View source for .338 Lapua Magnum

{{Short description|Finnish rifle cartridge}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox firearm cartridge
|name= .338 Lapua Magnum
|image= .338 Lapua Magnum vs .338 Norma Magnum.jpg | image_size = 300px
|caption= .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge next to a [[.338 Norma Magnum]]
|origin= Finland
|type= [[Centrefire ammunition|Centrefire]] rifle
<!-- Service history -->
|service=
|used_by=Multiple official and civil users
|wars= [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]<br>[[Iraq War]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer= [[Nammo|Nammo Lapua Oy]]
|design_date=1989
|manufacturer=
|production_date=1989–present
|number=
|variants=
<!-- Specifications -->
|is_SI_specs=yes
|parent=[[.416 Rigby]], .338/416
|case_type=Rimless, bottleneck
|bullet=8.61
|land=8.38
|neck=9.46
|shoulder=13.82
|base=14.91
|rim_dia=14.93
|rim_thick=1.52
|case_length=69.20
|length=93.50
|case_capacity=7.532
|rifling=254 mm (1-10")
|max_pressure=420.00
|max_cup=
|primer=Large rifle magnum
<!-- Ballistic performance -->
|is_SI_ballistics=yes
|bwunit=gram
|bw1=12.96
|btype1=SP
|vel1=1023
|en1=6782
|bw2=16.20
|btype2=Partition
|vel2=921
|en2=6871
|bw3=16.20
|btype3=Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD
|vel3=925
|en3=6931
|bw4=18.47
|btype4=Hornady HPBT
|vel4=863
|en4=6878
|bw5=19.44
|btype5=Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD
|vel5=847
|en5=6973
|test_barrel_length=690 mm (27.15 inches) Haenel Rs9 and R&S SX1 MTR
|balsrc=Vihtavuori Powder N570 Lapua (690 mm; 27.15 inches) barrel<ref>[http://www.lapua.com/upload/downloads/brochures/2011/lapuaspecialpurpose2011eng.pdf Lapua product brochure .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927103021/http://www.lapua.com/upload/downloads/brochures/2011/lapuaspecialpurpose2011eng.pdf |date=September 27, 2011 }}.</ref><ref>[http://www.lapua.com/upload/downloads/brochures/2011/vihtavuorireloadingguideed9eng.pdf Vihtavuori international reloading guide 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725105812/http://www.lapua.com/upload/downloads/brochures/2011/vihtavuorireloadingguideed9eng.pdf |date=2011-07-25 }}.</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.338 Lapua Mag. (8.6x70) |url=http://www.lapua.com/en/products/special-purpose/centerfire-rifle/23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110502051120/http://www.lapua.com/en/products/special-purpose/centerfire-rifle/23 |archive-date=May 2, 2011}}</ref>
}}

The '''.338 Lapua Magnum''' (8.6×70mm or 8.58×70mm) is a [[Finland|Finnish]] rimless, bottlenecked, [[centerfire]] rifle [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]. It was developed during the 1980s as a high-powered, long-range cartridge for military [[sniper]]s. Due to its use in the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]] and the [[Iraq War]], the cartridge has become widely available.

The cartridge is named after Finnish town [[Lapua]].

The loaded .338 cartridge is {{convert|8.6|mm|abbr=on}} in diameter (rim) and {{convert|93.5|mm|abbr=on}} long. It can penetrate better-than-standard military [[body armor]] at ranges of up to {{convert|1000|m|yd|-1}}, and has a maximum effective range of about {{convert|1750|m|yd|-1}} with [[Commission internationale permanente pour l'épreuve des armes à feu portatives|C.I.P.]] conforming ammunition at sea level conditions. Muzzle velocity is dependent on barrel length, seating depth, and powder charge, and varies from {{convert|880|to|915|m/s|lk=in|abbr=on}} for commercial loads with {{convert|16.2|g|gr|adj=on}} bullets, which corresponds to about {{convert|6525|J|ftlbf|abbr=on}} of muzzle energy.

British military issue overpressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges with {{convert|70|mm|abbr=on}} overall length, loaded with {{convert|16.2|g|gr|adj=on}} LockBase B408 [[very-low-drag bullet]]s fired at 936&nbsp;m/s (3,071&nbsp;ft/s) muzzle velocity from a [[Accuracy International AWM#British Armed Forces|L115A3 Long Range Rifle]] were used in November 2009 by British sniper [[Corporal of Horse]] (CoH) [[Craig Harrison (sniper)|Craig Harrison]] to establish a new record for the [[longest recorded sniper kills|longest confirmed sniper kill in combat]], at a range of {{convert|2475|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} (since broken).<ref>Sheridan, Michael (May 3, 2010). [http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/05/03/2010-05-03_british_sniper_craig_harrison_the_silent_assassin_breaks_record_kills_target_fro.html British sniper Craig Harrison (The Silent Assassin) breaks record, kills target from 1.5 miles away"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018213332/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/05/03/2010-05-03_british_sniper_craig_harrison_the_silent_assassin_breaks_record_kills_target_fro.html |date=October 18, 2010 }}. ''[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]'' (New York). Accessed May 13, 2010.</ref> In reports, CoH Harrison mentions the environmental conditions at [[Musa Qala]] were perfect for long-range shooting: no wind, mild weather, and clear visibility.<ref>[http://news.sky.com/story/777941/super-sniper-kills-taliban-1-5-miles-away "Super Sniper Kills Taliban 1.5 Miles Away"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514132925/http://news.sky.com/story/777941/super-sniper-kills-taliban-1-5-miles-away |date=May 14, 2015 }}. Sky News, 3 May 2010.</ref>

In addition to its military role, it is used by [[big-game hunter|hunter]]s and civilian long-range shooting enthusiasts. The .338 Lapua Magnum is capable of taking down any [[Big-game hunting|big game animals]], though its suitability for some dangerous game (Cape buffalo, hippopotamus, white rhinoceros, and elephant) is arguable unless accompanied by a larger "backup" caliber: "There is a huge difference between calibers that will kill an elephant and those that can be relied upon to stop one."<ref>Robertson, K: ''The Perfect Shot'', Safari Press, Long Beach, 1999. p. 50.</ref> In Namibia, the .338 Lapua Magnum in the past was legal for hunting Africa's [[big five game]] if the loads had at least {{convert|5400|J|ftlbf|0|abbr=on}} muzzle energy. Since 2015, Namibia and other sub-Saharan countries generally require larger minimal bore diameters by law for big-five hunting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunting Laws& Rifle Importation |url=http://www.napha-namibia.com/legal-information/hunting-laws-rifle-importation/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823035901/http://www.napha-namibia.com/legal-information/hunting-laws-rifle-importation/ |archive-date=23 August 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015 |publisher=NAPHA - Namibia Professional Hunting Association}}</ref>

==History==
===Initial development===
In 1983, Research Armament Industries (RAI) in the United States began development of a new, long-range sniper cartridge capable of firing a {{convert|16.2|g|gr|adj=on}}, {{convert|0.338|in|mm|adj=mid|-diameter}} bullet at {{convert|914|m/s}}, that could lethally penetrate five layers of military body armor at {{convert|1000|m|yd|0|abbr=on}}. After preliminary experiments, a [[.416 Rigby]] case necked down to take a {{convert|0.338|in|mm|adj=on}} [[bullet]] was selected, since this diameter presents an optimum of [[sectional density]] and [[Penetration (weapons)|penetrating capability]] for practical spin-stabilized rifle bullets (bullets up to about 5 to 5.5 calibers in length).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-19|last=Kneubuehl|first=Beat|title=What is the maximum length of a spin stabilized projectile?|url=http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/PDF/Kneubuehl.pdf|website=Lutz-Moeller-Jagd.de|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055931/http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/PDF/Kneubuehl.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref>

The .416 Rigby is an English big-game cartridge designed in 1911 to accommodate 325&nbsp;MPa (47,137&nbsp;psi) pressures. One of the disadvantages of these old cartridge cases, which were intended for firing [[cordite]] charges instead of modern [[smokeless powder]], is the thinness of the sidewall just forward of the web (the solid portion of a cartridge between the head and the bottom of the primer pocket). During ignition, the cartridge's base, just forward of the bolt face, is not supported.

