View source for 1211

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1211}}
{{Year nav|1211}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Bataille entre mongols & chinois (1211).jpeg|upright=1.35|thumb|An illustration of the [[Battle of Yehuling]].]]
Year '''1211''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Byzantine Empire ====
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Antioch on the Meander]]: Seljuk forces led by Sultan [[Kaykhusraw I]] are initially victorious with the Latin mercenary cavalry (some 800 men) bearing the brunt of the casualties due to their flanking charge; exhausted by the effort in their attack, the Latin army under Emperor [[Theodore I Laskaris]] is struck in the flank and rear by the Seljuk forces. However, the Seljuks stop the fight in order to plunder the Latin camp – which allows Theodore's forces to rally and counter-attack the now disorganized Turks. Meanwhile, Kaykhusraw seeks out Theodore and engages him in single combat, but he is unhorsed and beheaded. The Seljuks are routed and the former Byzantine emperor [[Alexios III Angelos]], Theodore's father-in-law, is captured and imprisoned, ending his days in enforced monastic seclusion.<ref>Macrides, Ruth (2007). ''George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary'', pp. 131–132. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-921067-1}}.</ref>
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Rhyndacus (1211)|Battle of the Rhyndacus]]: Latin emperor [[Henry of Flanders]] lands with an expeditionary force (some 3,000 men) at [[Biga, Çanakkale|Pegai]], and marches eastwards to the [[Mustafakemalpaşa River|Rhyndacus River]]. The Byzantine army (much larger in force overall) under Theodore I prepare an ambush, but Henry assaults his positions along the river and defeats the Byzantine army in a day-long battle. Henry marches unopposed through the remaining Byzantine lands, reaching south as far as [[Kemalpaşa#Nymphaion – Nif – Kemalpaşa|Nymphaion]].<ref>Macrides, Ruth (2007). ''George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary'', pp. 148–153. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-921067-1}}.</ref>

==== Mongol Empire ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Genghis Khan]] summons his Mongol chieftains, and prepares to wage war against the [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]]-led [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in northern [[China]]. He advances across the [[Gobi Desert]] with a massive army of 100,000 warriors with 300,000 horses, strung out in perhaps 10–20 groups of 5,000–10,000 men each, each with camel-drawn carts, and all linked by fast-moving messengers. Meanwhile, the Jin Government mobilizes an army of 800,000 men, most of which are untrained peasants with low morale, and some 150,000 highly-trained cavalry. This vast army, however, is spread across the [[Great Wall of China|Great Wall]], and garrisoned separate fortresses.<ref>Man, John (2011). ''Genghis Khan: Life, death and Resurrection'', p. 164. {{ISBN|978-0-553-81498-9}}.</ref>
* [[Battle of Yehuling]]: Genghis Khan bypasses the Great Wall with little opposition, and splits his forces into two armies. The main army (60,000 men) is led by himself, and the other army is taken by his son [[Ögedei Khan|Ögedei]] to attack the city of [[Datong]]. Genghis heads for the strategic [[Juyong Pass]] ("Young Badger's Mouth") – which leads down to the capital of [[Zhongdu]] (modern-day [[Beijing]]), but along the way he is halted at the pass of Yehuling where the bulk of the Jin army awaits him. Between March and October, the battle is fought in three stages, after Genghis has defeated the Jin forces, he begins raiding the countryside before he withdraws for the winter.<ref>Wolter J. Fabrycky; P. M. Ghare; Paul E. Torgersen (1972). ''Industrial operations research'', p. 313. Prentice-Hall. {{ISBN|978-0-13-464263-5}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* Spring &ndash; [[Albigensian Crusade]]: Crusader forces led by [[Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] conquer [[Toulouse]] and besiege [[Lavaur, Tarn|Lavaur]] in southern [[France in the Middle Ages|France]]. On [[May 3]], the city is retaken; on orders of Montfort the senior knights are hanged and some 400 [[Catharism|Cathars]] are burned alive.<ref>Peter of les Vaux de Cernay (1998). ''The History of the Albigensian Crusade: Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay's Historia Albigensis'', p. 215. {{ISBN|0-85115-807-2}}.</ref>
* [[March 26]] &ndash; King [[Sancho I of Portugal]] ("the Populator") dies after a 25-year reign at [[Coimbra]]. He is succeeded by his son [[Afonso II of Portugal|Afonso II]] ("the Fat") as ruler of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. During his reign, he designs the first set of Portuguese written laws.
* [[Livonian Crusade]]: Battles of [[Battle of Viljandi|Viljandi]] and [[Battle of Turaida (1211)|Turaida]] &ndash; The Crusaders fail to conquer the [[Viljandi]] stronghold, but manage to baptize [[Sakala County|Sakala]] and [[Ugandi County|Ugandi]] counties (Southern [[Estonia]]).
* September &ndash; The 16-year-old [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] is elected ''in absentia'' as German king by rebellious nobleman (supported by [[Pope Innocent III]]) at the [[Diets of Nuremberg|Diet of Nuremberg]] ([[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]]).<ref>Williams Hywel (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 133. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>

==== Britain ====
* Summer &ndash; King [[John of England]] ("Lackland") campaigns in [[Wales]] against [[Llywelyn the Great]], prince of [[Kingdom of Gwynedd|Gwynedd]]. In July, after the [[Welsh uprising of 1211|Welsh uprising]], John and Llywelyn reach an agreement and a peace treaty is signed.
* June &ndash; Papal legate [[Pandulf Verraccio]] arrives in [[Northampton]] to serve John with his excommunication ordered by Innocent III. For John this is a serious blow to his ability to rule the country.
* John sends a gift of [[herring]]s to nunneries in almost every [[shire]], despite his status as an excommunicant.
* The [[Papal Interdict of 1208]] laid by Innocent III remains in force after John refuses to accept the pope's appointee.

