View source for 1900s

{{Short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1900–1909)}}
{{about|the decade 1900–1909|the century 1901–2000|20th century}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2025}}
<imagemap>File:1900s decademontage2.png|335px|thumb|right|From left, clockwise: the [[Wright brothers]] achieve the '''[[Wright Flyer|first manned flight]]''' with a motorized [[airplane]], in [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina|Kitty Hawk]] in 1903; a missionary points to the severed hand of a Congolese villager, symbolic of Belgian '''[[atrocities in the Congo Free State]]''', which ended in 1908; the '''[[1908 Messina earthquake]]''' kills 75,000–82,000 people and becomes the most destructive earthquake ever to strike Europe; the United States gains control over the [[Philippines]] in 1902, after the '''[[Philippine–American War]]'''; rock being moved to construct the '''[[Panama Canal]]''' in 1907; Admiral [[Heihachiro Togo|Togo]] before the [[Battle of Tsushima]] in 1905, part of the '''[[Russo-Japanese War]]''', leading to Japanese victory and their establishment as a [[great power]], while Russia's defeat eventually led to the [[1905 Revolution]].
rect 2 2 249 161 [[Wright Flyer]]
rect 253 2 497 161 [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State]]
rect 250 165 497 334 [[1908 Messina earthquake]]
rect 250 338 497 488 [[Philippine–American War]]
rect 2 338 246 488 [[Panama Canal]]
rect 2 165 123 334 [[Russo-Japanese War]]
rect 125 165 246 334 [[1905 Russian Revolution]]
</imagemap>
{{Decadebox|190}}

The '''1900s''' (pronounced "nineteen-hundreds") was the [[decade]] that began on January 1, 1900, and ended on December 31, 1909. The [[Edwardian era]] (1901–1910) covers a similar span of time. The term "nineteen-hundreds" is sometimes also used to mean the entire century from January 1, 1900, to December 31, 1999 (the years beginning with "19").

<!-- Geopolitics and colonalism -->
The [[Scramble for Africa]] continued, with the [[Orange Free State]], [[South African Republic]], [[Ashanti Empire]], [[Aro Confederacy]], [[Sokoto Caliphate]] and [[Kano Emirate]] being conquered by the [[British Empire]], alongside the [[Battle of Kousséri|French Empire conquering Borno]], the [[Adamawa Wars|German Empire conquering the Adamawa Emirate]], and the [[Battle of Mufilo|Portuguese Empire conquering the Ovambo]]. [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State]] were committed by private companies and the ''[[Force Publique]]'', with a resultant population decline{{Refn|"I suggest that it is impossible to separate deaths caused by massacre and starvation from those due to the pandemic of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) which decimated central Africa at the time." - [[Neal Ascherson]] (1999)<ref>{{cite book|last=Ascherson|first=Neal|author-link=Neal Ascherson|title=The King Incorporated: Leopold the Second and the Congo|year=1999|publisher=Granta|location=London|isbn=1-86207-290-6|edition=New|page=9}}</ref>|name=congodecline|group=note}} of 1 to 15 million. From 1904 to 1908, German colonial forces in [[German South West Africa|South West Africa]] led a [[Herero and Nama genocide|campaign of ethnic extermination and collective punishment]], killing 24,000 to 100,000 [[Herero people|Hereros]] and 10,000 [[Nama people|Nama]]. The [[First Moroccan Crisis|First Moroccan]] and [[Bosnian Crisis|Bosnian crises]] led to worsened tensions in Europe that would ultimately lead to [[World War I]] in the next decade. [[Cuba]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Norway]] became independent.

<!-- Warfare and natural disasters -->
The deadliest conventional war of this decade was the [[Russo-Japanese War]], fought over rival [[Imperialism|imperial]] ambitions in [[Manchuria]] and the [[Korean Empire]]. Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in this conflict, contributing to a growing domestic unrest which culminated in the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. Unconventional wars of similar scale include insurrections in the [[Philippine–American War|Philippines (1899–1913)]], [[Boxer Rebellion|China (1899–1901)]], and [[Thousand Days' War|Colombia (1899–1902)]]. Lesser conflicts include interstate wars such as the [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902), the [[Kuwaiti–Rashidi war]] (1900–1901), and the [[First Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)|Saudi–Rashidi War]] (1903–1907), as well as failed uprisings and revolutions in [[Bailundo revolt|Portuguese Angola (1902–1904)]], [[Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising|Rumelia (1903)]], [[1904 Sasun uprising|Ottoman Eastern Anatolia (1904)]], [[Revolution of 1904|Uruguay (1904)]], [[1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar|French Madagascar (1905–1906)]], [[Argentine Revolution of 1905|Argentina (1905)]], [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Persia (1905–1911)]], [[Maji Maji Rebellion|German East Africa (1905–1907)]], and [[1907 Romanian peasants' revolt|Romania (1907)]]. [[Chinese famine of 1906–1907|A major famine took place in China from 1906 to 1907]], possibly leading to 20–25 million deaths. This famine was directly caused by the 1906 China floods (April–October 1906), which hit the Huai River particularly hard and destroyed both the summer and autumn harvest. The [[1908 Messina earthquake]] caused 75,000–82,000 deaths.

<!-- Social movements -->
[[First-wave feminism]] made advances, with universities being opened for women in Japan, Bulgaria, Cuba, Russia, and Peru. In 1906, Finland granted women the right to vote,<ref name="finlande1">{{cite web |title=Finnish women won the right to vote a hundred years ago – Embassy of Finland, The Hague : Current Affairs |url=http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070026/http://www.finlande.nl/public/default.aspx?contentid=112162&nodeid=35916&contentlan=2&culture=en-US |archive-date=2014-04-23 |access-date=2012-10-31 |publisher=Finlande.nl}}</ref> the first European country to do so.<ref name="autogenerated6">{{cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 – Woman's Hour – Women's History Timeline: 1900 – 1909 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1900.shtml |access-date=2012-11-07 |publisher=Bbc.co.uk}}</ref> The foundation of the [[Women's Social and Political Union]] by [[Emmeline Pankhurst]] in 1903 led to the rise of the [[Suffragette|Suffragettes]] in Great Britain and Ireland. In 1908, [[Young Turk Revolution|a revolution took place]] in the Ottoman Empire, where the [[Young Turks]] movement restored the [[Ottoman constitution of 1876]], establishing the [[Second Constitutional Era]]. Subsequently, ethnic tensions rose, and in 1909, [[Adana massacre|up to 30,000 mainly Armenian civilians in Adana were slain]] by Turkish civilians.

<!-- Technology and culture -->
The decade saw the widespread application of the [[History of the internal combustion engine|internal combustion engine]] including mass production of the automobile, as well as the introduction of the [[typewriter]]. The ''[[Wright Flyer]]'' performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. [[Reginald Fessenden]] of [[East Bolton, Quebec]], Canada made what appeared to be{{clarify|date=October 2021}} the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'', directed by [[Edwin S. Porter]], while the world's first feature film, ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'', was released on December 26, 1906, in [[Melbourne]], Australia. Popular books of this decade included ''[[The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'' (1902) and ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' (1908), which sold 45 million and 50 million copies respectively. <!-- It seems that frequency of featuring in hymnals is the only available measure of popularity. If better methods can be found, propose something on the talk page. -->Popular songs of this decade include "[[Lift Every Voice and Sing]]" and "[[What Are They Doing in Heaven?]]", which have been featured in 42 and 16 [[hymnal]]s respectively.

During the decade, the world population increased from 1.60 to 1.75 billion, with approximately 580 million births and 450 million deaths in total. As of November 2025, the only remaining living person born in this decade is [[Ethel Caterham]], born August 21, 1909. The last living man from this decade was [[Juan Vicente Pérez]] (May 27, 1909 – April 2, 2024).

==Pronunciation varieties==
There are several main varieties of how individual years of the decade are pronounced. Using 1906 as an example, they are "nineteen-oh-six", "nineteen-six", and "nineteen-aught-six". Which variety is most prominent depends somewhat on global region and generation. "Nineteen-oh-six" is the most common; "nineteen-six" is less common. In [[American English]], "nineteen-aught-six" is also recognized but not much used.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Estimates of historical world population}}
Estimates for the world population by 1900 vary from 1.563 to 1.710 billion.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;font-size:small;"
![[Population Reference Bureau|PRB]]
(1973–2016)<ref name="Population Reference Bureau">Data from [http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx Population Reference Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520091122/http://www.prb.org/Home.aspx |date=2008-05-20 }}.

2016 estimate: (a) [http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf "2016 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828162128/http://www.prb.org/pdf16/prb-wpds2016-web-2016.pdf |date=August 28, 2017 }}

2015 estimate: (b) Toshiko Kaneda, 2015, [http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf "2015 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219062132/http://www.prb.org/pdf15/2015-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf |date=February 19, 2018 }}.

2014 estimate: (c) Carl Haub, 2014, [http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf "2014 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233032/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf |date=February 18, 2018 }}.

2013 estimate: (d) Carl Haub, 2013, [http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf "2013 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226072048/http://www.prb.org/pdf13/2013-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf |date=February 26, 2015 }}.

2012 estimate: (e) Carl Haub, 2012, [http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf "2012 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521191647/http://www.prb.org/pdf12/2012-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf |date=May 21, 2014 }}.

2011 estimate: (f) Carl Haub, 2011, [http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf "2011 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171118162350/http://www.prb.org/pdf11/2011population-data-sheet_eng.pdf |date=November 18, 2017 }}.

2010 estimate: (g) Carl Haub, 2010, [http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf "2010 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109060416/http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf |date=January 9, 2018 }}.

2009 estimate: (h) Carl Haub, 2009, [http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf "2009 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422034436/http://www.prb.org/pdf09/09wpds_eng.pdf |date=April 22, 2010 }}.

2008 estimate: (i) Carl Haub, 2008, [http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf "2008 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219150624/http://www.prb.org/pdf08/08WPDS_Eng.pdf |date=December 19, 2017 }}.

2007 estimate: (j) Carl Haub, 2007, [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx "2007 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224205549/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2007/2007WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx |date=2011-02-24 }}.

2006 estimate: (k) Carl Haub, 2006, [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx "2006 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222075621/http://prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2006/2006WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx |date=2010-12-22 }}.

2005 estimate: (l) Carl Haub, 2005, [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx "2005 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414150237/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2005/2005WorldPopulationDataSheet.aspx |date=2011-04-14 }}.

2004 estimate: (m) Carl Haub, 2004, [http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04WorldDataSheet_ENG.pdf "2004 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329104249/http://www.prb.org/pdf04/04worlddatasheet_eng.pdf |date=March 29, 2017 }}.

2003 estimate: (n) Carl Haub, 2003, [http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf "2003 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819182509/http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~psc/WorldPopulationDS03_Eng.pdf |date=2019-08-19 }}.

2002 estimate: (o) Carl Haub, 2002, [http://www.prb.org/pdf/worldpopulationds02_eng.pdf "2002 World Population Data Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209093516/http://www.prb.org/pdf/WorldPopulationDS02_Eng.pdf |date=2017-12-09 }}.

2001 estimate: (p) Carl Haub, 2001, [http://www.ined.fr/fichier/s_rubrique/18790/publi_pdf2_pop_and_soc_english_370.en.pdf "2001 World Population Data Sheet"].

2000 estimate: (q) 2000, [http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx "9 Billion World Population by 2050"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201050626/http://www.prb.org/Publications/Articles/2000/9BillionWorldPopulationby2050.aspx |date=2018-02-01 }}.

1997 estimate: (r) 1997, [http://www.epidemiolog.net/evolving/DemographyBasics.pdf "Studying Populations"].

Estimates for 1995 and prior: (s) Carl Haub, 1995, [https://www.un.org/popin/popis/journals/poptoday/today0295.html "How Many People Have Ever Lived on Earth?"] ''Population Today'', Vol. 23 (no. 2), pp. 5–6.</ref>
![[United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs|UN]]
(2015)<ref name="The World at Six Billion, 1999">Data from [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.]

1950–2100 estimates (only medium variants shown): (a) [http://esa.un.org/unpp/ World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511162049/http://esa.un.org/unpp/ |date=2011-05-11 }}

Estimates prior to 1950: (b) [https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/sixbillion/sixbillion.htm "The World at Six Billion", 1999.]

Estimates from 1950 to 2100: (c) [http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx "Population of the entire world, yearly, 1950 - 2100", 2013.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119132504/http://www.geohive.com/earth/his_history3.aspx |date=November 19, 2016 }}

2014: (d) [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/Highlights/WUP2014-Highlights.pdf "2014 World Urbanization Prospects", 2014.]

2015: (e) [http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Publications/Files/Key_Findings_WPP_2015.pdf"2015 World Urbanization Prospects", 2015.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320035709/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm |date=March 20, 2014 }}</ref>
![[Angus Maddison|Maddison]]
(2008)<ref name="www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics">[http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/ Angus Maddison, 2003, ''The World Economy: Historical Statistics'', Vol. 2, OECD, Paris] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232041/http://www.theworldeconomy.org/publications/worldeconomy/ |date=May 13, 2008 }} {{ISBN|92-64-10412-7}}.