During the process, RAI employed Jim Bell and Brass Extrusion Labs Ltd. (B.E.L.L.) of [[Bensenville, Illinois]], to make the ''.338/416'' or ''8.58×71 mm'' cartridge cases, [[Hornady]] produced bullets, and RAI built a sniper rifle under contract for the U.S. Navy. RAI found that the BELL cases did not fulfill the requirements, since they were modified low pressure .416 Rigby cases. Pressed by military deadlines, RAI looked for another case producer and contacted [[Nammo|Lapua of Finland]] in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The story of .338 Lapua Magnum, pt 1|url=https://www.lapua.com/the-story-of-338-lapua-magnum-pt-1/|date=2021-02-19|access-date=2023-06-13|website=Lapua}}</ref> RAI was forced to drop out of the program due to financial difficulties. Subsequently, Lapua of Finland put this cartridge into limited production.<ref name="cotw">Barnes, Frank C., ''Cartridges of the World 8th Edition'', edited by M. L. McPherson, DBI Books, 1997, {{ISBN|0-87349-178-5}}.</ref> The .338/416 rifle program was later canceled when the contractors were unable to meet the project's velocity target of {{convert|914|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} for a {{convert|16.2|g|gr|abbr=on}} bullet, due to excessive pressures rupturing cartridge cases.

===Final development===
[[File:Cartridges 7.62x51mm NATO, .300 Winchester, .338 Lapua.jpg|thumb|Left to right; .308 Winchester (7.62×51mm NATO), .300 Winchester Magnum (7.62×67 mm) and .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70 mm) cartridges showing their dimensional differences]]

The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge was developed as a joint venture between the Finnish rifle manufacturer [[SAKO]] and the British rifle manufacturer [[Accuracy International]], along with the Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua, or more officially Nammo Lapua Oy, which since 1998 is part of the [[Nammo|Nordic Ammunition Group (Nammo)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=From an American dream to a Finnish success story |url=http://www.lapua.com/index.php?id=889 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430114500/http://www.lapua.com/index.php?id=889 |archive-date=2008-04-30 |access-date=2009-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Lapua - About us - Nammo Lapua |url=http://www.lapua.com/en/lapua/history-of-lapua.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122071902/http://www.lapua.com/en/lapua/history-of-lapua.html |archive-date=2018-01-22 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=lapua.com}}</ref>

Lapua opted to redesign the .338/416 cartridge. In the new case design, particular attention was directed toward thickening and metallurgically strengthening the case's web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. In modern solid head cases, the hardness of the brass is the major factor determining a case's pressure limit before undergoing [[plastic deformation]]. Lapua tackled this problem by creating a hardness distribution ranging from the head and web (hard) to the mouth (soft) as well as a strengthened (thicker) case web and sidewall immediately forward of the web. This resulted in a very pressure-resistant case, allowing it to operate at high pressure and come within 15&nbsp;m/s (50&nbsp;ft/s) of the original velocity goal.
Lapua also designed a {{convert|16.2|g|gr|adj=on}} .338 caliber lock base B408 [[full metal jacket bullet]], modeled after its .30 caliber lock base bullet configuration.
The result was the .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge which was registered with [[C.I.P.]] ([[Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives]]) in 1989. With the procurement by the [[Dutch Army]], the cartridge became NATO codified.

The .338 Lapua Magnum fills the gap between weapons chambered for standard military rounds such as the [[7.62×51mm NATO]] and large, heavy rifles firing the [[.50 BMG]] cartridge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cartridges for Long |url=http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/Long%20Range%20Sniping.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527062842/http://www.quarryhs.co.uk/Long%20Range%20Sniping.htm |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=quarryhs.co.uk}}</ref> It also offers an acceptable amount of barrel wear, which is important to military snipers who tend to fire thousands of rounds a year in practice. This was achieved by coupling a sensible case volume (7.40 ml) to bore area (56.86&nbsp;mm<sup>2</sup>/0.5686&nbsp;cm<sup>2</sup>) [[overbore|ratio]] (13.01 O<sub>ratio</sub>) with ample space for loading relatively long slender projectiles that can provide good aerodynamic efficiency and external ballistic performance for the projectile diameter.<ref group="notes">The Finnish Army found out during a test/trials program and seven years of service that the barrels of their Sako [[TRG-42]] sniper rifles lasted 7,000 to 8,000 rounds with Lapua lock base B408 factory ammunition before showing impermissible accuracy decay. The Finnish Army's consistent accuracy requirement for these rifles is less than one [[Minute of arc|MOA]] at 1,000 m. If this requirement is not met the TRG-42 gets a new barrel. This is normal practice for active high-performance precision rifle operators who regard barrels as expendable items. The continuous use of very powerful [[handloading|handloads]] (which results in higher muzzle velocities) results in much quicker throat erosion reducing the TRG-42 barrel's accuracy life to 1,500 to 2,000 rounds.</ref> Like every other comparable large magnum rifle cartridge, the .338 Lapua Magnum presents a stout [[free recoil|recoil]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=RECOIL |url=http://www.accuratereloading.com/recoil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027205130/http://www.accuratereloading.com/recoil.html |archive-date=27 October 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=accuratereloading.com}}</ref> An appropriate fitting [[Stock (firearm)|stock]] and an effective [[muzzle brake]] helps to reduce recoil-induced problems, enabling the operator to fire more rounds before getting too uncomfortable to shoot accurately. Good factory loads, multiple projectile weights and factory special application ammunition are all available.<ref group="notes">In 1990, the US military Adjutant General's Office issued a legal opinion holding that the Sierra MatchKing bullet (and similar bullets of other manufacturers), despite being a hollow point design, is not designed specifically to cause greater damage or suffering in a human target, and in fact normally does not create a wound readily distinguishable from wounds caused by conventional full metal jacket bullets, and is therefore in their opinion legal under the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention]] for use in war.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sniper Use of Open-Tip Ammunition|url=http://www.thegunzone.com/opentip-ammo.html|website=TheGunZone|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427083045/http://www.thegunzone.com/opentip-ammo.html|archive-date=27 April 2007}}</ref>

Due to its growing civilian popularity, several high-quality tactical and match (semi) custom [[bolt actions]] designed for the .338 Lapua Magnum are becoming available. These (semi) custom bolt-actions are used with other high-grade rifle and sighting components to build custom sporting and target rifles.