==== Asia ====
* June &ndash; [[Iltutmish|Shams ud-Din Iltutmish]], son-in-law of the former Sultan [[Qutb al-Din Aibak]], becomes ruler of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and quells the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] rebellions in [[India]].

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Santiago de Compostela Cathedral]] (begun in the [[11th century]]) is consecrated, in the presence of King [[Alfonso IX of León]]. 
* Archbishop [[Aubrey (archbishop of Reims)|Aubrey]] (or 'Alberic of Humbert') lays the first stone of the [[Apse#Chevet-apse chapels|chevet]] of [[Reims Cathedral]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Bohemia|Agnes of Prague]], Bohemian abbess (d. [[1282]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Frederick II, Duke of Austria|Frederick II]], duke of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]] (d. [[1246]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Ibn Khallikan]], Barmakid historian (d. 1282)
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Francesco Lippi]], Italian [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1291]])
* [[Ajall Shams al-Din Omar]], Khwarezmian governor (d. [[1279]])
* [[Casimir I of Kuyavia]], Polish nobleman and knight (d. [[1267]])
* [[Eleanor of Portugal, Queen of Denmark|Eleanor of Portugal]], queen consort of [[Denmark]] (d. [[1231]])
* [[Henry (VII) of Germany|Henry VII]], king of [[Kingdom of Germany|Germany]] (''[[King of the Romans|Rex Romanorum]]'') (d. [[1242]])
* [[Hugh Bigod (Justiciar)|Hugh Bigod]], English nobleman and [[Justiciar]] (d. [[1266]])
* [[John I, Lord of Mecklenburg]] ("the Theologian"), German nobleman (d. [[1264]]) 
* [[Muhammad III of Alamut|Muhammad III]], ruler of the [[Nizari Ismaili state|Nizari Ismaili State]] (d. [[1255]])
* [[Prijezda I, Ban of Bosnia|Prijezda I]], Bosnian nobleman (''[[Ban (title)|Ban]]'') and knight (d. [[1287]])
* [[Shinnyo]], Japanese [[Bhikkhunī|Buddhist nun]] and writer (d. 1282)
* [[William of Villehardouin]], prince of [[Principality of Achaea|Achaea]] (d. [[1278]])

== Deaths ==
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Adelaide of Meissen]], duchess of [[Kingdom of Bohemia|Bohemia]]
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Pietro Gallocia]] (or Galluzzi), Italian cardinal
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Sancho I of Portugal|Sancho I]] ("the Populator"), king of [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] (b. [[1154]])
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Mieszko IV Tanglefoot]], duke of [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Poland]] (b. [[1130]])
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Andrew II, Baron of Vitré]], French nobleman and knight (b. [[1150]])
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Kaykhusraw I]], ruler of the [[Sultanate of Rum]] 
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber]], Norman nobleman
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Narapatisithu]], ruler of the [[Pagan Kingdom]] (Burma) (b. 1150)
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand of Castile (died 1211)|Ferdinand of Castile]], Spanish prince (b. [[1189]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Páll Jónsson]], Icelandic bishop (b. [[1155]]) 
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Adelaide of Poland]], Polish princess 
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Princess Shōshi (1195–1211)|Shōshi]], Japanese empress (b. [[1195]])
* [[Abu Musa al-Jazuli]], Almohad [[Philology|philologian]] (b. [[1146]])
* [[Alexios III Angelos]], Byzantine emperor (b. [[1153]])
* [[Euphrosyne Doukaina Kamatera]], Byzantine empress 
* [[Hugh I of Arborea|Hugh I]], Sardinian ruler ([[Judge of Arborea]]) (b. [[1178]])
* [[Peter of Blois]], French cleric and diplomat (b. 1130)
* [[Robert of Thornham]], English [[seneschal]] and knight
* [[Roger de Lacy (1170–1211)|Roger de Lacy]] (''le Constable''), English nobleman (b. [[1170]])
* [[Samson of Tottington]], English monk and [[abbot]] (b. [[1135]])
* [[Shizuka Gozen]], Japanese court dancer (b. [[1165]])
* [[Svyatoslav III Igorevich]], Kievan prince (b. [[1176]])
* [[Thomas Morosini]], Latin patriarch of [[Constantinople]]
* [[Tsangpa Gyare]], Tibetan [[Tibetan Buddhism|Buddhist]] leader (b. [[1161]])
* [[Urraca of Portugal]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of León|León]] (b. [[1148]])
* [[Emperor Xiangzong of Western Xia|Xiang Zong]], Chinese emperor of [[Western Xia]] (b. 1170)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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