View source for 1891

{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2011}}
{{Year dab|1891}}
{{Year nav|1891}}
{{C19 year in topic}}{{Year article header|1891}}
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== Events ==
===January===
[[File:Liliuokalani.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[January 21]]: Hawaii, Queen [[Liliuokalani of Hawaii|Lili'Uokalani]].]]
* [[January 1]] 
** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence. 
**[[German Empire|Germany]] takes formal possession of its new African territories. 
* [[January 4]] &ndash; The [[Earl of Zetland]] issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland. 
* [[January 5]]
**The [[1891 Australian shearers' strike|Australian shearers' strike]], that leads indirectly to the foundation of the [[Australian Labor Party]], begins. 
**A fight between the [[United States]] and [[Lakota people|Lakotas]] breaks out near Pine Ridge agency. 
**A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, [[Scotland]]. 
* [[January 7]] 
** [[Nelson A. Miles|General Miles']] forces surround the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] in the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]]. 
** The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets in [[Washington, D.C.]]
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The great shoe strike in [[Rochester, New York]] is called off. 
* [[January 10]] &ndash; in [[France]], the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at [[Boulogne]]. The French government promptly takes loan. 
* [[January 11]]
**3,000 [[Lakota people|Lakotas]] approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender. 
**[[Mahoning Valley|Mahoning Valley, Ohio]], sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work. 
* [[January 12]]
**[[Canada]] brings suit before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in re-seizures of vessels in the [[Bering Sea]]. 
**St. Mary's Cathedral dedicated in [[San Francisco]].
* [[January 14]] &ndash; Conference of [[Lakota people|Lakota]] chiefs with General Miles at [[Pine Ridge Reservation]], the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] agree to surrender. 
* [[January 15]] &ndash; Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train near [[Greenock, Scotland]]. 
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]] breaks out.<ref>{{cite book|title=Naval Institute Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDYaAAAAIAAJ|year=1962|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|page=60}}</ref> 
* [[January 19]]
**General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops. 
**A [[British Navy|British]] squadron ordered to [[Chile]]. 
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Jim Hogg]] becomes the first native [[Texas|Texan]] to be governor of that state.
* [[January 27]]&ndash;[[May 2]] &ndash; The [[Jamaica International Exhibition]] is held.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revista Interamericana: Interamericana Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgdAQAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Inter American University Press|page=130}}</ref>
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Liliuokalani]] is proclaimed Queen of [[Hawaii]].
* [[January 31]] &ndash; The Portuguese [[Republicanism|republican]] [[revolution]] breaks out, in the northern city of [[Porto]].

===February===
* [[February 14]] &ndash; In the [[FA Cup]] quarter final in English [[Association football]], a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the [[Association football pitch|goal line]]. An [[indirect free kick]] is awarded, since the [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]], proposed the previous year by [[William McCrum]], has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as ''an Irishman's motion''.
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Allmänna Idrottsklubben]] (AIK) sports club is founded in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Springhill, Nova Scotia]] suffers a [[Springhill mining disasters|serious mining disaster]].
* [[February 24]] &ndash; The constitution of the [[First Brazilian Republic]] is promulgated.
* [[February]] &ndash; The [[Tobacco Protest]] begins in [[Iran]].

===March===
* [[March 3]] &ndash; The [[International Copyright Act of 1891]] is passed, by the [[51st United States Congress]].
* [[March 5]] &ndash; 1st [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Sir John A. Macdonald]] wins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over the [[Liberal Party]].
* [[March 9]]–[[March 12|12]] &ndash; The [[Great Blizzard of 1891]] in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=Antony|author2=Penn, Robert|year=2007|title=The Wrong Kind of Snow|location=London|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-93787-7}}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Djurgårdens IF]] (DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm.
* [[March 14]] &ndash; In [[New Orleans]], a [[Lynching|lynch mob]] storms the Old Parish Prison, and [[March 14, 1891 lynchings|lynches 11 Italians]] arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief [[David Hennessy]].
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The British steamship {{SS|Utopia}}, carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of [[Gibraltar]] after collision with the battleship [[HMS Anson (1886)|HMS ''Anson'']], killing 564.<ref>562 passengers and crew from ''Utopia'' and two rescue sailors from [[HMS Immortalité (1887)|HMS ''Immortalité'']] - {{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/03/20/103299622.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/03/20/103299622.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=The Dead of the Utopia|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 20, 1891}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; The London&ndash;Paris telephone system officially opens.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>

