View source for 1549

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year nav|1549}}
[[File:Book of Common Prayer, 1549 (2).jpg|thumb|120px|[[June 9]]: [[The Book of Common Prayer]] is mandated for all church services in England]]
[[File:Franciscus de Xabier.jpg|thumb|120px|[[July 27]]: Jesuit priest [[Francis Xavier]] arrives in [[Japan]]. (17th century painting in Kobe City Museum)]]
{{C16 year in topic}}
__NOTOC__
Year '''1549''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDXLIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]]. In the [[Kingdom of England]], it was known as "The Year of the Many-Headed Monster", because of the unusually high number of rebellions which occurred in the country.

== Events ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Gaspare Grimaldi Bracelli]] begins a two-year term as the [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] in Italy, succeeding [[Benedetto Gentile Pevere]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Buonadonna|first=Sergio|title=Rosso doge. I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797|publisher=De Ferrari|language=it}}</ref>
* [[January 11]] &ndash; An uprising of the Diaguitas natives outside of the South American Spanish colonial city of [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]] (now in Coquimbo province of Chile) begins. Within a day, the South American village is burned down and nearly every Spanish resident is killed.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=8 December 2017 |title=Crónica del Reino de Chile, Pedro Mariño de Lobera |url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/cronica-del-reino-de-chile--0/html/feec70e8-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_1.html |work=[[Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes]]}}<!-- auto-translated from Spanish by Module:CS1 translator --></ref>
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Maha Chakkraphat]] is crowned as the [[King of Siam]] after having been installed on the throne in 1548 by [[Maha Thammaracha (king of Ayutthaya)|Maha Thammaracha]] of Burma.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Ayutthaya - Historical Events - Timeline 1500-1549 |url=https://www.ayutthaya-history.com/Historical_Events15.html |website=www.ayutthaya-history.com}}</ref>
* [[January 21]] &ndash; The [[Act of Uniformity 1548]] is passed by the [[Parliament of England]] and establishes the [[Book of Common Prayer (1549)|1549 version of the ''Book of Common Prayer'']] as the sole legal prayer book in England, replacing the use of different versions of the [[Ecclesiastical Latin|Latin]]-language [[Missal]].<ref>'''Concerning the Service of the Church''' (par. 5) in the Book of Common Prayer 1662</ref><ref>Haigh, Christopher. ''English Reformations'' Clarendon Press (1993) p. 173</ref>
* [[January]] &ndash; [[Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)]]: King [[Tabinshwehti]] of [[Burma]] begins his invasion of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]], which ends in retreat.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; Burmese–Siamese War: Burmese viceroy [[Thado Dhamma Yaza I of Prome]] slays [[Sri Suriyothai]], [[queen consort]] of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, on her [[war elephant]], when she intervenes in battle to protect the life of her husband.
* [[March 29]] &ndash; The city of [[Salvador da Bahia]], [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]]'s first capital, is founded by [[Tome de Sousa]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 8]] &ndash; Giovanni Angelo Medici is appointed as a Roman Catholic cardinal by [[Pope Paul III]], effective May 10. In 1559, Medici is elected as [[Pope Pius IV]].<ref>
{{cite web| url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12129a.htm| title = Loughlin, James. "Pope Pius IV." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 4 Sept. 2014}}</ref> 
* [[April 14]] &ndash; Prince [[Zhu Zairui]], age 12, heir to the throne of Ming dynasty China as the oldest living son of the [[Jiajing Emperor]], dies a few days after becoming ill during the ''[[Guan Li]]'' [[coming of age]] ceremony.
* [[April 15]] &ndash; Spanish Jesuit missionary [[Francis Xavier]] departs from [[Goa]] on a mission to bring Christian ministry to [[Japan]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pacheco|first1=Diego|title=Xavier and Tanegashima|journal=Monumenta Nipponica|volume=29|issue=4|year=1974|pages=477–480|issn=0027-0741|doi=10.2307/2383897|jstor=2383897}}</ref>
* [[April 23]] &ndash; In County Wicklow in Ireland, Phelim O'Toole is granted a pardon by the King for unspecified offenses.<ref>{{cite book|title=New Excursions from the Hall of Harmonious Wind |first=Cunren |last=Liu |year=1984 |publisher=Brill Archive |location=Leiden |isbn=9789004069763}}</ref>
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Henry II of France|King Henri II]] of France makes a triumphant return to [[Paris]] after suppressing the [[Revolt of the Pitauds]] in [[Bordeaux]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cloulas |first=Ivan |title=Henri II |publisher=Fayard |year=1985|page=229}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[June 9]] &ndash; The [[Book of Common Prayer]] is introduced in [[Kingdom of England|English]] churches;<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> the [[Prayer Book Rebellion]] against it breaks out in the [[West Country]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/215|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/215 215–218]}}</ref> 
* [[June 19]] &ndash; In the war of the [[Rough Wooing]] between Scotland and England, a Scottish and French force commanded by [[André de Montalembert]] retakes the island of [[Inchkeith]], killing more than 300 soldiers from the English Army.  
