View source for 1881

{{Short description|CaIendar year}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{About year|1881|the declared monument|Former Marine Police Headquarters}}
{{Year nav|1881}}
{{C19 year in topic}}
[[File:Battle of Majuba Hill.jpg|thumb|[[February 27]]: [[Battle of Majuba Hill]]]]
[[File:Attentat mortal Alexander II (1881).jpg|thumb|[[March 13]]: [[Alexander II of Russia]] is assassinated.]]
[[File:Garfield assassination engraving cropped.jpg|thumb|[[July 2]]: [[Assassination of James A. Garfield]]]]
{{Year article header|1881}}
{{TOC limit|2}}

== Events ==
===January===
* [[January 1]]&ndash;[[January 24|24]] &ndash; [[Siege of Geok Tepe]]: Russian troops under General [[Mikhail Skobelev]] defeat the [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]].
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[War of the Pacific]] &ndash; [[Battle of San Juan and Chorrillos]]: The Chilean army defeats Peruvian forces. 
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[War of the Pacific]] &ndash; [[Battle of Miraflores]]: The Chileans take Lima, capital of Peru, after defeating its second line of defense in Miraflores.
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[William Edward Forster]], chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill, which temporarily suspends [[habeas corpus]] so that those people suspected of committing an offence can be detained without trial; it goes through a long debate before it is accepted [[February 2]]. Note that [[Coercion Act#Ireland|Coercion bills]] had been passed almost annually in the 19th century,<ref>{{cite hansard|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/1893/sep/05/second-reading#column_5|title=Government of Ireland Bill (No. 265.); Second Reading|quote=I believe that in 87 years there have been 87 Coercion Acts or renewal of Coercion Acts in that country |house=House of Lords |date=5 September 1893 |volume=17 |column=5 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> with a total of 105 such bills passed from 1801 to 1921.<ref>{{cite book |title=Emergency legislation: the apparatus of repression |series=Field Day Pamphlet |volume=11 |page=5 |year=1986 |first=Michael |last=Farrell }}</ref>
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]] form the [[Oriental Telephone Company]].

===February===
* [[February 13]] &ndash; The first issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Citoyenne]]'' is published by [[Hubertine Auclert]] in Paris.
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The [[Canadian Pacific Railway]] is incorporated.<ref>[http://members.kos.net/sdgagnon/cpa.html "An Act Respecting the Canadian Pacific Railway"]</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Carlos Finlay]] introduces his discovery of the transmission of [[Yellow Fever]] by mosquitoes ''[[Aedes aegypti]]'', in the Fifth [[International Sanitary Conferences|International Sanitary Conference]] held in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Kansas]] becomes the first U.S. state to [[Alcohol laws of Kansas|prohibit]] all [[alcoholic beverage]]s.
* [[February 24]] (February 12 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Qing dynasty]] China signs the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)|Treaty of Saint Petersburg]] with the [[Russian Empire]] providing for the return to China of the eastern part of the [[Ili River|Ili]] Basin.{{dubious|date=January 2025}}
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Phoenix, Arizona]], is incorporated.

===March===
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The [[Cunard Line]]'s {{SS|Servia}}, the first large [[steel]] [[transatlantic liner]], is launched at [[Clydebank]] in Scotland.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/434 434–435]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/434}}</ref>
* [[March 13]] (March 1 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Assassination of Alexander II of Russia]]: Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] ("the Liberator") is killed near his palace in Saint Petersburg when bombs are thrown at him, an act committed by the [[revolutionary socialist]] group [[Narodnaya Volya]] coordinated by [[Sophia Perovskaya]] but [[Warsaw pogrom (1881)|falsely blamed]] upon [[History of the Jews in Poland#Pogroms in the Russian Empire|Russian Jews]]. He is succeeded by his son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]. The assassin [[Ignacy Hryniewiecki]] is also killed by his own bomb.
* [[March 23]]
** The [[First Boer War]] comes to an end.
** A fire caused by a gas explosion destroys the [[Opéra de Nice]] in the south of France with fatalities.
* [[March 26]] (March 14 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; The [[United Principalities|Principality of Romania]] is proclaimed the [[Kingdom of Romania]].
* [[March 31]] &ndash; Edward Rudolf founds the '[[Church of England]] Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays' (later [[The Children's Society]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=A Brief History of the Waifs and Strays' Society|url=http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/history.html|work=Hidden Lives Revealed|access-date=2011-08-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719020252/http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/history.html|archive-date=2011-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