===April===
* [[April 1]]
** The [[Wrigley Company]] is founded in Chicago.
** The London–Paris telephone system is opened to the general public.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Census in the United Kingdom]]: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in [[England and Wales]], and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total [[English people|English]] population.
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The first official game in the [[Association football]] league of [[Argentina]] ([[1891 Argentine Primera División]]) is held in [[Caballito, Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina|first=Jorge|last=Iwanczuk|publisher=Autores Editores|year=1992|isbn=9504343848}}</ref>
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]]: [[Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada|Chilean ironclad ''Blanco Encalada'']] is sunk at the [[Battle of Caldera Bay]] by [[torpedo boat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090716/pags/20090716194359.html |title=Blanco Encalada, fragata blindada (1º). |publisher=Armada de Chile |access-date=2009-10-27 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203093344/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090716/pags/20090716194359.html |archive-date=3 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This is the first [[ironclad warship]] lost to a self-propelled [[torpedo]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stem|first=Robert|title=Destroyer Battles: Epics of Naval Close Combat|page=22|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley|year=2008|isbn=978-1473813564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lv_RAwAAQBAJ&q=Almirante+Lynch&pg=PA22}}</ref>

===May===
[[File:Tchaikovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 5]]: [[Tchaikovsky]] opens [[Carnegie Hall]]]]
* [[May 1]] 
** Troops fire on a workers' [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in [[Fourmies, Nord|Fourmies]], France, killing 9 and wounding 30.
** The first ''[[Fasci Siciliani|Fascio dei lavoratori]]'' (Workers League) is founded by [[Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida]] in [[Catania]], [[Sicily]].
* [[May 5]] &ndash; The Music Hall in New York (later known as [[Carnegie Hall]]) has its grand opening and first public performance, with [[Tchaikovsky|Peter Tchaikovsky]] as guest conductor.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stagebill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOy2AAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=B & B Enterprises, Incorporated|page=17}}</ref>
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Ōtsu incident]]: [[Tsesarevich]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nikolay Alexandrovich]] (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo XIII]] issues the encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', on the rights and duties of capital and labor, resulting in the creation of many [[Christian Democrat]] parties throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pope Leo XIII|title=Rerum Novarum: Encyclical on the Rights and Duties of Capital and Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI60PAAACAAJ|orig-year=1891|year=2002|publisher=Catholic Truth Society|isbn=978-1-86082-153-0}}</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]]'s prototype [[kinetoscope]] is first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs.
* [[May 31]] N.S. ([[May 19]] O.S.) &ndash; In the Kuperovskaya district of [[Vladivostok]], a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, and a religious service held.
* [[May]] &ndash; [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claims to be the Promised [[Messiah]] (the second coming of [[Jesus]]) and the [[Mahdi]] awaited in [[Islam]].

===June===
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Johnstown Inclined Plane]] opens in [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Minas Gerais]] was granted in 1891.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The first long-distance transmission of [[alternating current]] is made, from the Ames power plant near [[Telluride, Colorado]], by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] appears in ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'' (London) for the first time, in the issue dated July.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
[[File:Kinetoscope.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 20]]: [[Thomas Alva Edison|Edison]]'s [[kinetoscope]].]]
* [[June]] &ndash; The [[clipper|clipper ship]] [[Cromdale (clipper)|Cromdale]] is completed. She is the last fully rigged ship built for the Australian [[Wool|wool trade]].

===July===
* [[July 30]] &ndash; The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] [[rugby union]] team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and lose by 4–0.

===August===
* [[August 5]] &ndash; The first [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque]] is cashed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866900-7,00.html|title=Host With The Most|date=1959-04-09|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616020709/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866900-7,00.html|archive-date=2010-06-16}}</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.

===September===
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The first [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]] is awarded in an [[Association football]] match: John Heath scores it for [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] in England.
* [[September 18]] &ndash; The [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]] ends with the suicide of deposed President [[José Manuel Balmaceda]] and victory for the Congressional party, beginning the country's [[History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)|Parliamentary Era]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; The first [[hydropower plant]] of [[Finland]] is commissioned along the [[Tammerkoski]] rapids in [[Tampere]], [[Pirkanmaa]].<ref>[https://www.suomenkalakirjasto.fi/vesistorakentamisen-historiaa/ Vesistörakentamisen historiaa - Suomen Kalakirjasto] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; Club Atlético [[Peñarol]] is founded in Montevideo, under the name of the [[CURCC]] (Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club).
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Thyssen AG|Thyssen]], predecessor of the [[Thyssen Krupp]] worldwide [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], is founded in [[Duisburg]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2024-08-05|title=History|url=https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/company/history|publisher=ThyssenKrupp}}</ref>