[http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/Historical_Statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls "Statistical Appendix"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130172908/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/historical_statistics/horizontal-file_02-2010.xls |date=January 30, 2021 }} (2008, ggdc.net) "The historical data were originally developed in three books: Monitoring the World Economy 1820-1992, OECD, Paris 1995; The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2001; The World Economy: Historical Statistics, OECD Development Centre, Paris 2003. All these contain detailed source notes. Figures for 1820 onwards are annual, wherever possible. For earlier years, benchmark figures are shown for 1 AD, 1000 AD, 1500, 1600 and 1700." "OECD countries GDP revised and updated 1991-2003 from National Accounts for OECD Countries, vol. I, 2006. Norway 1820-1990 GDP from Ola Grytten (2004), "The Gross Domestic Product for Norway, 1830-2003" in Eitrheim, Klovland and Qvigstad (eds), Historical Monetary Statistics for Norway, 1819-2003, Norges Bank, Oslo. Latin American GDP 2000-2003 revised and updated from ECLAC, Statistical Yearbook 2004 and preliminary version of the 2005 Yearbook supplied by Andre Hofman. For Chile, GDP 1820-2003 from Rolf Lűders (1998), "The Comparative Economic Performance of Chile 1810-1995", Estudios de Economia, vol. 25, no. 2, with revised population estimates from Diaz, J., R. Lűders, and G. Wagner (2005) Chili 1810-2000: la Republica en Cifras, mimeo, Instituto de Economia, Universidad Católica de Chile. For Peru, GDP 1896-1990 and population 1896-1949 from Bruno Seminario and Arlette Beltran, Crecimiento Economico en el Peru 1896-1995, Universidad del Pacifico, 1998. " "For Asia there are amendments to the GDP estimates for South and North Korea, 1911-74, to correct an error in Maddison (2003). Estimates for the Philippines, 1902-1940 were amended in line with Richard Hooley (2005), 'American Economic Policy in the Philippines, 1902-1940', Journal of Asian Economics, 16. 1820 estimates were amended for Hong Kong, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Thailand." "Asian countries GDP revised and updated 1998-2003 from AsianOutlook, April 2005. Population estimates for all countries except China and Indonesia revised and updated 1950-2008 and 2030 from International Data Base, International Programs Center, Population Division, US Bureau of the Census, April 2005 version. China's population 1990-2003 from China Statistical Yearbook 2005, China Statistics Press, Beijing. Indonesian population 1950-2003 kindly supplied by Pierre van der Eng. The figures now include three countries previously omitted: Cook Islands, Nauru and Tuvalu."</ref>
!HYDE
(2010)<ref name="HYDE2010">Klein Goldewijk, K., A. Beusen, M. de Vos and G. van Drecht (2011). The HYDE 3.1 spatially explicit database of human induced land use change over the past 12,000 years, Global Ecology and Biogeography20(1): 73-86. {{doi|10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00587.x}} ([http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html pbl.nl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423205228/https://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/download/index-2.html |date=April 23, 2021 }}). HYDE (History Database of the Global Environment), 2010. HYDE 3.1 gives estimates for 5000 BC, 1000 BC and "AD 0". HYDE estimates are higher than those by [[Colin McEvedy]] (1978) but lower than those by Massimo Livi Bacci (1989, 2012). ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150221004127/http://itbulk.org/population/world-population-history/ graphs (itbulk.org)]).</ref>
![[John Tanton|Tanton]]
(1994)<ref name="thesocialcontract.com">[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc0403/article_329.shtml John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch? Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173].</ref>
!Biraben
(1980)<ref name="French 1980, pp. 1">Slightly updated data from original paper in French: (a) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1980, "An Essay Concerning Mankind's Evolution", Population, Selected Papers, Vol. 4, pp. 1–13. Original paper in French: (b) Jean-Noël Biraben, 1979, "Essai sur l'évolution du nombre des hommes", Population, Vol. 34 (no. 1), pp. 13–25.</ref>
![[Colin McEvedy|McEvedy]] &
Jones (1978)<ref name="Richard Jones 1978">Colin McEvedy and Richard Jones, 1978, ''Atlas of World Population History'', Facts on File, New York, {{ISBN|0-7139-1031-3}}.</ref>
!Thomlinson
(1975)<ref name="ReferenceA">[[Ralph Thomlinson]], 1975, ''Demographic Problems: Controversy over population control'', 2nd Ed., Dickenson Publishing Company, Ecino, CA, {{ISBN|0-8221-0166-1}}.</ref>
!Durand
(1974)<ref name="John D. Durand 1974">John D. Durand, 1974, "Historical Estimates of World Population: An Evaluation", University of Pennsylvania, Population Center, Analytical and Technical Reports, Number 10.</ref>
![[Colin Clark (economist)|Clark]]
(1967)<ref name="Colin Clark 1967">Colin Clark, 1967, ''Population Growth and Land Use'', St. Martin's Press, New York, {{ISBN|0-333-01126-0}}.</ref>
|-
|1,656M
|1,650M
|1,563M
|1,654M<ref name="mnp.nl">[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0959683609356587 Data] from [http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html History Database of the Global Environment.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227200550/http://themasites.pbl.nl/tridion/en/themasites/hyde/index.html |date=February 27, 2018 }} K. Klein Goldewijk, A. Beusen and P. Janssen, "HYDE 3.1: Long-term dynamic modeling of global population and built-up area in a spatially explicit way", from table on pg. 2, Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (MNP), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.</ref>
|1,600M
|1,633M
|1,625M
|1,600M
|1,650–1,710M
|1,668M
|}

== Politics and wars ==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1900s}}
[[File:China imperialism cartoon.jpg|right|200px|thumb|A shocked [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] in [[Manchu people|Manchu]] robe in the back, with [[Queen Victoria]] ([[British Empire]]), [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]] ([[German Empire]]), [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] ([[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]]), [[Marianne]] ([[French Third Republic]]), and a [[samurai]] ([[Empire of Japan]]) stabbing into a [[king cake]] with ''Chine'' ("China" in French) written on it. A portrayal of New Imperialism and its effects on [[Qing Empire|China]].]]

===Major political changes===
*[[New Imperialism]]
* The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[French Third Republic]] sign [[Entente Cordiale]]

===Wars===
{{Main|List of wars: 1900–1944#1900–1909}}

* [[Second Boer War]] ends.
* [[Philippine–American War]] takes place (1899–1902).
*The [[Kuwaiti–Rashidi war]] takes place (1900–1901).
*[[Battle of Riyadh (1902)|Battle of Riyadh]] was a minor battle of the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia]] (1902).
* [[Russo-Japanese War]] establishes the [[Empire of Japan]] as a world power (1904–1905).
* The Ottomans [[Ottoman invasion of Persia (1906)|invade Persia]] and capture a strip of territory (1906).
* [[Battle of Dilam]] was a major battle of the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Unification War]] between [[Rashidi dynasty|Rashidi]] and [[Ibn Saud|Saudi]] rebels (1903–1907).
* [[Saudi–Rashidi War (1903–1907)|First Saudi–Rashidi War]] was engaged between the [[Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia|Saudi loyal forces]] of the newborn [[Emirate of Riyadh]] versus the [[Emirate of Ha'il]] (1903–1907).

===Internal conflicts===

* The [[Boxer Rebellion]] ends.
* The [[Russian Revolution of 1905]].
* The [[1906 Mesopotamia uprising|Mesopotamia uprising of 1906]].
* Demand for [[Irish Home Rule Movement|Home Rule]] for Ireland.
* [[Herero and Namaqua Genocide]] in German [[South-West Africa]] (modern Namibia).
* Kurdish [[Bitlis uprising (1907)|uprising in Bitlis]] against the Ottoman Empire in 1907.

===Colonization===
* January 1, 1901, British colonies in Australia [[Australian Federation|federate]], forming the [[Commonwealth of Australia]].

===Decolonization===
* May 20, 1902 – [[Cuba]] gains independence from the United States
* June 7, 1905 – The [[Stortinget|Norwegian Parliament]] declares the union with Sweden [[Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905|dissolved]], and Norway achieves full independence.
* October 5, 1908 – [[Bulgaria]] [[Bulgarian Declaration of Independence|declares its independence]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]].

=== Prominent political events ===
*January 22, 1901, the death of [[Queen Victoria]]. 
*August 9, 1902, the [[coronation of Edward VII and Alexandra]], as king and queen of the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[British Dominions]].

==Disasters==

===Natural disasters===
[[File:Tunguska-Map-fr.svg|300px|thumb|June 30, 1908: The [[Tunguska event]]]]
[[File:Market Street, San Francisco, in ruins (1906).jpg|thumb|220px|right|Ruins from the [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]], remembered as one of the worst [[natural disaster]]s in United States history]]
* August 7, 1900 – A 40-foot-tall [[1900 Westchester County tornado|tornado]] struck [[New Rochelle, New York]], US, killing an unknown number of people.
* September 8, 1900 – A powerful [[tropical cyclone|hurricane]] [[Galveston Hurricane of 1900|hits]] [[Galveston, Texas]], US, killing about 8,000.
* April 19, 1902 – A [[Guatemala 1902 earthquake|magnitude 7.5 earthquake]] rocks [[Guatemala]], killing 2,000.
* May 8, 1902 – In [[Martinique]], [[Mount Pelée]] erupts, destroying the town of [[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] and killing over 30,000.
* December 25, 1902 – A large [[Christmas Hurricane of 1902|hurricane]] struck the countries of [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]], leading to the deaths of 50 people.
* February 26–27, 1903 – A large [[extratropical cyclone]] known as [[Storm Ulysses]] swept through the [[British Isles]] and led to the deaths of 30 people.
* April 7, 1906 – [[Mount Vesuvius]] erupts and devastates [[Naples]].
* April 18, 1906 – The [[1906 San Francisco earthquake]] (estimated magnitude 7.8) on the [[San Andreas Fault]] destroys much of [[San Francisco]], US, killing at least 3,000, with 225,000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages.
* September 18, 1906 – A [[typhoon]] and [[tsunami]] kill an estimated 10,000 in [[Hong Kong]].
* January 14, 1907 – [[1907 Kingston earthquake|An earthquake in Kingston, Jamaica]] kills more than 1,000.
* June 30, 1908 – The [[Tunguska event]] or "Russian explosion" near the [[Podkamennaya Tunguska River]] in [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], [[Siberia]], [[Russian Empire]] occurs resulting in the flattening {{convert|2,000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of forest. It is believed to have been caused by the [[air burst]] of a large [[meteoroid]] or [[comet]] fragment, at an altitude of {{convert|5|–|10|km|0}} above the [[Earth]]'s surface.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pasechnik|first=I. P.|chapter=Refinement of the moment of explosion of the Tunguska meteorite from the seismic data|title=Cosmic Matter and the Earth|location=Novosibirsk|publisher=Nauka|year=1986|page=66|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Farinella |first1=Paolo |last2=Foschini |first2=L. |last3=Froeschlé |first3=Christiane |last4=Gonczi |first4=R. |last5=Jopek |first5=T. J. |last6=Longo |first6=G. |last7=Michel |first7=Patrick |url=http://www-th.bo.infn.it/tunguska/aah2886.pdf|title=Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body|journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics|Astronomy & Astrophysics]]|volume=377|issue=3 |pages=1081–1097|year=2001|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20011054|access-date=2011-08-23|bibcode=2001A&A...377.1081F|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Trayner|first=Chris|title=Perplexities of the Tunguska Meteorite|journal=[[The Observatory (journal)|The Observatory]]|volume=114|pages=227–231|year=1994|bibcode = 1994Obs...114..227T }}</ref>
* December 28, 1908 – [[1908 Messina earthquake|An earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] destroys [[Messina, Italy|Messina]], [[Sicily]] and [[Calabria]], killing over 80,000 people.

===Non-natural disasters===
* April 26, 1900 – The [[1900 Hull-Ottawa fire|Great Lumber Fire]] of [[Ottawa]]–[[Hull, Quebec|Hull]] kills 7 and leaves 15,000 homeless.
* May 1, 1900 – The [[Scofield Mine disaster]] in [[Scofield, Utah]], caused by explosion killing at least 200 men.
* June 30, 1900 – [[1900 Hoboken Docks Fire|Hoboken Docks Fire]]: The German passenger ships ''Saale'', ''Main, Bremen'', and ''Kaiser William der Grosse'', all owned by the [[North German Lloyd]] Steamship line, catch fire at the docks in [[Hoboken, New Jersey]], US. The fire began on a wharf and spread to the adjacent piers, warehouses, and smaller craft, killing 326 people.
* May 3, 1901 – The [[Great Fire of 1901]] begins in [[Jacksonville, Florida]], US.
* July 10, 1902 – The [[Rolling Mill Mine|Rolling Mill Mine disaster]] in [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]], US, kills 112 miners.
* August 10, 1903 – [[Paris Métro train fire]].
* December 30, 1903 – A [[Iroquois Theater Fire|fire at the Iroquois Theater]] in Chicago, US, kills 600.
* February 7, 1904 – The [[Great Baltimore Fire]] in [[Baltimore]], US, destroys over 1,500 buildings in 30 hours.
* June 15, 1904 – A fire aboard the steamboat ''[[General Slocum]]'' in New York City's East River kills 1,021.
* June 28, 1904 – The Danish ocean liner {{SS|Norge}} runs aground and sinks close to [[Rockall]], killing 635, including 225 Norwegian emigrants.
* January 22, 1906 – The {{SS|Valencia}} strikes a reef off [[Vancouver Island]], Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster.

