View source for 1928 Summer Olympics

{{short description|Multi-sport event in Amsterdam, Netherlands}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox Olympic games|1928|Summer|Olympics
| image       = 1928 Olympics poster.jpg
| image_size  = 160
| caption     = Poster for the 1928 Summer Olympics
| host_city   = [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands
| nations     = 46
| athletes    = 2,883 (2,606 men, 277 women)
| events      = 109 in 14 [[Olympic sports|sports]] (20 disciplines)
| opening     = 28 July 1928
| closing     = 12 August 1928
| opened_by   = [[Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Prince Hendrik]]<ref>{{cite press release |title=Factsheet – Opening Ceremony of the Games f the Olympiad|url=https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf|url-status=live |publisher=International Olympic Committee|date=13 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814215458/https://stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_Factsheets/Opening_ceremony_of_the_Games_of_the_Olympiad.pdf |archive-date=14 August 2016|access-date=22 December 2018}}</ref>
| stadium     = [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympisch Stadion]]
| summer_prev = [[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris 1924]]
| summer_next = [[1932 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles 1932]]
| winter_prev = [[1928 Winter Olympics|St Moritz 1928]]
| winter_next = [[1932 Winter Olympics|Lake Placid 1932]]
}}

The '''1928 Summer Olympics''' ({{langx|nl|Olympische Zomerspelen 1928}}), officially the '''Games of the IX Olympiad''' ({{langx|nl|Spelen van de IXe Olympiade}}), was an international [[multi-sport event]] that was celebrated from 28&nbsp;July to 12&nbsp;August 1928 in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands. The city of Amsterdam had previously bid for the 1920 and 1924 [[Olympic Games]]. Still, it was obliged to give way to war-torn [[Antwerp]] in [[Belgium]] for the [[1920 Summer Olympics|1920 Games]] and [[Pierre de Coubertin]]'s [[Paris]] for the [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924 Games]].

The only other candidate city for the 1928 Olympics was [[Los Angeles]], which would eventually be selected to host the Olympics four years later. In preparation for the [[1932 Summer Olympics]], the [[United States Olympic Committee]] reviewed the costs and revenue of the 1928 Games. The committee reported a total cost of [[United States dollar|US$]]1.183 million with receipts of US$1.165 million, giving a negligible loss of US$18,000, which was a considerable improvement over the 1924 Games.<ref name=Zarnowski>{{cite journal | author-link1 = Frank Zarnowski | last = Zarnowski | first = C. Frank | date = Summer 1992 | title = A Look at Olympic Costs | journal = Citius, Altius, Fortius | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–32 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | access-date = 24 March 2007 | archive-date = 28 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The United States won the most gold and medals overall.

== Bidding process ==
Dutch nobleman Frederik van [[Tuyll]] van Serooskerken first proposed Amsterdam as the host city for the [[Summer Olympic Games]] in 1912, even before the [[NOC*NSF|Netherlands Olympic Committee]] was established.

The Olympic Games were canceled in 1916 due to [[World War&nbsp;I]]. In 1919, the Netherlands Olympic Committee abandoned the proposal of Amsterdam in favor of their support for the nomination of [[Antwerp]] as host city for the [[1920 Summer Olympics]]. In 1921, [[Paris]] was selected for the [[1924 Summer Olympics]] on the condition that the 1928 Summer Olympics would be organized in Amsterdam. This decision, supported by the Netherlands Olympic Committee, was announced by the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) on 2&nbsp;June 1921.

[[Los Angeles]]' bid for the 1928 Summer Olympics was unsuccessful in 1922 and again in 1923.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/04/06/archives/america-bids-for-games-olympics-of-1928-may-be-held-in-this-country.html|title=America Bids for Games: Olympics of 1928 May be Held in This Country|url-access=subscription|date=6 April 1923|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|page=15}}</ref> The city was eventually selected as host city for the [[1932 Summer Olympics]], being the only bidder for that year.<ref name="official report">{{cite web |year=1928 |editor=G. Van Rossem |title=The Ninth Olympiad Amsterdam 1928 Official Report, Netherlands Olympic Committee |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2008 |publisher=J. H. de Bussy}}</ref>{{rp|p.915}}