===October===
* [[October 1]]
** [[Stanford University]] in [[California]] opens its doors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanford History - Facts |url=https://facts.stanford.edu/about/ |access-date=2025-07-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>[[File:Stanford University Quad Memorial Church.JPG|thumb|110px|right| [[October 1]] [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.]]
** [[Skansen]] is established as the world's first [[open-air museum]] by [[Artur Hazelius]], on the island of [[Djurgården]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.
* [[October 28]] &ndash; The 8.0 {{M|s}} [[1891 Mino–Owari earthquake|Mino–Owari earthquake]] strikes the [[Gifu (region)|Gifu region]] of Japan. This [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|oblique-slip]] event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates [[fault scarp]]s that still remain visible.
*[[October 30]] &ndash; A [[Personal care|personal care brand]] in [[Japan]] and [[Asia]], [[Lion Corporation]] was founded, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten (小林富次郎商店).{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} 
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Eugène Dubois]] finds the first fragmentary bones of [[Homo erectus|''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus'')]], or "[[Java Man]]", at [[Trinil]] on the [[Solo River]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Sean B.|last=Carroll|title=Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84916-072-8|pages=90–91}}</ref>


===November===
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Jindandao Incident]]: The Chinese Juu Uda League in [[Inner Mongolia]] massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late [[December]].
* [[November 28]] &ndash; The [[International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers]] is organized in [[St. Louis]], Missouri.

===December===
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Drexel University]] is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in [[Philadelphia]].
* [[December 22]] &ndash; Asteroid ''[[323 Brucia]]'' becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.

=== Date unknown ===
* Brahmin teacher and nationalist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] begins agitation for [[Indian Home Rule]].
* [[James Naismith]] invents [[basketball]] in the United States.
* [[Seattle University]] is established as the Immaculate Conception school.
* [[Nikola Tesla]] invents the [[Tesla coil]].
* [[Michelin]] patents the removable pneumatic [[bicycle tire]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Lloyd|author-link=John Lloyd (producer)|first2=John|last2=Mitchinson|title=The Second Book of General Ignorance|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5|page=163}}</ref>
* Production of the [[Swiss Army knife|Swiss Army Knife]] by [[Victorinox]] begins.
* [[Philips]] founded in [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]], for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products.<ref>{{cite book|first=A.|last=Heerding|title=The Origin of the Dutch Incandescent Lamp Industry|series=The history of N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabriek, vol. '''1'''|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-521-32169-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnvphili0000unse}}</ref>
* [[New Mexico Military Institute]] is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory.