===April===
* [[April 11]] &ndash; [[Spelman College]] is established in Atlanta, Georgia.
* [[April 14]] &ndash; The [[Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight]] erupts in [[El Paso, Texas]].
* [[April 15]]
** [[Temuco]], [[Chile]], is founded.
** [[Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire#1881–84|Anti-Semitic pogroms in Southern Russia]] begin.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The [[University of Connecticut]] is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Caulfield Grammar School]] is founded in [[Melbourne]], Australia.
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Billy the Kid]] escapes from his 2 jailers at the [[Lincoln County, New Mexico|Lincoln County]] Jail in [[Mesilla, New Mexico|Mesilla]], [[New Mexico]], killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger, before stealing a horse and riding out of town.
* [[April 30]] &ndash; {{SS|Tararua}} hits a reef and sinks off the coast of [[New Zealand]]'s South Island with only 20 survivors of the 151 on board.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Gerard|last=Hutching|url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/EarthSeaAndSky/SeaAndAirTransport/Shipwrecks/2/ENZ-Resources/Standard/6/en|title=Shipwrecks – SS Tararua|encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=2007-09-21|accessdate=2025-03-29}}</ref>

===May===
* [[May 12]] &ndash; In North Africa, [[Tunisia]] becomes a French protectorate by the [[Treaty of Bardo]].
* [[May 13]] &ndash; The Pacific island of [[Rotuma]] cedes to Great Britain, becoming a dependency of the [[Colonial Fiji|Colony of Fiji]].
[[Image:First electric tram- Siemens 1881 in Lichterfelde.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|World's first regular electric [[tram]] service started in [[Berlin]]]]
* [[May 16]] &ndash; The world's first regular electric [[tram]] service is started in [[Berlin]], by [[Siemens & Halske]].
* [[May 21]]
** The [[American Red Cross]] is established by [[Clara Barton]].
** The [[United States Tennis Association]] is established by  a small group of tennis club members; the first U.S. [[Tennis]] Championships are played this year.
* [[May 22]] (May 10 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Carol I of Romania|Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen]] is crowned King of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]].

===June===
* [[June 12]] &ndash; The [[USS Jeannette (1878)|USS ''Jeannette'']] is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dying for data: the ill-fated USS Jeannette and the pursuit of scientific discovery {{!}} National Snow and Ice Data Center |url=https://nsidc.org/news-analyses/news-stories/dying-data-ill-fated-uss-jeannette-and-pursuit-scientific-discovery |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=nsidc.org |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[League of the Three Emperors]] is resurrected.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The current [[Cincinnati Reds]] baseball team plays its first game.
* [[June 26]] &ndash; [[War of the Pacific]] &ndash; [[Battle of Sangrar]]: Peruvian and Chilean forces battle to a draw.

===July===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; General Order 70, the culmination of the [[Cardwell–Childers reforms]] of the [[British Army]]'s organization, comes into effect.
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Assassination of James A. Garfield]]: United States President [[James A. Garfield]] is shot by lawyer [[Charles J. Guiteau]] in Washington, D.C. The wound becomes [[Infection|infected]], killing Garfield on [[September 19]].
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Tuskegee Institute]] opens in [[Alabama]].
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The first episode of [[Carlo Collodi]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Pinocchio]]'' is published in Italy.
* [[July 14]]–[[July 20|20]] &ndash; The [[1881 London Social Revolutionary Congress|London Social Revolutionary Congress]] is held; delegates include [[Marie Le Compte]], [[Peter Kropotkin]], [[Errico Malatesta]], [[Saverio Merlino]], [[Louise Michel]], [[Nikolai Tchaikovsky]] and [[Émile Gautier]].
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Billy the Kid]] is shot and killed by [[Pat Garrett]], outside [[Fort Sumner]], [[New Mexico]].
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Sioux]] chief [[Sitting Bull]] leads the last of his  people in surrender to United States troops at [[Fort Buford]] in [[Montana]].
* [[July 23]] &ndash; The [[Boundary Treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina]] is signed in [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=La guerra entre Chile y Argentina: Una mirada desde Chile|journal=[[Historia (history of the Americas journal)|Historia]]|url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-71942002003500009|last=Lacoste|first=Pablo|volume=35|pages=211–249|doi=10.4067/S0717-71942002003500009|year=2002|language=Spanish|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===August===
* [[August 3]] &ndash; The [[Pretoria Convention]] peace treaty is signed, officially ending the war between the [[Boers]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
* [[August 27]] &ndash; The [[1881 Atlantic hurricane season|fifth hurricane of the Atlantic season]] hits Florida and the Carolinas, killing about 700.

