View source for 1748

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[[File:Richard Paton (1717-91) - Sir Charles Knowles's Engagement with the Spanish Fleet off Havana. - RCIN 406654 - Royal Collection.jpg|thumb|300px|[[October 12]]: The [[Battle of Havana (1748)|Battle of Havana]] is fought in the Caribbean between Britain's Royal Navy and the Spanish Fleet.(1770 painting by Richard Paton)]]
{{C18 year in topic}}
{{Year article header|1748}}

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 12]] &ndash; [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] captures [[Lahore]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/abdali.html|access-date=2011-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225410/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/events/abdali.html|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[January 27]] &ndash; A fire at the prison and barracks at [[Kinsale]], in [[Ireland]], kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there.  An estimated 500 prisoners are safely conducted to another prison.<ref name=Fires1748>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p51</ref>  
* [[February 7]] &ndash; The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the [[Viceroyalty of New Spain]], in what is now central [[Texas]].  On orders of the Viceroy, [[Juan Francisco de Güemes, 1st Count of Revillagigedo|Juan Francisco de Güemes]], [[Historical list of the Catholic bishops of Puerto Rico|Friar Mariano Marti]] establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the [[San Gabriel River (Texas)|San Gabriel River]] in what is now [[Milam County, Texas|Milam County]].<ref>Elizabeth A. H. John, ''Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) pp282-283</ref>  The mission, located northeast of the future site of [[Austin, Texas]], is attacked by 60 [[Apache]] Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.
* [[March 11]] &ndash; In battle near Manupur ({{convert|15|km|mi}} northwest of [[Sirhind]]), Mughal forces under Prince [[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] are victorious against [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. 
* [[March 25]] &ndash; A fire in the [[City of London]] starts at [[Change Alley]] in [[Cornhill, London|Cornhill]] and continues for two days.  Dr. [[Samuel Johnson]] later writes, "The conflagration of a city, with all its turmoil and concominant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can afford to human eyes".<ref name=Fires1748/> Another history notes more than a century later that "the fire led to a great increase in the practice of [[fire insurance]]", after the blaze causes more than £1,000,000 worth of damage.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 15]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Maastricht (1748)|Siege of the Dutch fortress of Maastricht]] is started by the French under the command of [[Maurice de Saxe]] as part of the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].  The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.
* [[April 24]] &ndash; A congress assembles at [[Aix-la-Chapelle]] (now [[Aachen]]), with the intent to conclude the [[War of the Austrian Succession]].  The treaty is signed on October 18.
* [[May 10]] &ndash; As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of [[Maastricht]] to [[France]], the French Army's leader of the [[Siege of Maastricht (1748)|siege]], [[Ulrich Friedrich Woldemar von Löwendal|Count Löwendal]], marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender.<ref>Francis Henry Skrine, ''Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-1748'' (W. Blackwood and Sons, 1906) pp346-347</ref> 
* [[June 1]]
**A fire in [[Moscow]] kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings.<ref name=Fires1748/>
**[[José de Escandón, 1st Count of Sierra Gorda|José de Escandón]] is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of [[Nuevo Santander]].  The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of [[Tamaulipas]], and the part of the U.S. state of [[Texas]] south of the [[Guadalupe River (Texas)|Guadalupe River]] (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 29]] &ndash;  [[Royal Navy]] Admiral [[Edward Boscawen]] arrives at the coast of southeastern [[India]] with 28 ships, to defend [[Fort St. David]] from attacks by armies of [[French India]].  Historian [[Francis Grose]] later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" <ref>[[Charles Rathbone Low]], ''History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863)'' (Richard Bentley and Son, 1877) p140</ref> and 14 ships of the British East India Company.  Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command.  He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and drive France from the subcontinent.
* [[August 26]] &ndash;  The first [[Lutheran Church]] body in America is founded at a conference in [[Philadelphia]], organized by German-born evangelist [[Henry Muhlenberg]] and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities.<ref>Henry Eyster Jacobs, ''A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States'' (The Christian Literature Co., 1893 p243</ref>  The two groups agree to create a common [[liturgy]] to govern public worship.
* [[August]] &ndash; The [[Nymphalis antiopa|Camberwell beauty]] butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Shahrukh Afshar|Shah Rukh]] becomes ruler of [[Greater Khorasan]].