== Births ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Hurston-Zora-Neale-LOC.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Zora Neale Hurston]]]]
[[File:Walther Bothe 1950s.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Walther Bothe]]]]
[[File:Antonio Segni Official.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Antonio Segni]]]]
[[File:Jose P. Laurel.jpg|thumb|100px|[[José P. Laurel]]]]
[[File:Earl Warren.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Earl Warren]]]]
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Charles Bickford]], American actor (d. [[1967]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Ellenberger | first = Allan | title = Celebrities in Los Angeles cemeteries : a directory | publisher = McFarland | location = Jefferson, N.C | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780786409839 | page=225}}</ref>
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Zora Neale Hurston]], African-American writer, anthropologist, ethnographer (d. [[1960]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Zora Neale Hurston | publisher = Chelsea House | location = Philadelphia | year = 2003 | isbn = 9781438115535 | page=129}}</ref>
* [[January 8]] &ndash; [[Walther Bothe]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (d. [[1957]])<ref>{{Britannica|75110}}</ref> 
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Miguel Pro]], Mexican [[Jesuits|Jesuit priest]], martyr and blessed (d. [[1927]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catholicism.org/padre-pro.html|author=Br. Dominic, MICM, Tert.|title=Saint Miguel Pro, A Modern Martyr|date=October 7, 2004|website=Catholicism.org|access-date=November 29, 2021}}</ref>
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[Ray Chapman]], American baseball player (d. [[1920]])
* [[January 22]]
**[[Antonio Gramsci]], Italian Communist writer, politician (d. [[1937]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Bellamy | first = Richard | title = Gramsci and the Italian state | publisher = Manchester University Press Distributed by St. Martin's Press | location = Manchester, UK New York | year = 1993 | isbn = 9780719033421 | page=xiv}}</ref>
**[[Bruno Loerzer]], German aviator, air force general (d. [[1960]])
* [[January 23]]
** [[Marjorie Maynard]], British artist and farmer (died 1975)
** [[Pavlo Tychyna]], Ukrainian poet, translator, publicist, public activist, academician, and statesman. (d. 1967)
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Walter Model]], German field marshal (d. [[1945]])<ref> {{cite book | last = Forczyk | first = Robert | title = Walther Model: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict | publisher = Bloomsbury | location = London | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-1-84908-357-7 | oclc = 668188562|pages=6–7 }}</ref>
* [[January 27]] &ndash; [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], Russian writer (d. [[1967]])
* [[February 1]] &ndash; [[Shigeru Fukudome]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1971]])
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Antonio Segni]], Italian politician, 34th [[Prime Minister of Italy]] (1955–1957, 1959–1960), 4th [[President of the Italian Republic]] (d. [[1972]])
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Ronald Colman]], English actor (d. [[1958]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Grant Wood]], American painter (d. [[1942]])<ref>{{cite book | last = Magill | first = Frank | title = Dictionary of world biography | publisher = Routledge | location = London | year = 1999 | isbn = 9781579580483 | page=4045}}</ref>
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Abraham Fraenkel]], German-born Israeli mathematician, recipient of the [[Israel Prize]] (d. [[1965]])
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Seán Heuston]], Irish rebel (d. [[1916]])
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[David Sarnoff]], Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer (d. [[1971]])
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[Fritz Rumey]], German World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[March 9]] &ndash; [[José P. Laurel]], 3rd [[President of the Philippines]] (d. [[1959]])<ref>{{cite journal|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=24|issue=4|date=August 1965|pages=651–665|author=David Steinberg|title=Jose P. Laurel: A "Collaborator" Misunderstood|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.2307/2051111 |jstor=2051111 |s2cid=159495188 }}</ref>
* [[March 10]] &ndash; [[Sam Jaffe]], American actor (d. [[1984]])<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/25/obituaries/sam-jaffe-a-character-actor-on-stage-and-film-dies-at-93.html |title=Sam Jaffe, A Character Actor On Stage and Film, Dies at 93 |first=Peter B. |last=Flint |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 March 1984 |url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214223136/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/03/25/obituaries/sam-jaffe-a-character-actor-on-stage-and-film-dies-at-93.html |archive-date=February 14, 2015}}</ref>
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Patsy Gallacher]], Irish footballer (d. [[1953]])
* [[March 19]] &ndash; [[Earl Warren]], American politician and [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[1974]])
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Rudolf Berthold]], German fighter pilot (d. [[1920]])
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Yvan Goll]], French lyricist, dramatist (d. [[1950]])

=== April&ndash;June ===
[[File:YemenAhmad.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Ahmad bin Yahya]]]]
[[File:US visit of Taoiseach Costello in 1956 (cropped).jpg|thumb|100px|[[John A. Costello]]]]
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Max Ernst]], German painter (d. [[1976]])
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Laura Vicuña]], Chilean [[Roman Catholic]] holy figure and blessed (d. [[1904]])
* [[April 7]]
**[[Ole Kirk Christiansen]], Danish founder of ''The Lego Group'' (d. [[1958]])
**[[Minoru Ōta]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1945]])
* [[April 13]] &ndash; [[Nella Larsen]], American novelist (d. [[1964]])
* [[April 14]] &ndash; [[B. R. Ambedkar]], Indian jurist and politician (d. [[1956]])
* [[April 15]] &ndash; [[Wallace Reid]], American actor (d. [[1923]])<ref>{{cite book |title=Wallace Reid: The Life And Death of a Hollywood Idol |first=E.J. |last=Fleming |date=February 8, 2007 |publisher=McFarland & Company |isbn=978-0786428151}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[George Adamski]], Polish-born alleged UFO traveler (d. [[1965]])
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Sergei Prokofiev]], Soviet composer (d. [[1953]])
* [[April 29]] &ndash; [[Bharathidasan]], Tamil poet and rationalist (d. [[1964]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Pāppaṇṇā Paramēsvaran̲ |title=Bharathidasan: Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOwxAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Anu Pathippagam |page=9}}</ref>
* [[May 10]]
** [[Anton Dostler]], German general (d. [[1945]])
** [[Mahmoud Mokhtar]], Egyptian sculptor (d. [[1934]])
* [[May 15]]
** [[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian writer (d. [[1940]])<ref>{{cite book |author=Nadine Natov |title=Mikhail Bulgakov |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lftfAAAAMAAJ |year=1985 |publisher=Twayne Publishers |isbn=978-0-8057-6598-4 |page=1-2}}</ref>
** [[Nipo T. Strongheart]], Native American filmmaker (d. [[1966]])<ref>{{cite journal |title=Strongheart's Lineage |journal=Sin-Wit-Ki |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=12 |publisher=Yakama Nation Fish and Wildlife Resource Management Program |location=Yakima, Washington |date=Fall–Winter 2006 |url=http://www.streamnetlibrary.org/streamnetlibrary/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SinWitKi-2006-Fall-Winter.pdf |access-date=August 24, 2014 |archive-date=August 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821073236/http://www.streamnetlibrary.org/streamnetlibrary/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/SinWitKi-2006-Fall-Winter.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[May 16]]
** [[Richard Tauber]], Austrian tenor (d. [[1948]])
** [[Adolf Ritter von Tutschek]], German fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Rudolf Carnap]], German philosopher (d. [[1970]])
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Oswald Boelcke]], German World War I fighter ace (d. [[1916]])
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Pär Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[William F. Albright]], American archeologist, Biblical scholar (d. [[1971]])
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Takijirō Ōnishi]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1945]])
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Leopold Vietoris]], Austrian mathematician (d. [[2002]])
* [[June 9]] &ndash; [[Cole Porter]], American composer, songwriter (d. [[1964]])
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Ahmad bin Yahya]], King of Yemen (d. [[1962]])
* [[June 20]] &ndash; [[John A. Costello]], second [[Taoiseach]] of Ireland (d. [[1976]])
* [[June 21]] &ndash; [[Hermann Scherchen]], German conductor (d. [[1966]])
* [[June 24]] – [[Devere Allen]], American socialist, pacifist political activist, and journalist (d. [[1955]])<ref name="Powers1997">{{cite book |last=Powers |first=R.S. |last2=Vogele |first2=W.B. |last3=Bond |first3=D. |last4=Kruegler |first4=C. |title=Protest, Power, and Change: An Encyclopedia of Nonviolent Action from ACT-UP to Women's Suffrage |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1997 |isbn=978-1-136-76482-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xmlWr4aAt4EC&pg=PA20 |access-date=August 17, 2024 |page=20}}</ref>
* [[June 28]] &ndash; [[Carl Spaatz]], American general (d. [[1974]])
* [[June 30]] &ndash; [[Man Mountain Dean]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1953]])

