View source for 1249

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1249}}
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{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Jean-Marie Oscar Gué - Louis IX reçoit le patriarche de Jérusalem.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|King [[Louis IX of France|Louis IX]] receives Patriarch [[Robert of Nantes]] at [[Damietta]] in [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] (1847)]]
Year '''1249''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCXLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Seventh Crusade ====
* [[May 13]] &ndash; King [[Louis IX of France]] ("the Saint") assembles a Crusader fleet of 120 transports and embarks an army (some 15,000 men) at [[Limassol]]. Unfortunately, a storm scatters the ships a few days later. On [[May 30]], Louis sets sail to [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] – only a quarter of his forces sails with him, the others make their way independently to the Egyptian coast. Finally, the royal squadron arrives off [[Damietta]] on [[June 4]] aboard Louis' flagship the [[Montjoie Saint Denis!|''Montjoie'']]. The king's advisers urges a delay until the rest of his transports arrive before attempting to disembark, but Louis refuses.<ref>[[Steven Runciman]] (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 219–220. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[June 5]] &ndash; [[Siege of Damietta (1249)|Siege of Damietta]]: Louis IX lands with a Crusader force and captures [[Damietta]], after a fierce battle at the edge of the sea. The onslaught of the knights of [[France in the Middle Ages|France]] and those of [[Crusader states|Outremer]] under [[John of Ibelin (jurist)|John of Ibelin]], force the Ayyubids back with heavy losses. At nightfall, [[Fakhr ad-Din ibn as-Shaikh|Fakhr ad-Din]] withdraws his army over a bridge of boats to Damietta. Finding the population there in panic and the garrison wavering, Fakhr ad-Din decides to evacuate the city. On [[June 6]], Louis marches triumphantly over the bridge into Damietta and builds a camp to attack [[Cairo]].<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 220. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* [[November 20]] &ndash; Louis IX sets out (against the advice of his nobles) with a Crusader force from Damietta, along the southern road to [[Mansoura, Egypt|Mansourah]]. A garrison is left to guard the city – where Queen [[Margaret of Provence]] and Patriarch [[Robert of Nantes]] remain. The Crusaders make slow progress along the [[Nile]], carrying a number of supplies and equipment. After 32 days, Louis orders to make camp opposite the Ayyubid camp near Mansourah, protected by a branch of the river and fortifications. Both camps use their catapults to bombard each other.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', p. 221. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>
* December &ndash; Louis IX consolidates his forces at Mansourah. After the death of Sultan [[As-Salih Ayyub]], Fakhr ad-Din effectively becomes the ruler of Egypt. He takes command of the city's defense and his cavalry harasses the Crusaders but none of these skirmishes is successful in holding up the Crusader's advance. Meanwhile, Louis orders the construction of a dyke at Mansourah, although the Crusaders build covered galleries to protect the workmen, the Egyptian bombardment (particularly [[Greek fire]]), is so formidable that the work is halted.<ref>Steven Runciman (1952). ''A History of The Crusades. Vol III: The Kingdom of Acre'', pp. 222–223. {{ISBN|978-0-241-29877-0}}.</ref>

