-date=2014-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016045814/http://zpravy.e15.cz/byznys/prumysl-a-energetika/uohs-schvalil-zmenu-majitele-skoda-transportation |archive-date=2013-10-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref> later renamed CEIL (Central Europe Industries) Ltd.

As of 2012, Škoda Investment still owns the Škoda brand and some [[real estate]] but does not perform any industrial activity. Between 2007 and 2012, the company paid [[dividend]]s to Appian, a sum of 32 billion CZK (1.18 billion [[euro]] or US$1.6 billion).<ref>{{Cite news | title = Ze Škody odteklo 32 miliard. Neznámo kam | newspaper = Lidové noviny |date=2 February 2012}}</ref>

== Former subsidiaries ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2022}}
* Power division sold to [[Doosan Group|Doosan]] produces as '''[[Doosan Škoda Power]]''' (former '''Škoda Power''') [[steam turbine]]s, [[heat exchanger]]s and condensers
* Metallurgy division held by [[United Group (Russia)|United Group]] produces as '''Pilsen Steel''' (former '''Škoda, Hutě, Plzeň''') [[crankshaft]]s, turbine components or [[ingot]]s
* Nuclear division sold to [[OMZ]] produces as '''Škoda JS''' equipment for [[nuclear plant]]s or oil refining, petrochemical and gas industry
* Transportation division produces as [[Škoda Transportation]] [[trolleybus]]es, [[tramcar]]s, [[electric locomotive]]s, [[electric multiple unit]]s and [[rapid transit]] train systems.
* '''Škoda Praha''' sold to [[ČEZ Group]] is supplier of power generation projects and their technological parts.
* Former '''Škoda Vyzkum''' research institute now operating as '''VZÚ Plzeň'''
* '''TS Plzeň a.s.''' (former '''Škoda TS''') is active in heavy engineering, doing curing presses, hydraulic presses, equipment for rolling-mill plants and equipment for sugar-cane refineries.
* [[Brush SEM]], owned by UK based [[FKI (company)|FKI]], manufactures generators.
* '''Pilsen Tools s.r.o.''' and '''Škoda Machine Tool a.s.''' are active in the machine tool sector.
* '''Czech Precision Forge a.s.''' does open- die and closed-die forging of steel and non-ferrous alloys.
* '''MKV Ozubená kola s.r.o.''' and '''Wikov Gear s.r.o. ''' produce gearboxes and gear wheels.

== See also ==
* [[:Category:Škoda locomotives]]
* [[:Category:Škoda trams]]
* [[Electric Transit, Inc.]]
* [[List of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions]]

== References ==
<references/>

==Books==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Alirezaijan |first=Reza |title='Škodovy závody Teherán:Českoslovenští architekti v říši perského šáha, 1932–1948' |publisher=Books & Pipes Brno |year=2025 |isbn=978-80-7485-302-9 | url=https://www.bookspipes.cz/skodovy-zavody-teheran}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
* Grant, Jonathan A. (2018). ''Between Depression and Disarmament: The International Armaments Business, 1919–1939''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|978-1-108-42835-4}}. {{oclc|1010995486}}. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=53757 Online review]. Focus on munitions production in the interwar period.

==External links==
{{commons category|Škoda Works}}
* {{Official website|http://www.skoda-investment.com/ }}
* History of Škoda in photos: [https://web.archive.org/web/20110309120657/http://pell-mell.webz.cz/1870%201900.htm part 1], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110103074759/http://pell-mell.webz.cz/1900%201938.htm part 2], [https://web.archive.org/web/20090718192636/http://pell-mell.webz.cz/1939%201969.htm part 3] (photo descriptions in Czech)
* [https://www.steamlocomotive.info/locobrowse.cfm?bn=Skoda List of existing steam locomotives built by Skoda]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090327205717/http://www.skoda.cz/en/skoda-holding/key-information/company-history History of Škoda from corporate website]
* {{PM20|FID=co/044200|TEXT=Documents and clippings about|NAME=}}
* [https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/wwii-airman-son-track-down-fathers-last-mission-destroy-nazi-weapon-factory-180973745/ A WWII Airman’s Son Tracks Down His Father’s Last Mission—to Destroy a Nazi Weapon Factory]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Skoda Works}}
[[Category:Škoda Auto|.]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Tram manufacturers]]
[[Category:Trolleybus manufacturers]]
[[Category:Companies of Austria-Hungary]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Electric vehicle manufacturers of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Locomotive manufacturers of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Manufacturing plants in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Companies based in Plzeň]]
[[Category:19th-century establishments in Bohemia]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1859]]
[[Category:1859 establishments in the Austrian Empire]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies established in 1925]]
[[Category:1925 establishments in Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1859]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies disestablished in 1999]]