=== July&ndash;September ===
[[File:Karl Kobelt.gif|thumb|100px|[[Karl Kobelt]]]]
[[File:Minna-Craucher-salonki.jpg|thumb|100px|Madame [[Minna Craucher]]]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1976-127-06A, Karl Dönitz - crop.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Karl Dönitz]]]]
[[File:Williammckell.jpg|thumb|100px|[[William McKell]]]]
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[John Howard Northrop]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1987]])
* [[July 7]] &ndash; [[Tadamichi Kuribayashi]], Imperial Japanese Army general (d. [[1945]])
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Jetta Goudal]], Dutch-American actress (d. [[1985]])
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Gene Lockhart]], Canadian-American actor, singer, and playwright (d. [[1957]])
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Elmer Ripley]], American basketball coach (d. [[1982]])
* [[July 27]] – [[Ruby McKim]], American quilter (d. [[1976]])<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fullerton Jones |first=Christina |title=Ruby Short McKim – The Quilters Hall of Fame |url=https://quiltershalloffame.net/ruby-short-mckim/ |access-date=2025-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[July 28]] &ndash; [[Joe E. Brown]], American actor, comedian (d. [[1973]])
* [[July 29]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Zondek]], German-born Israeli gynecologist, developer of first reliable pregnancy test (d. [[1966]])
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Roderic Dallas]], Australian World War I fighter ace (d. [[1918]])
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Karl Kobelt]], 2-time President of the Swiss Confederation (d. [[1968]])
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Stancho Belkovski]], Bulgarian architect, lecturer (d. [[1962]])
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Ethel Roosevelt Derby]], youngest daughter of [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (d. [[1977]])
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Ralph Barton]], American artist (d. [[1931]])
* [[August 17]] &ndash; [[Dulcie Mary Pillers]], English medical illustrator (d. [[1961]])
* [[August 21]] &ndash; [[Emiliano Mercado del Toro]], Puerto Rican supercentenarian, oldest war veteran ever and last surviving person born in 1891 (d. [[2007]])
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[Minna Craucher]], Finnish socialite and [[spy]] (d. [[1932]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Minna Craucher|date=1932-03-21|work=[[Time Magazine]]|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743386,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027061756/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743386,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2010|accessdate=2008-08-09}}</ref>
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Michael Chekhov]], Russian-American actor, theatre director (d. [[1955]])
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. [[1965]])
* [[September 14]] &ndash; [[William F. Friedman]], American cryptographer (d. [[1969]])
* [[September 16]]
** [[Teruo Akiyama]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1943]])
** [[Karl Dönitz]], German admiral, briefly [[President of Germany]] (d. [[1980]])
** [[Stephanie von Hohenlohe]], Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. [[1972]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Hans Albers]], German actor, singer (d. [[1960]])
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Alma Thomas]], African-American painter (d. [[1978]])
* [[September 26]]
** [[Charles Munch (conductor)|Charles Munch]], French conductor, violinist (d. [[1968]])
** [[William McKell]], 12th Governor-General of Australia (d. [[1985]])

