View source for 1427

{{About year|1427}}
{{Year nav|1427}}
[[File:Vigiles du roi Charles VII 50.jpg|250px|thumb|[[September 5]]: English Army troops suffer disastrous defeat during attempt to besiege Montargis]]
{{C15 year in topic}}[[File:Xuande-salukis-092x0507 01lg.jpg|thumb|The [[Ming dynasty]] [[Xuande Emperor|Emperor Xuanzong]] paints a picture of his dogs.]]Year '''1427''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCDXXVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Wednesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>
=== January&ndash;June ===
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The papacy of [[Pope Gabriel V of Alexandria]], leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church in Egypt, ends with his death after a reign of more than 17 years.
* [[January]] &ndash; [[Radu II of Wallachia]] resumes the throne of [[Wallachia]] for the fourth time, but a seven-year struggle for it ends in March when he is defeated in battle, and probably killed, by [[Dan II of Wallachia|Dan II]], who resumes the throne for a fifth term.
* [[February 23]] &ndash; In Spain, the first tremors are felt in the [[Principality of Catalonia]] of what will become a devastating [[1428 Catalonia earthquake|6.7 magnitude earthquake]] that will happen less than a year later, on February 2, 1428.<ref>{{citation |first1=E. |last1=Banda |first2=A. M. |last2=Correig |year=1984 |title=The Catalan earthquake of February 2, 1428 |journal=Engineering Geology |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=20 |issue=1–2 |pages=89–97 |doi=10.1016/0013-7952(84)90045-0 |bibcode=1984EngGe..20...89B }}</ref>
* [[March 29]] &ndash; In Vietnam, the [[Ming dynasty]] China army invades a second time, bringing 120,000 reinforcement troops led by General [[Mu Sheng]] to crush the [[Lam Sơn uprising]].<ref>{{citation |surname=Sun |given=Laichen |chapter=Chinese Gunpowder Technology and Đại Việt, ca. 1390–1497 |pages=88–89 |title=Viet Nam: Borderless Histories |editor-given1=Anthony |editor-surname1=Reid |editor-given2=Nhung Tuyet |editor-surname2=Tran |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-316-44504-4}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 22]] &ndash; In France, [[Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset]], is granted the control of the county of Mortain in [[Normandy]] by the [[John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]], Regent for King Henry VI in France, as a reward for his military service during the war against the French.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Cokayne |date=1953 |editor2-last=White |editor-first=G. |editor2-first=G.H. |title=[[The Complete Peerage]] |volume=12 |issue=1 |edition=2nd |publisher=St. Catherine Press |location=London |page=49|editor-link=George Edward Cokayne |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> 
* [[May 11]] (16 [[Pashons]], [[Coptic calendar|1143 AM]]) &ndash; At [[Alexandria]], Farag El-Maksi is elected as the new Patriarch of the Coptic Orthodox Christians and takes the regnal name of [[Pope John XI of Alexandria|Pope John XI]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Coptic Encyclopedia |title-link=Coptic Encyclopedia |publisher=[[Macmillan Publishers]] |others=Provided by [[Claremont Graduate University]] |year=1991 |editor-last=Atiya |editor-first=Aziz S. |editor-link=Aziz Suryal Atiya |volume=4 |location=New York City |chapter=John XI |chapter-url=https://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/digital/collection/cce/id/1100/rec/1}}</ref>
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Martin V]] orders the Roman Catholic bishops of Portro and Alba to work on driving the [[Fraticelli]] faction of the [[Franciscan Order]] from Italy.<ref>Matthew Mills, "Fraticelli", in ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church'', 4th ed. (Oxford University Press, 2022).</ref>
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach]] ("the Alchemist", of the Hohenzollern family), signs a peace agreement with the dukes of the various Pomeranian duchies at the Brandenburg city of [[Templin]], ending the latest Pomeranian-Brandenburg conflict.
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[John III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Stargard]], is released from imprisonment after swearing an oath of allegiance to John, Margrave of Brandenburg.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 15]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Montargis]] is started in [[France]] by 1,000 Englishmen led by the [[Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick|Earl of Warwick]] and lasts for seven weeks.<ref name=Wagner>{{Cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=John A. |title=Encyclopedia of the Hundred Years War |year=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |page=219|isbn=978-0313327360}}</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Stefan Lazarević]], ruler of the [[Serbian Despotate]], dies at [[Belgrade]] and is succeeded by his nephew, [[Đurađ Branković]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Djokić |first1=Dejan |title=A Concise History of Serbia |date=2023 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107028388 |pages=128–129|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3k6hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA128}}</ref>
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Hussite Wars]]: [[Battle of Tachov]] &ndash; The [[Hussites]] decisively beat the [[Crusade#Hussite Crusade|crusader]] armies, ending the Fourth Anti-Hussite Crusade.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; The first band of [[Romani people|Gypsies]] visits [[Paris]], according to an account of the citizens of Paris.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[September 5]] &ndash; A French Army relief force of 1,600 soldiers, led by [[Jean de Dunois]], ends the siege of Montargis by luring the English Army into a trap. The Montargis defenders open the city gates and the English are attacked from two sides, losing more than 1,000 men and all of their artillery.<ref name=Wagner/> 
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Lam Sơn uprising]]: China's General Liu Sheng arrives at China's border with Vietnam where a meeting is held with rebel leader [[Lê Lợi]], who proposes settling the war by recognizing [[Trần Cảo (king)|Tran Cao]]'s rule as King of [[Đại Việt]]. The proposal is a pretext for Liu Sheng's army being lured into an ambush that soon follows, with 70,000 Chinese troops killed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dreyer |first=Edward L. |author-link=Edward L. Dreyer |url=https://archive.org/details/earlymingchinapo0000drey |title=Early Ming China: A Political History |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1982 |page=228 |isbn=0-8047-1105-4 |location=Stanford}}</ref>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; 
**[[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]], a constituent college of the [[University of Oxford]] in England, is founded by the Bishop of Lincoln.
**The English Parliament assembles at Westminster after being summoned on July 15 by England's Regency Council. [[John Tyrrell (died 1437)|John Tyrrell]] is elected as Speaker of the House of Commons.
* [[November 12]] &ndash; To avoid further destruction of the Chinese army, General [[Wang Tong (Ming dynasty)|Wang Tong]] begins withdrawing troops from northern Vietnam's [[Jiaozhi]] region, having accepted a proposal by Vietnam without the approval of China's [[Xuande Emperor]]. The Emperor is informed of the proposal and agrees on November 20 to accept terms of peace.<ref>Chan (1988), p. 290.</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; Victorious in the [[Lam Sơn uprising]], [[Đại Việt]] (Vietnam) succeeds in forcing the withdrawal of Chinese troops from its territory as China's General [[Wang Tong (Ming dynasty)|Wang Tong]] and Vietnam's General [[Nguyễn Trãi]] agree to terms of disarmament and repatriation of 86,640 Ming Chinese prisoners in return for Chinese withdrawal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=United States Air Force Academy|title=WLA: War, Literature & the Arts| ref = CITEREFUSAFA1998|year=1998|publisher=Department of English, United States Air Force Academy|page=210}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* Minrekyansa becomes King of [[Inwa|Ava]] (ancient [[Myanmar]]).
* The Conflict of Druimnacour occurs in [[Sutherland]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]].<ref>''The History of the Feuds and Conflicts Among the Clans in the Northern Parts of Scotland and in the Western Isles: from the year M.XX1 unto M.B.C.XIX, now first published from a manuscript wrote in the reign of King James VI.'' Foulis press, 1764.</ref>
* The first [[witch hunt]]s begin, in [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]].
* The [[Celestines|Celestine]] [[Order (religious)|Order]] is established in [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* The Celebration of ''Sant Jordi'' ([[Saint George]]) begins in [[Catalonia]] (he will later become its [[patron saint]]).
* [[Bremen (city)|Bremen]] is expelled from the [[Hanseatic League]].
* [[Diogo de Silves]], Portuguese navigator, discovers seven islands of the [[Azores]] [[archipelago]].
* [[Battle of the Echinades (1427)|Battle of the Echinades]]: A Byzantine fleet defeats the fleet of [[Carlo I Tocco]].
* [[Itzcoatl]] becomes the 4th [[Tlatoani]] of [[Tenochtitlan]], after his nephew [[Chimalpopoca]] is killed by the [[Maxtla]], at [[Azcapotzalco]].
* [[Bhaktapur]] Royal Palace in [[Nepal]] is built by King Yaksa Malla.</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Ruprecht of the Palatinate (Archbishop of Cologne)|Ruprecht]], Archbishop of Cologne (d. [[1480]])
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[John Tiptoft, 1st Earl of Worcester]], Lord High Treasurer (d. [[1470]])
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Françoise d'Amboise]], duchess consort of Brittany, co-founder of the first monastery of the Carmelites in France (d. [[1485]])
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Lucrezia Tornabuoni]], Italian writer, adviser and spouse of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (d. [[1482]])
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Thomas de Ros, 9th Baron de Ros]], English politician (d. [[1464]])
* [[October 26]] &ndash; Archduke [[Sigismund of Austria]] (d. [[1496]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[John Stafford, 1st Earl of Wiltshire]] (d. [[1473]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Zhengtong Emperor]] of China (d. [[1464]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]], King of Poland (d. [[1492]])
* ''date unknown'' &ndash; [[Shen Zhou]], Chinese painter (d. [[1509]])