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Kett's Rebellion]], with 18,000 troops led by [[Robert Kett]], breaks out at [[Wymondham]] in [[East Anglia]], against fences and enclosures put up by wealthy landowners.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/> and in [[Oxfordshire]], against landowners associated with religious changes.<ref>{{cite book|first=Adrienne|last=Rosen|chapter=Tudor Rebellions|editor=Tiller, Kate |editor2=Darkes, Giles |title=An Historical Atlas of Oxfordshire|publisher=Oxfordshire Record Society|location=Chipping Norton|year=2010|isbn=978-0-902509-68-9|pages=82–3}}</ref>
* [[July 18]] &ndash; ([[Tenbun]] 18, 24th day of the 7th month) In the Battle of Eguchi, fought in Japan's [[Settsu Province]] near [[Osaka]], General [[Miyoshi Nagayoshi]] defies the Governor, [[Hosokawa Harumoto]], to attack the Eguchi Castle of Nagayoshi's cousin, [[Miyoshi Masanaga]]. After a 12-day battle, Miyoshi Masanaga is killed along with several of Hosokawa's other generals. Governor Hosokawa, fearing a reprisal, flees and eventually loses his authority over Settsu Province.<ref>"Hosokawa Harumoto", in ''The Japan Encyclopedia'', ed. by Louis Frédéric (Harvard University Press, 2002) p. 358</ref> 
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cranmer]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], delivers his most important sermon, speaking at [[St Paul's Cathedral]] to defend the Church of England's reasons for uniformly requiring the use of [[The Book of Common Prayer]].<ref>{{cite book |last =MacCulloch |first =Diarmaid |author-link =Diarmaid MacCulloch |title =Thomas Cranmer: A Life |publisher =[[Yale University Press]] |year =1996 |place =London |pages=419–437 |isbn =0-300-06688-0 | url-access =registration | url =https://archive.org/details/thomascranmerlif0000macc }}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; ([[Tenbun]] 18, 3rd day of the 7th month) European Jesuit [[Francis Xavier]] arrives in [[Japan]] at the port of [[Kagoshima]], the first Christian missionary there, but is not allowed to go to shore until three weeks later.{{sfn|Pacheco|1974|pp= 477–480}}
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Norwich]], in [[Norfolk]] falls to Kett's rebels. 
* [[August 1]]&ndash; Kett's rebels defeat a Royal Army led by [[William Parr, Marquess of Northampton]]
* [[August 8]]&ndash; England and [[Kingdom of France|France]] declare war.<ref name=CBH1549>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=147–150|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Francis Xavier]], his translator [[Anjirō]], and three other Jesuit priests are allowed to come ashore at Kagoshima in Japan.{{sfn|Pacheco|1974|pp= 477–480}}  
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sampford Courtenay]] in England: The Prayer Book Rebellion is quashed.
* [[August 27]] &ndash; At the [[Kett's Rebellion#Attacks on the rebels|Battle of Dussindale]] in England, Kett's Rebellion is ended by troops led by [[John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland]].<ref name=CBH1549/>
* [[September 17]] &ndash; The [[Council of Trent]] is prorogued indefinitely.
* [[September 19]] &ndash; The English Army abandons [[Haddington, East Lothian]] as it continues its retreat from Scottish and French forces.<ref>Merriman, Marcus, ''The Rough Wooings'', Tuckwell (2000), 344–345.</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Shimazu Takahisa]], the ruling [[daimyo]] of Japan's [[Satsuma Province]], welcomes the Jesuit party of Francis Xavier.{{sfn|Pacheco|1974|pp= 477–480}}

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Thomas Smith (diplomat)|Sir Thomas Smith]] is replaced by Ambassador [[Nicholas Wotton]] as the [[Secretary of State (England)|second Secretary of State of England]], primarily in charge of England's foreign affairs. Wotton serves for less than a year before being dispatched by [[Edward VI of England|King Edward VI]] back to France.