==== Europe ====
* [[February 16]] &ndash; Louis IX sends [[Andrew of Longjumeau]] on a diplomatic mission to meet the "Great Khan" of the [[Mongol Empire]]. He carries letters from Louis and the [[Papal States]], and rich presents, including a chapel-tent lined with scarlet cloth and embroidered with sacred pictures. From [[Kingdom of Cyprus|Cyprus]] he goes to the port of [[Antioch]] in [[Syria]] and travels for a year to the khan's court at [[Karakorum]].<ref>Beazley, Charles Raymond (1911). "Andrew of Longjumeau". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 972–973.</ref>
* May &ndash; [[Nicaean–Latin wars|Nicaean–Latin Wars]]: Latin forces led by [[William of Villehardouin]], arrive on the island of [[Rhodes]] on their way to join the [[Seventh Crusade]]. This causes the Nicaeans to raise the siege of [[Rhodes (city)|Rhodes]]. William concludes an agreement with the Genoese and leaves behind some 100 knights before departing for the [[Holy Land]].<ref>Macrides, Ruth (2007). ''George Akropolites: The History – Introduction, Translation and Commentary'', pp. 246–248. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-19-921067-1}}.</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Battle of Fossalta]]: King [[Enzo of Sardinia]], an illegitimate son of Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], is captured and imprisoned by Lombard forces, in a clash between the [[Guelphs and Ghibellines]]. Enzo is put in golden chains and paraded around [[Bologna]] on a horse. He becomes a prisoner in a palace, named [[Palazzo Re Enzo]].
* [[July 6]] &ndash; King [[Alexander II of Scotland]] dies of a fever at the island of [[Kerrera]] in the [[Inner Hebrides]]. He is succeeded by his 7-year-old son, [[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]], who is crowned as ruler of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] on [[July 13]]. Alexander's minority causes a struggle for control of affairs between [[Walter Comyn, Lord of Badenoch|Walter Comyn]] and [[Alan Durward]], [[Justiciar of Scotia]].
* Summer &ndash; [[Second Swedish Crusade]]: A Swedish expedition led by [[Birger Jarl]] subjugates the province of [[Tavastia (historical province)|Tavastia]] – securing Swedish power in [[Finland]]. As a part of the [[Treaty of Lödöse]] Birger marries off his 11-year-old daughter [[Rikissa Birgersdotter|Rikissa]] to [[Haakon the Young]], ruler and eldest son of King [[Haakon IV of Norway|Haakon IV]] of [[Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)|Norway]].
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[First Battle of Athenry]]: Gaelic forces of [[Connacht]] besiege [[Athenry Castle]] in [[County Galway]] in [[Lordship of Ireland|Ireland]], but are repelled by the Normans under [[Jordan de Exeter]], Sheriff of Connacht.
* ''[[Reconquista]]'': King [[Afonso III of Portugal]] ("the Boulonnais") recaptures [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] and [[Silves, Portugal|Silves]] in the [[Algarve]] from the Almohads, thus completing the expulsion of the Moors from [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]. The Almohads also lose possession of [[Alicante]] in [[Al-Andalus]] (modern [[Spain]]).<ref name=picard2000>{{cite book|last=Picard|first=Christophe|title=Le Portugal musulman (VIIIe-XIIIe siècle. L'Occident d'al-Andalus sous domination islamique|year=2000|publisher=Maisonneuve & Larose|location=Paris|isbn=2-7068-1398-9|page=110}}</ref>
* Winter &ndash; William of Villehardouin tours the [[Peloponnese]] and selects sites for new fortifications such as [[Grand Magne]] and [[Leuctra (Laconia)|Leuktron]]. At [[Mystras]] (ancient [[Sparta]]), he builds a fortress and a palace.

==== Asia ====
* March &ndash; The Japanese [[Hōji (era)|Hōji]] period ends during the reign of [[Emperor Go-Fukakusa]] and the [[Kenchō]] period begins (until [[1256]]).
* The [[Hikitsuke]], a judicial organ of the [[Kamakura shogunate|Kamakura]] and [[Ashikaga shogunate]]s of [[Japan]], is established.

=== By topic ===

==== Cities and Towns ====
* The city of [[Stralsund]] is burned to the ground, by German forces from the rival [[Free City of Lübeck]]. Later, the town is rebuilt with a massive [[defensive wall]] having 11 [[city gate]]s and some 30 watchtowers.

==== Education ====
* Spring &ndash; [[University College, Oxford|University College]], the first college at [[Oxford]], is founded with money from the estate of [[William of Durham]].

