View source for 1282

{{about|the year|the Alaska Airlines flight|Alaska Airlines Flight 1282}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|1282}}
{{Year nav|1282}}
{{C13 year in topic}} 
[[File:Francesco Hayez 022.jpg|upright=1.35|thumb|The [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]]: Rebels massacre French soldiers (c. 1822)]]
Year '''1282''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCCLXXXII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* March &ndash; Welsh forces under Prince [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd]], brother of [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], attack and take control of [[Hawarden Castle (medieval)|Hawarden Castle]]. The garrison is massacred and Constable [[Roger de Clifford (died c. 1285)|Roger de Clifford]] is taken prisoner. Llywelyn who has sworn fealty to King [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] ('''Longshanks'''), joins Dafydd in his revolt against the English. Their actions lead to the final English conquest of [[Wales]], by Edward.
* [[March 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Sicilian Vespers]]: A group of Sicilian conspirators begins an uprising against the rule of King [[Charles I of Sicily|Charles I]]; over the next six weeks, thousands of French are killed.  The rebellion forces Charles to abandon the planned crusade against the Byzantines, while still en route to the target city of [[Constantinople]] and allows King [[Peter III of Aragon|Peter III]] ('''the Great''') to take over rule of the island from Charles (which in turn leads to Peter's [[excommunication]] by Pope [[Pope Martin IV|Martin IV]]).
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Forlì]]: A French expeditionary army under [[Jean d'Eppe]] launches an assault on [[Forlì]] and breaches the outer wall. While they plunder the suburbs, [[Guido I da Montefeltro]] sends a small force out the gate on the opposite side of the city. In an ambush, [[Guelphs and Ghibellines|Guelph and Ghibelline]] forces defeat the main army of d'Eppe, who is forced to retreat to [[Faenza]]. He requests Martin IV for more reinforcements, but this is refused.<ref>Kleinherz, Christopher (2004). ''Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia'', p. 473. Routledge.</ref> 
* Summer &ndash; An Aragonese expeditionary army under Peter III lands in [[North Africa]] in [[Collo]], in proclaimed support of a rebellion of the governor of [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], Ibn Wazir. The revolt is suppressed by [[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim I]], ruler of the [[Hafsid dynasty|Hafsid Sultanate]]. Peter, wary of the situation in [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]], sails off and fails to take advantage of the state of rebellion in North Africa. Ibrahim stabilizes his power and styles himself ''[[emir]]'' of the sultanate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Meynier|first=Gilbert|title=L'Algérie cœur du Maghreb classique. De l'ouverture islamo-arabe au repli (658-1518)|year=2010|publisher=La Découverte|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7071-5231-2|page=163}}</ref>
* June &ndash; The 24-year-old Prince [[Sancho IV of Castile|Sancho]], heir to the throne of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]], assembles a coalition of nobles and starts a massive rebellion against his father, King [[Alfonso X of Castile|Alfonso X]] ('''the Wise'''). He dispatches his brothers into the realm to claim strategically important cities and castles. Only the cities of [[Seville]], [[Murcia]], and [[Badajoz]] remain loyal to Alfonso, who becomes isolated politically and abandoned by most of his family.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 82. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Llandeilo Fawr]]: English forces led by [[Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester|Gilbert de Clare]] are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops at [[Llandeilo]]. English expansion into southern Wales is halted.<ref>Morris, Marc (2008). ''A Great and Terrible King: Edward I and the Forging of Britain'', p. 180. London: Hutchinson. {{ISBN|978-0-09-179684-6}}.</ref>
* [[June 26]] &ndash; King [[Denis of Portugal|Denis I]] ('''the Poet King''') marries the 11-year-old [[Elizabeth of Portugal|Elizabeth of Aragon]], daughter of Peter III ('''the Great'''), in [[Trancoso, Portugal|Trancoso]]. Elizabeth received the towns of [[Óbidos, Portugal|Óbidos]], [[Abrantes]], and [[Porto de Mós]] as part of her dowry. Denis, known for his poetry, writes several poems and books himself, with topics of administration and [[hunting]]. During his reign, [[Lisbon]] becomes one of [[Europe]]'s centers of art and culture.
* July &ndash; Alfonso X ('''the Wise''') allies himself with [[Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq]], ruler of the [[Marinid Sultanate]], who crosses the straits, and establishes a camp at [[Zahara de la Sierra]], in southern [[Spain]]. Alfonso offers the Castilian royal crown of his father and grandfathers as a pledge of re-payment of a loan. Out of pity, Abu Yusuf gives him 100,000 gold dinars.<ref>Joseph F. O'Callaghan (2011). ''The Gibraltar Crusade: Castile and the Battle for the Strait'', p. 83. {{ISBN|978-0-8122-2302-6}}.</ref> 