=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:James Chadwick.jpg|thumb|100px|[[James Chadwick]]]]
[[File:Fredrick banting.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Frederick Banting]]]]
[[File:Nelly Sachs 1966.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nelly Sachs]]]]
[[File:Hu Shih 1960 color.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Hu Shih]]]]
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Fumimaro Konoe]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1945]])
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Irene Rich]], American actress (d. [[1988]])
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Tadashige Daigo]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1947]])
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[James Chadwick]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Rafael Trujillo]], dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. [[1961]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Charles Coughlin]], American Catholic priest, anti-Semitic radio host (d. [[1979]])
* [[October 28]] &ndash; [[Ormer Locklear]], American stunt pilot, film actor (d. [[1920]])
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Orlando Ward]], American general (d. [[1972]])
* [[November 7]]
**[[Miriam Cooper]], American [[silent film]] actress (d. [[1976]])
**[[Genrikh Yagoda]], Soviet police and intelligence official (d. [[1938]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Carl W. Stalling]], American musician (d. [[1972]])
* [[November 12]] &ndash; [[Władysław Bortnowski]], Polish historian and general (d. [[1966]])
* [[November 14]] &ndash; [[Frederick Banting]], Canadian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 15]]
** [[Vincent Astor]], American philanthropist (d. [[1959]])
** [[Erwin Rommel]], German field marshal (d. [[1944]])
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Juan Yagüe]], Spanish general (d. [[1952]])
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Mariano Ospina Pérez]], Colombian politician, 17th [[President of Colombia]] (d. [[1976]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Gregorio Perfecto]], Filipino jurist, politician (d. [[1949]])
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Julius Raab]], [[Chancellor of Austria]] (d. [[1964]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[T. V. Soong]], [[Republic of China|Taiwanese]] businessman, politician (d. [[1971]])
* [[December 6]]
**[[Masatomi Kimura]], Japanese admiral (d. [[1960]])
**[[Gotthard Sachsenberg]], German World War I naval aviator, fighter ace (d. [[1961]])
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Maksim Bahdanovič]], Belarusian poet (d. [[1917]])<ref>{{cite book|title=Гістарычны шлях беларускай нацыі і дзяржавы|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwghAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Vydavets Zmitser Kolas|isbn=978-985-6783-06-0|page=409|language=ru}}</ref>
* [[December 10]]
**[[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis]], British field marshal (d. [[1969]])
**[[Nelly Sachs]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1970]])<ref>{{cite book|author=S. Lillian Kremer|title=Holocaust Literature: Lerner to Zychlinsky, index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQ2VtfH3awC&pg=PA1067|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-92984-4|pages=1067}}</ref>
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Katherine MacDonald]], American silent screen actress (d. [[1956]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Hu Shih]], Chinese liberal (d. [[1962]])
* [[December 19]] &ndash; [[Edward Bernard Raczyński|Edward Bernard Raczynski]], [[President of Poland]] (d. [[1993]])
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Feodor Stepanovich Rojankovsky]], Russian illustrator (d. [[1970]])
* [[December 25]]
**[[Kenneth Anderson (British Army officer)|Kenneth Anderson]], British general (d. [[1959]])
**[[Clarrie Grimmett]], New Zealand-Australian cricketer (d. [[1980]])
* [[December 26]] &ndash; [[Henry Miller]], American novelist (d. [[1980]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Lawrence Durrell|author2=Henry Miller|title=Durrell-Miller Letters, 1935-1980|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FFBeeREKoDwC&pg=PR13|date=September 1998|publisher=New Directions Publishing|isbn=978-0-8112-1730-9|pages=13}}</ref>
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Béla Imrédy]], 32nd Prime Minister of Hungary (d. [[1946]])