==== Microhistory ====
* Jean Mouflet makes an agreement with the [[abbot of Saint-Pierre-le-Vif]] in the Senonais region in [[France]]: in return for an annual payment, the monastery will recognize Jean as a "citizen of Sens". He is a [[leather]] [[merchant]], with a leather shop that he leases for the rent of 50 shillings a year. The agreement is witnessed by Jean's wife, Douce, daughter of a wealthy and prominent citizen of [[Sens]], Felis Charpentier.

==== Science ====
* [[Roger Bacon]] publishes a major scientific work, including writings of [[Lens (optics)#Types of simple lenses|convex lens]] [[spectacles]] for treating [[long-sightedness]], and the first publication of the formula for [[gunpowder]] in the [[western world]].</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Emperor Kameyama|Kameyama]], emperor of [[Japan]] (d. [[1305]])
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Amadeus V, Count of Savoy|Amadeus V]], count of [[Savoy]] (d. [[1323]])
* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Edmund, 2nd Earl of Cornwall|Edmund]], English [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1300]])
* [[Constance of Sicily, Queen of Aragon|Constance II of Sicily]], queen consort of [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]] (d. [[1302]])
* [[Frederick I, Margrave of Baden|Frederick I]], margrave of [[Margraviate of Baden|Baden]] and [[March of Verona|Verona]] (d. [[1268]])
* [[Gaucher V de Châtillon]], French nobleman (d. [[1329]])
* [[Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford|Humphrey VI de Bohun]], English nobleman (d. [[1298]])
* [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]] (d. [[1334]])<ref>{{cite web |title=John XXII |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100023477 |website=Oxford Reference |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=en }}</ref>
* [[Menachem Meiri]], Catalan [[rabbi]] and writer (d. [[1315]])
* [[Richard of Middleton]], Norman theologian (d. [[1308]])
* [[Robert III, Count of Flanders|Robert III]], Flemish nobleman and knight (d. [[1322]])
* [[Wu Cheng (philosopher)|Wu Cheng]], Chinese philosopher and poet (d. [[1333]])
* [[Zhu Shijie]] (or "Hanqing"), Chinese mathematician

== Deaths ==
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Archambaud IX of Bourbon|Archambaud IX]], French nobleman 
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Siegfried III (archbishop of Mainz)|Siegfried III]], archbishop of [[Elector of Mainz|Mainz]] (b. [[1194]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Saint Contardo of Este|Contardo of Este]], Italian nobleman (b. [[1216]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Adolf I, Count of the Mark|Adolf I of the Mark]], German nobleman
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]], king of [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] (b. [[1198]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Jacopo Tiepolo]], doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] (b. [[1169]])
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Rodrigo Díaz (bishop)|Rodrigo Díaz]], Spanish [[prelate]] and bishop
* [[September 27]] &ndash; [[Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse|Raymond VII]], French nobleman (b. [[1197]])
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Abu Zakariya Yahya]], Hafsid ruler (b. [[1203]])
* [[November 22]] 
** [[As-Salih Ayyub]], Ayyubid ruler of [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egypt]] (b. [[1205]])
** [[Geoffrey de Liberatione]], Scottish cleric and bishop
* [[December 10]] &ndash; [[Choe U]], Korean military leader (b. [[1166]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[Conrad II (bishop of Hildesheim)|Conrad II of Reifenberg]], German bishop
* [[Prince Dōjonyūdō|Dōjonyūdō]], Japanese nobleman and [[Waka (poetry)|''waka'']] poet (b. [[1196]])
* [[Hugh X of Lusignan]], French nobleman and knight (b. [[1183]])
* [[John I of Montfort]], Breton nobleman and knight (b. [[1228]])
* [[Pietro della Vigna]], Italian chancellor and diplomat (d. [[1190]])
* [[Robert I (bishop of Ross)|Robert I]] ("the Chaplain"), Scoto-Norman priest and bishop
* [[Song Ci]], Chinese physician, judge and scientist (b. [[1186]])
* [[William of Auvergne]], French bishop and writer (b. [[1180]])
* [[Wuzhun Shifan]], Chinese monk and [[Chinese calligraphy|calligrapher]] (b. [[1178]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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