=== October &ndash;December ===
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[War of Jenkins' Ear]] &ndash; [[Battle of Havana (1748)|Battle of Havana]]: a [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[Caribbean]] squadron engages a [[Spain|Spanish]] squadron based near [[Havana]].<ref name="Thomas">Thomas p 263</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[War of the Austrian Succession]]: The [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains [[Madras]], in India, from France, in exchange for the [[fortress]] of [[Louisbourg]] in Canada.
* [[November 22]] &ndash; The [[Electorate of Hanover]] (now occupied by most of the northwestern German state of [[Niedersachsen]] or Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of the [[Moravian Church]].<ref>
Paul Peucker, ''A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century'' (Penn State Press, 2015)</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle the [[War of the Austrian Succession]], and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Leonhard Euler]] publishes ''[[Introductio in analysin infinitorum]]'', an introduction to pure analytical mathematics, in Berlin.
* [[Montesquieu]] publishes ''[[The Spirit of the Laws|De l'esprit des lois]]''.
* [[Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock]] publishes the first three [[canto]]s of his [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ''[[Der Messias (Klopstock)|Der Messias]]'' in [[hexameter]]s (anonymously), in ''[[Bremer Beiträge]]'' ([[Leipzig]]).
* [[Adam Smith]] begins to deliver public lectures in [[Edinburgh]].
* The [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]] makes [[Eva Ekeblad]] its first female member.
* Construction of the [[Sveaborg]] fortification begins near [[Helsinki]].
* The ruins of [[Pompeii]] are rediscovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeologists Investigate Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/pompeii |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301162502/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/pompeii |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 1, 2021 |website=History |access-date=3 August 2022 |language=en |date=21 October 2010}}</ref>
* [[Louis XV]] breaks his promise to eliminate the [[income tax]], after the [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] ends the war. The [[Parlement of Paris]] protests, so he reduces the tax to 5%.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Income Taxation in France | author1 = H. Parker Willis | journal = Journal of Political Economy | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | date = December 1895 | pages = 37–53 | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | url = http://www.austinlibrary.com:2138/stable/1817921 | quote = The war of the Austrian Succession for the third time threw the treasury back upon the hated fiscal resource in October of 1741, when the income tax was reintroduced accompanied by a royal promise to the effect that upon the close of the war this means of raising revenue should once for all be done away with. | doi=10.1086/250324| s2cid = 154527133 | url-access = subscription }}</ref>
</onlyinclude>

== Births ==
* [[January 19]] &ndash; [[Antonio Carnicero]], Spanish painter (d. [[1814]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Adam Weishaupt]], German founder of the [[Illuminati|Order of the Illuminati]] (d. [[1811]])
[[File:Jeremy Bentham by Henry William Pickersgill.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jeremy Bentham]]]]
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Jeremy Bentham]], English philosopher (d. [[1832]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Anom|title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-X-XYB_ZkIC&pg=PA129|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-29366-5|pages=129}}</ref>
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Timothy Dexter]], American businessman (d. [[1806]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Anders Sparrman]], Swedish naturalist (d. [[1820]])
* [[March 5]] 
** [[William Shield]], English violinist, composer (d. [[1829]])
** [[Jonas C. Dryander]], Swedish botanist (d. [[1810]])
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[William V, Prince of Orange]] (d. [[1806]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[John Playfair]], Scottish scientist (d. [[1819]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu]], French botanist (d. [[1836]])
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Joseph Bramah]], English inventor, locksmith (d. [[1814]]) 
* [[April 27]]
** [[Pierre-Louis Ginguené]], French author (d. [[1816]]) <ref>{{cite book|author1=Hugh Chisholm|author2=James Louis Garvin|title=The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nuezwLN7O0QC|year=1926|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|page=28}}</ref>
** [[Adamantios Korais]], Greek scholar (d. [[1833]])
* [[May 3]] &ndash; [[Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès]], French cleric, constitutional theorist (d. [[1836]])
* [[May 7]] &ndash; [[Olympe de Gouges]], French playwright (d. [[1793]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange|author2=Thomas A. Copeland|title=Women in History, Literature, and the Arts: A Festschrift for Hildegard Schnuttgen in Honor of Her Thirty Years of Outstanding Service at Youngstown State University|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gA0pAAAAYAAJ|year=1989|publisher=The University|isbn=978-0-9623146-1-2|page=22}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Louis Pierre Vieillot]], French ornithologist (d. [[1830]])
* [[May 28]] &ndash; [[Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle]] (d. [[1825]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Dominique, comte de Cassini|Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini]], French astronomer (d. [[1845]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Gmelin]], German naturalist (d. [[1804]])
[[File:David_Self_Portrait.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Jacques-Louis David]]]]
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Schott]], German music publisher (d. [[1809]])<ref>{{NDB |23|486|487|Schott, Peter Bernhard|Brück, Marion|118610546}}</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Jacques-Louis David]], French painter (d. [[1825]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco|author2=Pierre Rosenberg|title=French Paintings 1500-1825, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U3_qAAAAMAAJ|year=1987|publisher=The Museum|isbn=978-0-88401-055-5|page=143}}</ref>
* [[October 7]] &ndash; King [[Charles XIII]] of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) (d. [[1818]])
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Johann Dominicus Fiorillo]], German painter, art historian (d. [[1821]])
* [[November 11]] &ndash; King [[Charles IV of Spain]] (d. [[1819]])<ref>{{cite book|title=The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iI1WAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|isbn=978-0-85229-605-9|page=117}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[William Chalmers (merchant)|William Chalmers]], Swedish merchant (d. [[1811]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Claude Louis Berthollet]], French chemist (d. [[1822]])
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire]] (d. [[1811]])
* ''date unknown'' 
** [[Gioacchino Navarro]], Maltese priest and poet (d. [[1813]])
** [[James Sayers (caricaturist)|James Sayers]], English caricaturist (d. [[1823]])
** [[Timur Shah Durrani]], Afghan king (d. [[1793]])
** [[Thomas Holloway (painter)|Thomas Holloway]], English portrait painter, engraver (d. [[1827]]
** [[Stylianos Vlasopoulos]], Greek judge, writer (d. [[1822]])