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset]], the [[Lord Protector#Feudal royal regent|Lord Protector of England]] and [[Lord High Treasurer]] since 1547, is arrested on orders of the Regency Council on charges of "ambition, vainglory, entering into rash wars" as well as malfeasance and improper use of the royal treasury.<ref>{{citation |last=Elton |first=G. R. |author-link=Geoffrey Elton |year=1962 |title=England Under the Tudors |publisher=Methuen |place=London |page=350 |oclc=154186398}}</ref>
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland|Catherine of Habsburg]], daughter of [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand, Duke of Habsburg]], marries [[Francesco III Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua]]. Francesco, only 16 years old, dies of pneumonia after only four months of marriage.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duczmal |first=Małgorzata |title=Jogailaičiai | location=Vilnius |year=2012 |publisher=[[Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras]] |page=312 |isbn=978-5-420-01703-6 | language= Lithuanian |translator=Birutė Mikalonienė |translator2=Vyturys Jarutis}}</ref>
* [[November 4]] &ndash; The ''[[Pragmatic Sanction of 1549|Pragmatic Sanction]]'' is proclaimed by [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]]. The [[Seventeen Provinces]] of the Habsburg Low Countries are declared inseparable.
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] dies at the age of 81 after a reign of 15 years.
* [[December 3]] &ndash; The [[Papal conclave, 1549–50|papal conclave]] to decide on a successor to [[Pope Paul III]], goes into session in the [[Apostolic Palace]] in Rome with 51 cardinal electors.Participants at the papal conclave agree to elect the next Pope by secret ballot.<ref>Kenneth M. Setton, ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571), Volume III: The Sixteenth Century to the Reign of Julius III'' (The American Philosophical Society, 1984) p.509</ref>
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Kett]] is hanged from the walls of [[Norwich Castle]] after being found guilty of treason for leading [[Kett's Rebellion]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|id=15485|title=Kett, Robert (c.1492–1549)}}</ref> His brother William is hanged from the walls of [[Wymondham Abbey]] on the same day.
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Ottoman Empire]] Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] abandons his campaign against [[Safavid Iran]] after 21 months, during which he was unable to proceed further than [[Tabriz]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Akgunduz |first1=Ahmed |last2=Ozturk |first2=Said | title=Ottoman History: Misperceptions and Truths |publisher=IUR Press |year=2011 |page=185 |isbn=978-90-902610-8-9}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Peter Canisius]] starts the [[Counter-Reformation]] in [[Duchy of Bavaria|Bavaria]].
* The [[spire]] of [[Lincoln Cathedral]] in England is blown down,<ref>{{cite web|title=Lincoln Cathedral History|url=http://lincolncathedral.com/building/history/|work=Lincoln Cathedral|access-date=2012-05-06|archive-date=January 19, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119143029/http://lincolncathedral.com/building/history/|url-status=dead}}</ref> leaving [[St. Olaf's Church, Tallinn]], in [[Estonia]] as the [[World's tallest structure]].
* Although trade existed between the two beforehand, in this year the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] begin to send regular seasonal maritime trade missions to [[Ming dynasty]] [[China]], at [[Shangchuan Island|Sao João Island]] (also known as Shangchuan Island) near [[Macau]].
* [[Siege of Kajiki]]: firearms are used for the first time in a siege in Japanese history. (The previous year's [[Battle of Uedahara]] was the first battle in which they were used.)
* ''Excerpta antiqua'' is published by Hervagius at [[Basel]], [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]].