==Users==

[[File:USMC-19560.jpg|thumb|A Royal Dutch Marine ejects a shell casing from his Accuracy International .338 Lapua Magnum sniper rifle]]
[[File:IDF-Barak-338-rifle-001.jpg|thumb|[[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] Barak 338 - a militarized [[H-S Precision Pro Series 2000 HTR]] in .338 Lapua Magnum caliber]]
[[File:Haenel RS9 noBG.jpg|thumb|{{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]}} Haenel RS9 designated as G29]]

The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is in [[Law enforcement agency|law enforcement]] or [[military]] service<ref name="world">{{Cite web |title=Military Issued Sniper Rifles |url=https://snipercentral.com/military-issued-sniper-rifles/ |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=snipercentral.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://worldinventory.googlepages.com/ |title=World Small Arms Inventory |website=World Small Arms Inventory |publisher=Hans-Christian Vortisch |archive-date=23 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523065706/http://worldinventory.googlepages.com/}}</ref> use with:

* {{ALB}}: [[RENEA]] – [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref name="poole2010">{{Cite web |title=Sako TRG-42 The quest for cold-bore accuracy stops here. By Eric R. Poole, Posted: 2010-04 |url=http://www.gunsandammo.com/content/sako-trg42 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103072401/http://www.gunsandammo.com/content/sako-trg42 |archive-date=January 3, 2013}}</ref>
* {{AUS}}: [[Blaser R93 Tactical|Blaser Tactical 2]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contract Notice View - CN68887|url=https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/364305F2-0A85-799C-AF8B-F56B9AE3A89F|access-date=2023-02-11|website=tenders.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Contract Notice View - CN152254|url=https://www.tenders.gov.au/Cn/Show/FC8B268D-90A9-9E16-2DAE-F9853079B4FB|access-date=2023-02-11|website=tenders.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Blaser |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Our-work/Equipment-and-clothing/Small-Arms/Blaser |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322014613/http://army.gov.au/Our-work/Equipment-and-clothing/Small-Arms/Blaser |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=13 June 2012 |website=Official website: Equipment and clothing |publisher=Australian Army}}</ref>
* {{AUT}}: [[Austrian Armed Forces]] [[Jagdkommando]] – [[Steyr SSG 08|Steyr 08A2]]<ref>[https://www.bundesheer.at/waffen/waf_ssg338.shtml Mittleres Scharfschützengewehr Steyr 08A2]</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Wilk |first1=Remigiusz |title=Austrian special forces receive sniper rifles |url=https://www.janes.com/article/84845/austrian-special-forces-receive-sniper-rifles |website=IHS Jane's 360 |access-date=27 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127192048/https://www.janes.com/article/84845/austrian-special-forces-receive-sniper-rifles |archive-date=27 November 2018 |location=Warsaw |date=27 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
*{{BAN}}: [[Bangladesh Armed Forces]] – [[Accuracy International AWM]] and [[Pindad SPR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= Not Cans PT Pindad Will Export Ammunition To Asia To America |url=https://voi.id/en/technology/41698 |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=voi.id}}</ref>
* {{CAN}}: [[Canadian Forces]] – [[C14 Timberwolf|C14 Timberwolf Medium Range Sniper Weapon System (MRSWS)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=PGW Timberwolf |url=http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sn89-e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318083248/http://www.world.guns.ru/sniper/sn89-e.htm |archive-date=2009-03-18 |access-date=2009-07-17 |publisher=snipershide.com}}</ref>
*{{CHI}}: [[Chilean Army]] – [[Brügger & Thomet APR#Variants|APR338]] and [[PGM 338]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chile's Defense & Military |url=http://chiledefense.blogspot.cl/2010_09_01_archive.html?m=1/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701085020/http://chiledefense.blogspot.cl/2010_09_01_archive.html?m=1%2F |archive-date=1 July 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=blogspot.cl}}</ref> [[Barrett Model 98B]]{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}
*{{CHN}}: [[People's Liberation Army Ground Force]] – [[CS/LR35|QBU-202]] (military designation for the 8.6×70mm CS/LR35 rifle)<ref name="qqnews">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2021 |title=LR35狙击步枪列装 媲美国外先进型号 我军狙击手获得远射利器|trans-title=The LR35 sniper rifle is deployed, comparable to advanced foreign models, and our snipers get a long-range weapon |url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20210104a0gp4j00 |website=Tencent News |language=Chinese}}</ref>
*{{COL}}: TAP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indumil – Industria Militar Colombiana |url=https://www.indumil.gov.co/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925183240/https://www.indumil.gov.co/ |archive-date=25 September 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=indumil.gov.co}}</ref>
*{{Flag|Cyprus}}: [[Cypriot National Guard|National Guard]]-[[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare]]<ref>{{Citation |title=DefenceReview.gr: Οδοιπορικό στην Εθνική Φρουρά - Αφιέρωμα στη Διοίκηση Καταδρομών |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAQTlpiYVfM |language=en |access-date=2023-01-08}}</ref>
*{{CZE}} — [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref name="poole2010" />
* {{DEN}}: [[Military of Denmark]] – [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref name="odwyer2008">{{Cite web |last=O'Dwyer, Gerard |date=February 25, 2008 |title=Finland's Sako Targets Nordic Rifle Sales |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3392624 |access-date=July 31, 2010 |publisher=Defense News}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="worldrifles.com">{{Cite web |title=Military Issued Sniper Rifles - Sniper Central |url=http://www.snipercentral.com/worldrifles.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025204600/http://www.snipercentral.com/worldrifles.htm |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=snipercentral.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2011 |title=Finskyttegevær M/04 |url=http://forsvaret.dk/HOK/Materiel/Documents/Finskyttevaaben_Fakta.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607164808/http://forsvaret.dk/HOK/Materiel/Documents/Finskyttevaaben_Fakta.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref>
*{{EST}}: [[Military of Estonia]] [[reconnaissance]] units and special forces — Sako TRG-42.<ref name="odwyer2008" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Estonia to buy sniper rifles from Finland - BONJOUR L'ESTONIE |url=http://shaan.typepad.com/shaanou/2007/07/estonia-to-buy-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927210004/http://shaan.typepad.com/shaanou/2007/07/estonia-to-buy-.html |archive-date=27 September 2007 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=typepad.com}}</ref>
* {{FIN}}: [[Finnish Defence Forces]] – [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]
* {{FRA}}: French Army, [[GIGN]] and [[Commandement des Opérations Spéciales]] – [[PGM 338]]{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}, [[Sako TRG-42]], [[Accuracy International AWM|AWM .338]]
* {{GEO}}: Police and military - [[Accuracy International AWM]] and [[Sako TRG]] series, as well as [[Satevari MSWP]]. Domestic analogue .338 GBM produced by [[STC Delta]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=სნაიპერული ვაზნა .338 G.B.M |url=http://delta.gov.ge/product/338-g-b-m/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819193331/http://delta.gov.ge/product/338-g-b-m/ |archive-date=2016-08-19 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=delta.gov.ge}}</ref>
* {{GER}}: {{Lang|de|[[Bundeswehr]]}} – [[Haenel RS9]] designated as G29 in service with the special forces; replacing the G22,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Aus Suhl an die Spezialkräfte: RS9 wird G29 |url=https://strategie-technik.blogspot.de/2016/02/aus-suhl-die-spezialkrafte-rs9-wird-g29.html |access-date=11 December 2016 |website=strategie-technik.blogspot.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2016 |title=New German Army G29 Sniper Rifle (Haenel RS9 in .338 LM) - The Firearm Blog |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/02/18/new-german-army-g29-sniper-rifle-haenel-rs9-338-lm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718235226/http://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2016/02/18/new-german-army-g29-sniper-rifle-haenel-rs9-338-lm |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bolt action precision rifle |url=http://www.cg-haenel.de/defence-en/products/bolt-action-precision-rifle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029173829/http://www.cg-haenel.de/defence-en/products/bolt-action-precision-rifle/ |archive-date=2017-10-29 |access-date=2017-07-17}}</ref> Erma SR-100,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modern Firearms - ERMA SR-100 |url=http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sn48-e.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112233504/http://world.guns.ru/sniper/sn48-e.htm/ |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=guns.ru}}</ref> [[DSR-Precision GmbH DSR-1|AMP Technical Services DSR-1]], [[GOL Sniper Magnum]]
* {{GRE}}: [[Special Anti-Terrorist Unit (Greece)|Anti-Terrorist Unit EKAM]] – [[TRG-41|Sako TRG-41]]<ref name="odwyer2008" />
* {{HUN}}: Hungarian Police Security Service (Rendészeti Biztonsági Szolgálat) - Unique-Alpine TPG-1 (Taktische Prazisions Gewehr-1)
* {{IDN}}: [[Kopassus]] – [[Accuracy International AWM|Accuracy International AWM .338]]<ref name="idnvojnik">{{Cite web |title=Kopassus & Kopaska - Specijalne Postrojbe Republike Indonezije |url=http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/1612007/ind.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822145526/http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/1612007/ind.asp |archive-date=2010-08-22 |access-date=2010-06-12 |website=[[Hrvatski vojnik]] |language=hr}}</ref>
* {{IRL}}: [[Irish Army]] – [[Accuracy International AWM|Accuracy International AWM .338]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
* {{ISR}}: Infantry - [[H-S Precision Pro Series 2000 HTR]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database |url=http://www.isayeret.com/content/weapons/sws/barak/barak.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160226175846/http://www.isayeret.com/content/weapons/sws/barak/barak.shtml |archive-date=26 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=isayeret.com}}</ref> Special forces — [[McMillan Tac-338]] and [[PGM 338]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=isayeret.com - The Israeli Special Forces Database |url=http://isayeret.com/content/weapons/sws/pgm/article.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160725131509/http://isayeret.com/content/weapons/sws/pgm/article.shtml |archive-date=25 July 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=isayeret.com}}</ref> [[YAMAM]] – [[Barrett MRAD]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=בלומנטל |first=איתי |date=1 March 2015 |title=נחשף פירוט הנשק של הימ"מ |work=Ynet |url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4632052,00.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124341/http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4632052,00.html |archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref>