==Assassinations and attempts==
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"
!Year
!Date
!Name
!Position
!Culprits
!Country
!Description
!Image
|-
|1900
|February 3
|[[William Goebel]]
|[[governor of Kentucky]]
|unknown 
|[[History of the United States|United States]]
|Either five or six shots were fired from the nearby State Building, one striking Goebel in the chest, seriously wounding him.
|[[File:HW Goebel Assassination.png|frameless]]
|-
|1900
|July 29
|[[Umberto I of Italy|Umberto I]] 
|[[King of Italy|King]]
|[[Gaetano Bresci]]
|[[History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)|Italy]]
|Assassinated by anarchist [[Gaetano Bresci]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duggan |first=Christopher |title=The Force of Destiny. A History of Italy Since 1796. |publisher=Allen Lane |year=2007 |isbn=9780713997095 |pages=349}}</ref>
|[[File:Bresci killing.jpg|frameless|175x175px]]
|-
|1901
|March 6
|[[William II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]]
|[[Kaiser]]
|Deidrich Weiland
|[[History of Germany|Germany]]
|Attempted assassination in [[Bremen]] by Deidrich Weiland.<ref>"Kaiser Hit by a Missile Thrown into His Carriage", ''Chicago Daily Tribune'', March 7, 1901, p. 1.</ref><ref>"Kaiser Suffers from His Wound— Injuries Received by German Emperor More Serious than First Reported— Details of the Assault", ''Chicago Daily Tribune'', March 8, 1901, p. 2.</ref>
|[[File:Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany - 1902.jpg|frameless|204x204px]]
|-
|1901
|September 6
|[[William McKinley]]
|[[President of the United States|President]]
|[[Leon Czolgosz]]
|[[History of the United States|United States]]
|Dies 8 days after being shot at the [[Pan-American Exposition]] in [[Buffalo, New York]], by American anarchist [[Leon Czolgosz]].
|[[File:McKinleyAssassination.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1902
|April 15
|[[Dmitry Sipyagin]]
|Russian [[MVD|Interior Minister]]
|[[Stepan Balmashov]]
|[[Russian Empire]]
|Sipyagin was assassinated in the [[Mariinsky Palace]] by [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Socialist-Revolutionary]] [[Stepan Balmashov]]. 
|[[File:Dmitry Sipyagin.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1902
|September 29
|[[Émile Zola]]
|novelist and journalist
|unknown 
|[[France]]
|Zola was killed by [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] caused by an improperly ventilated chimney. 
|[[File:Zola mort.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1902
|November 4
|[[Hale Johnson]]
|Mayor of [[Newton, Illinois]]
|Harry Harris
|[[History of the United States|United States]]
|Hale was Killed while attempting to collect a debt owed to him by Harry Harris who shot him.
|[[File:Hale Johnson (1847-1902) (10506934603) (3).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1903
|March 31
|[[Grigoriy Shcherbina]]
|Russian consul
|an unknown Albanian Ottoman officer
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|According to Durham. A year later, the 35-year-old Consul died of bullet wounds sustained in the assassination attempt by an Albanian soldier.
|[[File:Grigoriy Shcherbina 2023 stamp of Serbia.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1903
|June 11
|[[Aleksandar Obrenović]], and [[Draga Mašin]]
|King of Serbia, and Queen Consort
|Army officers led by [[Dragutin Dimitrijević]]
|[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]
|Killed in the [[Stari dvor|royal palace]] as part of the [[May Overthrow]].
|[[File:King Alexander I Obrenović of Serbia and Queen Draga, ca. 1900.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1903
|June 11
|[[Lazar Petrović]]
|[[Adjutant]] to King Aleksandar Obrenović
|unknown assassin 
|[[Kingdom of Serbia]]
|Killed as part of the [[May Overthrow]].
|[[File:General Lazar Petrović 01.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1903
|June 11
|[[Dimitrije Cincar-Marković]]
|[[Prime Minister of Serbia]]
|rioters from the [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]]
|[[Serbia]]
|Markovic was killed in the [[May Coup (Serbia)|May Coup]].
|[[File:General Dimitrije Cincar Marković.jpg|frameless|191x191px]]
|-
|1904
|November 26
|[[José Francisco Chaves]]
|Superintendent of Public Instruction (former congressman and territory politician)
|unknown 
|[[History of the United States|United States]]
|Jose was shot by an unknown assassin in Pinoswells, New Mexico.
|[[File:JosFChaves.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1904
|June 16
|[[Nikolai Ivanovich Bobrikov|Nikolai Bobrikov]]
|[[Governor-General of Finland|Governor-General]]
|[[Eugen Schauman]]
|[[Governor-General of Finland|Finland]]
|Assassinated by nationalist nobleman [[Eugen Schauman]].
|[[File:Schauman shoots Bobrikov.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1904
|July 28
|[[Vyacheslav von Plehve]]
|Russian [[MVD|Interior Minister]]
|Yegor Sazonov
|[[Russian Empire|Russia]]
|Plehve was Killed by a bomb thrown by a member of the [[SR Combat Organization]]
|[[File:The assassination of Vyacheslav von Plehve, Le Patriote Illustré.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1905
|February 6
|[[Eliel Soisalon-Soininen]]
|[[Chancellor of Justice]]
|Lennart Hohenthal 
|[[Finland]]
|Assassinated in his apartment in [[Helsinki]] by Lennart Hohenthal.
|[[File:Eliel Soisalon-Soininen Nyblin.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1905
|February 17 
|[[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]]
|[[Governor-General]] of [[Moscow]]
|[[Ivan Kalyayev]]
|[[Russian Empire]]
|Alexandrovich was killed in a by a bomb Organized by the [[SR Combat Organization]].
|[[File:Покушение Сергея Александровича.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1905
|April 24
|[[John M. Pinckney|John McPherson Pinckney]]
|Texas Representative
|J. N. Brown
|[[History of the United States|United States]]
|John was Killed during riot instigated by opponents of alcohol prohibition.
|[[File:John McPherson Pinckney.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1905
|June 13
|[[Theodoros Diligiannis]]
|[[Prime Minister of Greece|Prime Minister]]
|Antonios Gherakaris
|[[History of Greece|Greece]]
|Killed by gambler Antonios Gherakaris, reportedly for measures taken against gambling places.
|[[File:Achille Beltrame - Assassination of Greek Prime Minister Deliyannis.jpg|frameless|223x223px]]
|-
|1905
|October 21
|[[Tomasso Petto]]
|[[New York City|New York]] [[Gangster|mobster]]
|unknown assassin 
|[[United States]]
|The New York [[mobster]] and leading [[hitman]] in the [[Morello crime family]] was shot multiple times while walking to his home in [[Browntown, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Browntown]].
|[[File:Detective Lt. Joseph Petrosiino( left) , Inspector Carey and Inspector McCafferty escorting Mafia hitman Petto the Ox (Tomasso Petto, second from left) LCCN2007686607.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1905
|December 30
|[[Frank Steunenberg]]
|[[List of Governors of Idaho|Governor]] of [[Idaho]]
|[[Harry Orchard]]
|[[United States]]
|The [[List of Governors of Idaho|fourth governor]] of the [[U.S. state|State]] of [[Idaho]] was shot by a former miner after Frank left his office.
|[[File:Franksteunenberg.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1907
|March 8
|[[Marinos Antypas]]
|socialist politician
|Kyriakou
|[[Greece]]
|A group of farmers paid 30,000 drachmas to a supervisor named Kyriakou to kill Antypas, which he did on March 8, 1907. Kyriakou was never convicted for the crime.
|
|-
|1907 
|March 11
|[[Dimitar Petkov]]
|[[Prime Minister of Bulgaria|Prime Minister]]
|Aleksandar Petrov
|[[History of Bulgaria (1878–1946)|Bulgaria]]
|Killed by an anarchist.
|[[File:D. Petkov (W Le Queux).jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1907
|August 31
|[[Mirza Ali Asghar Khan Amin al-Soltan|Amin al-Soltan]]
|[[Prime Minister of Iran|Prime Minister]]
|unknown assassin 
|[[History of Iran|Iran]]
|Killed in front of the Parliament.
|[[File:MirzaAliAsgharKhanAtabak.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1908
|February 1
|[[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]]
|[[List of Portuguese monarchs|King]]
|[[Alfredo Luís da Costa]] and [[Manuel Buíça]]
|[[History of Portugal (1834–1910)|Portugal]]
|Assassinated in Lisbon, Portugal.
|[[File:King Carlos I of Portugal - National Portrait Gallery.png|frameless]]
|-
|1909
|October 26
|[[Itō Hirobumi]]
|[[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]]
|[[An Jung-geun]]
|[[History of Japan|Japan]]
|Also [[Resident-General of Korea]], assassinated by [[Ahn Jung-geun]] at the [[Harbin]] train station in [[Manchuria]], for many grievances against Japan, including the assassination of [[Empress Myeongseong]] of [[History of Korea|Korea]].
|[[File:Ito's death.jpg|frameless]]
|-
|1909
|November 14
|[[Ramón Lorenzo Falcón]]
|Chief of Police
|[[Simón Radowitzky]]
|[[Argentina]] 
|Falcon was killed when a bomb was planted on his carriage by [[Simón Radowitzky]]
|[[File:Falcon Attentat.jpg|frameless]]
|}

==Economics==
{{expand section|date=October 2021}}
* The [[gold standard]] was the dominant international monetary system in the 1900s, with all major industrial powers operating under its rules and exchange rates between major currencies remaining fixed.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|title=II Lessons from the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods|url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/book/9781557750280/ch009.xml|work=IMF eLibrary|publisher=International Monetary Fund |isbn=978-1-55775-028-0 |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[Colony|Colonial]] economic relationships significantly shaped global economic patterns, with European powers establishing colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, extracting resources such as cotton, rubber, ivory, gold, and diamonds, and imposing trade policies designed to benefit the colonizers at the expense of the colonized populations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Economic Development from 1750 to 1900 |url=https://library.fiveable.me/ap-world/unit-6/global-economic-development-1750-1900/study-guide/2Qcdz5fpK21eAQhq7cY6 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Fiveable}}</ref>
* The [[Panic of 1901]] was the first [[New York Stock Exchange]] [[stock market crash]]. The crisis was short-lived but harmed many small American investors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-26 |title=FDIC: Learning Bank |url=http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/when/19-1919.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |archive-date=January 26, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126134129/http://www.fdic.gov/about/learn/learning/when/19-1919.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>
* [[Germany]]'s industrial growth was quick during this period. From 1895 to 1907, the number of workers in machine building doubled from slightly more than half a million to well over a million. German steel production, which had exceeded Britain's in 1893, continued to grow, and by the end of the decade Germany dominated all major Continental markets except France.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Germany - The economy, 1890-1914|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-economy-1890-1914|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[Russia]] experienced rapid economic growth from 1900 to 1905, with the economy expanding at 4 percent annually. However, in 1905, the Russian economy went into a severe slump following an unprecedented wave of worker strikes, peasant protests, and military defeat in the [[Russo-Japanese War]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's Home Front, 1914-1922: The Economy|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/rgwr_postprint.pdf|work=University of Warwick|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* The [[United Kingdom]]'s economic dominance was increasingly challenged during this decade. While Britain remained the world's largest capital exporter and shipping power, both the United States and Germany surpassed Britain in industrial production, particularly in steel manufacturing.<ref name=":0" />
* The [[Panic of 1907]], also known as the 1907 Bankers' Panic, was a significant financial crisis that occurred in the United States when the stock market fell close to 50% from its peak the previous year. The crisis spread to other countries and was eventually resolved through interventions led by J.P. Morgan.<ref>{{cite book|title=II Lessons from the Gold Standard and Bretton Woods|url=https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/book/9781557750280/ch009.xml|work=IMF eLibrary|publisher=International Monetary Fund |isbn=978-1-55775-028-0 |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[France]] was a major capital exporter during this period, lending substantial portions of GDP to developing economies. The country implemented significant labor reforms, including the introduction of a mandatory weekly rest day in 1906 and the creation of the [[Ministry of Labour (France)|Ministry of Labour]] the same year.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Béthouart |first=Bruno |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMUTAQAAIAAJ |title=Le Ministère du travail et de la sécurité sociale de la Libération au début de la Ve République |date=2006 |publisher=Presses universitaires de Rennes |isbn=978-2-7535-0327-4 |language=fr}}</ref>
* In [[Japan]], the victory in the [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) accelerated industrial development. Under the leadership of Prime Minister [[Katsura Tarō]], Japan expanded its heavy industry, particularly in shipbuilding and armaments, and strengthened its position as an emerging economic power in Asia. However this growth was coupled with a surge in labour disputes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-01 |title=Kazuo Nimura 'The Formation of Japanese Labor Movement;1868-1914' |url=http://oohara.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp/nk/English/eg-formation.html |access-date=2025-03-13 |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001233543/http://oohara.mt.tama.hosei.ac.jp/nk/English/eg-formation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Germany's urbanization accelerated rapidly, with only 40 percent of Germans living in rural areas by 1910, compared to 67 percent at the birth of the empire. Cities of more than 100,000 inhabitants accounted for one-fifth of the population by the end of the decade.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Germany - The economy, 1890-1914|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/The-economy-1890-1914|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[Italy]]'s economy during this decade was characterized by the growing industrialization in the north, while the southern regions remained predominantly agricultural. Prime Minister [[Giovanni Giolitti]]'s economic policies encouraged industrial growth, particularly in the automotive and textile sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=Italy - Giolitti, Unification, Politics {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Italy/The-Giolitti-era-1900-14 |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
* Russia's economy began growing again from 1909 following the political and economic crisis of 1905–1907. This recovery continued until the outbreak of World War I, though Russia remained the poorest of the great powers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Russia's Home Front, 1914-1922: The Economy|url=https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/mharrison/public/rgwr_postprint.pdf|work=University of Warwick|access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref>
* The cost of an American postage stamp was 1 cent in 1909.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theseniorlist.com/2013/09/postcards-from-the-edge-september-30-1909/ |title=1909 Postcard sent from Northern Pacific Train Conductor back home |access-date=2013-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927164150/http://www.theseniorlist.com/2013/09/postcards-from-the-edge-september-30-1909/ |archive-date=2013-09-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Science and technology==
===Science===
[[File:Albert Einstein in 1905 (cropped).jpg|210px|thumb|During 1905 the physicist [[Albert Einstein]] published [[Annus Mirabilis papers|four articles]] – each revolutionary and groundbreaking in its field.]]
* 1900 – [[Planck's law|Planck's law of black-body radiation]]
* 1900 – [[History of quantum mechanics|Quantum Hypothesis]] by [[Max Planck]]<ref>{{cite web |title=How did science and technology change in the 1900s? |url=http://www.enotes.com/1900-science-technology-american-decades/important-events-science-technology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005002014/http://www.enotes.com/1900-science-technology-american-decades/important-events-science-technology |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |access-date=October 20, 2009 |work=eNotes}}</ref><ref>http://blog.modernmachanix.com/2008/06/16/invented-earlier-than-youd-think-pt-2-answering-machines{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://library.thinkquest.rg/J0111064/00invetnions.html{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Abhay Burande |title=History of Radio – Who Invented the Radio? |url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-radio-who-invented-the-radio.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301052131/http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-radio-who-invented-the-radio.html |archive-date=2009-03-01 |access-date=2009-10-20 |work=Buzzle}}</ref><ref>http://gardenofpraise/ibdbell.htm{{Dead link|date=February 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 1900 – [[Seismographs]] built in the [[University of California, Berkeley]]
* 1902 – Practical [[air conditioner]] designed by [[Willis Carrier]] 
* March 17, 1905 – [[Annus Mirabilis papers]] – [[Albert Einstein]] publishes his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explains the [[photoelectric effect]], using the notion of [[light quanta]]. For this paper Einstein received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921.
* May 11, 1905 – [[Annus Mirabilis papers]] – Albert Einstein submits his doctoral dissertation "On the Motion of Small Particles...", in which he explains [[Brownian motion]].
* June 30, 1905 – [[Annus Mirabilis papers]] – Albert Einstein publishes the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", where he reveals his theory of [[special relativity]].
* September 27, 1905 – [[Annus Mirabilis papers]] – Albert Einstein submits his paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", in which he develops an argument for the equation [[mass–energy equivalence|''E''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''mc''<sup>2</sup>]].
* 1908 – the [[Geiger counter]] (measures radioactivity) is invented by [[Hans Geiger]]
* [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Marie Curie]] discover the elements [[radium]] and [[polonium]], they coin the term ''[[radioactivity]]''. In 1901, [[Harriet Brooks]] and [[Ernest Rutherford]] build on their work and contribute to the discovery of the element [[radon]].
* The [[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin]] (BCG) immunization for [[tuberculosis]] is first developed.