===September===
* [[September 5]] &ndash; The [[Thumb Fire]] in the U.S. state of [[Michigan]] destroys over a million acres (4,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>) and kills 282 people.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Francis Howell High School]] (Howell Institute) in [[St. Charles, Missouri]], and [[Stephen F. Austin High School (Austin, Texas)|Stephen F. Austin High School]] in [[Austin, Texas]], open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of the oldest public [[High school (North America)|high school]] west of the [[Mississippi River]].
* [[September 19]] &ndash; President [[James A. Garfield]] dies eleven weeks after being shot. Vice President [[Chester A. Arthur]] becomes the 21st president of the United States.
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Godalming]] becomes the first town in England to have its streets illuminated by [[electric light]] ([[hydroelectricity|hydroelectrically]] generated).<ref>{{cite web|title=Godalming Power Station |url=http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744 |work=Engineering Timelines |access-date=2010-07-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111833/http://www.engineering-timelines.com/scripts/engineeringItem.asp?id=744 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 }}</ref>

===October===
* [[October 5]]&ndash;[[December 31]] &ndash; The [[International Cotton Exposition]] is held in [[Atlanta]], Georgia, USA.
* [[October 10]] &ndash; [[Richard D'Oyly Carte]]'s [[Savoy Theatre]] opens in London, the world's first public building to be fully lit by electricity, using [[Joseph Swan]]'s [[incandescent light bulb]]s.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology"/>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; Determined to bring about the [[revival of the Hebrew language]] as a way of unifying [[Jews]], [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] has what is believed to be the first conversation in [[Modern Hebrew]], with friends living in [[Paris]].
* [[October 26]] &ndash; The [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] occurs in [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Cochise County, Arizona]], USA.
* [[October 29]] &ndash; The satirical magazine ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' is first published in the United States.

===November===
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The [[Mapuche uprising of 1881]] begins with an attack on Quillem, Chile.
* [[November 9]] &ndash; Brahms' [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Brahms)|Piano Concerto No. 2]] premieres in Budapest with the composer as soloist.
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The [[Clarkson Memorial]] to an anti-slavery campaigner in [[Wisbech]] (England) is completed and unveiled to the public.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; A [[meteorite]] strikes the Earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of [[Odesa]], [[Ukraine]].
* [[November]] &ndash; [[Newcastle United F.C.]] is founded in the northeast of England as Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. the following year.

===December===
* [[December 8]] &ndash; At least 380 die in a [[Ringtheater fire|fire]] at the [[Vienna]] [[Ringtheater]].
* [[December 25]] &ndash; Catholic religious congregation [[Mothers of the Forsaken and Saint Joseph of the Mountain]] is founded by Blessed [[Petra of Saint Joseph]].
* [[December 25]]&ndash;[[December 27|27]] &ndash; The [[Warsaw pogrom (1881)|Warsaw pogrom]] is carried out in Vistula Land, [[Russian Empire]].<ref name="STRxmas">{{cite web|last1=Kelemen|first1=Lawrence|title=The History of Christmas|url=https://www.simpletoremember.com/vitals/Christmas_TheRealStory.htm#_ftn6|website=simpletoremember.com|publisher=SimpleToRemember.com - Judaism Online|access-date=8 February 2016}}</ref>
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Virgil Earp]] is ambushed in [[Tombstone, Arizona]], and loses the use of his left arm.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Kinshasa]] (the capital of the modern-day [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]) is founded by [[Henry Morton Stanley]] as a trading outpost called Léopoldville.
* On the [[Isle of Man]] (an internally self-governing dependent territory of the United Kingdom), the [[House of Keys]] Election Act extends the franchise for the national legislature to spinsters and widows owning real estate of a certain value.
* The [[Pali Text Society]] is founded by British scholar [[Thomas William Rhys Davids]], for the study of [[Pali]] ([[Ceylon]]ese) texts.
* Some [[Vatican Secret Archives|Vatican archives]] are opened to scholars for the first time.
* [[Abilene, Texas]], is founded.
* [[Rafaela]], [[Argentina]], is formed.
* New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York City)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] New York (91st Street), is founded.
* [[Culford School]], a [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]] in [[Suffolk]], England, is founded as the East Anglian School for Boys.
* Meiji Law School, predecessor of [[Meiji University]], is founded in [[Yurakucho]], [[Tokyo]], Japan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.meiji.ac.jp/cip/english/about/history/index.html | title=History &#124; Meiji University }}</ref>
* Tokyo Law College, predecessor of [[Hosei University]], is founded in Japan.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* The Vocational and Technical College of Tokyo, later [[Tokyo Institute of Technology]], is founded in Japan.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.titech.ac.jp/english/public-relations/about/overview/history | title=History }}</ref>
* Hattori Watch Shop (服部時計店) is founded by Kanetarō Hattori in [[Ginza]], [[Tokyo]], Japan, predecessor of watch brand [[Seiko]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.seiko.co.jp/group/history/ | title=沿革 &#124; グループについて }}</ref>
* [[Leyton Orient F.C.]] is founded in London.