* {{ITA}}: [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2008 |title=Incursori IX° Reggimento "COL MOSCHIN" |url=http://www.colmoschin.it/page/sakotrg42.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510111521/http://www.colmoschin.it/page/sakotrg42.asp |archive-date=10 May 2008 |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
* {{LTU}}: [[Lithuanian Armed Forces]] – [[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare#AXMC|Accuracy International AXMC]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Media |first=Fresh |title=Ministry of National Defence Republic of Lithuania :: News » News Releases |url=http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/current_issues/new_sniper_rifles_added_to_the_arsenal_of_the_lithuanian_land_force.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105131856/http://kam.lt/en/news_1098/current_issues/new_sniper_rifles_added_to_the_arsenal_of_the_lithuanian_land_force.html |archive-date=5 November 2016 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=kam.lt}}</ref>
* {{MAS}}: ''[[Pasukan Gerakan Khas]]'' – [[Accuracy International AWM]] —[[Accuracy International Arctic Warfare|Accuracy International AX338]]{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}
* {{NLD}}: [[Dutch military]]  – [[Accuracy International AWM#Dutch Armed Forces|Accuracy International AWM]] and AXMC, [[TRG-41|Sako TRG-41]]<ref name="odwyer2008" /><ref name="legermuseum">{{Cite web |title=Special Forces - Wapens |url=http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/strategion/strategion/i006203.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227043547/http://collectie.legermuseum.nl/strategion/strategion/i006203.html |archive-date=2009-02-27 |access-date=2009-10-17 |publisher=[[Netherlands Legermuseum]]: Collectie Informatie Centrum |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="defensienl">{{Cite web |title=Accuracy, antipersoneel snipergeweer .338 |url=http://www.defensie.nl/landmacht/materieel/bewapening/(hand-)vuurwapens/accuracy_antipersoneel_snipergeweer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111216025911/http://www.defensie.nl/landmacht/materieel/bewapening/%28hand-%29vuurwapens/accuracy_antipersoneel_snipergeweer |archive-date=December 16, 2011 |access-date=2010-02-24 |publisher=Netherlands Ministry of Defence |language=nl}}</ref>
* {{NZL}}: [[New Zealand Defence Force]] – [[Barrett MRAD]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=NZ Defence Force|date=2017-10-18|title=Defence Force buying two new weapons|url=https://nzdefenceforce.medium.com/defence-force-buying-two-new-weapons-db9599cf34d5|url-status=live|access-date=2021-04-01|website=Medium|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308163909/https://nzdefenceforce.medium.com/defence-force-buying-two-new-weapons-db9599cf34d5 |archive-date=8 March 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=New Weapons for Snipers and Special Forces|journal=New Zealand Army News|date=October 2017|url=http://army.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/army-news/armynews487.pdf|issue=487|issn=1170-4411|pages=4–5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116225610/http://army.mil.nz/downloads/pdf/army-news/armynews487.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{POL}}: [[GROM]] – [[Accuracy International AWM]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nowe gromy GROM |url=http://www.altair.com.pl/cz-art-1660 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326120026/http://www.altair.com.pl/cz-art-1660 |archive-date=March 26, 2010}}</ref> [[1st Special Commando Regiment|1 Pułk Specjalny Komandosów]]<ref>[http://www.psk.mil.pl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=233&Itemid=285 Snipers foto]{{Dead link|date=July 2013}}</ref>
* {{PRT}} — [[Accuracy International AWM]] – [[Accuracy International AWM|Accuracy International AXMC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=EM LAMEGO COM AS OPERAÇÕES ESPECIAIS DO EXÉRCITO (I) {{!}} Operacional |url=https://www.operacional.pt/em-lamego-com-as-operacoes-especiais-do-exercito-i/ |access-date=2022-04-10 |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
* {{RUS}}: [[Alpha Group]], [[Federal Security Service|FSO]] and [[SOBR]] – [[Accuracy International AWM#Russian Alpha Group|Accuracy International AWM]],<ref name="cripo.com.ua">{{Cite web |title="Мой враг — всего лишь мишень. Только живая" - интервью со снайпером "Альфы" |url=http://cripo.com.ua/?sect_id=3&aid=90616%7B%7Bru |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107234344/http://cripo.com.ua/?sect_id=3&aid=90616%7B%7Bru |archive-date=2016-01-07 |access-date=2019-07-29}}</ref> [[Orsis T-5000|ORSIS T-5000M]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ЦАМТО / Новости / Росгвардия подписала контракты на поставку снайперского комплекса "Точность" |url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2018/0817/141048201/detail.shtml |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=armstrade.org}}</ref> 
* {{SRB}}: [[Special Brigade]] –  [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Specijalne-jedinice.com - Puške za precizno gađanje "Sako TRG" |url=http://specijalne-jedinice.com/Oprema/Puske-za-precizno-gadjanje/Puske-Sako-TRG.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202074755/http://specijalne-jedinice.com/Oprema/Puske-za-precizno-gadjanje/Puske-Sako-TRG.html |archive-date=2 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=specijalne-jedinice.com}}</ref>
* {{SIN}}: [[PGM 338]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=October 2008 |title=Singapurske specijalne postrojbe |url=http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/2122008/singapur.asp |url-status=dead |journal=[[Hrvatski vojnik]] |language=hr |issue=212 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015052841/http://www.hrvatski-vojnik.hr/hrvatski-vojnik/2122008/singapur.asp |archive-date=2009-10-15 |accessdate=2009-10-25}}</ref>
* {{SLO}}: [[Military of Slovenia]] – [[PGM 338]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=8.6 mm Mini Hecate Sniper Rifle |url=http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/armament-and-equipment/light-infantry-and-support-armament/86-mm-mini-hecate-sniper-rifle/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307075527/http://www.slovenskavojska.si/en/armament-and-equipment/light-infantry-and-support-armament/86-mm-mini-hecate-sniper-rifle/ |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=slovenskavojska.si}}</ref>
* {{ESP}}: [[Grupo de Operaciones Especiales (Spain)|GOE]] – [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-41]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Web Del Grupo Especial De Operaciones (GEO) |url=http://www.policia.es/org_central/dao/geo/material.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143143/http://www.policia.es/org_central/dao/geo/material.html |archive-date=2011-07-20 |access-date=2009-06-26 |publisher=www.policia.es - Official Website of the Spanish National Police Corps |language=es}}</ref>
* {{SUI}}: [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Päätökset |url=http://valtioneuvosto.fi/paatokset?oid=128644 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902045749/http://valtioneuvosto.fi/paatokset?oid=128644 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=valtioneuvosto.fi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2009 |title=Wettkampf der Scharfschützen |url=http://www.he.admin.ch/internet/heer/de/home/verbaende/infbr7/ausbildung/wettkampf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224082226/http://www.he.admin.ch/internet/heer/de/home/verbaende/infbr7/ausbildung/wettkampf.html |archive-date=24 February 2009 |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>
* {{flag|Syria}}: Accuracy International AWM<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Syrian Special Forces spotted with British Accuracy International AWM sniper rifles |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2015/09/syrian-special-forces-spotted-with.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=28 September 2015}}</ref>
*{{TUR}}: [[Sako TRG|Sako TRG-42]]<ref name="YLE Uutiset 6.12.2007">{{Cite web |date=6 December 2007 |title=Turkin armeija ostanut suomalaisia Sako-kiväärejä? |url=http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/ulkomaat/oikea/id76863.html |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=yle.fi}}</ref>
* {{UKR}}: Used by the army snipers: the Netherlands donated Accuracy International AWM rifles to Ukraine in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eastwood |first=Brent M. |date=2022-03-24 |title=We Think We Know Why Russia's Generals Keep Getting Killed in Ukraine |url=https://www.19fortyfive.com/2022/03/we-think-we-know-why-russias-generals-keep-getting-killed-in-ukraine/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=19FortyFive |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukraine to receive ex-Dutch sniper rifles {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/ukraine-to-receive-ex-dutch-sniper-rifles/ |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref>
* {{GBR}}: [[British military]] – [[Accuracy International AWM#British Armed Forces|Accuracy International AWM .338]]<ref name="armymoduk">[http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/support-weapons/1459.aspx L115A3 Long Range Rifle]. British Army. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106203357/http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/support-weapons/1459.aspx |date=January 6, 2013 }}</ref>
* {{USA}}: [[United States Naval Special Warfare Command|US Navy Special Warfare]] – [[McMillan Tac-338]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Retail Store - McMillan Fiberglass Stocks |url=http://www.mcmfamily.com/mcmillan-rifles-tactical-tac-338.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508042848/http://www.mcmfamily.com/mcmillan-rifles-tactical-tac-338.php |archive-date=8 May 2014 |access-date=22 February 2017 |website=mcmfamily.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanchez, Raf |date=2 January 2012 |title='The Devil of Rahmadi' named America's deadliest sniper |publisher=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8990552/The-Devil-of-Rahmadi-named-Americas-deadliest-sniper.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2012-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104025159/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8990552/The-Devil-of-Rahmadi-named-Americas-deadliest-sniper.html |archive-date=4 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=McMillan TAC-338 Sniper Rifle |url=http://www.americanspecialops.com/special-ops-weapons/tac-338-sniper-rifle.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515193600/http://www.americanspecialops.com/special-ops-weapons/tac-338-sniper-rifle.php |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |access-date=February 16, 2013}}</ref>