===Technology===
* Widespread application of the [[History of the internal combustion engine|internal combustion engine]] including mass production of the automobile. [[Rudolf Diesel]] demonstrated the [[diesel engine]] in the 1900 ''[[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]]'' (World's Fair) in Paris using peanut oil fuel (see [[biodiesel]]). The Diesel engine takes the Grand Prix. The exposition was attended by 50 million people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/01%20articles/rudolph_diesel.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611043607/http://www.dieselduck.ca/library/01%20articles/rudolph_diesel.htm|url-status=dead|title=Martin Leduc, "Biography of Rudolph Diesel"|archive-date=June 11, 2010}}</ref> The same year [[Wilhelm Maybach]] designed an engine built at [[Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft]]—following the specifications of [[Emil Jellinek]]—who required the engine to be named ''Daimler-Mercedes'' after his daughter, [[Mercédès Jellinek]]. In 1902, the [[Mercedes 35 hp]] automobiles with that engine were put into production by DMG.<ref>[http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Apr08/17_001109_The_History_Behind_The_Mercedes_Benz_Brand_And_The_Three_Pointed_Star.html The history behind the Mercedes-Benz brand and the three-pointed star] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101025220255/http://www.emercedesbenz.com/Apr08/17_001109_The_History_Behind_The_Mercedes_Benz_Brand_And_The_Three_Pointed_Star.html |date=2010-10-25 }}. eMercedesBenz.com. April 17, 2008.</ref>
* Wide popularity of home [[phonograph]]. "The market for home machines was created through technological innovation and pricing: Phonographs, gramophones, and graphophones were cleverly adapted to run by spring-motors (you wound them up), rather than by messy batteries or treadle mechanisms, while the musical records were adapted to reproduce loudly through a horn attachment. The cheap home machines sold as the $10 Eagle graphophone and the $40 (later $30) Home phonograph in 1896, the $20 Zon-o-phone in 1898, the $3 Victor Toy in 1900, and so on. Records sold because their fidelity improved, mass production processes were soon developed, advertising worked, and prices dropped from one and two dollars to around 35 cents.".<ref>"The most thorough account of the history of the phonograph is still Oliver Read and Walter L. Welch, Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis, IN: Howard W. Sams & Co., 1976). For a recent version of the story see Leonard DeGraaf, "Thomas Edison and the Origins of the Entertainment Phonograph" NARAS Journal 8 (Winter/Spring 1997/8) 43–69, as well as William Howland Kenney's recent and welcome Recorded Music in American Life: The Phonograph and Popular Memory, 1890–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999). Much of the technocentric focus of literature on the phonograph (a focus Kenney's cultural history finally shifts) may derive from the interests of collectors, for whom I have the utmost respect. In the interest of simplicity, I am going to use the eventual American generic, "phonograph," for the graphophone and gramophone as well as the phonograph. Of course in Britain and much of the postcolonial world, the generic is "gramophone.""</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/gitelman.html#fn2|title=How Users Define New Media: A History of the Amusement Phonograph|work=mit.edu|access-date=January 5, 2010|archive-date=October 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009182818/http://web.mit.edu/comm-forum/papers/gitelman.html#fn2|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1907, a [[Victor Talking Machine Company|Victor Records]] recording of [[Enrico Caruso]] singing [[Ruggero Leoncavallo]]'s "[[Vesti la giubba]]" becomes the first to sell a million copies.<ref>Linehan, Andrew. "Soundcarrier". ''Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World''. pp. 359–366."</ref>
* 1899–1900 – [[Thomas Alva Edison]] of [[Milan, Ohio]], invents the nickel-alkaline storage [[History of the battery|battery]]. On May 27, 1901, Edison establishes the [[Edison Storage Battery Company]] to develop and manufacture them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=CK600.1&|title=Location Text and List of Documents – The Edison Papers|work=rutgers.edu|access-date=January 5, 2010|archive-date=March 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317035528/http://edison.rutgers.edu/NamesSearch/glocpage.php3?gloc=CK600.1&|url-status=dead}}</ref> "It proved to be Edison's most difficult project, taking ten years to develop a practical alkaline battery. By the time Edison introduced his new alkaline battery, the [[gasoline]] powered car had so improved that [[electric vehicle]]s were becoming increasingly less common, being used mainly as [[Delivery (commerce)|delivery vehicles]] in cities. However, the Edison alkaline battery proved useful for lighting [[Railroad car|railway cars]] and [[Railway signal|signals]], maritime [[buoy]]s, and [[Davy lamp|miners lamps]]. Unlike [[iron ore]] mining with the [[Edison Ore-Milling Company]], the heavy investment Edison made over ten years was repaid handsomely, and the storage battery eventually became Edison's most profitable product. Further, Edison's work paved the way for the modern alkaline battery."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventors/a/Edison_Bio_3.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120731114009/http://inventors.about.com/od/estartinventors/a/Edison_Bio_3.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 31, 2012|title=Biography of Thomas Edison|author=Mary Bellis|work=About.com Money}}</ref>
* 1900 – The [[Brownie (camera)|Brownie]] [[camera]] is invented; this was the beginning of the [[Eastman Kodak]] company. The Brownie popularized low-cost [[photography]] and introduced the concept of the [[Snapshot (photography)|snapshot]]. The first Brownie was introduced in February 1900,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geh.org/fm/brownie/htmlsrc/index.html#E130.00034|title=George Eastman House The GEH Brownie Collection Series|work=geh.org|access-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315195832/http://www.geh.org/fm/brownie/htmlsrc/index.html#E130.00034|archive-date=2009-03-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:First Zeppelin ascent.jpg|thumb|The first ascent of LZ1 over Lake Constance (the Bodensee) in 1900.]]
* 1900 – The first [[zeppelin]] flight occurs over [[Lake Constance]] near [[Friedrichshafen]], Germany on July 2, 1900.
[[File:Dieselmotor vs.jpg|thumb|200px|A diesel engine built by [[MAN SE|MAN AG]] in 1906]]
* 1901 – First electric [[typewriter]] is invented by George Canfield Blickensderfer of [[Erie, Pennsylvania]]. It was part of a line of [[Blickensderfer typewriter]]s, known for its portability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.typewritermuseum.org/history/inventors_blick.html|title=Inventors|work=typewritermuseum.org|access-date=January 5, 2010|archive-date=December 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218152839/http://www.typewritermuseum.org/history/inventors_blick.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/bl_elec.htm|title=The Stamford Historical Society, Blickensderfer Manufacturing Co., The First Electric Typewriter|work=stamfordhistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stamfordhistory.org/blickens.htm|title=The Stamford Historical Society, Blickensderfer Typewriters|work=stamfordhistory.org}}</ref>
* 1901 – [[Wilhelm Kress]] of [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] creates his [[Kress Drachenflieger]] in [[Austria-Hungary]]. Power was provided by a Daimler petrol engine driving two large [[auger (drill)|auger]]-style two-bladed propellers, the first attempt to use an internal combustion engine to power a heavier-than-air aircraft.<ref name="NicolaouStephane">Nicolaou, Stephane (1998). Flying Boats & Seaplanes: A History from 1905. Osceola: Zenith.
, p. 10</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfn.li/article/?id=448|title=MFN – Metal Finishing News|work=mfn.li|access-date=2010-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827001740/http://www.mfn.li/article/?id=448|archive-date=2017-08-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* 1901 – The first radio [[Receiver (radio)|receiver]] (successfully received a radio transmission). This receiver was developed by [[Guglielmo Marconi]]. Marconi established a wireless transmitting station at Marconi House, [[Rosslare Strand]], [[County Wexford]], Ireland in 1901 to act as a link between [[Poldhu]] in [[Cornwall]] and [[Clifden]] in [[County Galway]]. He soon made the announcement that on December 12, 1901, using a {{convert|sp=us|500|ft||adj=on}} kite-supported antenna for reception, the message was received at [[Signal Hill (Newfoundland and Labrador)|Signal Hill]] in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St John]]'s, [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] (now part of Canada), signals transmitted by the company's new high-power station at Poldhu, Cornwall. The distance between the two points was about {{convert|sp=us|2200|mi|}}. {{Br}}Heralded as a great scientific advance, there was—and continues to be—some skepticism about this claim, partly because the signals had been heard faintly and sporadically. There was no independent confirmation of the reported reception, and the transmissions, consisting of the [[Morse code]] letter ''S'' sent repeatedly, were difficult to distinguish from [[atmospheric noise]]. (A detailed technical review of Marconi's early transatlantic work appears in John S. Belrose's work of 1995.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html |title=Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century |publisher=Ieee.ca |access-date=2009-01-29| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090123214652/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html| archive-date= 23 January 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> The Poldhu transmitter was a two-stage circuit.<ref>"''[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=1305565 Marconi and the History of Radio]''".</ref><ref>John S. Belrose, "[http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html Fessenden and Marconi: Their Differing Technologies and Transatlantic Experiments During the First Decade of this Century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228200010/http://www.ieee.ca/millennium/radio/radio_differences.html |date=2012-12-28 }}". International Conference on 100 Years of Radio – 5–7 September 1995.</ref> The first stage operated at a lower voltage and provided the energy for the second stage to spark at a higher voltage. 
* 1902 – [[Willis Carrier]] of [[Angola, New York]], invented the first indoor [[air conditioning]]. "He designed his spray driven air conditioning system which controlled both temperature and humidity using a [[nozzle]] originally designed to spray [[insecticide]]. He built his "Apparatus for Treating Air" (U.S. Pat. #808897) which was patented in 1906 and using chilled coils which not only controlled heat but could lower the humidity to as low as 55%. The device was even able to adjust the humidity level to the desired setting creating what would become the framework for the modern air conditioner. By adjusting the air movement and temperature level to the refrigeration coils he was able to determine the size and capacity of the unit to match the need of his customers. While Carrier was not the first to design a system like this his was much more stable, successful and safer than other versions and took air conditioning out of the Dark Ages and into the realm of science."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.air-conditioners-and-heaters.com/willis_carrier.htm|title=Willis Carrier air conditioning|work=air-conditioners-and-heaters.com}}</ref>
* 1902/1906/1908 – [[Sir James Mackenzie]] of [[Scone, Scotland]], invented an early [[Lie detection|lie detector]] or [[polygraph]]. MacKenzie's polygraph "could be used to monitor the [[Circulatory system|cardiovascular]] responses of his patients by taking their [[pulse]] and [[blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.umw.edu/hisa/resources/Student%20Projects/Singel/students.umw.edu/_ksing2os/polygraph/origin.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204031232/http://www.umw.edu/hisa/resources/Student%20Projects/Singel/students.umw.edu/_ksing2os/polygraph/origin.html|url-status=dead|title=Kati Singel, "The Polygraph:The Modern Lie Detector"|archive-date=February 4, 2010}}</ref> He had developed an early version of his device in the 1890s, but had Sebastian Shaw, a [[Lancashire]] watchmaker, improve it further. "This instrument used a clockwork mechanism for the paper-rolling and time-marker movements and it produced ink recordings of physiological functions that were easier to acquire and to interpret. It has been written that the modern polygraph is really a modification of Dr. Mackenzie's clinical ink polygraph."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.total.net/~galcar/html/brief_history_of_the_polygraph.html|title=Brief History of the Polygraph|work=total.net}}</ref> A more modern and effective polygraph machine would be invented by John Larson in 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/forensic_2.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714143118/http://inventors.about.com/od/fstartinventions/a/forensic_2.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 14, 2012|title=History of the Lie Detector or Polygraph Machine|author=Mary Bellis|work=About.com Money}}</ref>
* 1902 – [[Georges Claude]] invented the [[neon lamp]]. He applied an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of [[neon]] gas, resulting in a red glow. Claudes started working on neon tubes which could be put to use as ordinary light bulbs. His first public display of a neon lamp took place on December 11, 1910, in Paris.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Ne|title=10. Neon – Elementymology & Elements Multidict|work=vanderkrogt.net}}</ref> In 1912, Claude's associate began selling neon discharge tubes as [[neon sign|advertising signs]]. They were introduced to the United States in 1923 when two large neon signs were bought by a Los Angeles [[Packard]] car dealership. The glow and arresting red color made neon advertising completely different from the competition.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nymag.com/shopping/features/41814/
|title=Neon: A Brief History| last=Mangum | first= Aja |access-date=<!---May 20, 2008--->
| date = December 8, 2007 |newspaper=New York Magazine}}</ref>
* 1902 – [[Teasmade]], a device for making [[tea]] automatically, is patented on April 7, 1902, by [[gunsmith]] Frank Clarke of [[Birmingham]], England. He called it "An Apparatus Whereby a Cup of Tea or Coffee is Automatically Made" and it was later marketed as "A Clock That Makes Tea!". However, his original machine and all rights to it had been purchased from its actual inventor [[Albert E. Richardson (inventor)|Albert E. Richardson]], a [[clockmaker]] from [[Ashton-under-Lyne]]. The device was commercially available by 1904.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.teawaker.com/clarke.htm |title=teawaker.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626100212/http://www.teawaker.com/clarke.htm |archive-date=2011-06-26 }}</ref>
[[File:Gilmore monoplane.jpg|350px|thumb|Gilmore's second, larger plane]]
* 1902 – [[Lyman Gilmore]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], United States is awarded a patent for a [[steam engine]], intended for use in aerial vehicles. At the time he was living in [[Red Bluff, California]]. At a later date, Gilmore claimed to have incorporated his engine in "a [[monoplane]] with a 32-foot [[wingspan]]" and to have performed his debut flight in May 1902. While occasionally credited with the first powered flight in aviation history, there is no supporting evidence for his account.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/gilmore.html|title=FLYING MACHINES – Lyman Wiswell Gilmore, Jr.|work=flyingmachines.org|access-date=January 3, 2010|archive-date=October 18, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018100535/http://www.flyingmachines.org/gilmore.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> While Gilmore was probably working on aeronautical experiments since the late 1890s and reportedly had correspondence with [[Samuel Pierpont Langley]], there exists no photo of his creations earlier than 1908.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ncngrrmuseum.org/pb/wp_eb6830e0.html?0.5 |title=Stephen Barber, "Lyman Gilmore Jr. – Aeronautical Pioneer" |access-date=2010-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727114151/http://www.ncngrrmuseum.org/pb/wp_eb6830e0.html?0.5 |archive-date=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1902 – The [[Wright brothers]] of [[Ohio]], United States create the 1902 version of the [[Wright Glider]]. It was the third free-flight glider built by them and tested at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]]. This was the first of the brothers' gliders to incorporate [[flight dynamics|yaw control]], and its design led directly to the [[Wright Flyer|1903 ''Wright Flyer'']]. The brothers designed the 1902 glider during the winter of 1901–1902 at their home in [[Dayton, Ohio]]. They designed the wing based on data from extensive airfoil tests conducted on a homemade [[wind tunnel]]. They built many of the components of the glider in Dayton, but they completed assembly at their Kitty Hawk camp in September 1902. They began testing on September 19. Over the next five weeks, they made between 700 and 1000 glide flights (as estimated by the brothers, who did not keep detailed records of these tests). The longest of these was {{convert|622.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} in 26 seconds. "In its final form, the 1902 Wright glider was the world's first fully controllable aircraft."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/fly/1902/glider.cfm|title=The Wright Brothers – The 1902 Glider|work=si.edu|access-date=2010-01-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408194749/http://nasm.si.edu/wrightbrothers/fly/1902/glider.cfm|archive-date=2010-04-08|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>John David Anderson, "Introduction to flight" (2004), page 30. {{ISBN|0-07-123818-2}}</ref>
[[File:1903-ford-rc.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Ford Model A (1903–1904)|Ford Model A]] was the first car produced by [[Ford Motor Company]] beginning production in 1903.]]
* 1903 – [[Ford Motor Company]] produces its first car – the [[Ford Model A (1903–1904)|Ford Model A]].
[[File:Pearse aeroplane replica, South Canterbury Museum-2.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A replica of Pearse's monoplane]]
* 1903 – [[Richard Pearse]] of New Zealand supposedly successfully flew and landed a powered heavier-than-air machine on March 31, 1903<ref>Rodliffe, C. Geoffrey. Richard Pearse: Pioneer Aviator. Auckland, New Zealand: Museum of Transport and Technology. Inc., 1983. {{ISBN|0-473-09686-2}}.</ref> Verifiable eyewitnesses describe Pearse crashing into a hedge on two separate occasions during 1903. His monoplane must have risen to a height of at least three metres on each occasion. Good evidence exists that on March 31, 1903, Pearse achieved a powered, though poorly controlled, flight of several hundred metres. Pearse himself said that he had made a powered takeoff, "but at too low a speed for [his] controls to work". However, he remained airborne until he crashed into the hedge at the end of the field.<ref>Rodliffe, C. Geoffrey. ''Flight over Waitohi''. Auckland, New Zealand: Acme Printing Works, 1997. {{ISBN|0-473-05048-X}}.</ref><ref>Ogilvie, Gordon. ''The Riddle of Richard Pearse''. Auckland, New Zealand: Reed Publishing, Revised edition, 1994. {{ISBN|0-589-00794-7}}.</ref>
* 1903 – [[Karl Jatho]] of [[German Empire|Germany]] performs a series of flights at Vahrenwalder Heide, near [[Hanover]], between August and November, 1903. Using first a pusher [[triplane]], then a [[biplane]]. "His longest flight, however, was only 60 meters at 3–4 meters altitude." He then quit his efforts, noting his motor was too weak to make longer or higher flights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/jatho.html|title=The Pioneers : An Anthology : Karl Jatho (1873–1933)|work=monash.edu.au|access-date=January 3, 2010|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323151750/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/jatho.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The plane was equipped with a single-cylinder {{convert|10|hp|kW|abbr=on}} Buchet engine driving a two-bladed pusher propeller and made hops of up to {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, flying up to {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high. In comparison, Orville Wright's first controlled flight four months later was of {{convert|36|m|ft|abbr=on}} in 12 seconds although Wilbur flew 59 seconds and {{convert|sp=us|852|ft|m|abbr=on}} later that same day. Either way Jatho managed to fly a powered heavier-than-air machine earlier than his American counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/jatho.html|title=FLYING MACHINES – Karl Jatho|work=flyingmachines.org|access-date=January 3, 2010|archive-date=October 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104405/http://www.flyingmachines.org/jatho.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1903 – [[Mary Anderson (inventor)|Mary Anderson]] invented [[Windscreen wiper|windshield wipers]]. In November 1903 Anderson was granted her first [[patent]]<ref>United States Patent 743,801, Issue Date: November 10, 1903</ref> for an automatic car window cleaning device controlled inside the car, called the windshield wiper.<ref>[http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/02-16.htm Women Hold Patents on Important Inventions; USPTO recognizes inventive women during Women's History Month] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511103740/http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/speeches/02-16.htm |date=2009-05-11 }}, United States Patent and Trademark Office press release #02–16, March 1, 2002, accessed March 3, 2009</ref> Her device consisted of a lever and a swinging arm with a rubber blade. The lever could be operated from inside a vehicle to cause the spring-loaded arm to move back and forth across the windshield. Similar devices had been made earlier, but Anderson's was the first to be effective.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20030318180434/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/anderson.html Many Anderson: Windshield Wipers], September 2001, Inventor of the Week Archive, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] School of Engineering website, accessed March 3, 2009</ref>
[[File:First flight2.jpg|thumb|250px|The first flight by [[Orville Wright]] made on December 17, 1903.]]
* 1903 – The [[Wright brothers]] fly at [[Kitty Hawk, North Carolina]]. Their airplane, the ''[[Wright Flyer]]'', performed the first recorded controlled, powered, sustained heavier than air flight on December 17, 1903. In the day's fourth flight, Wilbur Wright flew {{convert|279|m|ft|abbr=off|sp=us}} in 59 seconds. First three flights were approximately 120, 175, and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}}, respectively. The Wrights laid particular stress on fully and accurately describing all the requirements for controlled, powered flight and put them into use in an aircraft which took off from a level launching rail, with the aid of a headwind to achieve sufficient airspeed before reaching the end of the rail.<ref>[http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html &nbsp;"1903 – Who Made the First Flight?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423162519/http://www.thewrightbrothers.org/fivefirstflights.html |date=2015-04-23 }} TheWrightBrothers.org.</ref> It is one of the various candidates regarded as the first flying machine.