== Deaths ==

=== January&ndash;June ===
[[File:Carl Johan Thyselius (Hildebrand Sveriges historia).jpg|thumb|100px|[[Carl Johan Thyselius]]]]
[[File:Nicolaus-August-Otto.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Nicolaus Otto]]]]
[[File:Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.jpg|thumb|right|100px|[[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]]]]
[[File:Macdonald1872.jpg|thumb|100px|[[John A. Macdonald]]]]
[[File:Wilhelm Eduard Weber II.jpg|thumb|100px|[[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]]]]
* [[January 4]] &ndash;  [[Charles Keene (artist)|Charles Keene]], English artist and illustrator (b. [[1823]])
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Emma Abbott]], American opera singer (b. [[1849]])
* [[January 11]] 
**[[Georges-Eugène Haussmann]], French city planner (b. [[1809]])
**[[Carl Johan Thyselius]], Swedish politician, 3rd [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] (b. [[1811]])
* [[January 15]] &ndash; [[John Wellborn Root]], American architect (b. [[1850]])
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Léo Delibes]], French composer (b. [[1836]])
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Kalākaua]], last reigning [[King of Hawaii]] (b. [[1836]])
* [[January 21]]
** [[Calixa Lavallée]], Canadian composer (b. [[1842]])
** [[James Timberlake]], American lawman (b. [[1846]])
* [[January 25]] – [[Theo van Gogh (art dealer)|Theo van Gogh]], Dutch art dealer (b. [[1857]])
*[[January 26]] &ndash; [[Nicolaus Otto]], German engineer (b. [[1832]])
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos]], Roman Catholic [[archbishop]] and Mexican politician who served as [[regent]] during the [[Second Mexican Empire]], 1863-1864 (b. [[1816]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arquidiocesisdepuebla.mx/index.php/arquidiocesis/obispos-y-arzobispos/obispos/43-excmo-sr-don-pelagio-antonio-de-lavastida|title=Excmo. Sr. Don Pelagio Antonio de Labastida y Dávalos (1855-1863)|publisher=Arquidiocesis de Puebla|language=es|access-date=May 29, 2019|archive-date=May 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529225354/http://www.arquidiocesisdepuebla.mx/index.php/arquidiocesis/obispos-y-arzobispos/obispos/43-excmo-sr-don-pelagio-antonio-de-lavastida|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Sofia Kovalevskaya]], Russian mathematician (b. [[1850]])
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[David Dixon Porter]], American admiral (b. [[1813]])
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], American general (b. [[1820]])
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Théodore de Banville]], French writer (b. [[1823]])<ref>{{cite book|author1=Merriam-Webster, Inc|author2=MERRIAM-WEBSTER STAFF|author3=Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishers, Inc. Staff|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKNK1YwHcQ4C&pg=PA104|year=1995|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-042-6|pages=104}}</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; [[Joseph Bazalgette|Sir Joseph Bazalgette]], English civil engineer (b. [[1819]])<ref>{{cite web |title=BBC - History - Joseph Bazalgette |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/bazalgette_joseph.shtml |website=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Eduard Clam-Gallas]], Austrian general (b. [[1805]])
* [[March 27]] &ndash; [[James A. Ekin]], Union Army general (b. [[1819]])
* [[March 29]] &ndash; [[Georges Seurat]], French painter (b. [[1859]])
* [[April 2]] &ndash; [[Ahmed Vefik Pasha]], Turkish statesman (b. [[1823]])
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[P. T. Barnum]], American showman (b. [[1810]])
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[George Cavendish-Bentinck]], British Conservative politician (b. [[1821]])
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]], Prussian field marshal (b. [[1800]])
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Nathaniel Woodard]], English educationalist (b. [[1811]])
* [[May 2]] &ndash; [[Albany James Christie]], British [[Jesuit]] priest and academic (b. [[1817]])
* [[May 8]] 
** [[Helena Blavatsky]], Russian-born author, theosophist (b. [[1831]])
** [[John Robertson (premier)|Sir John Robertson]], Australian politician, [[Premier of New South Wales]] (b. [[1816]])
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Ion C. Brătianu]], 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1821]])
* [[June 6]] &ndash; [[John A. Macdonald]], 1st [[Prime Minister of Canada]], Father of Confederation (b. [[1815]])
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[David Settle Reid]], American politician (b. [[1813]])
* [[June 23]] &ndash; [[Samuel Newitt Wood]], American politician (b. [[1825]])
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Wilhelm Eduard Weber]], German physicist  (b. [[1804]])

