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{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
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[[File:Lutherbibel b.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[October 4]]: [[Martin Luther]]'s complete translation of the [[Bible]] into German goes on sale at [[Wittenberg]].]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
[[File:Canterbury-Cathedral-Church-of-England-1890-1900.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Church of England]] separates from the Roman Catholic Church]]
Year '''1534''' ('''MDXXXIV''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 15]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of England]] passes the ''[[Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession]]'', recognising the marriage of [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] and [[Anne Boleyn]], and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/210 210–215]}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; A group of [[Anabaptist]]s, led by [[Jan Matthys]], [[Münster Rebellion|seize]] [[Münster]], [[Westphalia]] and declare it ''The New Jerusalem'', begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
*[[March 10]] &ndash; The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese crown]] divides [[Colonial Brazil]] into fifteen [[Captaincies of Brazil|donatory captaincies]], hereditary titles similar to [[duchy|duchies]].<ref>Rodrigo Ricupero, ''A Formação da Elite Colonial no Brasil (de 1530 a 1630)'' (Almedina Brasil, 2020), 
quoting ''Doacaoes e Forais das Capitanias do Brasil (1534-1536)'', transcribed by Maria Jose Chorao (National Archive of Torre to Tombo, 1999) p.11</ref>
* [[March 30]] &ndash; The [[Submission of the Clergy Act 1533]] becomes law in England, requiring [[Submission of the Clergy|submission of the clergy]], that is, churchmen are to submit to the king and the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission is forbidden.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/25/19/contents The Submission of the Clergy Act 1533], as amended, from the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]]</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 5]] ([[Easter]] Sunday) &ndash; [[Anabaptist]] [[Jan Matthys]] is killed by the [[Landsknechte]], who laid siege to [[Münster]] on the day he predicted as the [[Second Coming]] of [[Christ]]. His follower [[John of Leiden]] takes control of the city.
* [[April 13]] &ndash; Sir [[Thomas More]], having been brought before a royal commission to swear his allegiance to the [[First Succession Act|Act of Succession]], testifies that he accepts Parliament's right to declare [[Anne Boleyn]] the legitimate Queen of England, but denies that the marriage is spiritually valid of the king's second marriage".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y5rDAyEoHyAC&pg=PA116 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Thomas More |editor=George M. Logan |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-139-82848-2 |page=122}}</ref> Holding fast to the Roman Catholic doctrine of [[papal supremacy]], More refuses to take the oath of supremacy toward King Henry VIII. More is confined in the [[Tower of London]]. He will be executed on July 6, 1535.
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]] explores [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], while searching for the [[Northwest Passage]].<ref name=Cartier>{{cite book|last= Cartier |first=Jacques|editor=Ramsay Cook|year=1993|title=The Voyages of Jacques Cartier|location=Toronto|publisher=University of Toronto Press|url=https://archive.org/details/voyagesofjacques0000cart|url-access= registration |isbn=0-8020-5015-8}}</ref>

* [[June 9]] &ndash; Jacques Cartier and his crew become the first Europeans to discover the [[Gulf of St Lawrence]].<ref name=Cartier/>
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Copenhagen]] opens its gates to Count [[Christopher of Oldenburg]], leading the army of [[Lübeck]] (and the [[Hanseatic League]]), nominally in the interests of the deposed King [[Christian II of Denmark]]. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of [[Malmö]] represent the high point of the [[Count's War]] for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize [[Christian III of Denmark|Christian III]] as King on [[July 4]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=W. E.|year=1903|chapter=The Scandinavian North|editor=Ward, A. W.|editor2=Prothero, G. W.|editor3=Leathes, Stanley|title=[[Cambridge Modern History|The Cambridge Modern History]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=599–638}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Pollard|first=A. F.|author-link=Albert Pollard|year=1903|chapter=The conflict of creeds and parties in Germany|editor=Ward, A. W.|editor2=Prothero, G. W.|editor3=Leathes, Stanley|title=The Cambridge Modern History|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=206–245}}</ref>
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Jacques Cartier]] discovers [[Prince Edward Island]].<ref name=Cartier/>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; The [[Election of Christian III]], as [[King of Denmark]], takes place in the town of [[Old Rye|Rye]].
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The first known exchange between Europeans and the natives of the [[Gulf of St. Lawrence]] occurs in what is now [[New Brunswick]].