*1904 – [[SS Haimun]] sends its first news story on March 15, 1904.<ref name="amazon">[[Peter Slattery|Slattery, Peter]]. "Reporting the Russo-Japanese War,1904–5", 2004. [https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1901903575]</ref> It was a Chinese [[Steamboat|steamer ship]] commanded by [[war correspondent]] [[Lionel James (war correspondent)|Lionel James]] in 1904 during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] for [[The Times]]. It is the first known instance of a "press boat" dedicated to war correspondence during naval battles. The recent advent of [[wireless telegraphy]] meant that reporters were no longer limited to submitting their stories from land-based offices, and The Times spent 74 days outfitting and equipping the ship,<ref>[[The Times]], "First messages from the Yellow Sea", March 11, 2004.[https://web.archive.org/web/20081202235256/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/court_and_social/the_hitch/article1042746.ece]</ref> installing a [[Lee De Forest#Audion|De Forest transmitter]] aboard the ship.<ref>''The De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Tower: Bulletin No. 1'', Summer 1904.</ref>
[[File:Panama Canal under construction, 1907.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Construction work on the [[Gaillard Cut]] is shown in this photograph from 1907]]
* 1904–1914 – The [[Panama Canal]] constructed by the United States in the territory of [[Panama]], which had [[Separation of Panama from Colombia|just gained independence]] from [[Colombia]]. The Canal is a {{convert|sp=us|77|km|mi|abbr=on}} [[ship canal]] that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and a key conduit for international maritime trade. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the canal had an enormous impact on shipping between the two oceans, replacing the long and treacherous route via the [[Drake Passage]] and [[Cape Horn]] at the southernmost tip of South America. A ship sailing from New York to [[San Francisco]] via the canal travels {{convert|sp=us|9,500|km|mi|abbr=on}}, well under half the {{convert|sp=us|22,500|km|mi|abbr=on}} route around Cape Horn.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.czbrats.com/AmPan/index.htm |title=The Americans in Panama |first=William R. |last=Scott |publisher=Statler Publishing Company |location=New York|year=1913| access-date= 5 January 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> The project starts on May 4, 1904, known as Acquisition Day. The United States government purchased all Canal properties on the [[Isthmus of Panama]] from the New Panama Canal Company, except the [[Panama Canal Railway|Panama Railroad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czbrats.com/Builders/100years/brooke.htm|title=May 4, 1904|work=czbrats.com}}</ref> The project begun under the administration of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], continued in that of [[William Howard Taft]] and completed in that of [[Woodrow Wilson]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/end.html|title=Panama Canal History – End of the Construction|work=pancanal.com|access-date=2010-01-05|archive-date=2018-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001145746/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/history/end.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65375|title=Woodrow Wilson: Address to a Joint Session of Congress on Panama Canal Tolls|work=ucsb.edu}}</ref> The Chief engineers were [[John Frank Stevens]] and [[George Washington Goethals]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goofy313g.free.fr/calisota_online/exist/stevens.html|title=John F. Stevens|work=free.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/biographies/goethals.html|title=George Washington Goethals|work=pancanal.com|access-date=2010-01-05|archive-date=2007-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622031957/http://www.pancanal.com/eng/history/biographies/goethals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1904 – The [[Welte-Mignon]] [[Player piano|reproducing piano]] is created by Edwin Welte and Karl Bockisch. Both employed by the "Michael Welte und Söhne" firm of [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], [[German Empire|Germany]]. "It automatically replayed the tempo, phrasing, dynamics and pedalling of a particular performance, and not just the notes of the music, as was the case with other player pianos of the time." In September, 1904, the Mignon was demonstrated in the [[Leipzig Trade Fair]]. In March, 1905 it became better known when showcased "at the [[showroom]]s of Hugo Popper, a manufacturer of roll-operated [[orchestrion]]s". By 1906, the Mignon was also exported to the United States, installed to pianos by the firms [[Feurich]] and [[Steinway & Sons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pianola.org/reproducing/reproducing_welte.cfm|title=Welte-Mignon Reproducing Piano |publisher=The Pianola Institute}}</ref>
* 1904 – [[Benjamin Holt]] of the [[Holt Manufacturing Company]] invents one of the first practical [[continuous track]]s for use in [[tractor]]s. While the date of invention was reportedly November 24, 1904, Holt would not receive a patent until December, 1907.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kipnotes.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017162514/http://www.kipnotes.com/AgriculturalMachinery.htm|url-status=dead|title=Holen Sie Ihr Wissen aus dem Internet|archive-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
* 1905 – [[John Joseph Montgomery]] of [[California]], United States designs tandem-wing [[Glider (aircraft)|gliders]]. His pilot [[Daniel J. Maloney|Daniel Maloney]] performs a number of public exhibitions of high altitude flights in March and April 1905 in the [[Santa Clara, California]], area. These flights received national media attention and demonstrated superior control of the design, with launches as high as {{convert|4,000|ft|m}} and landings made at predetermined locations. The gliders were launched from balloons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.flyingmachines.org/mont.html|title=FLYING MACHINES – John J. Montgomery|work=flyingmachines.org|access-date=January 3, 2010|archive-date=March 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326053518/http://www.flyingmachines.org/mont.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/montgomery.html|title=Flying Wings : An Anthology : John Joseph Montgomery (1858–1911)|work=monash.edu.au|access-date=January 3, 2010|archive-date=December 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091217090939/http://www.ctie.monash.edu.au/hargrave/montgomery.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 1905 – The Wright Brothers introduce their [[Wright Flyer III]]. On October 5, 1905, Wilbur flew {{convert|sp=us|24|mi|km}} in 39 minutes 23 seconds,<ref name="sharpe">{{cite book | title=Biplanes, Triplanes and Seaplanes | isbn=978-1-58663-300-4 | last=Sharpe | first=Michael | publisher=Friedman/Fairfax | year=2000 | page=311 }}</ref> longer than the total duration of all the flights of [[1903 in aviation|1903]] and [[1904 in aviation|1904]]. Ending with a safe landing when the fuel ran out. The flight was seen by a number of people, including several invited friends, their father Milton, and neighboring farmers.<ref>[http://home.dayton.lib.oh.us/archives/wbcollection/wbscrapbooks1/WBScrapbooks10007.html Dayton Metro Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090905015136/http://home.dayton.lib.oh.us/archives/wbcollection/wbscrapbooks1/WBScrapbooks10007.html |date=2009-09-05 }} Note: Dayton Metro Library has a document showing durations, distances and a list of witnesses to the long flights in late September-early October 1905. Retrieved: May 23, 2007.</ref> Four days later, they wrote to the [[United States Secretary of War]] [[William Howard Taft]], offering to sell the world's first practical fixed-wing aircraft.
* 1906 – The ''Gabel Automatic Entertainer'', an early [[jukebox]]-like machine, is invented by John Gabel. It is the first such device to play a series of gramophone records. "The Automatic Entertainer with 24 selections, was produced and patented by the John Gabel owned company in Chicago. The first model (constructed in 1905) was produced in 1906 with an exposed 40 inch horn (102 cm) on top, and it is today often considered the real father of the modern multi-selection disc-playing phonographs. John Gabel and his company did in fact receive a special prize at the [[Nagoya Pan-Pacific Peace Exposition (1937)|Pan-Pacific Exposition]] for the Automatic Entertainer."<ref>The life of John Gabel (1872–1955) and the history of his company is described in detail in an article well written by Rick Crandall. The article entitled "Diary Disclosures of John Gabel: A Pioneer in Automatic Music", based on an unpublished diary, was published in the autumn, 1984, newsletter of The Musical Box Society International (Vol. XXX, No. 2), and contains a lot of interesting historic information. Another story about John Gabel and his Automatic Entertainer appeared in the newsletter "Antique Phonograph Monthly" (Vol. VII, No. 8) published by Allen Koenigsberg in the summer, 1984.</ref><ref>[http://juke-box.dk/gert-history88-13.htm Gert J. Almind, "Jukebox History 1888–1913"].</ref>
[[File:Santos Dumont flight 23 Oct 1906.gif|thumb|200x200px|[[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] realizes the first official flight, October 23, 1906, Bagatelle field.]]
*1906 – The [[Victor Talking Machine Company]] releases the [[Victrola]], the most popular [[phonograph|gramophone]] model until the late 1920s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World|chapter=Gramophone|first=Andre|last=Millard|page=512}}</ref> The Victrola is also the first [[Sound recording and reproduction|playback]] machine containing an internal horn.<ref name="ContinuumVictor">{{cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World|pages= 768–769|first=David|last=Horn|author2=David Sanjek|chapter=Victor}}</ref> Victor also erects the world's largest illuminated billboard at the time, on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in New York City, to advertise the company's records.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World |chapter=Advertising of Popular Music |pages=530–532 |first=Dave |last=Laing |author-link=Dave Laing}}</ref>
* 1906 – [[Traian Vuia]] of [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] takes off with his "Traian Vuia 1", an early [[monoplane]]. His flight was performed in [[Montesson]] near Paris and was about 12 meters long.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.earlyaviators.com/evuia.htm |title=Traian Vuia |last=Cooper |first=Ralph S. |work=earlyaviators.com}}</ref>
* 1906 – [[Jacob Ellehammer]] of Denmark constructs the [[Ellehammer semi-biplane]]. In this machine, he made a tethered flight on September 12, 1906, becoming the second European to make a powered flight.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Early Years (Aviation Century) |year=2003 |first1=Ron |last1=Dick |first2=Amanda Wright |last2=Lane |first3=Dan |last3=Patterson |publisher=Boston Mills Press |isbn=1-55046-407-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wings: A History of Aviation from Kites to the Space Age |year=2004 |first=Tom D. |last=Crouch |author-link=Tom D. Crouch |publisher=[[W. W. Norton & Company]] |isbn=0-393-32620-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=100 Years of Flight: A Chronology of Aerospace History, 1903–2003 |series=Library of Flight Series |year=2003 |first1=Frank H. |last1=Winter |author-link1=Frank H. Winter |first2=F. Robert Van Der |last2=Linden |publisher=[[AIAA]] |isbn=1-56347-562-6}}</ref>
* 1906 – [[Alberto Santos-Dumont]] and his [[Santos-Dumont 14-bis]] make the first public flight of an [[airplane]] on October 23, 1906, in Paris. The flying machine was the first fixed-wing aircraft officially witnessed to take off, fly, and land. Santos Dumont is considered the "Father of Aviation" in his country of birth, [[Brazil]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hansen |first=James R. |author-link=James R. Hansen |title=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong |title-link=First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong |location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7432-5631-5 |page=299}}</ref> His flight is the first to have been certified by the ''[[Aéro-Club de France]]'' and the ''[[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] (FAI)''.<ref>[http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm Les vols du 14bis relatés au fil des éditions du journal l'illustration de 1906.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070324025948/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_14bis.htm |date=2007-03-24 }} The wording is: "cette prouesse est le premier vol au monde '''homologué''' par l'Aéro-Club de France et la toute jeune Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI)."</ref><!--Armstrong, during his official tour of South American countries as a NASA ambassador, acknowledged Santos Dumont's role during addresses to Brazilian audiences. Please note - this reference does NOT include any acknowledgment of this role in Europe; any editor adding such a European claim should support it with a separate citation.--><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128124844/http://www.aeroclub.com/santos_dumont_14bis_index.htm|url-status=dead|title=Santos-Dumont: Pionnier de l'aviation, dandy de la Belle Epoque.|archive-date=November 28, 2006}}</ref> On November 12, 1906, Santos Dumont succeeded in setting the first world record recognized by the Aero-Club De France by flying 220 metres in less than 22 seconds.<ref>JInes. Ernest. [http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm "Santos Dumont in France 1906–1916: The Very Earliest Early Birds."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316120252/http://earlyaviators.com/edumonb.htm |date=2016-03-16 }} ''earlyaviators.com'', December 25, 2006. Retrieved: August 17, 2009.</ref>
* 1906 – Sound [[radio broadcasting]] was invented by [[Reginald Fessenden]] and [[Lee De Forest]]. Fessenden and [[Ernst Alexanderson]] developed a high-frequency [[alternator]]-transmitters, an improvement on an already existing device. The improved model operated at a transmitting frequency of approximately 50&nbsp;kHz, although with far less power than Fessenden's rotary-spark transmitters. The alternator-transmitter achieved the goal of transmitting quality audio signals, but the lack of any way to amplify the signals meant they were somewhat weak. On December 21, 1906, Fessenden made an extensive demonstration of the new alternator-transmitter at Brant Rock, showing its utility for point-to-point wireless telephony, including interconnecting his stations to the wire telephone network. A detailed review of this demonstration appeared in ''The American Telephone Journal''.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://earlyradiohistory.us/1907fes.htm| title = Experiments and Results in Wireless Telephony ''The American Telephone Journal''}}</ref> Meanwhile, De Forest had developed the [[Audion tube]] an electronic [[amplifier]] device. He received a patent in January, 1907.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leedeforest.org/inventor.html|title=Old Site – Lee de Forest Invented the Radio Tube|work=leedeforest.org}}</ref> "DeForest's audion vacuum tube was the key component of all radio, telephone, radar, television, and computer systems before the invention of the transistor in 1947."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.invent.org/Hall_Of_Fame/40.html |title=National Inventors Hall of Fame: "Lee Deforest" |access-date=2010-01-04 |archive-date=2009-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922235252/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/40.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1906 – [[Reginald Fessenden]] of [[East Bolton, Quebec]], Canada made what appear to be the first audio radio broadcasts of entertainment and music ever made to a general audience. (Beginning in 1904, the [[United States Navy]] had broadcast daily time signals and weather reports, but these employed [[spark-gap transmitter]]s, transmitting in [[Morse code]]). On the evening of December 24, 1906 ([[Christmas Eve]]), Fessenden used the alternator-transmitter to send out a short program from [[Ocean Bluff-Brant Rock, Massachusetts|Brant Rock]], [[Plymouth County, Massachusetts|Plymouth County]], [[Massachusetts]]. It included a phonograph record of [[Ombra mai fù]] (Largo) by [[George Frideric Handel]], followed by Fessenden himself playing the song ''[[O Holy Night]]'' on the [[violin]]. Finishing with reading a passage from the [[Bible]]: 'Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace to men of good will' ([[Gospel of Luke]] 2:14). On December 31, [[New Year's Eve]], a second short program was broadcast. The main audience for both these transmissions was an unknown number of shipboard radio operators along the [[East Coast of the United States]]. Fessenden claimed that the Christmas Eve broadcast had been heard "as far down" as [[Norfolk, Virginia]], while the New Year Eve's broadcast had reached places in the Caribbean. Although now seen as a landmark, these two broadcasts were barely noticed at the time and soon forgotten— the only first-hand account appears to be a letter Fessenden wrote on January 29, 1932, to his former associate, Samuel M. Kinter.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4540711;view=1up;seq=167|title=Fessenden, Builder of Tomorrows|last=Fessenden|first=Helen May Trott|publisher=Coward-McCann|year=1940|isbn=978-0405060472|location=New York|pages=153–154}}</ref><ref name="ContinuumRadio">{{cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World|chapter=Radio|pages= 451–461|first=Stephen|last=Barnard|author2=Donna Halper and Dave Laing}}</ref>
[[File:Percy-MacKaye-Alwyn-Genthe-diascope.jpeg|thumb|The [[Autochrome Lumière]] becomes the first commercial color photography process.]]
* 1907 – The [[Autochrome Lumière]] which was patented in 1903 becomes the first commercial color photography process.
* 1907 – [[Thomas Edison]] invented the "Universal Electric Motor" which made it possible to operate [[dictation machine]]s, etc. on all lighting circuits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thomasedison.com/Inventions.htm|title=THOMAS EDISON'S INVENTIONS|work=thomasedison.com}}</ref>
* 1907 – The [[Photostat machine]] begins the modern era of document imaging. The Photostat machine was invented in [[Kansas City, Kansas|Kansas City]], [[Kansas]], United States by Oscar Gregory in 1907, and the Photostat Corporation was incorporated in [[Rhode Island]] in 1911. "Rectigraph and Photostat machines (Plates 40–42) combined a large camera and a developing machine and used sensitized paper furnished in 350-foot rolls. "The prints are made direct on sensitized paper, no negative, plate or film intervening. The usual exposure is ten seconds. After the exposure has been made the paper is cut off and carried underneath the exposure chamber to the developing bath, where it remains for 35 seconds, and is then drawn into a fixing bath. While one print is being developed or fixed, another exposure can be made. When the copies are removed from the fixing bath, they are allowed to dry by exposure to the air, or may be run through a drying machine. The first print taken from the original is a 'black' print; the whites in the original are black and the blacks, white. (Plate 43) A white 'positive' print of the original is made by rephotographing the black print. As many positives as required may be made by continuing to photograph the black print." (The American Digest of Business Machines, 1924.) Du Pont Co. files include black prints of graphs dating from 1909, and the company acquired a Photostat machine in 1912.&nbsp;... A 1914 Rectigraph ad stated that the US government had been using Rectigraphs for four years and stated that the machines were being used by insurance companies and abstract and title companies.&nbsp;... In 1911, a Photostat machine was $500."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|title=Copying Machines|work=officemuseum.com|access-date=January 5, 2010|archive-date=February 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205005845/http://www.officemuseum.com/copy_machines.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwmangum.com/Kodak/Rochester.html|title=A History of the Rochester, NY Camera and Lens Companies|work=nwmangum.com}}</ref>
[[File:1908 Ford Model T.jpg|250px|thumb|right|[[Ford Model T]] set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile came into popular usage as it is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile.]]
* 1908 – [[Henry Ford]] of the [[Ford Motor Company]] introduces the [[Ford Model T]]. The first production Model T was built on September 27, 1908, at the [[Ford Piquette Avenue Plant]] in [[Detroit]]. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that "put America on wheels"; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including [[assembly line]] production instead of individual hand crafting, as well as the concept of paying the workers a wage proportionate to the cost of the car, so that they would provide a ready made market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/ford.htm|title=Henry Ford Changes the World, 1908|work=eyewitnesstohistory.com}}</ref>
*1909 – [[Leo Baekeland]] of [[Sint-Martens-Latem]], Belgium officially announces his creation of [[Bakelite]]. The announcement was made at the February 1909 meeting of the New York section of the [[American Chemical Society]].<ref name=aice>{{cite book | last = American Institute of Chemical Engineers Staff | title = Twenty-Five Years of Chemical Engineering Progress | publisher = Ayer Publishing | year = 1977 | page = 216 | isbn = 978-0-8369-0149-8}}</ref> Bakelite is an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular [[plastic]].<ref name="CHF">{{cite web|title=Leo Hendrik Baekeland|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/leo-hendrik-baekeland|website=Science History Institute|date=June 2016 |access-date=20 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=Bowden>{{cite book|last1=Bowden|first1=Mary Ellen|title=Chemical achievers : the human face of the chemical sciences|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd|chapter-url-access=registration|date=1997|publisher=Chemical Heritage Foundation|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=9780941901123|chapter=Leo Hendrik Baekeland|pages=[https://archive.org/details/chemicalachiever0000bowd/page/127 127–129]}}</ref><ref name="time">
{{cite web
|url=http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html
|title=Time 100: Leo Baekeland
|first=Ivan
|last=Amato
|date=1999-03-29
|access-date=2007-11-08
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071106110739/http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/baekeland.html| archive-date= 6 November 2007 | url-status= dead}}
</ref>
{{clear}}