=== July&ndash;December ===
[[File:Herman Melville.jpg|thumb|110px|[[Herman Melville]]]]
[[File:Ambrosius of Optina.jpg|thumb|100px|Saint [[Ambrose of Optina]]]]
[[File:Prince Kuni Asahiko.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Prince Kuni Asahiko]]]]
[[File:Rimbaud.PNG |110px|thumb|[[Arthur Rimbaud]]]]
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Mihail Kogălniceanu]], 3rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. [[1817]])
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Hannibal Hamlin]], [[List of Vice Presidents of the United States|15th]] [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1809]])
* [[July 20]] &ndash; [[Frederick Weld|Sir Frederick Weld]], 6th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1823]])
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Hermann Raster]], German-born [[Forty-Eighter]], editor-in-chief of the [[Illinois Staats-Zeitung]] (b. [[1827]])
* [[August 12]] &ndash; [[James Russell Lowell]], American poet and essayist (b. [[1819]])<ref>{{cite news |title=The Last Tribute Paid. James Russell Lowell Laid At Rest. Buried Under Hornbeam Trees In The Spot He Had Himself Selected And Near The Grave Of Longfellow At Mount Auburn |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1891/08/15/archives/the-last-tribute-paid-james-russell-lowell-laid-at-rest-buried.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 15, 1891 |access-date=March 23, 2010 }}</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Sarah Childress Polk]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1803]])
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Samuel C. Pomeroy]], American politician, railroad executive (b. [[1816]])
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Pierre Lallement]], French inventor of the [[bicycle]] (b. [[1843]]?)
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[José María Urvina]], 5th President of Ecuador (b. [[1808]])
* [[September 7]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Sawyer]], 9th Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of California]] (b. [[1820]])
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Antero de Quental]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1842]])
* [[September 15]] &ndash; [[Ivan Goncharov]], Russian author (b. [[1812]])<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Goncharov, Ivan Alexandrovich |volume=12}}</ref>
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[José Manuel Balmaceda]], 10th [[President of Chile]] (b. [[1840]])
* [[September 28]] &ndash; [[Herman Melville]], American novelist (b. [[1819]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Hershel Parker|title=Herman Melville: A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bI50n5WImkC&pg=PA920|year=1996|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8186-2|pages=920}}</ref>
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Georges Ernest Boulanger]], French general, politician (b. [[1837]])
* [[October 6]]
** [[Charles I of Württemberg]] (b. [[1823]])
** [[Charles Stewart Parnell]], Irish nationalist leader (b. [[1846]])
* [[October 15]] – [[Lawrence Dudley Bailey]], American [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] and jurist who served on the [[Kansas Supreme Court]] from 1861 to 1869 (b. [[1819]])
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Ambrose of Optina]], Russian Orthodox saint (b. [[1812]])
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Prince Kuni Asahiko]] of Japan (b. [[1824]])
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[J. Gregory Smith]], Vermont governor (b. [[1818]])
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Arthur Rimbaud]], French poet (b. [[1854]])<ref>{{cite book|author=Enid Starkie|title=Arthur Rimbaud, 1854-1954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LzAWAAAAMAAJ|year=1954|publisher=Clarendon Press|page=9}}</ref>
* [[November 17]] &ndash; [[George H. Cooper]], United States Navy admiral (b. [[1821]])
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Sir James Corry, 1st Baronet]], British politician (b. [[1826]])
* [[December 4]] &ndash; [[Frederick Whitaker]], English-New Zealand lawyer, politician and 5th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. [[1812]])
* [[December 5]] &ndash; [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], 2nd and last [[Emperor of Brazil]] (b. [[1825]])
* [[December 6]] &ndash; [[Émile Bayard]], French artist (b. [[1837]])
* [[December 7]] &ndash; [[Mary Helen Peck Crane|Mary Crane]], American activist; mother of the writer, [[Stephen Crane]] (b. [[1827]])
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Julia A. Ames]], American reformer (b. [[1861]])
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[José María Iglesias]], Mexican lawyer and journalist, interim president from [[1876]] to 1877 (b. [[1823]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-maria-iglesias/|publisher=Presidencia de la Republica de Mexico|title=JOSÉ MARÍA IGLESIAS|language=es|access-date=May 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530050638/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-maria-iglesias/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[William Robert Woodman]], British co-founder of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn (b. [[1828]])
* [[December 29]] &ndash;  [[Leopold Kronecker]], Polish-born German mathematician, academic (b. [[1823]])
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Samuel Ajayi Crowther]], 1st African Anglican bishop, linguist and legendary missionary (b. [[1809]])

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Anna Sprengel]], German countess (alleged death)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''Appletons' Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1891: Embracing Political, Military, and Ecclesiastical Affairs; Public Documents; Biography, Statistics, Commerce, Finance, Literature, Science, Agriculture, and Mechanical Industry'' (1892); highly detailed compilation of facts and primary documents; worldwide coverage. not online.

{{DEFAULTSORT:1891}}
[[Category:1891| ]]