View source for 1890s

{{Short description|Decade}}
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| image5 = John Hay signs Treaty of Paris, 1899.JPG
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|footer=From top to bottom, left to right: [[Alfred Dreyfus]] in captivity at the height of the [[Dreyfus Affair]], 1891; [[Boer Commando|Boer commandos]] during the [[Second Boer War]], late 1890s; ''[[Plessy v. Ferguson]]'' establishes the American doctrine of [[racial segregation]], leading to the [[Jim Crow laws]], photographed in 1899; nearly three hundred ethnic [[Lakota people]] are massacred by the [[United States Army]] at [[Wounded Knee Massacre|Wounded Knee]] in 1890; the U.S. pays $20 million to annex the [[Philippines]] from Spain in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1898; activism spearheaded by [[Kate Sheppard]], pictured in 1905, leads to [[New Zealand]] being the first country to give women the [[Women's suffrage movement|right to vote]]; [[Vincent van Gogh]], the Dutch master of modern art, [[Death of Vincent Van Gogh|dies, likely by suicide]] in 1890; [[Menelik II]] leads Ethiopia to a sweeping victory over Italy at the [[Battle of Adwa]], [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] between 1895 and 1896. }}{{About year}}
{{Decadebox|189}}

The '''1890s''' (pronounced "eighteen-nineties") was a [[decade]] of the [[Gregorian calendar]] that began on January 1, 1890, and ended on December 31, 1899. In American popular culture, the decade would later be nostalgically referred to as the "[[Gay Nineties|gay nineties]]" ("''[[gay]]''" meaning carefree or cheerful). In the [[British Empire]], the 1890s epitomised the late [[Victorian era|Victorian period]].

<!-- Politics and wars -->
As European powers continued their colonial expansion, the decade saw the defeat of [[Edi Expedition|Edi (1890)]], [[1893 Franco-Siamese crisis|Siam (1893)]], [[First Melillan campaign|Morocco (1894)]], [[Franco-Dahomean Wars (disambiguation)|Dahomey (1894)]], [[Congo Arab war|Arab-Swahili warlords (1894)]], [[Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem|Lombork (1894)]], [[Pahang Uprising|Pahang (1895)]], [[Second Madagascar expedition|Merina (1895)]], [[Anglo-Zanzibar War|Zanzibar (1896)]], [[Khaua-Mbandjeru rebellion|Khaua and Mbandjeru (1896)]], [[Anglo-Ashanti wars#Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War, 1895–1896|Ashanti (1896)]], [[Second Matabele War|Matabeleland (1897)]], [[Pedir Expedition|Pedir (1898)]], [[Mahdist War|Sudan (1899)]], and [[Military history of the North-West Frontier#1878–1898 (Second Afghan War to Frontier Rebellion)|various north-west Indian tribes and states]]. Whereas most colonial campaigns were successful, Italy faced a significant defeat as it [[First Italo-Ethiopian War|failed to conquer Ethiopia]], being decisively defeated at [[Battle of Adwa|Adwa (1896)]]. Furthermore, the second half of the decade saw the final unravelling of [[Spanish America]], which began with insurrections in [[Cuban War of Independence|Cuba (1895)]] and the [[Philippine Revolution|Philippines (1896)]] and ended with the [[Spanish–American War|Spaniards' defeat at the hands of the United States in 1898]]. Following the [[German–Spanish Treaty (1899)|sale of various Pacific islands to Germany in 1899]], the Spanish colonial empire would be [[Spanish Empire#Territories in Africa (1885–1976)|restricted to Africa]]. Further in the east, Japan sought to expand its [[Empire of Japan|own empire]], waging wars against [[Donghak Peasant Revolution|Donghak (1894–1895)]], [[First Sino-Japanese War|Qing China (1894–1895)]] and the [[Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)|Republic of Formosa (1895)]]. Other conflicts included the [[Garza Revolution|Garza War (1891–1893)]], the [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)]] and internal conflicts in Samoa ([[Samoan Civil War|1886–1894]], [[Second Samoan Civil War|1898–1899]]), [[1888–1893 Hazara uprisings|Afghanistan (1888–1893)]], [[Revolution of the Park|Argentina (1890)]], [[Chilean Civil War of 1891|Chile (1891)]], the Ottoman Empire ([[Yemeni–Ottoman conflicts#Yemeni rebellion of 1891|1891]], [[Battle of Al Wajbah|1893]], [[1894 Sasun rebellion|1894]], [[Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)|1895–96]], [[1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion|1896–1897]], [[Defense of Van (1896)|1896]]), [[Tomochic Rebellion|Mexico (1891–1892)]], Brazil ([[Revolta da Armada|1893–1894]], [[Federalist Revolution|1893–1895]], [[Acre War|1899–1903]]), [[Peruvian Civil War of 1894–1895|Peru (1894–1895)]], the [[Malaboch War|South African Republic (1894)]], [[Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)|northwest China (1895–1896)]], [[Bolivian Civil War|Bolivia (1898–1899)]] and [[Thousand Days' War|Columbia (1899–1902)]].

<!-- Technology, economy and social movements -->
The decade was characterized by an international economic recovery following the [[Long Depression]] (1873–1896) and by the beginning of strong [[economic growth]] during the [[Belle Époque]] (1871–1914), driven by the innovations of the [[Second Industrial Revolution]] (i.e. electricity, gasoline, automobiles, artificial textiles, [[organic chemistry]]). The decade also saw the apogee of the [[coal]]-powered [[steam engine]], which would subsequently be dethroned by the [[reciprocating engine]], powered by [[Petroleum refining processes|refined petroleum]]. The supremacy of this [[Petroleum politics|new source of energy]] was confirmed when the world's first fleet, the [[Royal Navy]], decided in 1910 to supply all its vessels with fuel oil. In the [[United States]], the decade was marked by a severe [[economic depression]] sparked by the [[Panic of 1893]]. This economic crisis would help bring about the end of the so-called "[[Gilded Age]]", and coincided with numerous [[Strike action|strikes]] in the industrial workforce. The economic depression sparked a political struggle over [[free silver]] and the collapse of the [[Third Party System]]. Concurrently in Australia, a [[Australian banking crisis of 1893|banking crisis occurred]], caused by the collapse of a speculative boom in the Australian property market. [[First-wave feminism]] made a significant breakthrough as a [[1893 Women's Suffrage Petition|successful petition in 1893]] resulted in New Zealand [[Women's suffrage in New Zealand|becoming the first country to grant women the right to vote]].

<!-- Natural disasters -->
From 1889 to 1890, a [[1889–1890 pandemic|worldwide respiratory viral pandemic]] took place, resulting in 300–900 million infections and 1 million deaths. The pandemic is presumed to have originated in the central Asian city of [[Bukhara]]. Furthermore, in this decade, [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|an epizootic of the rinderpest virus struck Africa]], considered to be "the most devastating epidemic to hit southern Africa in the late nineteenth century".<ref name="Phoofolo2">{{cite journal |last=Phoofolo |first=Pule |date=February 1993 |title=Epidemics and Revolutions: The Rinderpest Epidemic in Late Nineteenth-Century Southern Africa |journal=Past & Present |issue=138 |pages=112–143 |doi=10.1093/past/138.1.112}}</ref> It killed more than 5.2 million cattle south of the [[Zambezi]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Van den Bossche |first1=Peter |last2=de La Rocque |first2=Stéphane |last3=Hendrickx |first3=Guy |last4=Bouyer |first4=Jérémy |date=May 2010 |title=A changing environment and the epidemiology of tsetse-transmitted livestock trypanosomiasis |journal=Trends in Parasitology |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=236–243 |doi=10.1016/j.pt.2010.02.010 |pmid=20304707}}</ref> as well as domestic oxen, sheep, and goats, and wild populations of [[African buffalo|buffalo]], [[giraffe]], and [[wildebeest]]. This led to starvation resulting in the death of an estimated third of the human population of [[Ethiopia]] and two-thirds of the [[Maasai people]] of [[Tanzania]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Normile |first=Dennis |date=March 2008 |title=Driven to Extinction |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5870 |pages=1606–9 |doi=10.1126/science.319.5870.1606 |pmid=18356500 |s2cid=46157093}}</ref> In 1891−1892, poor weather alongside government mismanagement in Russia [[Russian famine of 1891–1892|led to a famine]], causing 375,000 to 400,000 deaths. British India suffered two famines this decade, [[Indian famine of 1896–1897|first from 1896 to 1897]] and [[Indian famine of 1899–1900|then from 1899 to 1900]], due to draught and British policies. [[List of famines|Famines also took place]] in Cuba and China. Major earthquakes of this decade include the [[1891 Mino–Owari earthquake]] (7,273 deaths), the [[1893 Quchan earthquake]] (18,000 casualties), and the [[1896 Sanriku earthquake]] (22,066 people dead or missing).

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The first international [[Olympic Games]] in modern history [[1896 Summer Olympics|were held in Athens in 1896]], with 241 athletes from across 14 nations competing. In the United States, the [[Bookman list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1890s|best-selling books of this decade]] (by year) were ''[[Beside the Bonnie Brier Bush]]'' (a collection of short stories, best-seller in 1895), ''[[Tom Grogan]]'' (a drama novel, best-seller in 1896), ''[[Quo Vadis (novel)|Quo Vadis]]'' (a historical novel, best-seller in 1897), ''[[Caleb West (novel)|Caleb West]]'' (best-seller in 1898), and ''[[David Harum]]'' (best-seller in 1898). The film industry, still in its infancy, continued to produce short films such as ''[[Le Coucher de la Mariée]]'' and ''[[The Kiss (1896 film)|The Kiss]]''. Songs of this decade include "[[America the Beautiful]]", "[[Daisy Bell]]" and "[[Hello! Ma Baby]]".<!-- Demographics -->

In this decade, the world population grew from approximately 1.5 billion to 1.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population {{!}} Gapminder |url=https://www.gapminder.org/data/documentation/gd003/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> The last living person from this decade, [[Emma Morano]], died on April 15, 2017. The last living man from this decade, [[Jiroemon Kimura]], died on June 12, 2013.