==Popular culture==
===Literature===
{{See also|List of years in literature#1900s|Publishers Weekly list of bestselling novels in the United States in the 1900s}}
[[File:Portrait of Winston Churchill.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|4 out of 10 best-selling American books in the 1900s were written by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]] (1871 – 1947)]]
The best selling books of the decade were ''[[Anne of Green Gables]]'' (1908) and ''[[The Tale of Peter Rabbit]]'' (1902), which sold 50 million<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paskin|first=Willa|date=2017-04-27|title=The Other Side of Anne of Green Gables|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/27/magazine/the-other-side-of-anne-of-green-gables.html|access-date=2020-04-19|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> and 45 million<ref>Worker's Press</ref> copies respectively. [[Serbian language|Serbian writers]] used the [[Belgrade]] literary style, an [[Ekavian]] writing form which set basis for the later standardization of the Serbian language. [[Theodor Herzl]], the founder of political [[Zionism]], published ''[[The Old New Land]]'' in 1902, outlining Herzl's vision for a Jewish state in the [[Land of Israel]].

Below are the best-selling books in the United States of each year, as determined by ''[[Publishers Weekly]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Annual Bestsellers, 1900-1909|url=http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/best00.cgi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016093451/http://www3.isrl.illinois.edu/~unsworth/courses/bestsellers/best00.cgi|archive-date=2011-10-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