== Births ==

=== January ===
[[File:Anna Pavlova as the Dying Swan.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Anna Pavlova]]]]
<!-- [[WP:NFCC]] violation: [[File:Fritz-pfleumer-young.png|thumb|110px|[[Fritz Pfleumer]]]] -->
[[File:Hermann Staudinger.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hermann Staudinger]]]]
* [[January 9]]
** [[Lascelles Abercrombie]], English poet, critic (d. [[1938]])
** [[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet and novelist (d. [[1956]])
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Essington Lewis]], Australian industrialist (d. [[1961]])
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[John Rodgers (naval officer, World War I)|John Rodgers]], American naval officer, naval aviation pioneer (d. [[1926]])
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Luisa Casati]], Italian heiress, artistic muse and patron of the arts (d. [[1957]])
* [[January 30]] &ndash; [[Whitford Kane]], Irish-born American actor (d. [[1956]])
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Irving Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1957]])

=== February ===
[[File:Kliment Voroshilov.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Kliment Voroshilov]]]]
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Gustav Herglotz]], German mathematician (d. [[1953]])
* [[February 4]]
** [[Eulalio Gutiérrez]], President of Mexico (d. [[1939]])
** [[Fernand Léger]], French artist (d. 1955)
** [[Kliment Voroshilov]], Russian military officer, politician (d. [[1969]])
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Carlo Carrà]], Italian painter (d. [[1966]])
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Anna Pavlova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[1931]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Eleanor Farjeon]], English children's writer, poet (d. [[1965]])
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Bess Streeter Aldrich]], American fiction writer (d. [[1954]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Kenneth J. Alford]], British soldier, composer (d. [[1945]])
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Alexei Rykov]], [[Premier of Russia]] and  [[Premier of the Soviet Union]] (d. [[1938]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Sveinn Björnsson]], 1st president of Iceland (d. [[1952]])
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Otto Dowling]], [[United States Navy]] [[Captain (USN)|Captain]], 25th [[Governor of American Samoa]] (d. [[1946]])

=== March ===
[[File:Mary webb.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Mary Webb]]]]
* [[March 4]]
** [[T. S. Stribling]], American novelist (d. [[1965]])
** [[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical physicist (d. [[1948]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[Ernest Bevin]], British labour leader, politician and statesman (d. [[1951]])
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Thomas Quinlan (impresario)|Thomas Quinlan]], English operatic impresario (d. [[1951]])
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]])
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Hans Wilsdorf]], German-Swiss watchmaker, founder of [[Rolex]] (d. [[1960]])
* [[March 23]]
** [[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
** [[Hermann Staudinger]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]])
* [[March 25]]
** [[Béla Bartók]], Hungarian composer (d. [[1945]])
** [[Mary Webb]], English novelist (d. [[1927]])
* [[March 26]] &ndash; [[Guccio Gucci]], Italian fashion designer, founder of ''[[Gucci]]'' (d. [[1953]])

=== April ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Octavian Goga]], 37th prime minister of Romania (d. [[1938]])
* [[April 3]] &ndash; [[Alcide De Gasperi]], Italian statesman, politician, 30th prime minister of Italy (d. [[1954]])
* [[April 12]] &ndash; [[Rudolf Ramek]], 5th Chancellor of Austria (d. [[1941]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[Husain Salaahuddin]], Maldivian writer (d. [[1948]])
* [[April 16]] &ndash; [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax]], British politician (d. [[1959]])
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Harald Giersing]], Danish painter (d. [[1927]])
* [[April 26]] – [[Friedrich Johannes Hugo von Engelken]], [[Director of the United States Mint]] from 1916 to 1917 (d. [[1930]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Móric Esterházy]], 18th prime minister of Hungary (d. [[1960]])