==Politics and wars==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1890s}}

===Colonization===
[[Harbin]] founded as a [[Russian Empire|Russian]] city within [[Manchuria]] to serve as the center of construction and the main junction and administration center of the Russian-built [[Chinese Eastern Railway]]. The location for the city was largely chosen strategically to cross the [[Songhua river|Songhua River]], a tributary of the [[Amur]], and the largest [[river]] in Manchuria.<ref>Bakich, O. (1986). A Russian City in China: Harbin before 1917. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 28(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.1986.11091827</ref>

===Wars===
{{further|List of wars: 1800–1899#1890–1899}}
[[File:Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg|right|thumb|[[Spanish–American War]]]]
* [[First Franco-Dahomean War]] (1890)
* [[Second Franco-Dahomean War]] (1892–1894)
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895)
* [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] (1895–1896)
* [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)]]
* [[Spanish–American War]] (1898)
* [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)

=== Wars and conflicts ===
{{Prose|section|date=April 2022}}
The [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] in [[South Dakota]] on December 29, 1890, when 365 troops of the [[U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment|US 7th Cavalry]], supported by four [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou ([[Lakota people|Lakota]]) and Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) near [[Wounded Knee Creek]], South Dakota.<ref>{{cite web| last =Liggett| first = Lorie | title = Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction| publisher = Bowling Green State University| year= 1998| url = http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html| access-date = 2007-03-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070226205722/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html| archive-date= 26 February 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to turn themselves in at the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation|Pine Ridge Agency]] in South Dakota. They were the last of the Sioux to do so. In the process of disarming the Sioux, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote could not hear the order to give up his rifle and was reluctant to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm |title=Bold Tongue's Native American Links: "Wounded Knee, Lakota, December 29, 1890 |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106003804/http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm |archive-date=2010-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated into an all-out battle, with those few Sioux warriors who still had weapons shooting at the 7th Cavalry, and the 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow troopers. The 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux had been killed. Twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of [[friendly fire]] as the shooting took place at [[point-blank range]] in chaotic conditions.<ref>{{cite web| last = Strom| first = Karen|author-link=Karen Strom| title = The Massacre at Wounded Knee| publisher = Karen Strom| year= 1995| url = http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/lakota/Wounded_Knee.html| access-date= 25 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with an unknown number later dying from [[hypothermia]]. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in military history in which the most [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] have been awarded in the [[military history of the United States]]. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the [[American Indian Wars]] and the [[American Frontier]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100130084321/http://www.republicoflakotah.com/steps-to-sovereignty/158-year-stuggle-for-justice/ Republic of Lakotah: "158 Year Struggle for Legal Justice"]}}</ref>

In 1891 the [[Chilean Civil War of 1891|Chilean Civil War]] was fought from January to September. [[José Manuel Balmaceda]], President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face [[Jorge Montt]]'s [[Government Junta of Chile (1891)|Junta]]. The latter was formed by an alliance between the [[National Congress of Chile]] and the Chilean Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/chile1891.htm|title=Chilean Civil War 1891|website=www.onwar.com}}</ref>

In 1892 the [[Johnson County War]] occurred in [[Wyoming]]. Actually this [[range war]] took place in April 1892 in [[Johnson County, Wyoming|Johnson County]], [[Natrona County, Wyoming|Natrona County]] and [[Converse County, Wyoming|Converse County]]. The combatants were the [[Wyoming Stock Growers Association]] (the WSGA) and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA). WSGA was an older organization, comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most popular residents. It held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. A primary function of the WSGA was to organize the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments.<ref>Burt, Nathaniel 1991 Wyoming Compass American Guides, Inc p.157</ref> The NWFSGAA was a group of smaller Johnson County ranchers led by a local settler named [[Nate Champion]]. They had recently formed their organization in order to compete with the WSGA. The WSGA "blacklisted" the NWFSGA and told them to stop all operations, but the NWFSGA refused the powerful WSGA's orders to disband and instead made public their plans to hold their own roundup in the spring of 1892.<ref name="Burt p.159">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.159</ref> The WSGA, under the direction of [[Frank Wolcott]] (WSGA Member and large [[North Platte]] rancher), hired a group of skilled gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and break up the NWFSGA.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tamucush/00155/tamu-00155.html Inventory of the Johnson County War Collection] ''[[Texas A&M University]] – [[Cushing Memorial Library]]''</ref> Twenty three gunmen from the [[Paris, Texas]], region and four cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as [[Idaho]] frontiersman George Dunning who would later turn against the group. A cadre of WSGA and Wyoming dignitaries also joined the expedition, including State Senator Bob Tisdale, state water commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as W. C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, both instrumental in organizing Wyoming's statehood four years earlier.<ref name="Troops Came Just In Time">''[[The New York Times]]'' ''[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/15/104096236.pdf Troops Came Just In Time]'' April 15, 1892</ref><ref name="Johnson County War">''Wyoming Tails and Trails'' ''[http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson2.html Johnson County War]'' January 6, 2004</ref> They were also accompanied by surgeon Charles Penrose, who served as the group's doctor, as well as [[Asa Mercer]], the editor of the WSGA's newspaper, and a newspaper reporter for the ''[[Chicago Times|Chicago Herald]]'', Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in the eastern newspapers.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu" />

In 1893 the [[Leper War on Kauaʻi]] took place on the island of [[Kauai]]. The [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]] under [[Sanford B. Dole]] passes a law which would [[Population transfer|forcibly relocate]] [[Leprosy|lepers]] to the [[Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement|Leprosy Colony]] of [[Kalawao County, Hawaii|Kalawao]] on the [[Kalaupapa, Hawaii|Kalaupapa peninsula]]. When [[Kaluaikoolau]], a leper, resisted arrest by a deputy sheriff and killed the man, Dole reacted by sending armed militia against the lepers of [[Kalalau Valley]]. Kaluaikoolau reportedly foiled or killed some of his pursuers. But the conflict ended with the evacuation of the area in July 1893. The main source for the event is a 1906 publication by Kahikina Kelekona (John Sheldon), preserving the story as told by Piilani, Kaluaikoolau's widow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outcastearth.com/kauai.htm |title=Outcast Earth: Kaua'i, Hawaii |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925203840/http://www.outcastearth.com/kauai.htm |archive-date=2009-09-25 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/books/frazier-intro.pdf |title=Frances N. Frazier, "The True Story of Kaluaikoolau" |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918035647/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/books/frazier-intro.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the span of 1893–1894 the [[Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War]] was fought in the [[Oklahoma Territory]]. It was effectively a [[county seat war]]. The [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island Railroad Company]] had invested in the townships of [[Enid, Oklahoma|Enid]] and [[Pond Creek, Oklahoma|Pond Creek]] following an announcement by the [[United States Department of the Interior]] that the two would become county seats. The Department of the Interior decided to create an Enid and Pond Creek at another location, free of company influence. Resulting in two Enids and two Pond Creeks vying for becoming county seats, starting in September 1893. Rock Island refused to have its trains stop at "Government Enid". They would pass by without taking passengers. Frustrated Enid residents "turned to acts of violence". Some were regularly [[shooting]] at the trains. Others were damaging [[Trestle bridge|trestle]]s and [[rail tracks]], setting up train accidents. Only government intervention stopped the conflict in September 1894.<ref>Stagner, Lloyd (editor). [http://www.gptm.us/dispatcher/05_11.pdf "Historian Recalls Enid, OK. Railroad Wars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924014237/http://www.gptm.us/dispatcher/05_11.pdf |date=2006-09-24 }}. ''Great Plains Dispatcher'' 4:11 November 2005 3.</ref><ref>Chapman, Berlin B. "The Enid 'Railroad War': An Archival Study". Chronicles of Oklahoma 43:2 Summer 1965 126.</ref>

During 1893–1897 the [[War of Canudos]] arose, a conflict between the state of [[Brazil]] and a group of some 30,000 settlers under [[Antônio Conselheiro]] who had founded their own community in the northeastern state of [[Bahia]], named [[Canudos]]. After a number of unsuccessful attempts at military suppression, it came to a brutal end in October 1897, when a large Brazilian army force overran the village and killed most of the inhabitants. The conflict started with Conselheiro and his [[jagunço]]s (landless peasants) of this "remote and arid" area protesting against the payment of taxes to the distant government of [[Rio de Janeiro]]. They founded their own [[Self-sufficiency|self-sufficient]] village, soon joined by others in search of a "[[Promised Land]]". By 1895, they refused requests by [[Rodrigues Lima]], [[List of Governors of Bahia|Governor of Bahia]] and [[Jeronimo Thome da Silva]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia|Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia]] to start obeying the laws of the Brazilian state and the rules of the [[Catholic Church]]. In 1896, a military expedition under Lieutenant Manuel da Silva Pires Ferreira was sent to pacify them. It was instead attacked, defeated and forced to retreat. Increasingly stronger military forces were sent against Canudos, only to meet with fierce resistance and suffering heavy casualties. In October 1897, Canudos finally fell to the Brazilian military forces. "Those jagunços who were not killed in combat were taken prisoner and summarily executed (by beheading) by the army".<ref>[http://www.unisa.ac.za/default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7324&P_ForPrint=1 Zélia Roelofse-Campbell, "The Canudos Massacre: reinterpreting history after 100 years"]</ref>

In 1894 the [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]] in [[Joseon]] Korea came to pass. The uprising started in Gobu during February 1894, with the [[peasant]] [[Social class|class]] protesting against the [[political corruption]] of local government officials. The revolution was named after [[Donghak]], a [[Religion in Korea|Korean religion]] stressing "the [[Egalitarianism|equality]] of all human beings". The forces of [[Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire|Emperor Gojong]] failed in their attempt to suppress the revolt, with initial skirmishes giving way to major conflicts. The Korean government requested assistance from the [[Empire of Japan]]. Japanese troops, armed with "[[rifle]]s and [[artillery]]", managed to suppress the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=393&lang=en&page_type=list|title=ERROR|website=www.koreana.or.kr}}</ref> With Korea being a [[tributary state]] to [[Qing Dynasty]] China, the Japanese military presence was seen as a provocation. The resulting conflict over dominance of Korea would become the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. In part, the government of [[Emperor Meiji]] was acting to prevent expansion by the [[Russian Empire]] or any other [[great power]] towards Korea. Viewing such an expansion as a direct threat to Japanese [[national security]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/eng/news/no10/enews10-essay2.html|title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (SRC News No. 10)|website=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp}}</ref>

During 1895, the [[Doukhobor]]s, a [[Pacifism|pacifist]] Christian sect of the [[Russian Empire]], attempt to resist a number of laws and regulations forced on them by the Russian government. They are mostly active in the [[South Caucasus]], where universal military [[conscription]] was introduced in 1887 and was still controversial. They also refuse to swear an [[oath of allegiance]] to [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], the new Russian Emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm |title=Élisabeth Campos. Les Doukhobors, «Lutteurs de l'esprit». 2005. |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-date=2019-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227223027/http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="ecmi.de">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192825/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Hedwig Lohm, "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon (Samtskhe-Javakheti)". November 2006.|archivedate=June 2, 2010}}</ref> Under further instructions from their exiled leader [[Peter Vasilevich Verigin]], as a sign of absolute pacifism, the Doukhobors of the three Governorates of Transcaucasia made the decision to destroy their [[weapon]]s. As the Doukhobors assembled to burn them on the night of June 28/29 (July 10/11, [[Gregorian calendar]]) 1895, with the singing of psalms and spiritual songs, arrests and beatings by government [[Cossacks]] followed. Soon, Cossacks were billeted in many of the Large Party Doukhobors' villages, and over 4,000 of their original residents were dispersed through villages in other parts of [[Georgia within the Russian Empire|Georgia]]. Many of those died of starvation and exposure.<ref name="ecmi.de" /><ref name="ashworth">John Ashworth, [http://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm Doukhobortsy and Religious Persecution in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113020017/http://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm |date=2010-11-13 }}, 1900 (Doukhobor Genealogy Website)</ref>