== Organization and Innovations ==

* These were the first Olympics to be organized under the [[President of the International Olympic Committee|IOC presidency]] of [[Henri de Baillet-Latour]].
* These Games were the first to bear the name "Summer Olympic Games", to distinguish them from the [[Winter Olympic Games]] (held since 1924).
* These Games were the first to feature a fixed schedule of sixteen days, which is still followed since 1984. In previous Olympics, competition had been stretched out over several months.
* The events were entirely funded through private donations with the government of the host nation providing no financial support for the first time.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Stanton |first=Richard |title=The forgotten Olympic art competitions: the story of the Olympic art competitions of the 20th century |date=2000 |publisher=Trafford |isbn=978-1-55212-606-6 |location=Victoria}}</ref>
* The American company [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] made its first appearance as an official sponsor of the Olympic Games, remaining the oldest Olympic sponsor to this day.<ref>[https://olympics.com/ioc/partners/coca-cola-mengniu International Olympic Committee: The Coca-Cola Company is the longest-standing partner of the Olympic Movement, having supported every Olympic Games since 1928].</ref>

== Ceremonies and Traditions ==
*

* A symbolic fire was lit for the first time during the Olympics, a tradition that continues today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amsterdam 1928 |url=https://olympics.com/en/olympic-games/amsterdam-1928 |access-date=12 February 2023 |publisher=Olympics.com}}</ref> The first [[Olympic flame]] and torch relay, however, would not take place until the [[1936 Summer Olympics]].
* For the first time, the parade of nations started with [[Greece]], which holds the origins of the Olympics, and ended with the host country, a tradition that has continued ever since.
* The Games were officially opened by [[Prince Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Prince Hendrik]], consort of [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]], who had authorized her husband to deputize for her.<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.294}} The Queen was unable to attend the opening ceremony as she was on holiday in [[Norway]] and did not want to disrupt her trip.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 March 2012 |title=The 1928 Olympics in Amsterdam were officially opened by the Netherlands' Prince Hendrik, consort of Queen Wilhelmina, who had authorized him to deputize for her |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/index.php/articles/16361/the-1928-olympics-in-amsterdam-were-officially-opened-by-the-netherlands-prince-hendrik-consort-of-queen-wilhelmina-who-had-authorised-him-to-deputise-for-her |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=insidethegames.biz}}</ref> This was the second time a head of state had not personally officiated at an [[Olympic Games ceremony|Olympic opening ceremony]] (the first occasion being the [[1904 Summer Olympics|1904 Games]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], which were officially opened by [[David R. Francis]], the Mayor of St.&nbsp;Louis). The Queen had initially refused to appear at either the opening or closing ceremony; it is thought that she objected to the Netherlands hosting the 1928 Games as she considered the Olympics a demonstration of paganism.<ref>{{cite web |date=15 June 2012 |title=1928: Amsterdam, Netherlands |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/2.720/1928-amsterdam-netherlands-1.1173804 |access-date=11 October 2018 |publisher=[[CBC Sports]]}}</ref> However, she returned from Norway before the conclusion of the Games, to be present at the closing ceremony,<ref>{{cite web |date=13 August 1928 |title=Queen Withelmina Presents Medals to Athletes as Olympics Officially Close; 9TH OLYMPIC GAMES OFFICIALLY CLOSED Queen Wilhelmina, Princess Juliana and Prince Consort Henry at Final Ceremonies. VICTORS RECEIVE MEDALS Queen Assists in Presentation of Prizes--Americans Take 54, Largest Number. 40,000 CROWD THE STADIUM Court Baillet-Latour, the Olympic President, Proclaims End of the Games at Amsterdam. Holland and Poland Tied. Prize Winners on Field. America's Total Large. 34 Medals for Canada. (Published 1928) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1928/08/13/archives/queen-withelmina-presents-medals-to-athletes-as-olympics-officially.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> and she presented the first prizes at the prize distribution which was held immediately beforehand.<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.913}}