=== May ===
* [[May 1]] &ndash; [[Mary MacLane]], Canadian writer (d. [[1929]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Harry J. Capehart]], American lawyer, politician, and businessperson (d. [[1955]])<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wvculture.org/vrr/va_view.aspx?Id=1096605&Type=Death |title=Death Record Detail: Harry J. Capehart |year=2020 |publisher=West Virginia Archives and History, West Virginia Department of Arts, Culture and History |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=October 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027163540/http://www.wvculture.org/vrr/va_view.aspx?Id=1096605&Type=Death |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[May 4]] &ndash; [[Alexander Kerensky]], Russian politician (d.  [[1970]])
* [[May 13]] &ndash; [[Lima Barreto]], Brazilian writer (d. [[1922]])
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[George Murray Hulbert]], American politician (d. [[1950]])
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder of [[Turkey|the Republic of Turkiye]] and the first [[President of Turkey]], [[Turkish people|Turkish]] field marshal and statesman (official birthday; d. [[1938]])
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Władysław Sikorski]], Polish general, politician (d. [[1943]])
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Adolfo de la Huerta]], 38th [[President of Mexico]] (d. [[1955]])
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Georg von Küchler]], German field marshal (d. [[1968]])

=== June ===
[[File:Maggie Gripenberg.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Maggie Gripenberg]]]]
* [[June 3]] – [[Juliusz Rómmel]], Polish general (d. [[1967]])
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Marion Leonard]], American silent film actress (d. [[1956]])
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Maggie Gripenberg]], Finnish dancer and choreographer (d. [[1976]])<ref>[https://www.teatterimuseo.fi/fi/Tammikuu-Maggie-Gripenbergin-muistikirjat Tammikuu: Maggie Gripenbergin muistikirjat – Teatterimuseo] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)|Tommy Burns]], Canadian boxer (d. [[1955]])

=== July ===
[[File:Hans Fischer (Nobel).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Hans Fischer]]]]
[[File:Demille - c1920.JPG|thumb|110px|[[Cecil B. DeMille]]]]
* [[July 3]] &ndash; [[Leon Errol]], Australian actor and comedian (d. [[1951]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Ulysses S. Grant III]], American soldier, planner (d. [[1968]])
* [[July 6]] &ndash; [[Leo Bagrow]], Russian-born historian of cartography (d. [[1957]])
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Kenneth Whiting]], United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (d. [[1943]])
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Hans Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1945]])
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Günther Quandt]], German industrialist, founder of the industrial empire that in modern times includes ''BMW'' and ''Altana'' (d. [[1954]])
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Smedley Butler]], United States Marine Corps general (d. [[1940]])

=== August ===
* [[August 6]] &ndash; Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], Scottish biomedical researcher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1955]])<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC - History - Alexander Fleming|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/fleming_alexander.shtml|website=bbc.co.uk|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[François Darlan]], French admiral and 81st prime minister of France from 1941 to 1942 (d. [[1942]])
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist]], German field marshal (b. [[1954]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director, producer (d. [[1959]])
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[George Enescu]], Romanian composer (d. [[1955]])
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[Edgar A. Guest]], English poet (d. [[1959]])
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Émile Aubrun]] French aviator (d. [[1967]]

=== September ===
* [[September 5]]
**[[Otto Bauer]], Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. [[1938]])
**[[Henry Maitland Wilson]], British field marshal (d. [[1964]])
* [[September 8]]
** [[Harry Hillman]], American track athlete (d. [[1945]])
** [[Refik Saydam]], 4th prime minister of Turkey (d. [[1942]])
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Asta Nielsen]], Danish silent film star (d. [[1972]])
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]], British [[Phonetics|phonetician]] (d. [[1967]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Ettore Bugatti]], Italian car designer, founder of [[Bugatti]] (d. [[1947]])
* [[September 16]] &ndash; [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (d. [[1964]])
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Aubrey Faulkner]], South African cricketer (d. [[1930]])
* [[September 25]]
**[[Tullo Morgagni]], Italian journalist, sports race organizer, and aviation enthusiast (d. [[1919]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digilander.libero.it/racoz/racoza270415TULLO%20MORGAGNI.htm|title=Tullo Morgagni, il forlivese che inventò il Giro d'Italia|access-date=7 January 2016| language=it}}</ref>
**[[Lu Xun]], leading figure of modern [[Chinese literature]] (d. [[1936]])
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], American Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (d. [[1966]])
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Ludwig von Mises]], Austrian economist (d. [[1973]])