The .338 Lapua Magnum has been designated a "cartridge of interest" by the [[National Defense Industrial Association]] (NDIA). It is being groomed to replace the [[.300 Winchester Magnum]] and the .50 BMG for anti-personnel long-range service in the U.S. military. On June 17, 2008, the U.S. government issued a market survey to support a requirement for a precision sniper rifle (PRS) to possibly replace the then-fielded bolt-action SOF Sniper Syst's0126.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-07-01 |title=TacticalGunFan.com - US Special Operations Considers A ".338" Sniper Rifle |url=http://www.tacticalgunfan.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=257&Itemid=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080701214340/http://www.tacticalgunfan.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=257&Itemid=1 |archive-date=2008-07-01 |access-date=2022-08-20 |website=tacticalgunfan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Precision Sniper Rifle - Solicitation Number: H92222-09-PSR|url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&tab=core&id=7c3671c8b65d782bbbfe7da8228f827e&_cview=1|date=17 June 2008|website=Federal Business Opportunities|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520040042/https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&tab=core&id=7c3671c8b65d782bbbfe7da8228f827e&_cview=1|archive-date=20 May 2011}}</ref>
On 7 March 2013, the [[Remington MSR]] was declared the winner of the [[precision sniper rifle]] competition.  Remington announced that the MSR had won on 8 March, and it was publicly confirmed on 9 March.  This was followed by a $79.7 million contract for 5,150 rifles with suppressors, along with 4,696,800 rounds of ammunition to be supplied over the next ten years.<ref name="winner">{{Cite web |last=Curtis |first=Rob |date=7 March 2013 |title=SOCOM PSR contract awarded to Remington Defense MSR |url=http://militarytimes.com/blogs/gearscout/2013/03/07/socom-psr-awarded-to-remington-msr/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130314035125/http://militarytimes.com/blogs/gearscout/2013/03/07/socom-psr-awarded-to-remington-msr/ |archive-date=14 March 2013 |access-date=9 March 2013 |website=Gearscout blog |publisher=Military Times}}</ref><ref>[http://blogs.militarytimes.com/gearscout/2013/03/08/official-psr-contract-award/ It's Official: SOCOM PSR Contract awarded to Remington Defense] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219093451/http://blogs.militarytimes.com/gearscout/2013/03/08/official-psr-contract-award/ |date=2013-12-19 }} - Militarytimes.com/Gearscout, 8 March 2013</ref> The contract was awarded on 12 September 2013.  Remington Defense would produce the Mk 21 sniper rifles and utilized two other companies for other system components, with [[Freedom Group|Barnes Bullets]] for ammunition and [[Advanced Armament Corporation]] for muzzle brakes and suppressors; all three companies are subsidiaries of [[Remington Outdoor Company]]. However, it was then decided that the Mk 21 did not conform to SOCOM requirements, and the program was re-competed with the [[Barrett MRAD]] selected in 2019 as the Mk 22 Advanced Sniper Rifle solution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taskandpurpose.com/military-tech/barrett-mrad-military-sniper-rifle|title = This is the US military's next sniper rifle of choice|date = 24 February 2020}}</ref> The US military opted to use [[7.62×51mm NATO]], [[.300 Norma Magnum]] and instead of the .338 Lapua Magnum the [[.338 Norma Magnum]] chambering in their Mk 22 rifles, which have a field-convertible barrel/chambering switch capability.

==Cartridge dimensions==
Extremely thick-walled brass results in a 7.40 ml (114 [[grain (measure)|grains]] H<sub>2</sub>O) cartridge case capacity for the .338 Lapua Magnum. The exterior shape of the case was designed to promote reliable feeding and extraction in [[bolt action]], [[semi-automatic firearm|semi-automatic]], and [[automatic firearm]]s alike, under extreme conditions.

[[File:.338 Lapua Magnum.svg|400 px]]

'''.338 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.''' All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20 degrees. The common [[rifling]] [[twist rate]] for this cartridge is 254&nbsp;mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 8.38&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 8.58&nbsp;mm, land width = 2.79&nbsp;mm and the [[Percussion cap|primer type]] is large rifle magnum.

According to the official [[C.I.P.]] (Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) decisions and tables edition 2007 the .338 Lapua Magnum case can handle up to {{convert|420.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> piezo pressure. This prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2003, that rated the .338 Lapua Magnum at {{convert|470.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> maximum piezo pressure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C.I.P. TDCC sheet 338 Lapua Mag. |url=http://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/tdcc/tab-i/338-lapua-mag-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194159/http://www.cip-bobp.org/homologation/uploads/tdcc/tab-i/338-lapua-mag-en.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-02 |access-date=2013-02-26}}</ref> The {{convert|470.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> maximum piezo pressure C.I.P. ruling for the [[.300 Lapua Magnum]] cartridge, which is based on the same case, was at the time not accordingly changed. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle cartridge combo has to be [[Proof (firearms)|proofed]] at 125% of the prevailing maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers. This means that .338 Lapua Magnum chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries are  {{as of|2013|lc=y}} proof tested at {{convert|525.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} PE piezo pressure.