==Athlete highlights==
* [[Paavo Nurmi]] of [[Finland]] won his ninth, and final, gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 10,000 metres|10,000&nbsp;m race]].
* [[Canadians|Canadian]] athlete [[Percy Williams (sprinter)|Percy Williams]] exceeded expectations by winning both the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metres|100&nbsp;m]] and [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metres|200&nbsp;m]] sprint events.
* [[Olav V of Norway|Crown Prince Olav]], who would later become King of Norway, won a gold medal in the [[Sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics – 6 Metre|6&nbsp;meter sailing]] event.
* [[Pat O'Callaghan]] won the first ever medal for a newly independent [[Ireland]], taking gold in the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw|hammer throw]].
* [[Mikio Oda]] of [[Japan]] won the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump|triple jump]] event with a result of {{convert|15.21|m|ftin|2|abbr=on}}, becoming the first gold medalist from an Asian country.
* [[Betty Robinson]] of the USA won the women's 100 metres in a world record time of 12.2 seconds. She was still just 16 years of age at the time. 
* Algerian-born marathon runner [[Boughera El Ouafi]] won a gold medal for France in the [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's marathon|men's marathon]].
* [[Johnny Weissmuller]], who later appeared in several [[Tarzan]] movies, won two gold medals in [[Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics|swimming]]: an individual gold in the [[Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|men's 100&nbsp;m freestyle]], and a team gold in the [[Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 200 metre freestyle relay|men's 4&nbsp;×&nbsp;200&nbsp;m freestyle relay]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kirsch|first=George B.|last2=Othello |first2=Harris|last3=Nolte |first3=Claire Elaine|title=Encyclopedia of Ethnicity and Sports in the United States|publisher=Greenwood |year=2000|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofet0000unse_u6f6/page/488 488]|isbn=0-313-29911-0|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofet0000unse_u6f6/page/488}}</ref><ref name=sr>{{cite web |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/we/johnny-weissmuller-1.html |title=Johnny Weissmuller |website=SR |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229120721/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/we/johnny-weissmuller-1.html |archive-date=29 December 2008 |access-date=12 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Germany at the Olympics|Germany]] returned to the Olympic Games for the first time since 1912, after being banned from the 1920 and 1924 Games due to its role in [[World War I]]. The German team immediately finished second in the 1928 medal count.
* [[South American]] [[association football|football]] made a definite breakthrough, as [[Uruguay at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Uruguay]] retained its title by defeating [[Argentina at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Argentina]].
* India took its first ever gold medal in [[field hockey]], beginning a streak of six consecutive gold medals in the sport.

== Sports ==
During the 1928 Summer Olympics, there were 14 sports, 20 disciplines and 109 events in the tournament. In parentheses is the number of events per discipline.<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.973–985}}

{{Columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* Aquatics
** {{GamesSport|Diving|Events=4|Format=d}}
** {{GamesSport|Swimming|Events=11|Format=d}}
** {{GamesSport|Water polo|Events=1|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=27|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=8|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Cycling|Format=d}}
** Road <small>(2)</small>
** Track <small>(4)</small>
* {{GamesSport|Equestrian|Format=d}}
** Dressage <small>(2)</small>
** Eventing <small>(2)</small>
** Show jumping <small>(2)</small>
* {{GamesSport|Fencing|Events=7|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=1|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Football|Events=1|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Gymnastics|Events=8|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Modern pentathlon|Events=1|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Rowing|Events=7|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Sailing|Events=3|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=5|Format=d}}
* {{GamesSport|Wrestling|Format=d}}
** Freestyle <small>(7)</small>
** Greco-Roman <small>(6)</small>
}}
Women's [[athletics (sport)|athletics]] and team [[gymnastics]] debuted at these Olympics,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/gymnastics.html|title=Timeline of Women in Sports: Gymnastics|website=faculty.elmira.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203123650/http://faculty.elmira.edu/dmaluso/sports/timeline/gymnastics.html|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live|access-date=2014-02-12}}</ref> in spite of criticism. Five women's athletics events were added: 100 meters, 800 meters, high jump, discus, and 400 meter hurdles. In protest of the limited number of events, British women athletes, boycotted the Games.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Olympic Women|last=Hargreaves|first=Jennifer|work=Women and Sports in the United States|publisher=Northeastern University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-1-55553-671-8|editor-last=O'Reilly|editor-first=Jean|location=Boston|pages=8|editor2-last=Cahn|editor2-first=Susan}}</ref> [[Halina Konopacka]] of [[Poland]] became the first female Olympic track and field champion. Reports that the 800 meter run ended with several of the competitors being completely exhausted were widely (and erroneously) circulated. As a result, the IOC decided that women were too frail for long-distance running, and women's Olympic running events were limited to 200 meters until the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bitchmedia.org/article/forgotten-history-female-athletes-who-organized-their-own-olympics|title=The forgotten history of female athletes who organized their own Olympics|date=26 July 2016|author=Jules Boykoff|website=bitchmedia.org|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

