View source for 1818

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year nav|1818}}
[[File:Surrender of the Peishwa Bajirao II.jpg|250px|thumb|[[June 3]]: The Peshwar [[Baji Rao II]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]] surrenders [[India]] to [[John Malcolm]] of the [[British East India Company]].]]
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:VtransitsJ.jpg|thumb|right|[[January 3]] (21:52 UTC): [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]] for the last planetary occultation until [[2065]].]]
{{Year article header|1818}}

== Events ==
[[Image:Draisine1817.jpg|200px|right|thumb|Original ''Laufmaschine'' of 1817 made to measure.]]
=== January–March ===
* [[January 1]] 
** [[Battle of Koregaon]]: Troops of the [[British East India Company]] score a decisive victory over the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]]. 
** English author [[Mary Shelley]] publishes the novel ''[[Frankenstein]]'' anonymously.
* [[January 3]] (21:52 UTC) – [[Venus]] [[Occultation|occults]] [[Jupiter]]. It is the last occultation of one planet by another before [[November 22]], [[2065]].
* [[January 6]] – The Treaty of Mandeswar brings an end to the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], ending the dominance of [[Maratha]]s, and enhancing the power of the [[British East India Company]], which controls territory occupied by 180&nbsp;million [[Demographics of India|Indians]].
* [[January 12]] – The [[Dandy horse]] (''Laufmaschine'' bicycle) is patented by [[Karl Drais]] in [[Mannheim]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Patent for Drais' "Laufmaschine", the ancestor of all bicycle|url=https://www.dpma.de/english/our_office/publications/news/milestones/200jahrepatentfuerdasur-fahrrad/index.html|website=Deutsches Patent- und Markenamt|accessdate=2021-06-26}}</ref>
* [[February 3]] – Jeremiah Chubb is granted a British patent for the [[Chubb detector lock]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chubbarchive.co.uk/page5.html|work=Chubb Archive|title=A Brief History of Chubb 1818–1990s|access-date=2018-12-16}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] – Writer [[Walter Scott]] finds the [[Honours of Scotland]] in [[Edinburgh Castle]].
* [[February 5]] – Upon his death, King [[Charles XIII]] of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) is succeeded on both thrones by his adoptive son [[Charles XIV John|Charles XIV/III John]], starting the Royal [[House of Bernadotte]].
* [[February 11]] – [[Marie André Cantillon]] attempts to assassinate the [[Duke of Wellington]] in Paris.
* [[February 12]] – [[Chilean Declaration of Independence]] from Spain is proclaimed in [[Chile]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Napoleon's Conquest of Spain Led to Revolution in Chile |url=https://www.historyhit.com/1818-declaration-chilean-independence/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=History Hit |language=en-GB}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] and his American army invade [[Florida]].{{cn|date=January 2024}}
* [[March 22]] – [[Easter Sunday]] in [[Western Christianity]] falls on its earliest possible date. In Western Christianity, it will not occur on this date again until [[2285]].