* August &ndash; Castilian forces under Sancho lay siege to Badajoz, who eventually retreat as the combined armies of Alfonso X ('''the Wise''') relieve the city. Shortly after, Alfonso marches to [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] and demands the key of the city. This is refused by [[Diego López V de Haro]], speaking on behalf of the magnates. Meanwhile, the Marinids plunder the [[Guadalquivir]] valley.
* [[August 30]] &ndash; Peter III ('''the Great''') traveling with his fleet on a military expedition against [[Tunis]], ends up in the Sicilian town of [[Trapani]], after he was asked by the inhabitants of [[Palermo]] to help in the fight against Charles I.<ref>Chaytor, H.J. (1933). ''A History of Aragon and Catalonia'', p. 103. London: Methuen. {{ISBN|978-0-404-01479-7}}.</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; Peter III ('''the Great''') is proclaimed "King of Sicily". Charles is forced to flee across the [[Strait of Messina]], only to be content with the [[Kingdom of Naples]] (ruling a part of the [[Italian Peninsula]] with Martin IV).<ref>Harris, Jonathan (2003). ''Byzantium and the Crusades'', p. 180. London: Hambledon. {{ISBN|978-1-85285-298-6}}.</ref> 
* September or October &ndash; [[Battle of Lake Hód]]: Hungarian forces led by King [[Ladislaus IV of Hungary|Ladislaus IV]] successfully repel and defeat an invading Cuman army. Ladislaus receives the title "the Cuman" for his heroic victory.<ref>{{cite book |last=Berend |first=Nora |author-link=Nora Berend |year=2001|title=At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and "Pagans" in Medieval Hungary,'' c. ''1000''&ndash;c.''1300 |page=147 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-02720-5}}</ref>
* November &ndash; Castilian forces under Alfonso X ('''the Wise''') reconquer Córdoba. Pope Martin IV issues a papal bull, forcing Sancho and his nobles to proclaim their allegiance to Alfonso ending the rebellion.
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Battle of Moel-y-don]]: English forces led by [[Luke de Tany]] are ambushed and defeated by Welsh troops, while crossing over a floating bridge to the island of [[Anglesey]].<ref>Prestwich, Michael (1997). ''Edward I'', pp. 191–92 (updated ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-07209-0}}.</ref>  
* [[December 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Orewin Bridge]]: English forces (some 6,000 men) under Edward I ('''Longshanks''') defeat a Welsh army near [[Cilmeri]]. [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] is killed.
* [[December 27]] &ndash; King [[Rudolf I of Germany|Rudolf I]] invests his sons, [[Albert I of Germany|Albert I]] and [[Rudolf II, Duke of Austria|Rudolf II]], as co-rulers of the duchies of [[Duchy of Austria|Austria]] and [[Duchy of Styria|Styria]], and lays the foundation of the [[House of Habsburg]] in these territories.<ref>Hywel Williams (2005). ''Cassell's Chronology of World History'', p. 149. {{ISBN|0-304-35730-8}}.</ref>
* Dutch forces led by [[Floris V, Count of Holland|Floris V]], count of [[County of Holland|Holland]], attack and defeat the [[West Frisia]]ns at the battle of [[Vronen]]. He succeeds in retrieving the body of his father, [[William II of Holland|William II]], some 26 years dead.
* King [[Stefan Dragutin]] breaks his leg while hunting and becomes ill. He abdicates the throne in favor of his younger brother, [[Stefan Milutin]], who becomes ruler of [[Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)|Serbia]] (until [[1321]]).
* Peter III ('''the Great''') obtains the support of [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] [[Emirate of Granada|Granada]] preparing for the incoming [[Aragonese Crusade]], led by [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]] of [[Kingdom of France|France]].<ref name=JMC1>{{cite book|last=Lourie|first=Elena|title=Jews, Muslims, and Christians in and around the Crown of Aragon: essays in honour of Professor Elena Lourie|year=2004|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-12951-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TIC&q=christian+mercenaries+maghrib|page=295|access-date=October 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155855/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6TdP6b3f-TIC&dq=christian+mercenaries+maghrib&source=gbs_navlinks_s|archive-date=November 7, 2016|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[Daniel of Moscow]], youngest son of [[Alexander Nevsky]], is mentioned during this year as an independent Prince of the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kuchkin |first=Vladímir Andreevich |url=http://krotov.info/libr_min/11_k/uch/kin_10.htm |title=Первый московский князь Даниил Александрович |publisher=[[Nauka (publisher)|Nauka]] |year=1995 |series=[[Russian History (RAS journal)|Russian History]] |volume=1 |pages=94–107 |trans-title=The first Moscow prince, Danil Aleksandrovich |issn=0869-5687 }}</ref> This Duchy will be a vassal state of the [[Golden Horde]] until 1471, later evolving into the [[Tsardom of Russia]].