1896–1898 was when [[Philippine Revolution]] occurred. The [[Philippines]], part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], attempt to secede from the [[Spanish Empire]]. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the [[anti-colonial]] [[secret society|secret organization]] ''[[Katipunan]]'' by the Spanish authorities. The ''Katipunan'', led by [[Andrés Bonifacio]], was a [[secession]]ist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was [[independence]] from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in [[Caloocan]], the ''Katipunan'' leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital [[Manila]]. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in [[Cavite]] led by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce was officially reached with the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, though hostilities between rebels and the Spanish government never actually ceased.<ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Guererro
 |first1=Milagros
 |last2=Encarnacion
 |first2=Emmanuel
 |last3=Villegas
 |first3=Ramon
 |title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution
 |journal=Sulyap Kultura
 |volume=1
 |issue=2
 |pages=3–12
 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts
 |year=1996
 |url=http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1
 |access-date=25 May 2010
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115193832/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1
 |archive-date=15 November 2010
}}</ref><ref name="google1998">*{{Cite book
|last = Guererro
|first = Milagros <!-- not shown by Google
| last2 = Schumacher, S.J.
| first2 = John
-->
|title = Reform and Revolution
|publisher = Asia Publishing Company Limited
|volume = 5
|series = Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People
|year = 1998
|isbn = 978-962-258-228-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281| access-date= 25 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In 1898, with the outbreak of the [[Spanish–American War]], Aguinaldo unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had conquered nearly all Spanish-held ground within the Philippines with the exception of Manila. Aguinaldo thus [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain and the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established. However, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. Spanish rule in the islands only officially ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]], wherein Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States. The [[Philippine–American War]] broke out shortly afterward.<ref name="google1998" />

In 1897 the [[Lattimer massacre]] happened. The violent deaths of 19 unarmed [[strike action|striking]] immigrant [[anthracite]] [[coal]] miners at the Lattimer mine near [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania]], on September 10, 1897.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, John W. ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom.'' Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-595-33732-3}}</ref><ref name="Miller">Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth.'' State College, Penn.: Penn State Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-271-02214-7}}</ref> The miners, mostly of [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Slovaks|Slovak]], and [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] ethnicity, were shot and killed by a [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]] sheriff's [[posse comitatus (common law)|posse]]. Scores more workers were wounded.<ref name="Wounded">Estimates of the number of wounded are inexact. They range from a low of 17 wounded (Duwe, Grant. ''Mass Murder in the United States: A History.'' Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3150-2}}) to a high of 49 (DeLeon, Clark. ''Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.'' 3rd rev. ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-7627-4588-3}}). Other estimates include 30 wounded (Lewis, Ronald L. ''Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields.'' Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8078-3220-2}}), 32 wounded (Anderson, ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom,'' 2005; Berger, Stefan; Croll, Andy; and Laporte, Norman. ''Towards A Comparative History of Coalfield Societies.'' Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3777-6}}; Campion, Joan. ''Smokestacks and Black Diamonds: A History of Carbon County, Pennsylvania.'' Easton, Penn.: Canal History and Technology Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-930973-19-3}}), 35 wounded (Foner, Philip S. ''First Facts of American Labor: A Comprehensive Collection of Labor Firsts in the United States.'' New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984. {{ISBN|978-0-8419-0742-3}}; Miller and Pencak, ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth,'' 2003; Derks, Scott. ''Working Americans, 1880–2006: Volume VII: Social Movements.'' Amenia, N.Y.: Grey House Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-59237-101-3}}), 38 wounded (Weir, Robert E. and Hanlan, James P. ''Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor, Vol. 1.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-313-32863-3}}), 39 wounded ([[Long, Priscilla]]. ''[[Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry]].'' Minneapolis: Paragon House, 1989. {{ISBN|978-1-55778-224-3}}; Novak, Michael. ''The Guns of Lattimer.'' Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-56000-764-7}}), and 40 wounded (Beers, Paul B. ''The Pennsylvania Sampler: A Biography of the Keystone State and Its People.'' Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1970).</ref> The Lattimer massacre was a turning point in the history of the [[United Mine Workers]] (UMW).<ref>Blatz, Perry K. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-1819-2}}</ref>

In 1898 the [[Bava Beccaris massacre]] in [[Milan]], [[Kingdom of Italy]] came about, killing and injuring hundreds. On May 5, 1898, workers organized a [[labor strike|strike]] to demonstrate against the government of [[Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì]], Prime Minister of Italy, holding it responsible for the general [[inflation|increase of prices]] and for the famine that was affecting the country. The first blood was shed that day at [[Pavia]], when the son of the mayor of Milan was killed while attempting to halt the troops marching against the crowd. After a protest in Milan the following day, the government declared a [[state of siege]] in the city. Infantry, cavalry and artillery were brought into the city and General [[Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris]] ordered his troops to fire on demonstrators. According to the government, there were 118 dead and 450 wounded. The opposition claimed 400 dead and more than 2,000 injured people. [[Filippo Turati]], one of the founders of the [[Italian Socialist Party]], was arrested and accused of inspiring the riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/bresci-gaetano-1869-1901|title=Bresci, Gaetano, 1869-1901 &#124; libcom.org|website=libcom.org}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g20zgPvqFL0C&dq=Bava-Beccaris+massacre&pg=PA272 "Bresci comes from America to avenge his countrymen"] Chapter of [[Living My Life]] (1931) by [[Emma Goldman]], page 272</ref>

During 1898 the [[Voulet–Chanoine Mission]] became a disastrous French military expedition sent out from [[Senegal]] to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa. The expedition descended into wanton violence against the local population and ended in sedition on the part of the commanders.

In 1898, the [[Battle of Sugar Point]] takes place in the northeast shore of [[Leech Lake]], [[Minnesota]]. "Old Bug" ([[Bugonaygeshig]]), a leading member of the [[Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians]] in [[Bear Island (Minnesota)|Bear Island]] had been arrested in September 1898. A reported number of 22 Pillagers helped him escape. [[Arrest warrant]]s were issued for all Pillagers involved in the incident. On October 5, 1898, about 80 men serving or attached to the [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment]] arrived on Bear Island to perform the arrests. Finding it abandoned, they proceeded to [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation|Sugar Point]]. There, a force of 19 Pillagers armed with [[Winchester rifle]] was observing the soldiers from a forested area. When a soldier fired his weapon, allegedly a new recruit who had done so accidentally, the Pillagers returned fire. Major [[Melville C. Wilkinson|Melville Wilkinson]], the commanding officer, was shot three times and killed. By the end of the conflict, seven soldiers had been killed (including Wilkinson), another 16 wounded. There were no casualties among the 19 Natives. Peaceful relations were soon re-established but this uprising was among the last [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] victories in the [[American Indian Wars]]. It is known as "the last Indian Uprising in the United States".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm |title=Leech Lake Tourism Bureau:History of the Leech Lake Area |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073426/http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384 |title=Trond Knudegaard, "The Battle of Sugar Point" |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302044854/http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384 |archive-date=2012-03-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dJAtNIzM_O8C&dq=Battle+of+Sugar+Point&pg=PA16 "Battle Point (Sugar Point"] A chapter of "Minnesota treasures: stories behind the state's historic places" (2004) by Denis Gardner, pages 16–20</ref>

=== Prominent political events ===
[[File:Degradation alfred dreyfus.jpg|thumb|[[Dreyfus affair]] – Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably discharged, 5 January 1895.]]
* 1890: A split erupted in [[Irish nationalism]] over a scandal involving the Irish leader [[Charles Stewart Parnell]]'s affair with a fellow MP's wife, [[Katharine O'Shea]].
* 1890: The [[Revolution of the Park]] - a failed uprising in [[Argentina]], against the government of [[Miguel Ángel Juárez|Miguel Juárez Celman]], which forced Celman's resignation and marked the decline of the historical period known as the [[Generation of '80]].
* 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-zealand-first-in-womens-vote|title=New Zealand first in women's vote|website=HISTORY}}</ref>
* 1894: The [[Greenwich Observatory]] bomb attack. This was possibly the first widely publicised terrorist incident in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035329/https://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413|url-status=dead|title=Propaganda by Deed – the Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894|archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref>
* The [[Dreyfus affair]] – a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 20th century. It involved the conviction for [[treason]] in November 1894 of Captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a young French artillery officer of [[History of the Jews in Alsace|Alsatian Jewish descent]].
* 1895: The [[Gongche Shangshu movement]]. In April, over 1300 [[Imperial examination|Jǔrén]], present in Beijing to participate in the imperial examination, sign a petition requesting reforms by the [[Guangxu Emperor]]. [[Kang Youwei]] is the main organizer of the movement. In May, thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protested against the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]. The emperor would respond with the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] of 1898.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp|title="Eternal Sorrow over Ying'Tai"|access-date=2010-01-06|archive-date=2011-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133845/http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Venezuelan crisis of 1895]]: It is resolved by the Paris Arbitration Award of 1899 by which much of the [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|disputed territory]] is awarded to [[British Guiana]] instead of [[Venezuela]].
* [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 Republican Realignment]]
* The 1896 [[Cross of Gold speech]] by [[William Jennings Bryan]]
* In June 1897: The [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] was celebrated marking [[Queen Victoria]]'s 60-year reign. Celebrations to honour the grand occasion — the first Diamond Jubilee of any British monarch — showcased the Queen's role as 'mother' of the British Empire and its Dominions.
* 1899: 
* The [[New Imperialism]]
* The [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]] reaches its high point in American history.