=== April–June ===
[[File:BatallaDeMaipu.jpg|thumb|right|[[April 5]]: [[Battle of Maipú]]]]
* [[April 1]] – [[Seminole Wars#First Seminole War|First Seminole War]] – Battle of [[Miccosukee, Florida]]: General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeats chief Kinhagee.
* [[April 4]] – The [[United States Congress]] adopts the [[flag of the United States]] as having thirteen red and white stripes, and one star for each state (twenty), with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
* [[April 5]] – [[Chilean War of Independence]] – [[Battle of Maipú]]: Patriot rebels, led by [[José de San Martín]], decisively defeat the Spanish [[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Royalist]]s.
* [[April 7]] –  ''[[Brooks Brothers]]'', the oldest men's clothier in the United States, opens its first store on the northeast corner of Catherine and Cherry Streets in New York City, where the later [[South Street Seaport]] stands.
* [[April 14]]–[[August 9]] – The United States Survey of the Coast operations is suspended.
* [[April 18]] – [[John Ross (Arctic explorer)|John Ross]] sets sail on his ship, the ''Isabella'', in search of the [[Northwest Passage]].<ref>Robert Huish, ''The Last Voyage of Capt. Sir John Ross, R.N. to the Arctic Regions'' (J. Saunders, 1835) p77</ref>
* [[May 11]]
** [[Charles XIV John|Charles XIV]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Sweden]].
** ''[[The Old Vic]] Theatre'' is founded (as the ''Royal Coburg Hall'') in London.
** ''[[The Westmorland Gazette]]'' is first published at [[Kendal]] in the [[Lake District]] of England; in July, [[Thomas De Quincey]] will begin a 16-month term as editor.
* [[June 3]] – [[Baji Rao II]], [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Confederacy]], surrenders to Sir [[John Malcolm]] of the [[British East India Company]], bringing an end to the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] and giving the company control of almost all of modern-day [[India]].<ref>{{Citation|title=A History of the Mahrattas|first=James Grant|last=Duff|volume=2|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|location=London|oclc=61585379|year=1921|editor=[[Stephen Meredyth Edwardes]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&q=A+history+of+the+Mahrattas,+Volume+2&pg=PA1|page=513}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] – The British Parliament is dissolved by Prime Minister Jenkinson, and new [[1818 United Kingdom general election|elections are scheduled for August 4]] for the House of Commons.<ref name=Styles>John Styles, ''Memoirs of the Life of the Right Hon. George Canning'', Volume 2 (Thomas Tegg, 1828) pp270-273</ref>
* [[June 11]] – [[William IV|Prince William]], [[Duke of Clarence and St Andrews]], third oldest son of King [[George III]] and the future King William IV of the United Kingdom, marries [[Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen]].<ref>John Burke, ''A General and Heraldic Dictionary of the Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire'' (Henry Colburn Co., 1833) p xxxiii</ref>
* [[June 18]] – At least 34 people are killed in [[Switzerland]], when the melting of a glacier releases the natural dam of [[Lac de Mauvoisin]], sending the waters of the lake and the [[Dranse (Haute-Savoie)|Dranse River]] into the valley of [[Bagnes]].<ref>Jean Frédéric Ostervald, et al., ''Picturesque Tour from Geneva to Milan, by Way of the Simplon'' (R. Ackermann, 1820) pp43-44</ref>
* June – [[Battle of Kafir Qala]]: The Afghans defeat a Persian invasion.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

=== July–September ===
* [[July 1]] – After a war that began on [[November 5]], [[1817]], the forces of the [[East India Company]] defeat [[Baji Rao II]] in battle and acquire control over the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref>''The Oriental Herald and Journal of General Literature'' April 1826. p. 150.</ref>
* [[July 3]] – English poet [[Lord Byron]], resident in Italy, begins work on his satirical epic ''[[Don Juan (Byron)|Don Juan]]''. Although he completes the first [[canto]] by September 19, he will die in [[1824]] before he can finish the poem, after completing 16 [[canto]]s and working on the 17th.<ref>{{cite book|first=John D.|last=Jump|title=Byron|location=London|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|page=103}}</ref>
* [[July 11]] – The [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] reverses its policy of expanding credit, and sends notices to its borrowers nationwide demanding immediate repayment of balances due; the defaults during the next six months will trigger the [[Panic of 1819]].<ref>"Congressional Register", ''Niles Weekly Register'' July 3, 1824. p. 251.</ref>
* [[July 15]] – U.S. President [[James Monroe]] convenes a cabinet meeting, to discuss whether General [[Andrew Jackson]]'s unauthorized invasion and conquest of [[Spanish Florida]] should be disavowed by the White House. Secretary of State [[John Quincy Adams]] persuades the President that the action is justifiable, in stopping terror caused by the Seminole tribes.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Christopher H.|last1=Pyle|first2=Richard M.|last2=Pious|title=The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics|publisher=Simon and Schuster|year=1984|page=294}}</ref>
* [[July 29]] – French physicist [[Augustin-Jean Fresnel]] submits his prizewinning "Memoir on the [[Diffraction]] of Light" to the [[French Academy of Sciences]], precisely accounting for the limited extent to which light spreads into shadows, and thereby demolishing the oldest objection to the wave theory of [[light]].
* [[July 31]] – The first newspaper in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] is issued by publisher Andrew Logan.<ref>{{cite book|first=W. Scott|last=Robison|title=History of the City of Cleveland: Its Settlement, Rise and Progress|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00robi_0|publisher=Robison & Cockett|year=1887|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofcityofc00robi_0/page/n39 28]}}</ref> Using the original name of the small settlement (population 172), Logan names the weekly paper ''The Cleaveland Gazette & Commercial Register''.<ref>{{cite book|first=Bob|last=Rich|title=A Touch of Cleveland History: Stories from the First 200 Years|publisher=Gray & Company|year=2013|page=43}}</ref> 
* [[August 1]] – A separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War]] is established.
* [[August 4]] – [[1818 United Kingdom general election]] for the House of Commons. The Tory Party, led by Prime Minister [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool|Robert Jenkinson]], retains its control of the government but loses some seats.<ref name=Styles/>
* [[September 7]] – [[Charles XIV John|Carl III]] of [[Sweden–Norway]] is crowned king of [[Norway]], in [[Trondheim]].
* [[September 23]] – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of [[Moresnet]].
* [[September]] – Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] sets out to visit [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], [[Governor-General of India]], to gain his approval to establish a trading station at the southern tip of the [[Malay Peninsula]] (modern-day [[Singapore]]).