[[Tennis]] disappeared from the program until it reappeared in 1968 [[Tennis at the 1968 Summer Olympics|as a demonstration sport]].

=== Demonstration sports ===
* [[Kaatsen at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Kaatsen]] (not considered official by the IOC)<ref name="Summer Demonstration">{{cite web | title=Demonstration sports : history at the Olympic Summer Games / The Olympic Studies Centre | website=Olympic World Library | date=2024-01-19 | url=https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119230639/https://library.olympics.com/doc/SYRACUSE/619826 | archive-date=2024-01-19 | url-status=live | access-date=2024-01-27}}</ref>
* [[Korfball at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Korfball]]
* [[Lacrosse at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Lacrosse]]

These Games also included [[art competitions at the 1928 Summer Olympics|art competitions]] in five categories: architecture, painting, sculpture, literature, and music.<ref name=":0" /> However, the IOC no longer considers these to be official medal events, so the medals awarded are not included in today's Olympic medal counts.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/when-the-olympics-gave-out-medals-for-art-6878965/|title=When the Olympics Gave Out Medals for Art|author=Joseph Stromberg|date=24 July 2012|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|access-date=11 October 2018}}</ref>

== Venues ==
[[File:Olympic Stadium Amsterdam 1928.jpg|thumb|The Olympisch Stadion in 1928]]

Fourteen sports venues were used for the 1928 Summer Olympics. The Swim Stadium was demolished in 1929.<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.193}} The Het Kasteel football stadium was renovated in 1998–99. The Monnikenhuize stadium was demolished in 1950. The Schermzaal sports hall has also been demolished. The Olympic Stadium was renovated between 1996 and 2000, and is still in use. The Old Stadion was demolished in 1929 and replaced with housing in the Amsterdam area.

Many cars were expected for the Games, but Amsterdam had at most 2,000 single-car parking spaces. Consequently, several new parking sites were provided, and a special parking symbol was launched to show foreign visitors where they could park. The white P on a blue background was to become the international traffic sign for parking, and is still used today.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 May 2018 |title=How Amsterdam 1928 changed the face of car parking forever |url=https://www.olympic.org/news/how-amsterdam-1928-changed-the-face-of-car-parking-forever |access-date=12 October 2018 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee|IOC]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=van de Vooren |first=Jurryt |date=12 June 2012 |title=Parkeerbord is speciaal bedacht voor de Olympische Spelen van 1928 |trans-title=The parking sign was specially designed for the 1928 Olympics |url=http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2012/12/06/parkeerbord-is-speciaal-bedacht-voor-de-olympische-spelen-van-1928.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220201056/http://www.sportgeschiedenis.nl/2012/12/06/parkeerbord-is-speciaal-bedacht-voor-de-olympische-spelen-van-1928.aspx |archive-date=20 December 2016 |website=Sportgeschiedenis.nl |language=nl}}</ref> [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]] events were held on a 400-meter track, later becoming the standard for athletics tracks.