==Economics in the United States==
* 1892: The [[Homestead strike]] in [[Homestead, Pennsylvania]]. Labor dispute between the [[Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers]] (the AA) and the [[Carnegie Steel Company]] starting in June 1892. The union negotiated national uniform wage scales on an annual basis; helped regularize working hours, workload levels and work speeds; and helped improve working conditions. It also acted as a [[hiring hall]], helping employers find scarce [[Puddling (metallurgy)|puddlers]] and rollers.<ref>Brody, David. Steelworkers in America: The Nonunion Era, p. 50 New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1969. {{ISBN|978-0-252-06713-6}}</ref> With the collective bargaining agreement due to expire on June 30, 1892, [[Henry Clay Frick]] (chairman of the company) and the leaders of the local AA union entered into negotiations in February. With the steel industry doing well and prices higher, the AA asked for a wage increase. Frick immediately countered with a 22% wage decrease that would affect nearly half the union's membership and remove a number of positions from the bargaining unit. [[Andrew Carnegie]] encouraged Frick to use the negotiations to break the union: "...the Firm has decided that the minority must give way to the majority. These works, therefore, will be necessarily non-union after the expiration of the present agreement."<ref>Letter from Carnegie to Frick dated April 4, 1892, quoted in Foner, Philip. ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States''. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism., p. 207. New York: International Publishers, 1955. {{ISBN|978-0-7178-0092-6}}</ref> Frick locked workers out of the plate mill and one of the [[open-hearth furnace]]s on the evening of June 28. When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29, Frick locked the union out of the rest of the plant. A high fence topped with [[barbed wire]], begun in January, was completed and the plant sealed to the workers. Sniper towers with searchlights were constructed near each mill building, and high-pressure [[water cannon]]s (some capable of spraying boiling-hot liquid) were placed at each entrance. Various aspects of the plant were protected, reinforced or shielded.<ref>Foner, Philip. ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States''. Vol. 2: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism., p. 207–208.</ref><ref>Krause, Paul. ''The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel'', p. 302, 310. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-8229-5466-8}}</ref>
* 1892: [[Buffalo switchmen's strike]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], during August, 1892. In early 1892, the [[New York State Legislature]] passed a law mandating a 10-hour work-day and increases in the day- and night-time minimum wage. On August 12, switchmen in the Buffalo railyards struck the [[Lehigh Valley Railroad]], the [[Erie Railroad]] and the [[Buffalo Creek Railroad]] after the companies refused to obey the new law.<ref name="Foner, Philip S p. 253">Foner, Philip S. History of the Labor Movement in the United States: From the Founding of the A.F. of L. to the Emergence of American Imperialism, p. 253. 2nd ed. New York: International Publishers, Co., 1975. {{ISBN|978-0-7178-0388-0}}</ref><ref>Voorhees, Theodore. 'The Buffalo strike.' North American Review. 155(431): October 1892, pp. 407–418. Cornell University Library</ref> On August 15, [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[Governor#United States|Governor]] [[Roswell P. Flower]] called out the [[U.S. National Guard|New York State Guard]] to restore order and protect the railroads' property. However, State Guard [[Brigadier General]] [[Peter C. Doyle]], commanding the Fourth Brigade, held a full-time position as an agent of the Lehigh Valley Railroad and was determined to crush the strike.<ref name="Foner, Philip S p. 253"/>
* 1892: [[1892 New Orleans general strike|New Orleans general strike]] taking place in [[New Orleans, Louisiana]], during November, 1892. 49 [[labor union]]s affiliated through the [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL) had established a central labor council known as the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council that represented more than 20,000 workers. Three racially integrated unions—the [[Teamsters]], the Scalesmen, and the Packers—made up what came to be called the "Triple Alliance." Many of the workers belonging to the unions of the Triple Alliance were [[African Americans|African American]].<ref name="Rosenberg">Rosenberg, ''New Orleans Dockworkers: Race, Labor, and Unionism, 1892–1923,'' 1988.</ref><ref>Brown and Allen, ''Strong In the Struggle: My Life As a Black Labor Activist,'' 2001.</ref> The Triple Alliance started negotiations with the New Orleans Board of Trade in October. Employers utilized race-based appeals to try to divide the workers and turn the public against the strikers. The board of trade announced it would sign contracts agreeing to the terms—but only with the white-dominated Scalesmen and Packers unions. The Board of Trade refused to sign any contract with the black-dominated Teamsters. The Board of Trade and the city's newspapers also began a campaign designed to create public hysteria. The newspapers ran lurid accounts of "mobs of brutal Negro strikers" rampaging through the streets, of African American unionists "beating up all who attempted to interfere with them," and repeated accounts of crowds of blacks assaulting lone white men and women.<ref>Quoted in Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States'', Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism, 1955, p. 202.</ref> The striking workers refused to break ranks along racial lines. Large majorities of the Scalesmen and Packers unions passed resolutions affirming their commitment to stay out until the employers had signed a contract with the Teamsters on the same terms offered to other unions.<ref name="Rosenberg" /> The Board of Trade's tactics essentially backfired when the Workingmen's Amalgamated Council called for a general strike, involving all of its unions. The city's supply of natural gas failed on November 8, as did the electrical grid, and the city was plunged into darkness. The delivery of food and beverages immediately ceased, generating alarm among city residents. Construction, printing, street cleaning, manufacturing and even fire-fighting services ground to a halt.<ref name="Foner">Foner, ''History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 2: From the Founding of the American Federation of Labor to the Emergence of American Imperialism,'' 1955.</ref><ref>"New Orleans' Big Strike," ''Washington Post,'' November 8, 1892.</ref>
* 1893: The [[Panic of 1893]] set off a widespread [[economic depression]] in the United States of America that lasts until 1897. One of the first signs of trouble was the [[bankruptcy]] of the [[Reading Company|Philadelphia and Reading Railroad]], which had greatly over-extended itself, on February 23, 1893,<ref>James L. Holton, ''The Reading Railroad: History of a Coal Age Empire'', Vol. I: The Nineteenth Century, pp. 323–325, citing Vincent Corasso, ''The Morgans''.</ref> ten days before [[Grover Cleveland]]'s second inauguration.<ref>The History Box, [http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/panics/panics_article10a.htm The Panic of 1893 – Financial World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150502162738/http://thehistorybox.com/ny_city/panics/panics_article10a.htm |date=2015-05-02 }}. Retrieved 2009.04.08.</ref> Some historians consider this bankruptcy to be the beginning of the Panic.<ref>''The Encyclopedia of Arkansas History and Culture'', [http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=4292 "The Panic of 1893"]. Retrieved 2009.04.08.</ref> As concern of the state of the economy worsened, people rushed to withdraw their money from banks and caused [[bank run]]s. The [[credit crunch]] rippled through the economy. A financial panic in the United Kingdom and a drop in trade in Europe caused foreign investors to sell American stocks to obtain American funds backed by [[gold]].<ref name="whitten">
 {{cite web
 |url=http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whitten.panic.1893
 |title=EH.Net Encyclopedia: Depression of 1893
 |publisher=eh.net
 |access-date=2009-04-20
 |last=Whitten
 |first=David O.
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427161827/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/whitten.panic.1893
 |archive-date=27 April 2009
 |url-status=dead
}}</ref> People attempted to redeem [[Silver certificate (United States)|silver notes]] for gold; ultimately the statutory limit for the minimum amount of gold in federal reserves was reached and US notes could no longer be successfully redeemed for gold.<ref name="whitten"/> Investments during the time of the Panic were heavily financed through bond issues with high interest payments. The [[National Cordage Company]] (the most actively traded stock at the time) went into [[Bankruptcy|receivership]] as a result of its bankers calling their loans in response to rumors regarding the NCC's financial distress. As the demand for silver and silver notes fell, the price and value of [[silver]] dropped. Holders worried about a loss of face value of bonds, and many became worthless. A series of bank failures followed, and the [[Northern Pacific Railway]], the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] and the [[Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad]] failed. This was followed by the bankruptcy of many other companies; in total over 15,000 companies and 500 banks failed (many in the west). According to high estimates, about 17%–19% of the workforce was [[Unemployment|unemployed]] at the Panic's peak. The huge spike in unemployment, combined with the loss of life savings by failed banks, meant that a once-secure middle-class could not meet their [[mortgage]] obligations. As a result, many walked away from recently built homes. From this, the sight of the vacant [[Victorian era|Victorian]] ([[Haunted house|haunted]]) house entered the American mindset.<ref>Hoffman, Charles. ''The Depression of the Nineties: An Economic History''. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing, 1970. Page 109.</ref>
* 1894: [[Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894|Cripple Creek miners' strike]], a five-month strike by the [[Western Federation of Miners]] (WFM) in [[Cripple Creek, Colorado|Cripple Creek]], [[Colorado]], United States. In January 1894, Cripple Creek mine owners [[J. J. Hagerman]], [[David Moffat]] and [[Eben Smith]], who together employed one-third of the area's miners, announced a lengthening of the work-day to ten hours (from eight), with no change to the daily wage of $3.00 per day. When workers protested, the owners agreed to employ the miners for eight hours a day – but at a wage of only $2.50.<ref name="Holbrook, Stewart 1956. p.73–74">Holbrook, Stewart. The Rocky Mountain Revolution. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1956. p.73–74</ref><ref>Philpott, William. The Lessons of Leadville, Or, Why the Western Federation of Miners Turned Left, p. 73. Monograph 10. Denver: Colorado Historical Society, 1994. ISSN 1046-3100</ref><ref>Suggs, Jr., George G. Colorado's War on Militant Unionism: James H. Peabody and the Western Federation of Miners, p. 17. 2nd ed. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991. {{ISBN|978-0-8061-2396-7}}</ref> Not long before this dispute, miners at Cripple Creek had formed the Free Coinage Union. Once the new changes went into effect, they affiliated with the [[Western Federation of Miners]], and became Local 19. The union was based in [[Altman, Colorado|Altman]], and had chapters in [[Anaconda, Montana|Anaconda]], Cripple Creek and [[Victor, Colorado|Victor]].<ref name="Holbrook, Stewart 1956. p.73–74"/> On February 1, 1894, the mine owners began implementing the 10-hour day. Union president [[John Calderwood]] issued a notice a week later demanding that the mine owners reinstate the [[eight-hour day]] at the $3.00 wage. When the owners did not respond, the nascent union struck on February 7. Portland, Pikes Peak, Gold Dollar and a few smaller mines immediately agreed to the eight-hour day and remained open, but larger mines held out.<ref name="Holbrook, Stewart 1956. p.73–74"/>
* 1894: [[Coxey's Army]] a protest march by [[Unemployment|unemployed workers]] from the United States, led by the [[Populism|populist]] [[Jacob Coxey]]. The purpose of the march was to protest the unemployment caused by the [[Panic of 1893]] and to lobby for the government to create jobs which would involve building [[road]]s and other [[public works]] improvements. The march originated with 100 men in [[Massillon, Ohio]], on March 25, 1894,<ref>{{cite journal |title=In Dreams He Sees An Army |journal=New York Times |year=1894 |issue=March 25 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/25/106900970.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/25/106900970.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=2008-11-12 }}</ref> passing through [[Pittsburgh]], [[Becks Run]] and [[Homestead, Pennsylvania]], in April.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coxey has a new commissary |journal=New York Times |year=1894 |issue=April 6 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/04/06/106901442.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/04/06/106901442.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|access-date=2008-11-12 }}</ref>