=== October–December ===
* [[October 5]] – [[Claudine Thévenet]] (known as ''Mary of St. Ignatius'') founds the [[Roman Catholic]] order ''Religieuses de Jésus-Marie'' ("Religious of Jesus And Mary") in [[Lyon]], France.
* [[October 20]] – A [[Treaty of 1818|treaty]] between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the boundary between the U.S. and [[British North America]] as the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]], from the [[Lake of the Woods]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], also creating the [[Northwest Angle]].
* [[November 11]] – [[Ying Wa College|Anglo-Chinese College]] is founded by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] in [[Malacca]] (later renamed Ying Wa College).
* [[November 16]] – The Saint Louis Academy, which later becomes [[Saint Louis University]], is founded by Reverend [[Louis William Valentine Dubourg]] in the United States.
* [[December 3]] – [[Illinois]] is admitted as the 21st [[U.S. state]].
* [[December 13]] – [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] quits his place as an [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]].
* [[December 24]] – The [[Christmas carol]] "[[Silent Night]]" (''Stille Nacht''), with words by the priest [[Josef Mohr]], set to music by organist [[Franz Xaver Gruber]], is first performed at St. Nikolaus Parish Church, in [[Oberndorf bei Salzburg]], Austria.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo (1818)|Catholic–Orthodox clash in Aleppo]].
* [[Hamburg Temple disputes]] between branches of Judaism intensify in Germany.
* The first edition of the ''[[Farmers' Almanac]]'' is published in the United States.
* The first Serbian dictionary is published by [[Vuk Karadžić]].
* [[Besses o' th' Barn Band|Besses o' th' Barn Brass Band]] is formed in [[Whitefield, Greater Manchester|Whitefield]], near [[Manchester]] in the north of England, by this date.
*The [[Barakzai dynasty|Barakzai brothers]] expel [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]] and the [[Durrani dynasty|Sadozais]] out of Afghanistan, dividing the provinces up amongst themselves.
*[[Akure–Benin War]]: [[Benin Kingdom|Benin]] invasion of [[Akure Kingdom|Akure]].