* 1900: ''[[To Have and to Hold (Johnston novel)|To Have and to Hold]]'' by [[Mary Johnston]]
* 1901: ''[[The Crisis (novel)|The Crisis]]'' by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]]
* 1902: ''[[The Virginian (novel)|The Virginian]]'' by [[Owen Wister]]
* 1903: ''[[Lady Rose's Daughter (novel)|Lady Rose's Daughter]]'' by [[Mary Augusta Ward]]
* 1904: ''[[The Crossing (Churchill novel)|The Crossing]]'' by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]]
* 1905: ''[[The Marriage of William Ashe]]'' by [[Mary Augusta Ward]]
* 1906: ''[[Coniston (novel)|Coniston]]'' by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]]
* 1907: ''[[The Lady of the Decoration]]'' by [[Frances Little]]
* 1908: ''[[Mr. Crewe's Career]]'' by [[Winston Churchill (novelist)|Winston Churchill]]
* 1909: ''[[The Inner Shrine (novel)|The Inner Shrine]]'' by Anonymous ([[Basil King]])

=== Art ===
[[File:Portrait de Picasso, 1908.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|[[Pablo Picasso]] in 1908, who, along with [[Henri Matisse]], was considered a leader in [[modern art]]]]
* [[Pablo Picasso]] paints ''[[Les Demoiselles d'Avignon]]'', considered by some to be the birth of modern art.
*[[Art Nouveau]] art movement peaked in popularity at the turn of the 20th century (1890–1905).
* [[Cubism]] art movement peaked in popularity in France between 1907 and 1911.
* [[Fauvism]] art movement peaked in popularity between 1905 and 1907.

===Film===
{{See also|1900s in film}}
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
[[File:Great train robbery still.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Justus D. Barnes]] in [[Edwin Porter]]'s film ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'', 1903]]
* September 18, 1900 – [[Robert W. Paul]] releases a short movie called ''[[Army Life; or, How Soldiers Are Made: Mounted Infantry]]'''.'''''
* April 2, 1902 – ''Electric Theatre'', the first [[movie theater]] in the United States, opens in [[Los Angeles]].
* The first huge success of American cinema, as well as the largest experimental achievement to this point, was the 1903 film ''[[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)|The Great Train Robbery]]'', directed by [[Edwin S. Porter]].
* December 26, 1906 – The world's first feature film, ''[[The Story of the Kelly Gang]]'' is released on December 26, 1906, in [[Melbourne]], Australia.
* May 12, 1909 – [[Mr. Flip]] is released, the first film to feature [[Pieing|someone being hit in the face with a pie]].

===Music===
[[File:El choclo.jpg|thumb|''El Choclo'' by Ángel Villoldo]]
Popular songs of the 1900s include "[[Lift Every Voice and Sing]]" and "[[What Are They Doing in Heaven?]]", which have been featured in 42<ref>{{cite web|title=Lift Every Voice and Sing|url=https://hymnary.org/text/lift_every_voice_and_sing#instances|website=Hymnary.org}}</ref> and 16<ref name="hymnary">{{cite web|title=What Are They Doing in Heaven?|url=http://www.hymnary.org/text/i_am_thinking_of_friends_whom_i_used_to_|website=hymnary.org|access-date=August 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Charles Albert Tindley 1851{{ndash}}1933|url=http://nethymnal.org/bio/t/i/tindley_ca.htm|website=nethymnal.org|access-date=August 24, 2015}}</ref> [[hymnal]]s respectively.
** [[January 23|January 23, 1900]] - The [[Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra]] makes its [[Carnegie Hall]] debut with [[Victor Herbert]] conducting.
** [[February 3|February 3, 1900]] – [[Adonais]], overture by [[George Whitefield Chadwick]] is premiered by the [[Boston Symphony Orchestra]].
** [[December 15|December 15, 1900]] – The second and third movements of [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Concerto No.2 in C Minor for Piano]] by [[Sergei Rachmaninov]] receive their world premiere in Moscow, with Rachmaninov playing the solo part.
** [[March 29]]th, [[1901]] - [[Jean de Reszke]]'s final performance of the season with the [[Metropolitan Opera]] turns into his farewell performance with that company as he sings the title role in [[Richard Wagner|Wagner's]] [[Lohengrin (opera)|Lohengrin]].
** [[October 27|October 27, 1901]] – [[Claude Debussy]]'s ''Trois Nocturnes'' is given in its first complete performance as [[Camille Chevillard]] conducts the [[Lamoureux Orchestra]] in Paris.
** [[November 9]], [[1901]] - First complete performance of [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto no. 2]] in [[C minor|C Minor]] in [[Moscow]] with Rachmaninoff playing the solo part.
** [[December 16]]th, [[1902]] - [[Scott Joplin]]'s [[Signature song|signature]] [[Rag (music)|rag]], "[[The Entertainer (rag)|The Entertainer]]", is released.
** 1903 - ''[[El Choclo]]'' one of the most popular tangos of all time, composed by [[Ángel Villoldo]] is premiered.
** [[October 18|October 18, 1904]] – [[Gustav Mahler]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 5 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 5]]'' is premiered by the [[Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne]] with Mahler conducting.
** 1905 - ''La Morocha,'' the first successful sung [[Tango music|tango]] by Ángel Villoldo and Enrique Saborido is published.
** [[1905]] - [[Claude Debussy]] releases his masterpiece and [[signature song]], "[[Clair de lune (Debussy)|Clair de Lune]]".
** [[January 27]], [[1907]] – Executives of the [[Metropolitan Opera]] removes [[Richard Strauss]]'s [[Salome (opera)|Salome]] from the [[repertoire]] following [[protest]]s that the [[opera]] was indecent.
** [[January 26|January 26, 1908]] – [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s [[Symphony No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Symphony No. 2]] receives its première.
** [[March 15|March 15, 1908]] – [[Maurice Ravel]]'s ''[[Rapsodie espagnole]]'' receives its première in Paris.
** [[April 11|April 11, 1908]] – [[Spyridon Samaras]]'s opera ''Rhea'' is premiered in [[Florence]] (Teatro Verdi)
** [[September 19|September 19, 1908]] – Première of [[Gustav Mahler]]'s [[Symphony No. 7 (Mahler)|Symphony No. 7]] in Prague.
** [[January 25|January 25, 1909]] – [[Richard Strauss]]'s opera [[Elektra (opera)|Elektra]] receives its debut performance at the [[Semperoper|Dresden State Opera]]
** [[February 19]], [[1909]] – First production [[Bedřich Smetana]]'s opera ''[[Prodaná nevěsta]]'' (The Bartered Bride) in the USA v [[Metropolitan Opera]], conducted by [[Gustav Mahler]] with [[Ema Destinová]] in the titular role.
** [[February 22|February 22, 1909]] – [[Thomas Beecham]] conducts the first concert with his newly established Beecham Symphony Orchestra in the UK.
** [[November 8|November 8, 1909]] – [[Boston Opera House (1909)|Boston Opera House]] in the United States opens with a performance of ''[[La Gioconda (opera)|La Gioconda]]'' starring [[Lillian Nordica]] and [[Louise Homer]].
** [[November 28|November 28, 1909]] – [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]'s [[Piano Concerto No. 3 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No. 3]] is premièred in New York City.
** [[December 18|December 18, 1909]] – [[George Enescu]]'s [[Octet (Enescu)|Octet for Strings]] and Piano Quartet No. 1 in D Major are premiered together on a program also featuring his ''Sept chansons de Clement Marot'', Op. 15, at the Salle des agriculteurs in Paris, as part of the "Soirées d'Art" concert series.

===Fashion===
{{See also|1900s in fashion}}

*
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}

===Historic events===

* [[Agustín Lizárraga]] discovers [[Machu Picchu]] on July 14, 1902.
{{Expand section|date=August 2023}}

===Sports===
[[File:Bocajuniors-primerafoto.jpg|thumb|The first recorded photo of Boca Juniors taken in 1906, after winning the Liga Central championship.]]
{{expand section|date=July 2018}}

* [[Club Atlético River Plate]] is founded in 1901.
* [[Real Madrid CF]] is founded in 1902.
* The [[Tour de France]] starts for the first time in 1903.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/2011/TDF/HISTO/us/index.html|title=Home|work=Tour de France 2015|access-date=2011-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027083912/http://www.letour.fr/2011/TDF/HISTO/us/index.html|archive-date=2010-10-27|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Racing Club de Avellaneda]] is founded in 1903.
* [[Club Atlético Independiente]] is founded in 1905.
* [[Boca Juniors|Club Atlético Boca Juniors]] is founded in 1905.