* [[Maidstone Grammar School]] is founded in England by [[Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset|Edward Seymour]], [[Duke of Somerset]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mgs.kent.sch.uk/about-mgs/|title = About Us}}</ref>

== Births ==
[[File:Francoise d'Orléans, Princess of Condé by an known artist.png|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville]]]]
[[File:Sabina of Württemberg.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Duchess Sabine of Württemberg]]]]
[[File:Alonso S%C3%A1nchez Coello 003.jpg|thumbnail|110px|right|[[Anne of Austria, Queen of Spain]]]]
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Jakob Ebert]], German theologian (d. [[1614]])
* [[January 26]] &ndash; [[Francesco Bassano the Younger]], Italian painter (d. [[1592]])
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Louis of Valois (1549-1550)|Louis of Valois]], French prince (d. [[1550]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Eustache Du Caurroy]], French composer (d. [[1609]])
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Barnim X, Duke of Pomerania]] (1569–1603) (d. [[1603]])
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Francesco Maria II della Rovere, Duke of Urbino]], last Duke of Urbino (d. [[1631]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Francis Solanus]], Spanish missionary and saint (d. [[1610]])
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Hendrik Laurenszoon Spiegel]], Dutch writer (d. [[1612]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Françoise d'Orléans-Longueville]], French princess (d. [[1601]])
* [[April 13]] &ndash; Count [[Juraj IV Zrinski]] of Croatia (d. [[1603]])
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Knollys]], English noblewoman (d. [[1605]])
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Duchess Sabine of Württemberg]], by marriage Landgravine of Hesse-Kassel (d. [[1581]])
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Francesco Maria del Monte]], Italian Catholic cardinal (d. [[1627]])
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Edward Manners, 3rd Earl of Rutland]] (d. [[1587]])
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Pierre de Larivey]], Italian-born French dramatist (d. [[1619]])
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany]] (d. [[1609]])
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Mikołaj Krzysztof "the Orphan" Radziwiłł]], Polish nobleman (d. [[1616]])
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Catherine of Brandenburg-Küstrin]], daughter of Margrave John of Küstrin (d. [[1602]])
* [[September 1]] &ndash; [[Charles Philippe de Croÿ, Marquis d’Havré]], Belgian noble and politician (d. [[1613]])
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain]] (d. [[1580]])
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Philippe de Mornay]], French writer (d. [[1623]])
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Henry Savile (Bible translator)|Sir Henry Savile]], English educator (d. [[1622]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Costanzo Antegnati]], Italian composer, organist (d. [[1624]])
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[John Petre, 1st Baron Petre]], English politician and baron (d. [[1613]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Kaspar Ulenberg]], German theologian (d. [[1617]])<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Kaspar Ulenberg}}</ref>
* ''date unknown''
** [[Kutsuki Mototsuna]], Japanese military commander (d. [[1632]])
** [[John Rainolds]], English scholar and Bible translator (d. [[1607]])
** [[Juan de Salcedo]], Spanish conquistador (d. [[1576]])
** [[Marek Sobieski]], Polish noble (d. [[1605]])
** [[Ogawa Suketada]], Japanese warlord (d. [[1601]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:Titian - Pope Paul III - WGA22962.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Pope Paul III]]]]
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Elia Levita]], German Yiddish writer (b. [[1469]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Il Sodoma]], Italian painter (b. [[1477]])
* March &ndash; [[Mingyi Swe]], Burmese viceroy of Toungoo
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Cybo]], Italian condottiero (b. [[1500]])
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley]], English politician and diplomat (b. [[1508]])
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Veit Dietrich]], German theologian, writer and reformer (b. [[1506]])<ref>{{NDB|3|699|699|Dietrich, Veit|Hans Reuther}}</ref>
* April &ndash; [[Andrew Boorde]], English traveller (b. [[1490]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Matsudaira Hirotada]], Japanese daimyo (b. [[1526]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Christine of Saxony]], German noble (b. [[1505]])
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Ralph Neville, 4th Earl of Westmorland]], English earl (b. [[1498]])
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[María de Toledo]], Vicereine and regent of the Spanish Colony of Santo Domingo (b. [[1490]])
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[Luis Cáncer]], Spanish [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] priest, missionary, martyr and servant of God (b. [[1500]])
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Edmund Sheffield, 1st Baron Sheffield]], English baron (b. [[1521]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg]], Prince of Lüneburg and Baron of Harburg (b. [[1495]])
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Anthony Denny]], confidant of [[Henry VIII of England]] (b. [[1501]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Benedetto Accolti the Younger]], Italian Catholic cardinal (b. [[1497]])
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Marie d'Albret, Countess of Rethel]], French nobility (b. [[1491]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul III]] (b. [[1468]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Paul III {{!}} pope |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-III |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=22 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 26]] &ndash; [[Henry Somerset, 2nd Earl of Worcester]] (b. [[1496]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Robert Kett]], English rebel (executed)
* [[December 21]] &ndash; [[Marguerite de Navarre]], queen of [[Henry II of Navarre]] (b. [[1492]])<ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to Marguerite de Navarre|publisher=Brill|year=2013|isbn=9789004250505|page=16}}</ref>
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[Daniel Bomberg]], Brabantian printer<ref>{{cite book|author=Israel Zinberg|title=A History of Jewish Literature: Italian Jewry in the Renaissance era|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a31VbagQR70C&pg=PA53|year=1972|publisher=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|isbn=978-0-87068-240-7|pages=53}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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