== Births ==
=== January–June ===
[[File:Karl Marx_001.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Karl Marx]]]]
[[File:Alexander II of Russia photo.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Alexander II of Russia]]]] 
[[File:Koningin Sophie Württemberg.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Sophie of Württemberg]]]]
* [[January 1]] – [[J. P. C. Emmons]], American attorney and politician (d. [[1877]])
* [[January 30]] – [[Artúr Görgey]], Hungarian military general, politician (d. [[1916]])
* [[February 4]] – [[Emperor Norton]], San Francisco eccentric and visionary (d. [[1880]])
* [[February 13]] – [[Angelica Singleton Van Buren]], Acting [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1877]])
* [[February 14]] – [[Frederick Douglass]] (his day of birth was never established; he adopted this date), American abolitionist author, statesman (d. [[1895]])
* [[February 18]] – [[Perucho Figueredo|Pedro Figueredo]], Cuban poet, musician, and freedom writer (d. [[1870]])
* [[March 11]] – [[Henri Étienne Sainte-Claire Deville]], French chemist (d. [[1881]])
* [[March 22]] – [[John Ainsworth Horrocks]], English-born explorer of [[South Australia]] (d. [[1846]])
* [[March 24]] – [[William E. Le Roy]], American admiral (d. [[1888]])
* [[March 28]] – [[Wade Hampton III]], Confederate soldier and South Carolinian politician (d. [[1902]]) 
* [[April 4]] – [[Thomas Mayne Reid]], Irish-American novelist (d. [[1883]])
* [[April 6]] – [[Aasmund Olavsson Vinje]], Norwegian journalist and poet (d. [[1870]])
* [[April 8]] –
** King [[Christian IX]] of Denmark (d. [[1906]])
** [[August Wilhelm von Hofmann]], German chemist (d. [[1892]])
* [[April 17]] – Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] (d. [[1881]])
* [[April 19]] – [[Sir Arthur Elton, 7th Baronet]], English writer, Liberal Party politician (d. [[1883]])
* [[May 5]] – [[Karl Marx]], German political philosopher, co-author of [[The Communist Manifesto]] (d. [[1883]])
* [[May 27]] – [[Amelia Bloomer]], American dress reformer, women's rights activist (d. [[1894]])
* [[June 3]] – [[Louis Faidherbe]], French general and colonial administrator (d. [[1889]])
* [[June 17]]
** [[Sophie of Württemberg]], Dutch queen (d. [[1877]])
** [[Charles Gounod]], French composer (d. [[1893]])
* [[June 18]] – [[Angelo Secchi]], Italian astronomer (d. [[1878]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Emily Brontë by Patrick Branwell Brontë restored.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Emily Brontë]]]]
[[File:Hermann Kolbe2.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]]]]
[[File:Joule James sitting.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[James Prescott Joule]]]]
* [[July 1]] – [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], Hungarian physician, obstetrician (d. [[1865]])
* [[July 18]] – [[Louis Gerhard De Geer]], 1st Prime Minister of Sweden (d. [[1896]])
* [[July 22]] – [[J. Gregory Smith]], Vermont governor (d. [[1891]])
* [[July 27]] – [[Agostino Roscelli]], Italian priest, founder of the Institute of Sisters of the Immaculata (d. [[1902]])
* [[July 30]]
** [[Emily Brontë]], British novelist (d. [[1848]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Emily Bronte {{!}} Biography, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Emily-Bronte |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=17 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Jan Heemskerk]], 2-time prime minister of the Netherlands (d. [[1897]])
* [[August 11]] – [[Méry von Bruiningk]], Estonian democrat (d. [[1853]]) 
* [[August 25]] – [[Shiv Dayal Singh]], Founder and first SatGuru of RadhaSoami Faith (d. [[1878]]) 
* [[September 1]] – [[José María Castro Madriz]], first [[President of Costa Rica]], founder of the republic (d. [[1892]])
* [[September 12]] – [[Richard Jordan Gatling]], American inventor, gunsmith (d. [[1903]]) 
* [[September 27]] – [[Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe]], German chemist (d. [[1884]])
* [[October 8]] – [[John Henninger Reagan]], American Confederate politician (d. [[1905]])
* [[October 12]] – [[Maximilian Cercha]], Polish painter and drawer (d. [[1907]])
* [[October 15]] – [[Irvin McDowell]], American general (d. [[1885]])
* [[October 18]] – [[Francis Dutton]], Germany-born [[Premier of South Australia]] (d. [[1877]])
* [[November 5]] – [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Franklin Butler]], American lawyer, politician, and general (d. [[1893]])
* [[November 9]] ([[October 28]] (O.S.)) – [[Ivan Turgenev]], Russian writer (d. [[1883]])
* [[November 23]] – [[József Szlávy]], 6th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1900]])
* [[November 29]] – [[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]], Canadian politician (d. [[1880]])
* [[December 13]] – [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (d. [[1882]])
* [[December 18]] – [[Max Joseph von Pettenkofer]], German chemist and hygienist (d. [[1901]])
* [[December 24]] – [[James Prescott Joule]], English physicist (d. [[1889]])<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Joule, James Prescott|first=Richard Tetley |last=Glazebrook|volume=30}}</ref>
* [[December 27]] – [[J. Lawrence Smith (chemist)|J. Lawrence Smith]], American chemist (d. [[1883]])

===Date unknown===
* [[Dimitrie Brătianu]], 15th Prime Minister of Romania (d. [[1892]])