Lapua has been ambivalent on the maximum piezo pressure of this cartridge. In the article "From an American dream to a Finnish success story" by Janne Pohjoispää,<ref>{{Cite web|title=From an American dream to a Finnish success story|url=http://www.lapua.com/index.php?id=889|first=Janne|last=Pohjoispää|website=Lapua |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204220859/http://www.lapua.com/index.php?id=889 |archive-date=4 December 2010}}</ref> Lapua propagates the C.I.P. 2007 ruling of {{convert|420.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} maximum piezo pressure. To further complicate matters the mentioned 56,000 [[Copper units of pressure|CUP]] C.I.P. copper crusher pressure translates to around {{convert|447.50|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} C.I.P. piezo pressure according to a study on the conversion from CUP to PSI for rifle cartridges by Denton Bramwell.<ref>[http://www.shootingsoftware.com/ftp/psicuparticle2.pdf Correlating PSI and CUP, a study done that shows a high correlation between CUP and PSI for rifle cartridges by Denton Bramwell] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820110217/http://www.shootingsoftware.com/ftp/psicuparticle2.pdf |date=2007-08-20 }}.</ref> The C.I.P. 2003 ruling of {{convert|470.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} piezo pressure is corroborated by Lapua Australia in the "History and development of the .338 Lapua Magnum" article by Alan C. Paulson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History and development of the .338 Lapua Magnum |date=19 May 2016 |url=http://elitehuntsman.com/history-development-338-lapua-magnum/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180903215358/http://elitehuntsman.com/history-development-338-lapua-magnum/ |archive-date=2018-09-03 |access-date=2018-09-03}}</ref> A reverse engineering simulation with [[QuickLOAD]] internal ballistic software predicted that Lapua load their factory .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition at about {{convert|420.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} piezo pressure, as Paulson asserts in his article.

The large bolt face combined with the maximum pressure means that the .338 Lapua Magnum is normally only chambered in rifles that are capable of handling such large high-pressure cartridges, and thus high [[bolt thrust]], safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using high-pressure loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.

The American [[.338-378 Weatherby Magnum]] cartridge introduced in 1998 and the American [[.338 Remington Ultra Magnum]] (.338 RUM) cartridge introduced in 2000 are probably the closest ballistics-wise to the .338 Lapua Magnum commercially available {{As of|2007|lc=y}}. The .338-378 Weatherby Magnum is, however, a [[Rim (firearms)|belted]] cartridge and the .338 Remington Ultra Magnum is a [[Rim (firearms)|rebated rim]] cartridge.

The American [[SAAMI]] (Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute) has no normal voluntary guidelines for the .338 Lapua Magnum. On 14 January 2013 it opted to use the metric C.I.P. rulings and add some dimensions that have no C.I.P. analog.<ref>[https://saami.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/ANSI-SAAMI-Z299.4-CFR-Approved-2015-12-14-Posting-Copy.pdf SAAMI Maximum Cartridge / Minimum Chamber drawing (METRIC) 338 Lapua Magnum, page 116]</ref>

==Supersonic range performance of the .338 Lapua Magnum==

===Performance with C.I.P. conforming cartridges===
For a typical .338 Lapua Magnum high-end factory military sniper rifle like the Sako [[TRG-42]] with a {{convert|690|mm|1|abbr=on}} long 305&nbsp;mm (1 in 12&nbsp;inch) rifling twist rate barrel at sea level, {{convert|1500|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} is considered to be the maximum shooting distance for man-sized targets. When using standard Lapua military 16.2&nbsp;g (250&nbsp;gr) loads it has a supersonic range of {{convert|1500|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} under warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|915|m/s|abbr=on}}. However, to be able to maintain 80 to 90% hit probability on non-moving {{convert|45|x|90|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} reactive army targets, this maximum shooting distance has to be reduced to {{convert|1300|m|yd|0}} at freezing point conditions or {{convert|1100|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} in Arctic winter conditions, when the muzzle velocity may drop to {{convert|880|m/s|ft/s|0|abbr=on}}—i.e. only during optimal warm summer conditions the {{convert|1500|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} maximum shooting distance is realistically achievable.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) Analysis of the Optimized 300 Winchester Magnum vs 338 Lapua Magnum With Various Ammunition Types by Bryan Litz, Applied Ballistics LLC |url=http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/Articles/ABDOC116_2_300_338_Rev1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172716/http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/Articles/ABDOC116_2_300_338_Rev1.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Probabalistic Weapon Employment Zone (WEZ) Analysis A Conceptual Overview by Bryan Litz |url=http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/Articles/ABDOC115_ProbabalisticWEZ.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923172715/http://www.appliedballisticsllc.com/Articles/ABDOC115_ProbabalisticWEZ.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref>

Loaded with more aerodynamic [[very-low-drag bullet]]s such as the traditionally lead-cored 19.44 g (300 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet ([[ballistic coefficient|G1 BC]] = 0.736) or the Lost River Ballistics J40 .338 17.5&nbsp;gram (270 gr) CNC manufactured mono-metal bullet (G1 BC = 0.871) the long-range performance and supersonic range of .338 Lapua Magnum rifles can be improved. These longer very-low-drag bullets require a 254&nbsp;mm (1 in 10&nbsp;inch) twist rate to stabilize them. Due to the lower practically possible muzzle velocities for a relative heavy bullet like the 19.44 g (300 gr) Lapua Scenar GB528 VLD bullet it gains about {{convert|104|m|yd|0|abbr=on}} extra supersonic range under [[International Standard Atmosphere]] sea level conditions ([[air density]] ρ = 1.225&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>) at a muzzle velocity of 837&nbsp;m/s (2750&nbsp;ft/s) when compared to the standard 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua Scenar GB488 VLD at a muzzle velocity of 915&nbsp;m/s (3002&nbsp;ft/s). For significant supersonic range improvement, the aerodynamic efficiency of the employed bullets has to be significantly improved without sacrificing a lot of practically achievable muzzle velocity - meaning that besides the [[coefficient of drag]] of the projectile weight is also an important parameter for its actual downrange flight behavior. The .338 17.5&nbsp;gram (270 gr) Lost River Ballistic Technologies J40 match bullet made out of a copper-nickel alloy is one of the most aerodynamic .338 calibre bullets available. It has an {{convert|1800|m|yd|-1|abbr=on}} supersonic range under optimal warm summer conditions at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|869|m/s|abbr=on}}. This makes engaging static targets up to {{convert|1800|m|yd|-1|abbr=on}} feasible.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ .338 Lapua Magnum ballistic comparison with other long-range sniper cartridges
! Cartridge !! Bullet weight gr (g) !! [[Muzzle velocity]] ft/s (m/s) !! [[Muzzle energy]] ft·lbf (J)
|-
| .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm) || 250 (16.2) || 2,970 (905.2) || 4,893 (6,634.0)<ref>[http://www.lapua.com/uploads/media/Productbrochure338LapuaMagnum_01.pdf Lapua product brochure .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093727/http://www.lapua.com/uploads/media/Productbrochure338LapuaMagnum_01.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}.</ref>
|-
| .338 Lapua Magnum || 300 (19.44) || 2,717 (828.1) || 4,919 (6,669.2)<ref>[http://www.lapua.com/uploads/media/ReloadingGuide2006.pdf VihtaVuori Reloading Guide, 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094837/http://www.lapua.com/uploads/media/ReloadingGuide2006.pdf |date=2007-09-27 }}.</ref>
|-
| [[.408 Cheyenne Tactical#.375 Cheyenne Tactical|.375 Chey Tac]] (9.3×77mm) || 315 (24.3) || 3,050 (929.6) || 7,744 (10,500) 
|-
| [[.408 Chey Tac]] (10.2×77mm) || 305 (19.8) || 3,500 (1,066.8) || 8,298 (11,250.5)<ref name="multiref2">''Cartridges of the World 11th Edition'', by Frank C. Barnes, edited by Stan Skinner, Gun Digest Books, 2006, {{ISBN|0-89689-297-2}}, pp. 265, 541.</ref>
|-
| .408 Chey Tac || 419 (27.2) || 3,000 (914.4) || 8,376 (11,356.3)<ref name="multiref2" />
|-
| [[.416 Barrett]] (10.4×83mm) || 398 (25.8) || 3,150 (960.1) || 8,767 (11,887.0)
|-
| [[.50 BMG|.50 BMG (12.7×99mm NATO)]] || 700 (45) || 2,978 (907.7) || 13,971 (18,942.1)
|-
|}