=== October ===
[[File:Pablo picasso 1.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pablo Picasso]]]]
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[William E. Boeing]], American engineer, airplane manufacturer (d. [[1956]])
* [[October 2]] – Pannalal Bose, Indian educationist, first Education Minister of West Bengal,translated [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s ক্ষুধিত পাষাণ (Khudto Pashan) into The Hungry Stone (d. 1956)
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Walther von Brauchitsch]], German field marshal (d. [[1948]])
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian legal theorist (d. [[1973]])
* [[October 15]]
** [[William Temple (bishop)|William Temple]], English [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1944]])
** [[P. G. Wodehouse]], English-born comic writer (d. [[1975]])
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Pablo Picasso]], Spanish painter (d. [[1973]])
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Margaret Wycherly]], English stage, film actress (d. [[1956]])

=== November ===
[[File:Ioannes XXIII, by De Agostini, 1958–1963.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Pope John XXIII]]]]
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Gaby Deslys]], French dancer, actress (d. [[1920]])
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[George A. Malcolm]], American lawyer, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines and educator (d. [[1961]])
* [[November 8]] &ndash; [[Robert Esnault-Pelterie]], French aircraft designer, pioneer rocket theorist (d. [[1957]])
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Maximilian von Weichs]], German field marshal (d. [[1954]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born American film studio executive (d. [[1969]])
* [[November 15]] &ndash; [[Franklin P. Adams]], American columnist, poet (d. [[1960]])
* [[November 24]] 
** [[Al Christie]], Canadian-born director, producer (d. [[1951]])
** [[Ye Gongchuo]], Chinese politician, poet, and calligrapher (d. [[1968]])<ref>{{cite news
 |work=The Paper
 |title=纪念｜叶恭绰逝世五十周年：衣被满天下 谁能识其恩
 |trans-title=Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of Ye Gongchuo's Death: Who Can Recognize His Kindness When His Clothes and Bedding Are All Over the World?
 |language=zh
 |url=https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2325465
 |last=Qijie
 |author1-mask=Qijie (奇洁)
 |date=7 August 2018
|access-date=24 September 2024
|archive-date=24 September 2024
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924202118/https://m.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_2325465
}}</ref>
* [[November 25]]
** [[Jacob Fichman]], Romanian-born Israeli poet, essayist (d. [[1958]])
** [[Pope John XXIII]] (b. Angelo Roncalli), Italian pontiff (1958–1963) (d. [[1963]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (d. [[1942]])

=== December ===
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Heinrich Barkhausen]], German physicist (d. [[1956]])
* [[December 3]] &ndash; [[Henry Fillmore]], American composer, bandleader (d. [[1956]])
* [[December 8]] &ndash; [[Tuomas Bryggari]], Finnish politician (d. [[1964]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Kansanedustajat: Tuomas Bryggari |url=http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=910315&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki |publisher=[[Parliament of Finland]] |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611171008/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hx5000.sh?{hnro}=910315&{kieli}=su&{haku}=kaikki |archive-date=11 June 2011 |location=Helsinki, Finland |language=fi}}</ref>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; [[Henri Dentz]], French general (d. [[1945]])
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
* [[December 25]] &ndash; [[John Dill]], British Army field marshal (d. [[1944]])<ref>{{cite odnb|id=32826|title=Sir John Dill |publisher=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Wiktor Thommée]], Polish general (d. [[1962]])

== Deaths ==
=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Vasily Perov - Портрет Ф.М.Достоевского - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]]]
[[File:Whistlers Mother high res.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[Anna McNeill Whistler]]]]
[[File:Alexander II of Russia by Monogrammist V.G. (1888, Hermitage) detail.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[Alexander II of Russia]]]]
[[File:Modest Músorgski, por Iliá Repin.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Modest Mussorgsky]]]]
[[File:Benjamin Disraeli by Cornelius Jabez Hughes, 1878.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Benjamin Disraeli]]]]
[[File:Jules Armand Dufaure.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Jules Armand Dufaure]]]]

* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Louis Auguste Blanqui]], French socialist, political activist (b. [[1805]])
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Anna McNeill Whistler]], James Whistler{{'}}s mother, subject of his painting (b. [[1804]])
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[Auguste Mariette]], French Egyptologist (b. [[1821]])
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm Matthias Naeff]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1802]])
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Frances Stackhouse Acton]], British botanist, archaeologist, writer and artist (b. [[1794]]) 
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Thomas Carlyle]], Scottish writer, historian (b. [[1795]])
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Pieter Mijer (governor)|Pieter Mijer]], [[Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies]] (b. [[1812]])
* [[February 8]] &ndash; [[Marie Jules Dupré]], French admiral and colonial governor (b. [[1813]]) 
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]], Russian novelist (b. [[1821]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Fernando Wood]], New York City mayor (b. [[1812]])
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Robert F. R. Lewis]], American naval officer (b. [[1826]])
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[John Cracroft Wilson|Sir John Cracroft Wilson]], British civil servant, and politician in New Zealand (b. [[1808]])
* [[March 13]] &ndash; Emperor [[Alexander II of Russia]] (assassinated) (b. [[1818]])
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Modest Mussorgsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1839]])
* [[March 31]] &ndash; [[Lucy Virginia French]], American blank verse poet (b. [[1825]])
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1804]])
* [[April 26]] &ndash; [[Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen]], Bavarian general (b. [[1815]])
* [[April 27]] &ndash; [[Ludwig von Benedek]], Austrian general (b. [[1804]])
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Mary Seacole]], British nurse (b. [[1805]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Samuel Palmer]], English artist (b. [[1805]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]], Italian explorer (b. [[1847]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[Henri Vieuxtemps]], Belgian composer (b. [[1820]])
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Jules Armand Dufaure]], 3-time prime minister of France (b. [[1798]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Gustav von Alvensleben]], Prussian general (b. [[1803]])

=== July &ndash; December ===
[[File:JV Snellman.jpg|thumb|right|110px|[[J. V. Snellman]]]]
[[File:Billy the Kid tintype, Fort Sumner, 1879-80-Edit2.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Billy the Kid]]]]
[[File:Willem Frederik Karel van Oranje-Nassau (1797-1881), by Maurits Verveer.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands]]]]
[[File:Ambrose Burnside - retouched.jpg|thumb|[[Ambrose Burnside]]]]
[[File:James Abram Garfield, photo portrait seated.jpg|thumb|110px|[[James A. Garfield]]]]
* [[July 1]] 
** [[Baron Jules Dupotet de Sennevoy]], French writer (b. [[1796]])
** [[Hermann Lotze]], German philosopher and logician (b. [[1817]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[J. V. Snellman]], Finnish statesman and an influential [[Fennoman]] philosopher (b. [[1806]])<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johan-Vilhelm-Snellman Johan Vilhelm Snellman] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref>
* [[July 14]] &ndash; [[Billy the Kid]], American gunslinger (b. [[1859]])
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Jim Bridger]], American explorer and trapper (b. [[1804]])
*[[August 3]] &ndash; [[William Fargo]], American expressman and politician, Mayor of Buffalo, New York (b. [[1818]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Jane Digby]], English adventurer  (b. [[1807]]) 
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Alexandru G. Golescu]], 11th prime minister of Romania (b. [[1819]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Sidney Lanier]], American writer (b. [[1842]])
* [[September 8]] &ndash; [[Prince Frederick of the Netherlands]], Dutch noble, general (b. [[1797]])
* [[September 13]] &ndash; [[Ambrose Burnside]], [[American Civil War]] general, [[Burnside carbine|inventor]], politician from [[Rhode Island]] (b. [[1824]])
* [[September 18]] &ndash; [[Joseph Higginson]], British Royal Marine in the Napoleonic Wars (b. [[1792]])
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[James A. Garfield]], 20th [[President of the United States]] (b. [[1831]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Solomon L. Spink]], U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. [[1831]])
* [[October 3]] 
** [[Orson Pratt]], American religious leader (b. [[1811]])
** [[Princess Sumiko]], Japanese princess (b. [[1829]])
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[George W. De Long]], American naval officer, explorer (starvation) (b. [[1844]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Hugh Judson Kilpatrick]], American general, politician, and diplomat (b. [[1836]])
* [[December 18]] &ndash; [[George Edmund Street]], British architect (b. [[1824]])

==See also==
* [[Upside down year]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1881}}
[[Category:1881| ]]