=== By topic === 

==== Education ====
* [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]] is founded, at the [[University of Oxford]].

==== Markets ====
* The form for the [[Trial of the Pyx]], during which it is confirmed that newly [[Mint (facility)|minted]] coins conform to required standards, is established.
* The first evidence is discovered of the existence of consolidated public debt in [[Bruges]], confirming the expansion of use of [[annuities]], to fund government expenditure to the [[Low Countries]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Zuijderduijn|first=Jaco|title=Medieval Capital Markets. Markets for renten, state formation and private investment in Holland (1300-1550)|year=2009|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden/Boston|isbn=978-90-04-17565-5}}</ref>

==== Nature ====
* The most recent ''eruption'' of [[Larderello]], observed, at [[Boracifero Lake|Boracifero crater lake]] in southern [[Tuscany]]. 

==== Technology ====
* The technology of [[watermark]]s is introduced by paper manufacturers of [[Bologna]], Italy.

==== Religion ====
* [[John Peckham]], archbishop of [[Diocese of Canterbury|Canterbury]], orders all the [[synagogue]]s of [[London]] to close, and forbids Jewish doctors from practicing on non-Jews.
* Construction of [[Albi Cathedral]] in [[Languedoc]] begins.
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Maud Chaworth]], English noblewoman (d. [[1322]])
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Louis IV]] ('''the Bavarian'''), Holy Roman Emperor (d. [[1347]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Frederick IV, Duke of Lorraine|Frederick IV]] ('''the Fighter'''), German [[Nobility|nobleman]] (d. [[1329]])
* [[May 5]] &ndash; [[Don Juan Manuel|Juan Manuel]], Spanish nobleman and prince (d. [[1348]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Gwenllian of Wales|Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn]], princess of [[Wales]] (d. [[1337]])
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth of Rhuddlan]], English princess (d. [[1316]])
* [[Alexios II of Trebizond|Alexios II]] ('''Megas Komnenos'''), emperor of [[Empire of Trebizond|Trebizond]] (d. [[1330]])
* [[Annibale di Ceccano]], Italian cardinal and archbishop (d. [[1350]])
* [[Blanche of France, Duchess of Austria|Blanche of France]], French princess ([[House of Capet]]) (d. [[1305]])
* [[Clare of Rimini]], Italian noblewoman, nun and saint (d. [[1346]])
* [[Eric Magnusson (duke)|Eric Magnusson]], Swedish prince and [[heir apparent]] (d. [[1318]])
* [[Konoe Iehira]], Japanese nobleman ([[Fujiwara clan|Fujiwara Clan]]) (d. [[1324]])
* [[Li Shixing]] (or '''Zhun Dao'''), Chinese landscape painter (d. [[1328]])
* [[Nicholas Kőszegi (bishop)|Nicholas Kőszegi]], Hungarian prelate and bishop (d. [[1336]])
* [[Oshin, King of Armenia|Oshin]], king of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] ([[Hethumids|House of Lampron]]) (d. [[1320]])
* [[Özbeg Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Golden Horde]] (d. [[1341]])
* [[Paolo Dagomari di Prato]], Italian mathematician (d. [[1374]])
* [[Spinetta Malaspina]] ('''the Great'''), Italian nobleman (d. [[1352]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Hōjō Yoshimasa]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1243]]) 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Guiscardo Suardi]], Italian prelate and bishop