== Deaths ==
=== January–June ===
[[File:Charles XIII of Sweden.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Charles XIII]]]]
[[File:Charlotte of Sweden & Norway c 1809.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp]]]]
* [[January 2]] – [[Martha Christina Tiahahu]], [[Moluccas|Moluccan]] freedom fighter, national heroine of Indonesia (b. [[1800]])<ref>{{cite web
 |url=http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/08/18/06024133/Martha.Christina.Si.Pemberani.dari.Timur  |title=Martha Christina Si Pemberani dari Timur  |trans-title=Martha Christina, the Brave One from the East |language=id |last=Alaidrus  |first=Syarivah  |location=Jakarta  |work=Kompas  |date=27 April 2010 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422044804/http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/08/18/06024133/Martha.Christina.Si.Pemberani.dari.Timur}}</ref>
* [[January 11]] – [[Johann David Wyss]], Swiss author (b. [[1743]])
* [[February 5]] – [[Charles XIII|Charles XIII/Charles II]], King of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1748]])
* [[February 13]] – [[George Rogers Clark]], American Revolutionary leader (b. [[1752]])
* [[February 15]] – [[Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen]], Prussian general (b. [[1746]])
* [[February 21]] – [[David Humphreys (soldier)|David Humphreys]], American diplomat (b. [[1752]])
* [[March 24]] – [[Humphry Repton]], English garden designer (b. [[1752]])<ref>{{cite DNB|wstitle =Repton, Humphry|first =William Prideaux |last = Courtney |author-link =William Prideaux Courtney|volume=48}}</ref>
* [[April 16]] – [[Nikolaus von Krufft]], Austrian composer and civil servant (b. [[1779]])
* [[May 2]] – [[Herman Willem Daendels]], [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1762]])
* [[May 10]] – [[Paul Revere]], American patriot, silversmith (b. [[1735]])
* [[May 13]] – [[Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé]] (b. [[1736]])
* [[May 18]] – [[Maddalena Laura Sirmen]], Italian musician and composer (b. [[1745]])<ref>[[Eric Blom|Blom, Eric]] ed.; ''[[Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]'', 5th edition, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1954.</ref>
* [[May 26]] – [[Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly]], Russian military commander (b. [[1761]])
* [[June 12]] – [[Egwale Seyon]], Emperor of Ethiopia
* [[June 20]] – [[Hedvig Elisabeth Charlotte of Holstein-Gottorp]], queen consort of Sweden and Norway (b. [[1759]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/HedvigElisabetCharlottadrottning|title=Hedvig Elisabet Charlotta, drottning|website=SKBL|access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[June 24]] – [[Alexander Kurakin]], Russian diplomat (b. [[1752]])

=== July–December ===
[[File:Abigail_Adams_by_Gilbert_Stuart.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Abigail Adams]]]]
[[File:Queen Charlotte, by studio of Thomas Gainsborough.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]]]
* [[July 28]] – [[Gaspard Monge]], French mathematician and geometer (b. [[1746]])
* [[August 4]] – [[Tom Molineaux]], African-American boxer (b. [[1784]])
* [[August 5]] – [[Sir John Barrington, 9th Baronet]] of Great Britain (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 11]] – [[Robert Carr Brackenbury]], English Methodist preacher (b. [[1752]])
* [[August 12]] – [[Nikolay Novikov]], Russian writer (b. [[1744]])
* [[August 22]] – [[Warren Hastings]], English [[Governor-General of India]] (b. [[1732]])
* [[August 31]] – [[Arthur St. Clair]], American soldier, politician (b. [[1737]])
* [[September 1]] – [[Robert Calder]], British naval officer (b. [[1745]])
* [[September 9]] – [[Seymour Fleming]], British noblewoman (b. [[1758]])
* [[October 28]] – [[Abigail Adams]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1744]])
* [[October 28]] – [[Henri Jacques Guillaume Clarke]], duc de Feltre, French marshal, politician (b. [[1765]])
* [[November 17]] – [[Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]], queen of [[George III]] of the United Kingdom (b. [[1744]])
* [[December 25]] – [[Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon]], [[Marshal of France]] (b. [[1754]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Ghaliyya Al Bogammiah]], Saudi Arabian war heroine

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1818}}
[[Category:1818| ]]