===Performance improvement experiments with non-C.I.P.-conforming cartridges===
Improvement beyond this standard while still using standard .338 Lapua Magnum brass is possible, but the bullets have to be very long (over 5.5 calibers in length) and the normal cartridge overall length of 93.5&nbsp;mm has to be exceeded, making such cartridges [[Wildcat cartridge|wildcats]]. The common 254&nbsp;mm (1:10&nbsp;inch) rifling twist rate also has to be tightened to stabilize very long projectiles. Such commercially non-existent cartridges are termed "wildcats". The use of a wildcat .338 Lapua Magnum-based cartridge demands the use of a custom or customized rifle with an appropriately cut chamber and fast-twist bore. The [[firearm action]] and if a repeating arm is required the [[Magazine (firearms)|magazines]] must also be able to cope with dimensional increases.

An example of such a special .338 caliber extreme range bullet is the German CNC manufactured mono-metal 18.92&nbsp;gram (292 gr) [[Very-low-drag bullet#Modern design|LM-105]] (C<sub>d</sub> = 0.2487 at [[Mach number|Mach]] 2.216 – this [[drag coefficient]] and the corresponding G1, G7 and G8 ballistic coefficients are established by [[Doppler radar]] [[External ballistics#Doppler radar-measurements|measurements]]).<ref name="lutzmoeller">{{Cite web |title=LM-105 |url=http://lutzmoeller.net/English/LM-105-long-range-bullet.php#LM_105_Radar_Data |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209102339/http://lutzmoeller.net/English/LM-105-long-range-bullet.php#LM_105_Radar_Data |archive-date=February 9, 2014}}</ref> The LM-105 has a supersonic range of ≈ {{convert|1860|m|yd|-1}} at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|915|m/s|ft/s|0}} under [[International Standard Atmosphere]] sea level conditions ([[air density]] ρ = 1.225&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>). The 2010 version of the LM-105 bullet has an overall length of {{convert|54.3|mm|in|}} or 6.33 calibers and derives its exceptionally low drag from a radical [[Nose cone design#Haack series|LD Haack]] or [[Sears-Haack body|Sears-Haack]] profile in the bullet's nose area. Rifles chambered for this wildcat cartridge, with a cartridge overall length of {{convert|105|mm|in}}, and equipped with custom made 178&nbsp;mm (1:7&nbsp;inch) progressive twist rate<ref>{{Cite web|title=Progressive twist|url=http://lutzmoeller.net/Waffen/Technik/progressiver-Drall.php|access-date=2023-02-11|website=lutzmoeller.net}}</ref> {{convert|900|mm|in|1}} long barrels with a 2° cone-angle (the standard C.I.P. cone-angle for the .338 Lapua Magnum is 6°) cone area finished first and second at several long-range competitions. Its most recent win (2007) was in an international [[special forces]] and police sniper competition in Switzerland against rifles chambered for [[7.62×51mm NATO]] up to .50 BMG at ranges from 100 m – 1,500 m (109 yd – 1,640 yds). The LM-105 bullet exhibited its very low wind drift susceptibility notably at ranges beyond {{convert|800|m|yd}}.<ref name="lutzmoeller" /> A real-world average G1 BC of around 0.83 or a G7 BC of about 0.42 is commonly adopted by the users of this bullet, for making long-range trajectory predictions using ballistics calculators.<ref name="lutzmoeller" /> In contrast the LM-105 designer Lutz Möller originally calculated an optimistic G1 BC of ≈ 0.93 and a supersonic range of ≈ {{convert|2000|m|yd|-1}} at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|915|m/s|ft/s|0}} under [[International Standard Atmosphere]] sea level conditions ([[air density]] ρ = 1.225&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>).

The .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 was a wildcat cartridge under development based on the standard .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge case.<ref name="multiref1">{{Cite web |title=LM-107 .343 Lapua Magnum |url=http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/8,5-mm/LM-107.htm# |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090402152440/http://www.lima-wiederladetechnik.de/8%2C5-mm/LM-107.htm |archive-date=April 2, 2009}}</ref> The LM-107 was hoped to boost the ballistic performance of the LM-105 by achieving an increase in supersonic range. The 19.3 g (298 gr) LM-107 projectile design is {{convert|59|mm|in|}} long and has a Haack profiled nose and an Adams profiled tail. The rifling twist rate for the .343 Lapua Magnum LM-107 wildcat cartridge was chosen at 180&nbsp;mm (1:7&nbsp;inch), Ø lands = 8.72&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 8.45&nbsp;mm and loaded with the LM-107 projectile has a cartridge overall length of {{convert|107|mm|in}}. The length of the neck is increased from 8,31 to 8,50&nbsp;mm to support the bigger LM-107 bullet. Several other dimensions of the .338 Lapua Magnum parental cartridge are also changed. The shoulder angle gets steepened from 40° to 60° and the body taper is set at 1°. The throat area is set at a 2° cone-angle. All these modifications make the .343 Lapua Magnum a fairly comprehensively revised wildcat cartridge. Out of a {{convert|900|mm|in|1}} long progressive twist barrel Möller expected to achieve {{convert|909|m/s|ft/s|0}} muzzle velocity. If Möller's design assumptions are correct the LM-107 projectile with a calculated G1 BC of 1.02 will offer a supersonic range of ≈ {{convert|2170|m|yd|-1}} at a muzzle velocity of {{convert|909|m/s|ft/s|0}} under International Standard Atmosphere sea level conditions (air density ρ = 1.225&nbsp;kg/m<sup>3</sup>).

==As a parent case==
===.300 Lapua Magnum===
The commercially successful .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge has functioned as the parent case for the [[.300 Lapua Magnum]], which is essentially a necked-down version of the .338 Lapua Magnum. The .338 cartridge case was used for this since it has the capability to operate with high chamber pressures which, combined with smaller and hence lighter bullets, result in very high muzzle velocities.

The Finnish ammunition manufacturer Lapua got the .300 Lapua Magnum C.I.P. certified, so it became an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish "family" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The .300 Lapua Magnum is not commercially available and exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 calibre bullets.

The .300 Lapua Magnum has a 7.33 ml (113 grains H<sub>2</sub>O) cartridge case capacity.

[[File:.300 Lapua Magnum.svg|400px]]

'''.300 Lapua Magnum maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.''' All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 25 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240&nbsp;mm (1 in 9.45 in), 4 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 7.82&nbsp;mm, land width = 4.47&nbsp;mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.

According to the official C.I.P. rulings the .300 Lapua Magnum can handle up to {{convert|440.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> piezo pressure. This prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the .300 Lapua Magnum at {{convert|470.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> piezo pressure.

The large diameter bolt face, combined with the high maximum pressure, means that the .300 Lapua Magnum is normally only chambered in rifles that are capable of handling the resulting high bolt thrust, safely. Chambering such powerful super magnum cartridges in rifles intended for normal magnum rifle cartridges and using {{convert|440.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} loads can cause serious or fatal injury to the shooter and bystanders.