* 1894: The [[Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike of 1894|Bituminous Coal Miners' Strike]], an unsuccessful national eight-week strike by miners of [[bituminous coal|hard coal]] in the United States, which began on April 21, 1894.<ref>Gigantic Miners' Strike Ordered.; Over 200,000 Men in Eleven States May Quit Work April 21, [https://www.nytimes.com/1894/04/12/archives/gigantic-miners-strike-ordered-over-200000-men-in-eleven-states-may.html New York Times], Wednesday, April 12, 1894; page 8.</ref> Initially, the strike was a major success. More than 180,000 miners in [[Colorado]], [[Illinois]], [[Ohio]], [[Pennsylvania]], and [[West Virginia]] struck. In Illinois, 25,207 miners went on strike, while only 610 continued to work through the strike, with the average Illinois miner out of work for 72 days because of the strike.<ref>The Coal Miners Strike – 1894, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mhYAAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5 Coal in Illinois], 13th Annual Report of the State Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1894, Springfield, 1895; Appendix pages 5–26, see particularly Table III.</ref> In some areas of the country, violence erupted between strikers and mine operators or between striking and non-striking miners. On May 23 near [[Uniontown, Pennsylvania]], 15 guards armed with [[carbine]]s and [[machine gun]]s held off an attack by 1500 strikers, killing 5 and wounding 8.<ref>W. T. Stead, "Incidents of Labor War in America", [https://books.google.com/books?id=jpHQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69 ''The Contemporary Review''], Vol. LXVI, No. 1, July 1894; pages 65–74.</ref>
* 1894: [[May Day riots of 1894|May Day Riots]], a series of violent demonstrations that occurred throughout [[Cleveland, Ohio]], on May 1, 1894 ([[May Day]]). Cleveland's unemployment rate increased dramatically during the [[Panic of 1893]]. Finally, riots broke out among the unemployed who condemned city leaders for their ineffective relief measures.<ref>''Cleveland: A Concise History, 1796–1996'' by Carol Poh Miller and Robert Anthony Wheeler {{ISBN|978-0-253-21147-7}}</ref>
* 1894: The [[Pullman Strike|workers of the Pullman Company went on strike]] in [[Illinois]]. During the economic [[panic of 1893]], the [[Pullman Company|Pullman Palace Car Company]] cut wages as demands for their train cars plummeted and the company's revenue dropped. A delegation of workers complained of the low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and that the corporation that operated the town of Pullman didn't decrease rents, but company owner [[George Pullman]] "loftily declined to talk with them."<ref name="Lukas1">Lukas, Anthony. ''Big Trouble'', 1997, page 310.</ref> The boycott was launched on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had quit work rather than handle Pullman cars.<ref name="Lukas1" /> Adding fuel to the fire the railroad companies began hiring replacement workers (that is, [[strikebreaker]]s), which only increased hostilities. Many [[African Americans]], fearful that the racism expressed by the [[American Railway Union]] would lock them out of another labor market, crossed the picket line to break the strike; thus adding a racially charged tone to the conflict.<ref>Bernstein, David E. ''Only One Place of Redress'', 2001, page 54</ref>
* 1896: The [[1896 United States presidential election]] becomes a [[political realignment]]. The [[monetary policy]] standard supported by the candidates of the two major parties arguably dominated their electoral campaigns. [[William Jennings Bryan]], candidate of the ruling [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] campaigned on a policy of [[Free Silver]]. His opponent [[William McKinley]] of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]], which had lost elections in 1884 and 1892, campaigned on a policy of [[Hard currency|Sound Money]] and maintaining the [[gold standard]] in effect since the 1870s. The "shorthand [[slogan]]s" actually reflected "broader philosophies of finance and public policy, and opposing beliefs about justice, order, and '[[moral economy]].'",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/currency.html|title=1896: The Currency Question|website=projects.vassar.edu}}</ref><ref>[http://projects.vassar.edu/1896/gopplatform.html Rebecca Edwards, "Republican Party Platform. Adopted at St. Louis, June 16, 1896."] Reproducing primary text with minor editing</ref> The Republicans won the election and would win every election to 1912. Arguably ending the so-called [[Gilded Age]]. The McKinley administration would embrace [[American imperialism]], its involvement in the [[Spanish–American War]] (1896–1898) leading the United States in playing a more active role in the world scene.<ref>Michael Streich, "Election of 1896 Candidates and Issues: The Gold Standard, Protective Tariffs, and Law and Order"</ref> The term [[Progressive Era]] has been suggested for the period, though often covering the reforms lasting from the 1880s to the 1920s.<ref name="women">{{cite web|last=Muncy|first=Robin|title=Women in the Progressive Era|url=http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/pwwmh/prog.htm|publisher=[[National Park Service]]|access-date=2008-02-06| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080215130058/http://www.nps.gov/nr//travel/pwwmh/prog.htm| archive-date= 15 February 2008 | url-status= dead}}</ref>
[[File:Klondike mining camp.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A typical [[gold mining]] operation, on Bonanza Creek.]]
* 1896–1897: [[Leadville Colorado, Miners' Strike]]. The union local in the [[Leadville mining district]] was the Cloud City Miners' Union (CCMU), Local 33 of the [[Western Federation of Miners]].<ref name="William Philpott 1995, page 2">William Philpott, ''The Lessons of Leadville'', Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 2.</ref> In 1896, representatives of the CCMU asked for a wage increase of fifty cents per day for all mine workers not already making three dollars per day.<ref>William Philpott, ''The Lessons of Leadville'', Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 2.</ref> The union felt justified, for fifty cents a day had been cut from the miners' wages during the depression of 1893.<ref>Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble, 1997, page 211.</ref> By 1895, Leadville mines posted their largest combined output since 1889, and Leadville was then [[Colorado]]'s most productive mine camp, producing almost 9.5&nbsp;million ounces of [[silver]] that year.<ref>William Philpott, ''The Lessons of Leadville'', Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 30,105.</ref> The mine owners "were doing a lot better than they wanted anyone to know."<ref>William Philpott, ''The Lessons of Leadville'', Colorado Historical Society, 1995, page 105 (quoting Blair, ''Leadville: Colorado's Magic City'', 189).</ref> Negotiations over an increase in pay for the lower-paid mineworkers broke down, and 1,200 miners voted unanimously to strike all mines that were still paying at the lower rate. The next day 968 miners walked out, and mine owners [[Lockout (industry)|locked out]] another 1,332 mine workers.<ref name="William Philpott 1995, page 2"/> The Leadville strike set the scene not only for the WFM's consideration of militant tactics and its embrace of radicalism,<ref>William Philpott, ''The Lessons of Leadville'', Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 6–7, 75–79.</ref> but also for the birth of the [[Western Labor Union]] (which became the [[American Labor Union]]), the WFM's participation in the founding of the [[Industrial Workers of the World]],<ref>''All That Glitters—Class, Conflict, and Community in Cripple Creek'', Elizabeth Jameson, 1998, page 7.</ref> and for events which culminated in the [[Colorado Labor Wars]].
* 1896–1899: The [[Klondike Gold Rush]]. In August, 1896, [[George Carmack]], [[Kate Carmack]], [[Keish]], [[Dawson Charlie]] and [[Patsy Henderson]], members of a [[Tagish]] [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] family group, discovered rich [[Placer mining|placer]] gold deposits in [[Bonanza Creek|Bonanza (Rabbit) Creek]], [[Yukon]], Canada.<ref>Julie Cruikshank. ''Reading Voices. Oral and Written Interpretations of the Yukon's Past''. Vancouver & Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, 1991, p. 124.</ref> Soon a massive movement of people, goods and money started moving towards the [[Klondike, Yukon]] region and the nearby [[District of Alaska]]. Men from all walks of life headed for the Yukon from as far away as New York, South Africa,<ref name="scouting">{{cite book |last=Burnham |first=Frederick Russell |title=Scouting on Two Continents |publisher=Doubleday, Page & company |year=1926 |oclc=407686 |isbn=978-0-86920-126-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/scoutingontwocon00book }}</ref> the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]],<ref>[[Micí Mac Gabhann]] – ''Hard Road to Klodike'' {{ISBN|1-903464-35-8}} and other editions.</ref> and Australia. Surprisingly, a large proportion were professionals, such as teachers and doctors, even a mayor or two, who gave up respectable careers to make the journey. For instance, the residents of Camp Skagway Number One included: [[William Howard Taft]], who went on to become a U.S. president; [[Frederick Russell Burnham]], the celebrated American scout who arrived from Africa only to be called back to take part in the [[Second Boer War]]; and [[W. W. White]], author and explorer.<ref name="healthjuly1912">{{cite journal |last=Percival |first=C Gilbert |date=July 1912 |title=North of 62 Degrees by Automobile :A Story of a Trip in Alaska, British Columbia, Yukon Territory and the Klondike ALASKA HAS A GREAT AREA AND RESOURCES. AGRICULTURE IN ALASKA |journal=Health | page= 150 | volume= 62 |issue= 7}}</ref> Most were perfectly aware of their chance of finding significant amounts of gold were slim to none, and went for the adventure. As many as half of those who reached Dawson City kept right on going without doing any prospecting at all. Thus, by bringing large numbers of entrepreneurial adventurers to the region, the Gold Rush significantly contributed to the economic development of [[Western Canada]], Alaska, and the [[Pacific Northwest]].<ref>[[Pierre Berton]] – ''Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush, 1896–1899'' Espn 0-385-65844-3 and other editions.</ref> New cities were created as a result of the Gold Rush, including among others [[Dawson City]], [[Fairbanks, Alaska]], and [[Anchorage, Alaska]]. The heyday of the individual prospector and the rush towards the north ended by 1899. Exploitation of the area by "big mining companies with their mechanical dredges" would last well into the 20th century.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/klondike-gold-rush.htm/2 HistoryNet.com:Klondike Gold Rush].</ref>
* 1898: [[Welsh coal strike of 1898|Welsh coal strike]], involving the colliers of [[South Wales]] and [[Monmouthshire (historic)|Monmouthshire]]. The strike began as an attempt by the colliers to remove the [[Sliding scale fees|sliding scale]], which determined their wage based on the price of coal. The strike quickly turned into a disastrous lockout which would last for six months and result in a failure for the colliers as the sliding scale stayed in place.<ref name="Davies 2008">{{cite book |last=Davies |first=John |author2=Jenkins, Nigel |title=The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6}}</ref> The strike officially ended on September 1, 1898.<ref>{{cite book |last=Western Mail |title=Cartoons of the Welsh Coal Strike, April 1st to September 1st, 1898 |year=1898 |publisher=Western Mail Ltd. |location=Cardiff }}</ref> The lack of organisation and vision apparent form the colliers' leaders was addressed by the foundation of the [[South Wales Miners' Federation]], or 'the Fed'.<ref name="Davies 2008"/>
* 1899: [[Newsboys' strike of 1899|Newsboys Strike]] in New York City, New York. The newsboys were not employees of the newspapers but rather purchased the papers from the publishers and sold them as independent agents. Not allowed to return unsold papers, the newsboys typically earned around 30 cents a day and often worked until very late at night.<ref>(nd) [http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabor/ Child labor in America 1908–1912: Photographs of Lewis W. Hine]. Retrieved 6/17/07. – ''See "Newsies".''</ref> Cries of "Extra, extra!" were often heard into the morning hours as newsboys attempted to hawk every last paper.<ref>Nasau, D. (1999) "Ch. 3: Youse an' yer noble scrap: On strike with the Newsboy Legion in 1899." in ''Big Town, Big Time. New York: New York Daily News''. p. 9.</ref> In 1898, with the [[Spanish–American War]] increasing newspaper sales, several publishers raised the cost of a newsboy bundle of 100 newspapers from 50¢ to 60¢, a price increase that at the time was offset by the increased sales. After the war, many papers reduced the cost back to previous levels, with the notable exceptions of the ''[[New York World]]'' and the ''[[New York Morning Journal]]''. In July 1899, a large number of New York City newsboys refused to distribute the papers of [[Joseph Pulitzer]], publisher of the ''World'', and [[William Randolph Hearst]], publisher of the ''Journal''. The strikers demonstrated across the [[Brooklyn Bridge]] for several days, effectively bringing traffic to a standstill,<ref>Haw, R. (2005) ''The Brooklyn Bridge: A Cultural History.'' Rutgers University Press. p. 151.</ref> along with the news distribution for most [[New England]] cities. Several rallies drew more than 5,000 newsboys, complete with charismatic speeches by strike leader Kid Blink.<ref>Hoose, P. (2001) ''We were there, too! Young people in U.S. history.'' Douglas & McIntyre, Ltd. p. 177.</ref> Blink and his strikers were the subject of violence, as well. Hearst and Pulitzer hired men to break up rallies and protect the newspaper deliveries still underway.<ref>Brown, D. (nd) [http://www.booksbybrown.com/blinkpage.html Kid Blink Beats the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705093718/http://www.booksbybrown.com/blinkpage.html |date=2009-07-05 }}. Retrieved 6/17/07.</ref>