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Cambridge University Press]] is given a Royal Charter by [[Henry VIII of England]], and becomes the first of the [[privileged presses]].<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=McKitterick|title=A History of Cambridge University Press: Volume 1, Printing and the Book Trade in Cambridge, 1534-1698|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfttG9tnd5UC|year=1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-30801-4|page=35}}</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Ignatius of Loyola]] and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the [[Jesuits]] (the [[Society of Jesus]]), in [[Montmartre]], near [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web|  archive-date = 11 October 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141011060544/http://www.michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/jesuits.html
|url-status = dead| author = Francisco Javier Benjamín González Echeverría| title=Documents of the Jesuits and of Michael de Villanueva (Servetus) in the register of the University of Paris| website = Michael Servetus Research| url=https://michaelservetusresearch.com/ENGLISH/jesuits.html|access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref>
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Piero de Ponte]] becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the [[Knights Hospitaller]].
* [[September 24]]&ndash; The first of Brazil's capitancias, the Capitancy of Pernambuco, is established for Pernambuco.<ref>Gilmar Soares Furtado, ''A Pesca Artesanal Na Ria De Aveiro Em Portugal E Na Laguna Manguaba'' ("Artisan fishing in the Ria de Aveiro in Portugal and in the Manguaba lagoon") (Clube de Autores, 2019)</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; As the [[Michaelmas]] fair opens in [[Wittenberg]], [[Martin Luther]]'s translation of the complete Christian [[Luther Bible|Bible]] into [[German language|German]] is offered for sale for the first time. The work, printed on 1,824 pages in two volumes by [[Hans Lufft]] adds the [[Old Testament]] including the [[deuterocanonical books]] to Luther's [[1522]] translation of the [[New Testament]], and includes [[woodcut]] illustrations.<ref>"Martin Luther's 1522 September Testament as the Epoch-Making Foundation for a Quarter-Century of Wittenberg Bible Publication", by W. Gordon Campbell, in ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=osL0EAAAQBAJ&dq=German+Bible+%22October+1534%22&pg=PA45 Martin Luther's Bible]'', ed. by W. Gordon Campbell (James Clarke Company, Ltd., 2024) p.45</ref>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese is elected as the 220th pope of the Roman Catholic Church after [[1534 papal conclave|a two-day conclave]] to find a successor for [[Pope Clement VII]], who had died on September 25. Farnese, the Bishop of Ostia, takes the name [[Pope Paul III]] and is crowned on November 3.<ref>{{cite book|author=Howard Hibbard|title=Michelangelo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xsmfAAAAMAAJ|year=1974|publisher=Harper & Row|page=240|isbn=9780713907810 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Huguenots]] post placards all over [[France]] attacking the Catholic [[Mass (liturgy)|Mass]], provoking a violent sectarian reaction ([[Affair of the Placards]]).
* [[November 3]]&ndash; The [[English Reformation Parliament]] passes the [[Acts of Supremacy|Act of Supremacy]], establishing [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] as supreme head of the [[Church of England]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army under [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] [[Capture of Baghdad (1534)|captures]] the city of [[Baghdad]] from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] without a struggle, beginning almost 400 years of Ottoman rule of what is now Iraq.<ref>André Clot, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zz0hBQAAQBAJ&dq=Ottoman+Baghdad+%22December+1534%22&pg=PT82 ''Suleiman the Magnificent'' (Saqi Books, 2012)]</ref>
* [[December 6]] &ndash; Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by [[conquistador]] [[Sebastián de Belalcázar]], found what becomes [[Quito]], [[Ecuador]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Manco Inca Yupanqui]] is crowned as [[Sapa Inca]] in [[Cusco]], [[Peru]] by Spanish conquistador [[Francisco Pizarro]], in succession to his brother [[Túpac Huallpa]] (d. [[October]] [[1533]]).
* ''[[Gargantua]]'' is published by [[François Rabelais]].