===Food===
* [[New Haven, Connecticut]] Louis Lassen of [[Louis' Lunch]] makes the first modern-day [[hamburger]] [[sandwich]]. According to family legend, one day in 1900 a local businessman dashed into the small New Haven lunch wagon and pleaded for a lunch to go. According to the Lassen family, the customer, Gary Widmore, exclaimed "Louie! I'm in a rush, slap a meatpuck between two planks and step on it!".<ref name="bbq">{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/stevenraichlensb0000raic | url-access=registration | quote=Louis Lunch. | title=BBQ USA: 425 Fiery Recipes from All Across America | publisher=Workman Publishing | date=2003 | access-date=28 May 2014 | author=Raichlen, Steven | pages=[https://archive.org/details/stevenraichlensb0000raic/page/336 336]–337| isbn=9780761120155 }}</ref><ref name="colin">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHEbAgAAQBAJ&q=Louis+Lunch&pg=PA108 | title=Legendary Locals of New Haven | publisher=Arcadia Publishing | author=Caplan, Colin | year=2013 | pages=108–109| isbn=9781467100960 }}</ref> Louis Lassen, the establishment's owner, placed his own blend of ground steak trimmings between two slices of toast and sent the gentleman on his way, so the story goes, with America's alleged first hamburger being served.<ref name="ctm">{{cite web | url=http://www.ctmuseumquest.com/?page_id=4954 | title=Burger at Louis' Lunch | publisher=Connecticut Museum Quest | access-date=29 May 2014}}</ref>

==People==

===Modern artists===
[[File:Henri Matisse, 1913, photograph by Alvin Langdon Coburn.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Henri Matisse]]]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Umberto Boccioni]]
*[[Pierre Bonnard]]
*[[Georges Braque]]
*[[Paul Cézanne]]
*[[Marc Chagall]]
*[[Edgar Degas]]
*[[André Derain]]
*[[Raoul Dufy]]
*[[Paul Gauguin]]
*[[Juan Gris]]
*[[Wassily Kandinsky]]
*[[Gustav Klimt]]
*[[Fernand Léger]]
*[[Kazimir Malevich]]
*[[Henri Matisse]]
*[[Amedeo Modigliani]]
*[[Claude Monet]]
*[[Pablo Picasso]]
*[[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]]
*[[Auguste Rodin]]
*[[Georges Rouault]]
*[[Henri Rousseau]]
*[[Albert Pinkham Ryder]]
*[[Egon Schiele]]
*[[Gino Severini]]
*[[Paul Signac]]
*[[Henri Toulouse-Lautrec]]
*[[Suzanne Valadon]]
*[[Maurice de Vlaminck]]
*[[Gustave Caillebotte]]
*[[Édouard Manet]]
*[[Camille Pissarro]]
*[[Georges Seurat]]
*[[Alfred Sisley]]
{{div col end}}

===Other notable people===
[[File:Sigmund freud um 1905.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sigmund Freud]], 1905]]
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Agustín Lizárraga]]
*[[Eugen d'Albert]]
*[[Hugo Alfvén]]
*[[Egbert Van Alstyne]]
*[[Broncho Billy Anderson]]
*[[Fatty Arbuckle]]
*[[Louis Daniel Armstrong]]
*[[Kurt Atterberg]]
*[[Béla Bartók]]
*[[Nora Bayes]]
*[[Jagdish Chandra Bose]]
*[[Irving Berlin]]
*[[Francis Boggs]]
*[[Frank Bridge]]
*[[Alfred Bryan (lyricist)|Alfred Bryan]]
*[[Vincent P. Bryan]]
*[[Ferruccio Busoni]]
*[[Enrico Caruso]]
*[[Gustave Charpentier]]
*[[Thurland Chattaway]]
*[[Francesco Cilea]]
*[[Will D. Cobb]]
*[[Bob Cole (composer)|Bob Cole]]
*[[Frederick Converse]]
*[[Henry Creamer]]
*[[Henry Walford Davies]]
*[[Peter Dawson (bass-baritone)|Peter Dawson]]
*[[Claude Debussy]]
*[[Frederick Delius]]
*[[Paul Dresser]]
*[[Antonín Dvořák]]
*[[Gus Edwards (vaudeville)|Gus Edwards]]
*[[Edward Elgar]]
*[[August Enna]]
*[[Manuel de Falla]]
*[[Geraldine Farrar]]
*[[Fred Fisher]]
*[[Paul Le Flem]]
*[[Sigmund Freud]]
*[[Rudolf Friml]]
*[[Julius Fučík (composer)|Julius Fučík]]
*[[Amelita Galli-Curci]]
*[[Mary Garden]]
*[[Edward German]]
*[[Alexander Glazunov]]
*[[Emilio de Gogorza]]
*[[Percy Grainger]]
*[[Enrique Granados]]
*[[D. W. Griffith]]
*[[Guy d'Hardelot]]
*[[Hamilton Harty]]
*[[The Haydn Quartet]]
*[[Anna Held]]
*[[Victor Herbert]]
*[[Max Hoffmann]]
*[[Gustav Holst]]
*[[Abe Holzmann]]
*[[David Horsley]]
*[[Harry Houdini]]
*[[Mississippi John Hurt]]
*[[Jenö Huszka]]
*[[Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov]]
*[[Carrie Jacobs-Bond]]
*[[Alfred Jarry]]
*[[William Jerome]]
*[[J. Rosamond Johnson]]
*[[James Weldon Johnson]]
*[[Scott Joplin]]
*[[Gus Kahn]]
*[[Jerome Kern]]
*[[Rudyard Kipling]]
*[[Carl Laemmle]]
*[[Harry Lauder]]
*[[Lead Belly]]
*[[Franz Lehár]]
*[[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]]
*[[Paul Lincke]]
*[[Gustav Mahler]]
*[[Arthur Marshall (ragtime composer)|Arthur Marshall]]
*[[Jules Massenet]]
*[[Nikolai Karlovich Medtner]]
*[[Nellie Melba]]
*[[Georges Méliès]]
*[[Kerry Mills]]
*[[Billy Murray (singer)|Billy Murray]]
*[[Evelyn Nesbit]]
*[[Ethelbert Woodbridge Nevin]]
*[[Carl Nielsen]]
*[[Jack Norworth]]
*[[Vítězslav Novák]]
*[[Maude Nugent]]
*[[Sidney Olcott]]
*[[Charles Pathé]]
*[[Edwin S. Porter]]
*[[Giacomo Puccini]]
*[[Sergei Rachmaninoff]]
*[[Maurice Ravel]]
*[[Ottorino Respighi]]
*[[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]]
*[[Landon Ronald]]
*[[Paul Sarebresole]]
*[[Erik Satie]]
*[[Arnold Schoenberg]]
*[[Jean Schwartz]]
*[[James Scott (musician)|James Scott]]
*[[Alexander Scriabin]]
*[[William Selig]]
*[[Chris Smith (composer)|Chris Smith]]
*[[Harry B. Smith]]
*[[Ethel Smyth]]
*[[John Philip Sousa]]
*[[George Kirke Spoor]]
*[[Charles Villiers Stanford]]
*[[Andrew B. Sterling]]
*[[Oscar Straus (composer)|Oscar Strauss]]
*[[Harry Von Tilzer]]
*[[Tom Turpin]]
*[[Edgard Varèse]]
*[[Vesta Victoria]]
*[[Anton Webern]]
*[[Percy Wenrich]]
*[[Bert Williams]]
*[[Harry Williams (songwriter)|Harry Williams]]
*[[Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari]]
*[[Amy Woodforde-Finden]]
*[[Israel Zangwill]]
*[[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]]
*[[Charles A. Zimmerman]]
{{div col end}}
<!-- Keep alphabetical, please -->

===Sports figures===
{|
| valign = top |

====Baseball====
{{See also|History of baseball in the United States}}
*[[Chief Bender]]
*[[Mordecai Brown|3-Finger Brown]]
*[[Jack Chesbro]]
*[[Ty Cobb]]
*[[Pud Galvin]]
*[[Addie Joss]]
*[[Nap Lajoie]]
*[[Sam Leever]]
*[[Christy Mathewson]]
*[[John McGraw]]
*[[Kid Nichols]]
*[[Eddie Plank]]
*[[Tris Speaker]]
*[[Rube Waddell]]
*[[Honus Wagner]]
*[[Ed Walsh|Big Ed Walsh]]
*[[Cy Young]]
| valign = top |

====Boxing====
{{See also|International Boxing Hall of Fame}}
*[[Tommy Burns (Canadian boxer)|Tommy Burns]]
*[[Marvin Hart]] (boxing)
*[[James J. Jeffries]] (boxing)
*[[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]] (boxing)
*[[Kid McCoy]] (boxing)
| valign = top |

====Cricket====
*[[Warwick Armstrong]]
*[[Sydney Barnes]]
*[[Colin Blythe]]
*[[Len Braund]]
*[[Aubrey Faulkner]]
*[[Tip Foster]]
*[[C.B. Fry]]
*[[Dick Lilley]]
*[[Tom Hayward]]
*[[Clem Hill]]
*[[George Hirst]]
*[[Monty Noble]]
*[[K.S. Ranjitsinhji]]
*[[Wilfred Rhodes]]
*[[Percy Sherwell]]
*[[George Thompson (cricketer)]]
*[[Victor Trumper]]
*[[Johnny Tyldesley]]
*[[Bert Vogler]]
|}

=== Last survivors ===
Since the deaths of [[Okagi Hayashi]] of Japan on 26 April 2025 and [[Inah Canabarro Lucas]] of Brazil on 30 April 2025, there is one remaining verified living person born in the 1900s decade, [[Ethel Caterham]] (born 21 August 1909) of the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yamamoto |first=Yumi |date=2025-04-30|title=Inah Canabarro Lucas, World’s Oldest Person, Dies at 116
|url=https://longeviquest.com/2025/04/inah-canabarro-lucas-worlds-oldest-person-dies-at-116/ |access-date=2025-04-30 |website=LongeviQuest |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Supercentenarian Rankings List – Gerontology Research Group |url=https://www.grg-supercentenarians.org/world-supercentenarian-rankings-list/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |language=en}}</ref> The last surviving man born during this decade was [[Juan Vicente Pérez]] of Venezuela (27 May 1909 – 2 April 2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tabachnick |first=Cara |date=2024-04-03 |title=Oldest man in the world dies in Venezuela weeks before 115th birthday - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/oldest-man-guiness-world-records-juan-vicente-perez-dies-venezuela-before-115th-birthday/ |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia]]
* [[Edwardian era]]
* [[Progressive Era]]
* {{section link|List of years in literature|1900s}}
* [[Victorian era|Victorians]], the last [[Generation|people]] to mature in the [[19th century]] in the year [[1900]]
* [[Lost Generation]], the generation whose older members became adults in the 1900s

===Timeline===
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

[[1900]] • [[1901]] • [[1902]] • [[1903]] • [[1904]] • [[1905]] • [[1906]] • [[1907]] • [[1908]] • [[1909]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hale |first=Williams Bayard |author-link=William Bayard Hale |date=January 1911 |title=A Dramatic Decade of History: What The First Ten Years Of The Twentieth Century Witnessed Of International Stir – A Time Prolific In Wars, Revolutions And Revolts, National Tragedy And Intrigue |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13855–13868 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13855|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Hutchinson |first=Woods |date=January 1911 |title=The Conquest Of The Great Diseases: The National Death-Rate Reduced 10 PerCent, The Discovery Of The Hook-Worm And The "Typhoid Fly", Meningitis And Syphilis Both Conquered During The Decade, The Passing Of Yellow Fever |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13881–13883 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13881|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Keys |first=C.M. |date=January 1911 |title=Ten Years Of Industrial America: Manufacturing Industry Far Outpacing Agriculture |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13884–13897 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13884|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Page|first=Walter Hines |author-link=Walter Hines Page |date=January 1911 |title=The Astronomical Romance Of A Decade: The Story of Ten Years' Advance In Knowledge Of The Heavens |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13877–13880 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13877|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Mahan |first=Alfred T. |author-link=Alfred Thayer Mahan |date=January 1911 |title=The Battleship Of All-Big-Guns: How The Coming Of The "Dreadnought" Made The World's Navies Partly Obsolete, Germany's Growing Commerce Is Responsible For Changes In Many Navies, The Rise of Three Great Navies In Ten Years |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13898–13902 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13898|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Sloss |first=Robert |date=January 1911 |title=The Children Of The Gas-Engine: The Revolution In Speed And In Convenience In Transportation – Automobiles, Motor-Cycles, Motor-Boats, Aeroplanes And Other Queer Craft That Ten Years Have Brought |journal=[[World's Work|The World's Work: A History of Our Time]] |volume=XXI |pages=13869–13877 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm0AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA13869|access-date=2009-07-10 }}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://libraryguides.missouri.edu/pricesandwages/1900-1909 Prices and Wages by Decade: 1900s]—Research guide from the University of Missouri Library shows average wages for various occupations and prices for common items from 1900 to 1909.

{{Events by month links}}
{{20th century}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1900s (Decade)}}
[[Category:1900s| ]]
[[Category:19th century]]
[[Category:20th century]]