== Other significant international events ==
[[File:Looking_West_From_Peristyle,_Court_of_Honor_and_Grand_Basin,_1893.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[World's Columbian Exposition]], 1893]]
* May 1-October 30, 1893 - The [[World's Columbian Exposition|1893 World's Fair]], also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, was held in [[Chicago]], Illinois to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's discovery of the New World. The Exposition was an influential social and cultural event and had a profound effect on architecture, sanitation, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism.
{{clear}}

==Science and technology==
===Technology===
[[File:Benz-velo.jpg|thumb|250px|1895 [[Benz Velo]]. Along with its contemporary [[Duryea Motor Wagon]], those vehicles were considered the earliest standardized cars. The 1890s also saw further developments in the [[history of the automobile]].]]
[[File:Panhard-levassor.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Panhard-Levassor (1890–1895). This model was the first automobile to circulate in Portugal]]
* 1890s: [[Bike boom]] sweeps Europe and America with hundreds of bicycle manufacturers in the biggest bicycle craze to date.
* 1890: [[Clément Ader]] of [[Muret]], France creates his [[Ader Éole]]. "Ader claimed that while he was aboard the Ader Eole he made a steam-engine powered low-level flight of approximately 160 feet on October 9, 1890, in the suburbs of Paris, from a level field on the estate of a friend." It was a powered and heavier-than-air flight, but is often discounted as a candidate for the first flying machine for two main reasons. "It was not capable of a prolonged flight (due to the use of a steam engine) and it lacked adequate provisions for full flight control.". His [[Ader Avion II]] and [[Ader Avion III]] had more complex designs but failed to take-off.<ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/ader.html Carroll Gray, "Clement Ader 1841–1925"]</ref><ref>[http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company EADS N.V.: Eole/Clément Ader"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020082858/http://www.eads.com/1024/en/eads/history/airhist/1890_1899/ader.html |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref>
* 1891: Commercial production of automobiles began and was at an early stage. The first company formed exclusively to build automobiles was [[Panhard|Panhard et Levassor]] in [[French Third Republic|France]], which also introduced the first [[Straight-four engine|four-cylinder engine]].<ref>[[G.N. Georgano]] (1985). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930, p. 22. London: Grange-Universal.</ref> Panhard was originally called '''Panhard et Levassor''', and was established as a car manufacturing concern by [[René Panhard]], [[Émile Levassor]], and Belgian lawyer [[Edouard Sarazin]] in 1887.<ref>[[G.N. Georgano]] ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1990), p.16.</ref> In 1891, the company built their first all-Lavassor design,<ref name="Georgano, p.17">[[G.N. Georgano]], p.17.</ref> a "state of the art" model: the ''[[Systeme Panhard]]'' consisted of four wheels, a [[FR layout|front-mounted engine]] with [[rear wheel drive]], and a crude sliding-gear transmission, sold at 3500 ''franc''s.<ref name="Georgano, p.17"/> (It would remain the standard until [[Cadillac]] introduced [[synchromesh]] in 1928.)<ref>[[G.N. Georgano]], p.49.</ref> This was to become the standard layout for automobiles for most of the next century. The same year, Panhard shared their Daimler engine license with bicycle maker [[Armand Peugeot]], who formed his own car company. In 1895, 1205 cc (74 ci) Panhards finished 1–2 in the [[Paris–Bordeaux–Paris]] race, one piloted solo by Levassor, for 48¾hr.<ref>The prize would go to Koechlin's Peugeot, instead, since the Panhard-Levassor had only two seats, while the rules required four. [[G.N. Georgano]], p.20.</ref>
* 1891: [[Otto Lilienthal]] of [[Anklam]], [[Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)|Province of Pomerania]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]] creates his [[Derwitzer Glider]], a [[glider aircraft]]. It became "the first successful manned aircraft in the world, covering flight distances of up to about 80 feet near Derwitz/Krielow in Brandenburg." Lilienthal continued creating and testing flying machines to 1896. He achieved international fame. On August 9, 1896, Lilienthal lost control of one of his gliders due to a sudden gust of wind, crashing from a height of about {{convert|17|m|ft|abbr=on}} and suffering severe injuries. He died the following day.<ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/lilthl.html Caroll Gray:"Otto Lilienthal 1848–1896"]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lilienthal-museum.de/olma/e213.htm|title=Otto-Lilienthal-Museum Anklam|website=www.lilienthal-museum.de}}</ref>
* 1892: [[Rudolf Diesel]] of Paris, France discovers the [[Diesel cycle]], a [[thermodynamic cycle]]. On February 23, 1893, Diesel received a patent for [[Homogeneous charge compression ignition|compression ignition engine]] which would put his discovery in practical use. Further research would lead to his creation of the [[Diesel engine]], an [[internal combustion engine]]. "Diesel originally designed the diesel engine to use [[peanut oil]] as a fuel in order to help support agrarian society."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.speedace.info/diesel.htm|title=RUDOLPH DIESEL|website=www.speedace.info}}</ref> It was an early form of [[biodiesel]].<ref>The Biodiesel Handbook, Chapter 2 – The History of Vegetable Oil Based Diesel Fuels, by Gerhard Knothe, {{ISBN|978-1-893997-79-0}}</ref>[[File:Juan Vucetich 100.jpg|thumb|Juan Vucetich, Argentine police officer and pioneer of dactyloscopy.]]
* 1892: For the first time a criminal was positively identified through fingerprints in [[Argentina]], due to the pioneering work of [[Juan Vucetich]].
* 1893: The [[Duryea Motor Wagon Company]], founded by siblings [[Charles Duryea]] and [[J. Frank Duryea]], arguably becomes the first American automobile firm. In 1893, the Duryea brothers tested their first [[gasoline]]-powered automobile model and in 1896 established their company to build the Duryea model automobile, supposedly the first auto ever commercially manufactured.<ref name="Berkbile, Don 1964">Berkbile, Don. ''The 1893 Duryea Automobile'', (1964).</ref> Their 1893 model was a one-cylinder "Ladies Phaeton", first demonstrated on September 21, 1893, at [[Chicopee, Massachusetts]]. It is considered the first successful gas-engine vehicle built in the U.S. Their 1895 model, driven by Frank, won the [[Chicago Times-Herald race]] in Chicago on a snowy [[Thanksgiving (United States)|Thanksgiving Day]]. He travelled {{convert|54|mi|km}} at an average {{convert|7.5|mph|km/h|abbr=on}}, marking the first U.S. auto race in which any entrants finished. That same year, the brothers began commercial production, with thirteen cars sold by the end of 1896.<ref>[[G.N. Georgano]], G. N. ''Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886–1930''. (London: Grange-Universal, 1985)</ref>
[[File:KinetographKayser2bis.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Charles Kayser of the Edison lab seated behind the Kinetograph. Portability was not among the camera's virtues.]]
* 1893–1894: The [[Kinetoscope]], an early [[film|motion picture]] exhibition device invented by [[Thomas Edison]] and developed by [[William Kennedy Dickson]], is introduced to the public. (It was in development since 1889 and a number of films had already been created for it). The premiere of the completed Kinetoscope was held not at the [[World's Columbian Exposition|Chicago World's Fair]], as originally scheduled, but at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences on May 9, 1893. The first film publicly shown on the system was ''[[Blacksmith Scene]]'' (aka ''Blacksmiths''); directed by Dickson and [[cinematography|shot]] by Heise, it was produced at the new Edison moviemaking studio, known as the [[Edison's Black Maria|Black Maria]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nps.gov/edis/video.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000709114050/http://www.nps.gov/edis/video.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 9, 2000 | title=Movies | work=Edison National Historic Site |access-date=2007-03-14 }}</ref> Despite extensive promotion, a major display of the Kinetoscope, involving as many as twenty-five machines, never took place at the Chicago exposition. Kinetoscope production had been delayed in part because of Dickson's absence of more than eleven weeks early in the year with a nervous breakdown.<ref>Hendricks (1966), pp. 28–33. Given the dates of Dickson's departure and return that Hendricks provides, Dickson was gone for at least 80 days. Hendricks describes him as taking a "ten weeks' rest" (p. 28) or spending "about ten and a half weeks in the south" (p. 33), a plausible interpretation given travel time from New Jersey to Florida, where Dickson headed. There were also apparently problems—allegedly alcohol-fueled—with the lab employee, James Egan, who had been contracted to build the Kinetoscopes. See Hendricks, Gordon (1966). The Kinetoscope: America's First Commercially Successful Motion Picture Exhibitor, pp. 34–35, 49–50.</ref> On April 14, 1894, a public Kinetoscope parlor was opened by the Holland Bros. in New York City at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Street—the first commercial motion picture house. The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents a viewer could see all the films in either row; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill.<ref>The machines were modified so that they did not operate by nickel slot. According to Hendricks (1966), in each row "attendants switched the instruments on and off for customers who had paid their twenty-five cents" (p. 13). For more on the Hollands, see Peter Morris, ''Embattled Shadows: A History of Canadian Cinema, 1895–1939'' (Montreal and Kingston, Canada; London; and Buffalo, New York: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1978), pp. 6–7. Morris states that Edison wholesaled the Kinetoscope at $200 per machine; in fact, as described below, $250 seems to have been the most common figure at first.</ref> The machines were purchased from the new Kinetoscope Company, which had contracted with Edison for their production; the firm, headed by Norman C. Raff and Frank R. Gammon, included among its investors Andrew M. Holland, one of the entrepreneurial siblings, and Edison's former business chief, Alfred O. Tate. The ten films that comprise the first commercial movie program, all shot at the Black Maria, were descriptively titled: ''Barber Shop'', ''Bertoldi (mouth support)'' ([[Ena Bertoldi]], a British vaudeville contortionist), ''Bertoldi (table contortion)'', ''Blacksmiths'', ''[[Rooster]]s'' (some manner of [[cockfight]]), ''Highland Dance'', ''Horse Shoeing'', ''Sandow'' ([[Eugen Sandow]], a German strongman), ''Trapeze'', and ''Wrestling''.<ref>Hendricks (1966), pp. 56, 60; Musser, Charles (1994 [1990]). The Emergence of Cinema: The American Screen to 1907 (1994), p. 81; [http://www.victorian-cinema.net/bertoldi.htm Ena Bertoldi (Beatrice Mary Claxton)] biographical essay by Barry Anthony/Luke McKernan, part of the ''Who's Who of Victorian Cinema'' website; [http://www.victorian-cinema.net/sandow.htm Eugen Sandow (Frederick Muller)] biographical essay by Richard Brown, part of the ''Who's Who of Victorian Cinema'' website. Both retrieved 10/24/06.</ref> As historian [[Charles Musser]] describes, a "profound transformation of American life and performance culture" had begun.<ref>Musser, Charles (2002). "Introducing Cinema to the American Public: The Vitascope in the United States, 1896–7," in Moviegoing in America: A Sourcebook in the History of Film Exhibition, p. 21.</ref>