===7.62 UKM===
The .338 Lapua Magnum cartridge is also used as the parent case for the German-designed [[7.62 UKM]], which is essentially a necked-down shortened version of the .338 Lapua Magnum.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The 7.62 UKM. A German 300 Magnum Wildcat Extraordinary|url=https://www.angelfire.com/ma/ZERMEL/762ukm.html|date=1 October 2000 |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=ZERMEL}}</ref> The use of the .338 cartridge case with its capability to operate at high chamber pressures resulted in a magnum case capable of producing high muzzle velocities.

The 7.62 UKM was developed by Michael Uekötter and was C.I.P.-certified in 2002, making it an officially registered and sanctioned member of the Finnish "family" of super magnum rifle cartridges. The 7.62 UKM is not commercially available and exists only as a C.I.P. datasheet. It is however still used by a few shooters who produce the cases from .338 Lapua Magnum brass by reshaping the shoulder and neck, and handloading it with .30 caliber bullets.

The 7.62 UKM has a 5.84 ml (90 grains H<sub>2</sub>O) cartridge case capacity.

[[File:7.62 UKM.svg|400px]]

'''7.62 UKM maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions.''' All sizes in millimeters (mm).

Americans  define the shoulder angle at alpha/2 ≈ 20 degrees. The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 254&nbsp;mm (1 in 10 in), 6 grooves, Ø lands = 7.62&nbsp;mm, Ø grooves = 7.82&nbsp;mm, land width = 2.79&nbsp;mm and the primer type is large rifle magnum.

According to the official C.I.P. rulings the 7.62 UKM Magnum can handle up to {{convert|440.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> piezo pressure. This prevails over the C.I.P. decisions and tables edition 2007, that rated the 7.62 UKM at {{convert|470.00|MPa|psi|abbr=on}} P<sub>max</sub> piezo pressure.

===.375 Swiss P===
The [[.375 SWISS P|.375 Swiss P]] (9.5×7 0mm) is a C.I.P. registered chambering introduced in 2021 and advertised by RUAG Ammotec as a cartridge that "fills the gap in ballistic performance between the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70 mm) and the [[.50 BMG]] (12.7×99mm NATO)". As such, .375 Swiss P was designed to be relatively easily rechambered by a rebarreling as a performance upgrade in sturdily built rifles originally designed around the .338 Lapua Magnum chambering.<ref name="edr20210325">{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=RUAG Ammotec: .375 SWISS P – improved performance made easy! |url=https://www.edrmagazine.eu/ruag-ammotec-375-swiss-p-improved-performance-made-easy |access-date=2021-05-07 |website=edrmagazine.eu |language=en}}</ref> The .375 Swiss P is a rebated rim bottlenecked cartridge that shares its bolt face, rim diameter, overall length, and maximum operating pressure with the .338 Lapua Magnum chambering. It features a larger {{convert|15.73|mm|abbr=on}} base diameter as found in the [[.500 Jeffery]]. This results in a (P1 - R1 = {{convert|0.80|mm|abbr=on}}) rebated rim.<ref name="CIP TDCC 375 SWISS P">{{Cite web |last=C.I.P. |date=2018-05-16 |title=C.I.P. TDCC sheet 375 SWISS P |url=https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-i/375-swiss-p-180302-en.pdf |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=cip-bobp.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="4all20210330">{{Cite web |last=Palamaro |first=Franco |date=2021-03-30 |title=Brand new and already tested by us: .375 Swiss P, the new sniper caliber from RUAG Ammotec |url=https://www.all4shooters.com/en/shooting/ammunition/ruag-introduces-the-new-375-swiss-p-professional-sniper-caliber/ |access-date=2021-05-02 |website=all4shooters.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Wildcats===
[[File:338 YOGI and 338 Lapua Magnum.jpg|thumb|From left to right: cross-sectioned and normal .338 Yogi cartridge cases compared to a factory .338 Lapua Magnum case]]

The .338 Lapua Magnum case is also used as the parent case for a host of modified variants that are not officially registered with or sanctioned by C.I.P. or its American equivalent, [[SAAMI]].  By changing the shape of standard factory cases (decreasing case taper or changing the shoulder geometry) the wildcatter generally increases the case capacity of the factory parent cartridge case, allowing more propellant to be used to generate higher velocities. Besides changing the shape and internal volume of the parent cartridge case, wildcatters also can change the original caliber.  Because the .338 Lapua offers a large and exceptionally sturdy, pressure-resistant cartridge case that can be relatively easily reloaded and hence be reused several times, it has become quite popular amongst wildcatters. With the .338 Lapua Magnum as the parent case wildcatters have created 7&nbsp;mm (7&nbsp;mm Allen Magnum, 7&nbsp;mm Katzmeier, 7&nbsp;mm Fatso<ref>[http://www.longrangehunting.com/articles/7mm-fatso-1.php The 7mm Fatso - The Ultimate Short Magnum! by Greg Duley] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614215232/http://www.longrangehunting.com/articles/7mm-fatso-1.php |date=2009-06-14 }}.</ref>), .30 (.30-338 Lapua (Triebel), .30 Wolf, 300 Allen Express), 8&nbsp;mm (8&nbsp;mm-338 Lapua (Triebel), LM-101), .338 (.338 Yogi, LM-105), .343 (.343 Lapua Magnum LM-107<ref name="multiref1" />), 9.3&nbsp;mm (9,3-338 Lapua Magnum (Triebel)), .375 (9.5×70 ELR) and .50 calibre ([[.510 Whisper]]) variants. Tom Sarver used a .300 Hulk wildcat cartridge, which is basically a necked-down, blown out, shortened .338 Lapua Magnum variant, to achieve a {{convert|1.403|in|2|adj=on}} diameter [[benchrest shooting|benchrest]] five-shot group on 7 July 2007, establishing a world record.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily Bulletin: Sarver Shoots 1.403" Group at 1000 Yards |url=https://bulletin.accurateshooter.com/2007/07/sarver-shoots-1403-group-at-1000-yards/ |date=9 July 2007|access-date=13 June 2023|website=AccurateShooter.com}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[12.7×55mm STs-130]]
* [[6.5×47mm Lapua]]
* [[7.62 UKM]]
* [[8 mm caliber]]
* [[List of firearms]]
* [[List of rifle cartridges]]
* [[Table of handgun and rifle cartridges]]
* [[List of sniper rifles]]

== Notes ==
<references group="notes" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120910053303/http://www.coltcanada.com/timberwolf-page.htm PGWDTI Timberwolf Tactical rifle] (.338 Lapua Magnum and [[.408 Chey Tac]] chamberings)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060021/http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/8%2C5-mm/338-LM-KJG.htm Lutz Möller's .338 Lapua Magnum Page]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120426233137/http://lutz-moeller-jagd.de/English/LM-101.htm LM-101 Long Range Bullet for an 8 mm - .338 Lapua Magnum High Performance Wildcat Cartridge]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111010060255/http://www.98bravo.com/lapua-338-magnum-exclusive-caliber-for-the-new-age-of-sniping.html Lapua 338 Magnum, Exclusive Caliber for The New Age of Sniping]}}
* [http://www.caina-longbranch.com/OrdnanaceDevelopements .338 Lapua Magnum - "Generation II" ordnance development program by Caina Longbranch] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911141648/http://www.caina-longbranch.com/OrdnanaceDevelopements |date=2011-09-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130314044046/http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Long%20Range%20Sniping.htm Cartridges for Long-Range Sniping Rifles by Anthony G Williams]
* [https://bobp.cip-bobp.org/uploads/tdcc/tab-i/338-lapua-mag-en.pdf C.I.P. TDCC sheet 338 Lapua Mag.]

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