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="70%"
! width="40%" |Venue
! class="unsortable" width="45%" |Sports
! width="10%" |Capacity
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|| [[Amersfoort]] || [[Modern pentathlon at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Modern pentathlon]] (riding) || align="right" |Not listed
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.277}}
|-
|| [[Amsterdam]] || [[Cycling at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Cycling]] (road) || align="right" |Not listed
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.264}}
|-
|| [[IJ (bay)|Buiten-IJ]] || [[Sailing at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Sailing]] || align="right" |2,263
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.271–4}}
|-
|| [[Hilversum]] || [[Equestrian at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Equestrian]] (dressage and cross-country), Modern pentathlon (running) || align="right" |4,763
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.167, 236, 694}}
|-
|| [[Krachtsportgebouw]] || [[Boxing at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Boxing]], [[Weightlifting at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Weightlifting]], [[Wrestling at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Wrestling]] || align="right" |4,634
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.200–1, 205}}
|-
|| [[Monnikenhuize]] ([[Arnhem]]) || [[Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Football]] || align="right" |7,500
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32330/report.html|title=Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Chile–Mexico 05 June 1928|publisher=[[FIFA]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204235/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32330/report.html|archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Old Stadion (Amsterdam)|Old Stadion]] || [[Field hockey at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Field hockey]], Football || align="right" |29,787
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.173–80}}
|-
|| [[Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium]] || [[Diving at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Diving]], Modern pentathlon (swimming), [[Swimming at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Swimming]], [[Water polo at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Water polo]] || align="right" |6,000
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.205–9}}
|-
|| [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympic Stadium]] || [[Athletics at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Athletics]], Cycling (track), Equestrian (jumping), Football, [[Gymnastics at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Gymnastics]], [[Korfball at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Korfball]] || align="right" |33,025
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.173–205}}
|-
|| [[Schermzaal]] || [[Fencing at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Fencing]], Modern pentathlon (fencing) || align="right" |559
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.170, 202, 205}}
|-
|| [[Ringvaart|Sloterringvaart]], [[Sloten (Amsterdam)|Sloten]] || [[Rowing at the 1928 Summer Olympics|Rowing]] || align="right" |2,230
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.172, 267–72}}
|-
|| [[Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel]] ([[Rotterdam]]) || Football || align="right" |11,026
| align="center" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32329/report.html|title=Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Belgium 05 June 1928|publisher=[[FIFA]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204233/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32329/report.html|archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32333/report.html|title=Olympic Football Tournament Amsterdam 1928, Match Report, Netherlands–Chile 08 June 1928|publisher=[[FIFA]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615204238/https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/tournament=512/edition=197029/matches/match=32333/report.html|archive-date=15 June 2010}}</ref>
|-
|| [[Zeeburg]] Shooting Grounds || Modern pentathlon (shooting) || align="right" |10,455
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|p.277}}
|-
|| [[Zuiderzee]] || Sailing || align="right" |2,263
| align="center" |<ref name="official report" />{{rp|pp.271–4}}
|}
{{Location map+ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|relief=1|alt=Map of the Amsterdam region with Olympic venues marked |caption=  Map of the Amsterdam region with Olympic venues marked. The [[Krachtsportgebouw]], [[Old Stadion (Amsterdam)|Oude Stadion]] and [[Schermzaal]] were located next to the [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympic Stadium]].|float=right |width=400 |places=
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|label=[[Buiten-IJ]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=52.371245 |lon_deg=4.990447}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|marksize=12|label=[[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympic Stadium]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=52.343417|lon_deg=4.854192}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|label=[[Olympic Sports Park Swim Stadium]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=52.347611 |lon_deg=4.856061}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|label=[[Sloten, Amsterdam|Sloten]] |background=white |position=left|lat_deg=52.341944|lon_deg=4.796944}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|label=[[Zeeburg]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=52.366667|lon_deg=4.966667}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands Amsterdam Greater|label=[[Zuiderzee]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=52.833333  |lon_deg=5.333333}}