* 1894: [[Hiram Maxim]] completes his flying machine and was ready to use it. He built a {{convert|145|ft|m}} long craft that weighed 3.5 tons, with a {{convert|110|ft|m}} wingspan that was powered by two compound {{convert|360|hp}} [[steam engine]]s driving two propellers. In trials at [[Bexley]] in 1894 his machine rode on 1800 rails and was prevented from rising by outriggers underneath and wooden safety rails overhead, somewhat in the manner of a roller coaster.<ref>{{cite news| work= The Times| date = 25 November 1916 | title = Death Of Sir Hiram Maxim. A Famous Inventor, Automatic Guns And Aeronautics}}</ref> His goal in building this machine was not to soar freely, but to test if it would lift off the ground. During its test run all of the outriggers were engaged, showing that it had developed enough lift to take off, but in so doing it damaged the track; the "flight" was aborted in time to prevent disaster. The craft was almost certainly aerodynamically unstable and uncontrollable, which Maxim probably realized, because he subsequently abandoned work on it.<ref>{{cite book |last= Beril|first=Becker |title=Dreams and Realities of the Conquest of the Skies |year= 1967|publisher=Atheneum |location= New York|pages=124–125}}</ref> "On the Maxim Biplane Test-Rig's third test run, on July 31, 1894, with Maxim and a crew of three aboard, it lifted with such force that it broke the reinforced restraining track and careened for some 200 yards, at times reaching an altitude of 2 or 3 feet above the damaged track. It was believed that a lifting force of some 10,000 pounds had likely been generated."<ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/maxim.html Carroll Gray, "Hiram Stevens Maxim 1840–1916"]</ref>
* 1894: [[Lawrence Hargrave]] of [[Greenwich]], England successfully lifted himself off the ground under a train of four of his [[box kite]]s at [[Stanwell Park, New South Wales|Stanwell Park]] beach, [[New South Wales]], Australia on 12 November 1894. Aided by James Swain, the caretaker at his property, the kite line was moored via a spring balance to two sandbags. Hargrave carried an [[anemometer]] and [[inclinometer]] aloft to measure windspeed and the angle of the kite line. He rose {{convert|16|ft|m}} in a wind speed of {{convert|21|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}. This experiment was widely reported and established the box kite as a stable aerial platform<ref>Hudson Shaw, W. and Ruhen, O. (1977) ''Lawrence Hargrave: Explorer, Inventor and Aviation Experimenter'' Sydney : Cassell Australia.</ref>
* 1895: [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]] of [[Besançon]], [[Franche-Comté]], France introduce [[cinematograph]], a combination film [[camera]], [[Movie projector|film projector]] and developer, to the public. Their first public screening of films at which admission was charged was held on December 28, 1895, at [[Salon Indien du Grand Café]] in Paris. This history-making presentation featured ten short films, including their first film, ''[[Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory|Sortie des Usines Lumière à Lyon]]'' (''Workers Leaving the Lumière Factory'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/films/1seance/accueil.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912104656/http://www.institut-lumiere.org/francais/films/1seance/accueil.html|url-status=dead|title="La première séance publique payante", Institut Lumière|archivedate=September 12, 2005}}</ref>
* 1896: [[Samuel Langley]] of [[Roxbury, Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], has two significant breakthroughs while testing his [[Langley Aerodrome]]s, flying machines. In May, Aerodrome number 5 made "circular flights of 3,300 and 2,300 feet, at a maximum altitude of some 80 to 100 feet and at a speed of some 20 to 25 miles an hour". In November, Aerodrome number 6 "flew 4,200 feet, staying aloft over 1 minute.". The flights were powered (by a [[steam engine]]), but unmanned.<ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/lang.html Carroll Gray, "Samuel Pierpont Langley 1834–1906"]</ref>
* 1896: [[Octave Chanute]] and [[Augustus Moore Herring]] co-design the Chanute-Herring Biplane. "Each 16-foot (4.9-meter) wing was covered with varnished silk. The pilot hung from two bars that ran down from the upper wings and passed under his arms. This plane was originally flown at [[Indiana Dunes State Park|Dune Park]], [[Indiana]], about sixty miles from Chanute's home in Chicago, as a [[triplane]] on August 29, 1896, but was found to be unwieldy. Chanute and Herring removed the lowest of the three wings, which vastly improved its gliding ability. In its flight on September 11, it flew {{convert|256|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}}." It influenced the design of later aircraft, setting the pattern for a number of years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/chanute/PH7.htm |title=Stephen Garber, "Octave Chanute—A Champion of Aviation" |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827113129/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Prehistory/chanute/PH7.htm |archive-date=2009-08-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/chan.html Carroll Gray, "Octave Alexandre Chanute & Augustus Moore Herring"]</ref>
* 1897: [[Carl Richard Nyberg]] of [[Arboga]], Sweden starts constructing his [[Flugan]], an early [[fixed-wing aircraft]], outside his home in [[Lidingö]]. Construction started in 1897, and he kept working on it until 1922. The craft only managed a few short jumps and Nyberg was often ridiculed, however several of his innovations are still in use.<ref name="museet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.museet.se/historik/persona/nyberg/sida3.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812092554/http://www.museet.se/historik/persona/nyberg/sida3.htm|url-status=dead|title=Sundbybergs Museum|archivedate=August 12, 2010}}</ref> He was the first to test his design in a [[wind tunnel]] and the first to build a [[hangar]].<ref name="arlanda">{{Cite web|url=http://arlandaflygsamlingar.se/showitem.asp?prod=11&item=200001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506061416/http://arlandaflygsamlingar.se/showitem.asp?prod=11&item=200001|url-status=dead|title=Arlanda Flygsamlingar|archivedate=May 6, 2010}}</ref> The reasons for failure include poor wing and propeller design and, allegedly, that he was afraid of heights.
* 1898: [[Wurlitzer]] builds the first coin-operated [[player piano]].<ref>[http://donaldclarkemusicbox.com/rise-and-fall/detail.php?c=11 Donald Clarke, The Rise and Fall of Popular Music.] Chapter 10: "Aeolian's Aeriola player piano had been introduced in 1895; in 1898 Wurlitzer built the first coin-operated player piano. By 1910 these had overtaken nickel-in-the-slot record players."</ref>
* 1899: [[Gustave Whitehead]], according to a witness who gave his report in 1934, made a very early motorized flight of about half a mile in [[Pittsburgh]] in April or May 1899. Louis Darvarich, a friend of Whitehead's, said they flew together at a height of {{convert|20|to|25|ft|m|abbr=on}} in a [[Steam engine|steam-powered]] [[monoplane]] aircraft and crashed into a three-[[Storey|story]] building. Darvarich said he was stoking the boiler and was badly scalded in the accident, requiring several weeks in a hospital.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lost flights of Gustave Whitehead|last=Randolph |first=Stella |year=1937 |pages=28–29}}</ref> This claim is not accepted by mainstream aviation historians including William F. Trimble.<ref>{{cite book |title=High frontier: a history of aeronautics in Pennsylvania |last=Trimble |first=William F. |year=1982 |page=[https://archive.org/details/highfrontierhist00trim/page/58 58] |publisher=University of Pittsburgh |isbn=0-8229-5340-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/highfrontierhist00trim/page/58}}</ref>
* 1899: [[Percy Pilcher]] of [[Bath, Somerset]] dies in October, without having a chance to fly his early triplane. Pilcher had built a [[History of hang gliding|hang glider]] called ''The Bat'' which he flew for the first time in 1895. He then built more hang gliders ("The Beetle", "The Gull" and "The Hawk"), but had set his sights upon powered flight, which he hoped to achieve on his triplane.<ref name="geo">{{cite web|url=http://www.scottish-places.info/people/famousfirst894.html |title=Percy Sinclair Pilcher|work=The Gazetteer for Scotland|publisher=The Institute of Geography, University of Edinburgh.|access-date=2009-03-29}}</ref> On 30 September 1899, having completed his triplane, he had intended to demonstrate it to a group of onlookers and potential sponsors in a field near Stanford Hall. However, days before, the engine crankshaft had broken and, so as not to disappoint his guests, he decided to fly the Hawk instead. The weather was stormy and rainy, but by 4 pm Pilcher decided the weather was good enough to fly.<ref>'Mr Leicester'. 2008. The Rise and fall of Percy Pilcher. ''Leicester Mercury'' Saturday 2 Feb. pp 16–17.)</ref> Whilst flying, the tail snapped and Pilcher plunged {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off}} to the ground: he died two days later from his injuries with his triplane having never been publicly flown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2003/dec/01/theairlineindustry.g2|title=Soaring ambition|last=Burkeman|first=Oliver|date=2003-12-01|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=2009-03-29}}</ref> In 2003, a research effort carried out at the School of Aeronautics at [[Cranfield University]], commissioned by the [[BBC2]] television series "[[Horizon (BBC TV series)|Horizon]]", has shown that Pilcher's design was more or less workable, and had he been able to develop his engine, it is possible he would have succeeded in being the first to fly a heavier-than-air powered aircraft with some degree of control. Cranfield built a replica of Pilcher's aircraft and added the [[Wright brothers]]' innovation of wing-warping as a safety backup for roll control. Pilcher's original design did not include aerodynamic controls such as ailerons or elevator. After a very short initial test, the craft achieved a sustained flight of 1 minute and 25 seconds, compared to 59 seconds for the Wright Brothers' best flight at Kitty Hawk. This was achieved under dead calm conditions as an additional safety measure, whereas the Wrights flew in a 25&nbsp;mph+ wind to achieve enough airspeed on their early attempts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2003/percypilcher.shtml|title=Percy Pilcher's Flying Machine – programme summary|work=Horizon|publisher=BBC|access-date=2009-03-29}}</ref>
* 1899: [[Augustus Moore Herring]] introduces his biplane glider with a [[compressed-air engine]]. On October 11, 1899 (or 1898), Herring flew at [[Silver Beach Amusement Park]] in [[St. Joseph, Michigan]]. He reportedly covered a distance of {{convert|50|ft|m}}. However, there are no known witnesses. On October 22, 1899 (or 1898) Herring took a second flight, covering {{convert|73|ft|m}} in 8 to 10 seconds. This time the flight was covered by a newspaper reporter. It is often discounted as a candidate for the first flying machine for various reasons. The craft was difficult to steer, discounting it as controlled flight. While an aircraft outfitted with an engine, said engine could operate for "only 30 seconds at a time". The design was still recognizably a glider, introducing no innovations in that regard. It was also a "technological dead end", failing to influence the flying machines of the 20th century. It also attracted little press coverage, though possibly because the Michigan press was preoccupied with [[William McKinley]], President of the United States visiting [[Three Oaks, Michigan]], at about the same time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.swmidirectory.org/First_in_Flight.html|title=America's First Airplane Flight :: The Southwest Michigan Directory|website=www.swmidirectory.org}}</ref><ref>[http://www.flyingmachines.org/hrrg.html Caroll Gray, "The Herring Powered Biplane Glider 1898"]</ref>