== Deaths ==
[[File:William Kent.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[William Kent]]]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Johann Bernoulli]], Swiss mathematician (b. [[1667]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Arnold Drakenborch]], Dutch classical scholar (b. [[1684]])
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun]], Austrian field marshal (b. [[1677]])
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Élisabeth Thérèse of Lorraine, Princess of Epinoy|Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine]], French noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (b. [[1664]])
* [[March 14]] &ndash; [[George Wade]], British military leader (b. [[1673]])
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Johann Gottfried Walther]], German music theorist, organist and composer (b. [[1684]])
* [[April 8]] &ndash; [[Empress Xiaoxianchun]] of Qing dynasty (b. [[1712]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[William Kent]], English architect (b. c. [[1685]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Muhammad Shah]], Mughal emperor of India (b. [[1702]])
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Thomas Lowndes (astronomer)|Thomas Lowndes]], British astronomer (b. [[1692]])
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Henri, Duke of Elbeuf]], member of the House of Lorraine (b. [[1661]])
* [[June 16]] &ndash; [[Jean Philippe d'Orléans]], illegitimate son of future French regent [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans|Philippe d'Orleans]] (b. [[1702]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Marretje Arents]], Dutch rebel leader (b. [[1712]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[James Thomson (poet, born 1700)|James Thomson]], Scottish poet (b. [[1700]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Trevor Royle|title=Macmillan Companion to Scottish Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SDJdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA300|date=11 November 1984|publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education|isbn=978-1-349-07587-4|pages=300}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Edmund Gibson]], English jurist (b. [[1669]])
* [[September 10]] &ndash; Mother [[Ignacia del Espíritu Santo]], Filipino founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (b. [[1663]])
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Anne Bracegirdle]], English actress (b. c. [[1671]])
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[John Balguy]], English philosopher (b. [[1686]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Hurd|title=The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd, 1739-1762|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTNQLZxFIKgC&pg=PR20|year=1995|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|isbn=978-0-85115-653-8|pages=20}}</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Isaac Watts]], English hymn writer (b. [[1674]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Isaac Watts|title=The Beauties of the Late Revd. Dr. Isaac Watts; ... To which is Added the Life of the Author|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vCS6CIbOpEC&pg=PR12|year=1782|publisher=G. Kearsley|pages=12}}</ref>
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset]], English politician (b. [[1662]])

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Blair's Chronological Tables |author1=John Blair |author-link=John Blair (priest) |author2=J. Willoughby Rosse|location= London |publisher=[[Henry George Bohn|H.G. Bohn]] |year=1856 |via=Hathi Trust |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=669 |chapter= 1748 |hdl=2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n?urlappend=%3Bseq=669 }}

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[[Category:Leap years in the Gregorian calendar]]