* The first book in [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] is printed (in [[Kraków]]), ''Mirkevet ha-Mishneh'', a [[Tanakh]] concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polandjewishheritagetours.com/4.Timeline_Polish%20Jewish%20History.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.polandjewishheritagetours.com/4.Timeline_Polish%20Jewish%20History.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=One Thousand Years of the Polish Jewish Experience|publisher=[[Taube Foundation for Jewish Life & Culture|Taube Foundation for Jewish Life and Culture]]|page=2|access-date=2011-12-09}}</ref></onlyinclude>

== Births ==
[[File:Anonym Erzherzogin Eleonore.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|[[Archduchess Eleanor of Austria]]]]
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Paul Skalich|Pavao Skalić]], Croatian [[encyclopedist]], [[Renaissance humanist]] and adventurer (d. [[1575]])
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Giovanni de' Bardi]], Italian writer, composer and soldier (d. [[1612]])
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Song Ikp'il]], Korean scholar (d. [[1599]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[José de Anchieta]], Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d. [[1597]])
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[William Harrison (clergyman)|William Harrison]], English clergyman (d. [[1593]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Henri I de Montmorency]], Marshal of France (d. [[1614]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Oda Nobunaga]], Japanese warlord (d. [[1582]])
* [[July 1]] &ndash; King [[Frederick II of Denmark]] (d. [[1588]])
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Myeongjong of Joseon]], ruler of Korea (d. [[1567]])
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Zacharius Ursinus]], German theologian (d. [[1583]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Pieck]], Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d. [[1572]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Guru Ram Das]], fourth [[Sikh Guru]] (d. [[1581]])
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen]] (d. [[1597]])
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Jean Passerat]], French writer (d. [[1602]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Archduchess Eleanor of Austria]] (d. [[1594]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Joachim Camerarius the Younger]], German scientist (d. [[1598]])
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst]], German prince (d. [[1561]])
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley]] (d. [[1613]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Lucas Osiander the Elder]], German pastor (d. [[1604]])
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Hans Bol]], Flemish artist (d. [[1593]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[Lodovico Agostini]], Italian composer (d. [[1590]])
** [[Isaac Luria]], Jewish scholar and mystic (d. [[1572]])
** [[Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke]], statesman of the Elizabethan era (d. [[1601]])<ref>{{cite book|author=New|title=Literature in English|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Hs3fCtfUyYC|year=1993|publisher=Prentice-Hall Canada|isbn=978-0-13-534777-5|page=1567}}</ref>
** [[Paul Skalić]], Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d. [[1573]])
** [[Joan Waste]], English Protestant martyr (d. [[1556]])
** [[Lautaro]], Mapuche warrior (d. [[1557]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:El papa Clemente VII, por Sebastiano del Piombo.jpg|thumbnail|right|110px|[[Pope Clement VII]]]]
* [[January 9]] &ndash; [[Johannes Aventinus]], Bavarian historian and philologist (b. [[1477]])
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Magdalena of Saxony]] (b. [[1507]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Barbara Jagiellon]], duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b. [[1478]])
* [[March 5]] &ndash; [[Antonio da Correggio]], Italian painter (b. [[1489]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Vojtěch I of Pernstein]], Bohemian nobleman (b. [[1490]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Michael Weiße]], German theologian (b. c. [[1488]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Jan Matthys]], German [[Anabaptist]] reformer
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Barton]], English prophet and nun (executed) (b. [[1506]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez]], Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b. [[1481]])
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], Bengali mystic (b. [[1486]])
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[Hille Feicken]], Dutch Anabaptist
* [[August 3]] &ndash; [[Andrea della Valle]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1463]])
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cajetan]], Italian theologian and cardinal (b. [[1470]])
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam]], 44th Grandmaster of the [[Knights Hospitaller]] (b. [[1464]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Lazarus Spengler]], German hymnwriter (b. [[1479]])
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Michael Glinski]], Lithuanian prince (b. c. [[1470]])
* [[September 25]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement VII]] (b. [[1478]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Clement VII {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Clement-VII-pope |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=6 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara]] (b. [[1476]])
* [[November 7]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso]], Portuguese nobleman (b. [[1507]])
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy]], scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Beatriz Galindo]], Spanish Latinist and scholar  (b. [[1465]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Sandi Toksvig|title=Toksvig's Almanac 2021: An Eclectic Meander Through the Historical Year by Sandi Toksvig|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40HlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222|date=12 November 2020|publisher=Orion|isbn=978-1-398-70164-9|pages=222}}</ref>  
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg]], German nobleman (b. [[1508]])
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Antonio da Sangallo the Elder]], Florentine architect (b. [[1453]])
* ''date unknown''
** [[István Báthory]], Hungarian noble (b. [[1477]])
** [[Edward Guildford]], Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b. [[1474]])
** [[Cesare Hercolani]], Italian soldier, murdered (b. [[1499]])
** [[Humphrey Kynaston]], English highwayman (b. [[1474]])
** [[Amago Okihisa]], Japanese nobleman (b. [[1497]])
** [[John Taylor (Master of the Rolls)|John Taylor]], English Master of the Rolls (b. [[1480]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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