===Science===
* [[Henri Becquerel]] discovered [[radioactivity]].
* Swedish scientist [[Svante Arrhenius]] and US geologist [[Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin]] independently suggested that human CO<sub>2</sub> emissions might cause [[global warming]].
*
* 1894: [[Argon]] was discovered by [[Lord Rayleigh]] and [[William Ramsay]].
* 1895: [[Helium]] was discovered to exist on the Earth by [[William Ramsay]], 27 years after first being detected spectrographically on the Sun in 1868.
* 1895: [[X-ray]]s were discovered by [[Wilhelm Röntgen]].
* 1896: A year after helium's terrestrial discovery, [[neon]], [[krypton]], and [[xenon]] were discovered by [[William Ramsay]] and [[Morris Travers]].
* 1897: Social scientist [[Émile Durkheim]] published the groundbreaking study ''[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide]]''.

==Popular culture==
* [[Settlement movement]] based on [[Jane Addams]]' [[Hull House]] in Chicago.
* [[Hale Johnson]] was a major leader of the [[American temperance movement]].
* [[Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction]], under [[Mary Hunt]], achieved ''de facto'' control over all alcohol education in the USA.
* The [[fin de siècle]] (primarily in Paris and Brussels).

===Literature and arts===
[[File:Timemachinebook.JPG|140px|thumb|First edition cover of ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895)]]
* [[Oscar Wilde]] published ''[[The Picture of Dorian Gray]]'' in 1890 (revised in 1891).
* Sir [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] published the first [[Sherlock Holmes]] story in ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'' in 1891.
* [[Frank Wedekind]] releases ''[[Spring Awakening (play)|Spring Awakening]]'' in 1891.
* [[Thomas Hardy]] published ''[[Tess of the d'Urbervilles]]'' in 1891.
* [[Rudyard Kipling]] published ''[[Barrack-Room Ballads]]'' in 1892.
* [[Ángel Della Valle]] completed ''[[The Return of the Malón]]'' in 1892.
* [[Charlotte Perkins Gilman]] published ''[[The Yellow Wallpaper]]'' in 1892.
* [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]] completed [[Without Bread and Without Work|''Without'' ''Bread and Without Work'']] in 1893.
* [[Rudyard Kipling]] published ''[[The Jungle Book]]'' in 1894.
* [[Kate Chopin]] published "[[The Story of an Hour]]" in 1894
* [[George H. Thomas]] published in 1894 the first [[illustrated songs|illustrated song]] for "[[The Little Lost Child]]".
* [[H. G. Wells]] published ''[[The Time Machine]]'' (1895), ''[[The Island of Doctor Moreau]]'' (1896), and created modern science fiction with his book ''[[The War of the Worlds]]'' (1898). 
* [[A. E. Housman]] published ''[[A Shropshire Lad]]'' in 1896.
* [[William James]] published ‘’[[The Will to Believe]]’’ in 1896, laying out the basics of [[Pragmatism]].
* [[Bram Stoker]]'s ''[[Dracula]]'' is published by Archibald Constable & co. (UK) in 1897.
* [[Anton Chekhov]] published ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' in 1899.
* [[Kate Chopin]] published ''[[The Awakening (Chopin novel)|The Awakening]]'' in 1899.
* [[Joseph Conrad]] published ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'' in 1899.
* Increasing importance of [[Art Nouveau]] style.[[File:Ernesto de la Cárcova - Sin pan y sin trabajo.jpg|thumb|''[[Without Bread and Without Work]]'' by [[Ernesto de la Cárcova]]]]
[[File:Ángel DELLA Valle - La vuelta del malón - Google Art Project (cropped).jpg|thumb|''[[The Return of the Malón]]'' by [[Ángel Della Valle]].]]
<gallery>
File:Oscar Wilde by Napoleon Sarony. Three-quarter-length photograph, seated.jpg|[[Oscar Wilde]]
File:Arthur Conan Doyle by Walter Benington, 1914.png|[[Arthur Conan Doyle]]
File:Rudyard Kipling (portrait).jpg|[[Rudyard Kipling]]
File:H.G. Wells by Beresford.jpg|[[H. G. Wells]]
File:Twain1909.jpg|[[Mark Twain]]
File:LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg|[[Lewis Carroll]]
</gallery>

===Film===
* For the first time in history, a [[coronation]] is filmed. The coronation is of Tsar [[Nicholas II]].

===Music===
{{See also|Timeline of musical events#1890s}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
* [[Symphony No. 6 (Tchaikovsky)|Symphony No. 6]] (1893) by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]]
* [[Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák)|Symphony No. 9]] (1893) by [[Antonín Dvořák]]
* ''[[Also sprach Zarathustra]]'' (1896) by [[Richard Strauss]]
* ''[[Finlandia]]'' (1899) by [[Jean Sibelius]]
* [[Ragtime]]
* [[Tango music|Tango]]
<gallery>
File:Čajkovskij ritratto seduto - Odessa (1893).gif|[[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]]
File:JohannesBrahms.jpg|[[Johannes Brahms]]
File:Strauss3.jpg|[[Richard Strauss]]
File:Paul Dukas 01.jpg|[[Paul Dukas]]
File:Claude Debussy by Atelier Nadar.jpg|[[Claude Debussy]]
</gallery>

===Sports===
* The [[Argentine Football Association]] is founded in 1893.
* The [[Campeonato Argentino Abierto de Polo]] is organized for the first time in 1893.
* The [[1896 Summer Olympics]] officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, was the first international [[Olympic Games]] held in modern history
* [[Australian Football League]] as Victorian Football League started its first season in 1897. This is currently the premier division of [[Australian Football]].

===Fashion===
{{See also|1890s in fashion}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}

===Other===
* 1890 – [[Lipton]] tea was introduced. 
* 1894- [[The Hershey Company]] was founded. 
* 1885–1913 – Annie Oakley, Li'l Sure Shot performed throughout US and Europe with Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

==People==

===Politics===
[[File:Julio roca portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|140px|[[Julio Argentino Roca]], President of Argentina]]
* [[Charles Albert Gobat]], Secretary-general Inter-Parliamentary Union
* Henri Morel, Director World Intellectual Property Organization
* [[Gustave Moynier]], President International Committee of the Red Cross
* [[Julio Argentino Roca]], 9th and 14th President of Argentina.
* [[Grover Cleveland]], President of the United States

===Entertainers===
[[File:Adelina Patti (carte de visite).jpg|thumb|upright|140px|[[Adelina Patti]]]]
* [[Adelina Patti]]

===Authors===
* [[Kate Chopin]] (''The Awakening'')
* [[Stephen Crane]]
* [[Henry James]]
* [[E. E. Smith]]
* [[Edith Wharton]]

===Sports figures===
* [[Cap Anson]]
* [[Bob Fitzsimmons]]
* [[Jim O'Rourke (baseball)|Jim O'Rourke]]
* [[Cy Young]]

===Other people===
[[File:Tesla circa 1890.jpeg|thumb|upright|140px|[[Nikola Tesla]], c. 1890]]
* [[Auguste Vaillant]], French [[anarchist]]
* [[Émile Henry (anarchist)|Émile Henry]], French anarchist
* [[Martial Bourdin]], French anarchist
* [[Sante Geronimo Caserio]], anarchist and assassin of [[Marie François Sadi Carnot]]
* [[Simón Radowitzky]], Argentine anarchist and assassin of [[Ramón Lorenzo Falcón]]
* [[Thomas Lipton]], Scottish businessman, merchant and yachtsman known for [[Lipton]] [[tea]]
* [[Crawford Goldsby]], [[Wild West]], outlaw
* [[Alberto Williams]], Argentine composer.
* [[Nikola Tesla]], a Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor

==See also==
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia]]
* [[Victorian era]]
* [[Gilded Age]] (during the earlier years of the decade)
* [[Progressive Era]] (during the later years of the decade)
* [[Gay Nineties]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin}}
* ''The Eighteen Nineties: A Review of Art and Ideas at the Close of the Nineteenth Century'', by [[Holbrook Jackson]] (1913)
* ''Portraits of the Nineties'', by [[E. T. Raymond]] (1921)
* ''The Mauve Decade'', by [[Thomas Beer]] (1926)
* ''[[Fin-de-siècle Vienna]]: Politics and Culture'', by [[Carl E. Schorske]] (1979)
* ''London in the 1890s: A Cultural History'', by [[Karl Beckson]] (1992)
* ''Fins de Siecle: How Centuries End, 1400-2000'', by [[Asa Briggs]] and [[Daniel Snowman]] (1996)
* [https://archive.org/stream/newappletonsannu18newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year'' '''1893''']
* [https://archive.org/stream/newappletonsannu20newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year'' '''1895''']
* [https://archive.org/stream/appletonsannualc01newyuoft#page/n7/mode/2up ''The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year'' '''1896''']
* {{cite book|title=Appletons' Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rg6CcUJONGUC&pg=PA260|year=1900}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1890-1899 Prices and Wages by Decade: 1890s]—Library research guide shows average wages for various occupations and prices for common expenditures in the 1890s. Site hosted by the University of Missouri.
* [http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/games/game_0/ Quiz: Victorian Etiquette] – Educational Game, In the style of [[Monty Python]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101116003359/http://www.cronologia.org/19/90.htm 1890s] 1890s
* [https://www.c-span.org/video/?69707-1/reckless-decade-america-1890s ''Booknotes'' interview with H. W. Brands] on ''The Reckless Decade: America in the 1890s'', February 25, 1996

{{19th century}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1890s| ]]