* [[February 24]] &ndash; [[Philippe Mouskes]], French bishop and writer
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Agnes of Bohemia]], Bohemian princess (b. [[1211]])   
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Benvenutus Scotivoli]], Italian priest and bishop           
* [[April 4]]
** [[Abaqa Khan]], Mongol ruler of the [[Ilkhanate]] (b. [[1234]])
** [[Bernard Ayglerius]] (or Aygler), French cardinal (b. [[1216]])
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Ahmad Fanakati]], Persian minister and politician
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Möngke Temür (Ilkhanate)|Möngke Temür]], Mongol ruler of [[Salghurids|Shiraz]] (b. [[1256]])
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Guillaume de Bray]], French prelate and cardinal 
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Thomas III of Piedmont|Thomas III]], Savoyan nobleman ([[House of Savoy]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[Eleanor de Montfort]], princess of Wales (b. [[1252]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Thomas de Cantilupe]], English bishop (b. [[1218]])    
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Saint Ingrid of Skänninge|Ingrid of Skänninge]], Swedish noblewoman                             
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Nichiren]], Japanese [[Buddhism in Japan|Buddhist]] priest (b. [[1222]])                             
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Mortimer of Wigmore|Roger Mortimer]], English nobleman (b. [[1231]])
* [[October 30]] &ndash; [[Ibn Khallikan]], Barmakid historian (b. 1211)
* [[November 6]] 
** [[Luke de Tany]], English nobleman and [[Seneschal of Gascony|seneschal]]
** [[Roger de Clifford (died 1282)|Roger de Clifford]], English nobleman and knight
* [[December 11]]
** [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]], prince of Wales (b. [[1223]])                                   
** [[Michael VIII Palaiologos]], Byzantine emperor<ref>{{cite book | last = Lock | first = Peter | title = The Routledge Companion to the Crusades | publisher = Routledge | year = 2013 | isbn = 9781135131371 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AkCKZ9Hs4-QC | page = 120}}</ref>   
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Wichard of Pohlheim]], German bishop 
* [[Alice de la Roche]], Outremer noblewoman and [[regent]]   
* [[Benedetto Sinigardi]], Italian [[Franciscans|Franciscan]] friar (b. [[1190]])                    
* [[George Akropolites]], Byzantine historian and statesman
* [[Hugh de Benin]] (or Benhyem), Scottish cleric and bishop
* [[Isabella, Lady of Beirut|Isabella of Ibelin]], Outremer noblewoman ([[House of Ibelin]])
* [[Margaret Sambiria]], Danish queen and regent (b. [[1230]])
* [[Robert IV, Count of Dreux|Robert IV]], French nobleman ([[House of Dreux]]) (b. [[1241]])
* [[Robert de Neville]], English nobleman and knight (b. 1223)
* [[Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland]] (Alexander of Dundonald), Scottish nobleman (b. [[1220]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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