== Deaths ==
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[John IV, Duke of Brabant]] (b. [[1403]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Jean de Wavrin|title=Recueil des croniques et anchiennes istories de la Grant Bretaigne, à présent nommé Engleterre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QreydcpLWPwC&pg=PA223|year=1879|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green|pages=223}}</ref>
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Thomas la Warr, 5th Baron De La Warr]], English churchman
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Henry IV, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg]] (b. [[1397]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Stefan Lazarević]], [[Despotes|Despot]] of [[Serbian Despotate|Serbia]] (b. [[1377]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=John V. A. Fine|author2=John Van Antwerp Fine|title=The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC&pg=PA525|year=1994|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08260-4|pages=525}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
** [[Chimalpopoca]], Aztec ''[[Tlatoani]]'' (ruler) of [[Tenochtitlán]] (b. [[1397]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Chimalpopoca, "Escudo humeante (1417-1426)|url=https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/chimalpopoca-escudo-humeante-1417-1426|website=Arqueologia Mexico|date=July 2, 2016 |language=es|trans-title=Chimalpopoca, “Smoking Shield" (1417-1426)}}</ref>
** [[Qu You]], Chinese novelist (b. [[1341]])
* ''probable''
** [[Jehuda Cresques]], Catalan cartographer (b. [[1350]])
** [[Gentile da Fabriano]], Italian painter
** [[Radu II Prasnaglava]], ruler of Wallachia, probably killed in or after a lost battle

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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