}}
{{Location map+ |Netherlands|relief=1|alt=Map of the Netherlands with Olympic venues marked |caption=  Map of the Netherlands with Olympic venues marked.{{Efn|Although [[Flevoland]] is depicted in this map, it did not exist at this time.|name=Flevoland}} |float=left|width=400 |places=
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Amersfoort]] |background=white |position=bottom|lat_deg=52.15|lon_deg=5.383333}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Hilversum]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=52.233333  |lon_deg=5.166667}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Monnikenhuize]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=51.994167|lon_deg=5.931111}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Sparta Stadion Het Kasteel]] |background=white |position=right|lat_deg=51.919485|lon_deg=4.433619}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Amsterdam]] |background=white |position=top|marksize=12|lat_deg=52.366667|lon_deg=4.9	}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Zuiderzee]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=52.833333  |lon_deg=5.333333}}
     {{Location map~ |Netherlands|label=[[Ringvaart]] |background=white |position=top|lat_deg=52.2316  |lon_deg=4.555	}}
}}
<div style="clear:both;" class=></div>

== Participating nations ==
[[File:1928 Summer Olympic games countries.png|thumb|Participants]]
[[File:1928 Summer olympics team numbers.png|thumb|Number of athletes]]
A total of 46 nations were represented at the Amsterdam Games. [[Malta]], [[Panama]], and [[Southern Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]) competed at the Olympic Games for the first time. Germany returned after having been banned in 1920 and 1924.<ref name=GuttmannGermany>{{cite book |last=Guttmann |first=Allen |title=The Olympics: A History of the Modern Games |url=https://archive.org/details/olympicshistoryo00gutt/page/38 |date=April 1992 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]] |location=Urbana and Chicago |isbn=0-252-01701-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/olympicshistoryo00gutt/page/38 38] |url-access=registration }}</ref>

The nations that participated in the previous games in Paris 1924 but were absent in Amsterdam 1928 were [[Brazil]] and [[Ecuador]].

At the time, [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[Canada]], [[South Africa]] and [[Irish Free State|Ireland]] were all dominions of the [[British Empire]]. [[India]] and [[Southern Rhodesia|Rhodesia]] were also a part of the British Empire, but were not dominions. For other sovereign states (i.e. United States, France, Argentina, Japan, etc) and the international community as a whole (i.e [[League of Nations]]) the term [[British Dominion|dominion]], used internally in the British Empire, was very ambiguous, meaning "something between a colony and state". It was only years later with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]] that this ambiguity would be dispelled. [[Philippines]] was an [[territory of the United States|unincorporated territory]] and [[commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|commonwealth]] of the [[United States]].

{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating [[:Category:Nations at the 1928 Summer Olympics|National Olympic Committees]]
|-
|
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagIOC|ARG|1928 Summer|81 athletes}}
* {{flagIOC|AUS|1928 Summer|18}}
* {{flagIOC|AUT|1928 Summer|73}}
* {{flagIOC|BEL|1928 Summer|186}}
* {{flagIOC|BUL|1928 Summer|5}}
* {{flagIOC|CAN|1928 Summer|69}}
* {{flagIOC|CHI|1928 Summer|38}}
* {{flagIOC|CUB|1928 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|TCH|1928 Summer|70}}
* {{flagIOC|DEN|1928 Summer|91}}
* {{flagIOC|EST|1928 Summer|20}}
* {{flagIOC|EGY|1928 Summer|32}}
* {{flagIOC|FIN|1928 Summer|69}}
* {{flagIOC|FRA|1928 Summer|255}}
* {{flagIOC|GER|1928 Summer|296}}
* {{flagIOC|GBR|1928 Summer|232}}
* {{flagIOC|GRE|1928 Summer|23}}
* {{flagIOC|HAI|1928 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|HUN|1928 Summer|109}}
* {{flagIOC|IND|1928 Summer|21}}
* {{flagIOC|IRL|1928 Summer|27}}
* {{flagIOC|ITA|1928 Summer|174}}
* {{flagIOC|JPN|1928 Summer|43}}
* {{flagIOC|LAT|1928 Summer|14}}
* {{flagIOC|LTU|1928 Summer|12}}
* {{flagIOC|LUX|1928 Summer|46}}
* {{flagIOC|MLT|1928 Summer|9}}
* {{flagIOC|MEX|1928 Summer|30}}
* {{flagIOC|MON|1928 Summer|7}}
* {{flagIOC|NED|1928 Summer|264}} '''(host)'''
* {{flagIOC|NZL|1928 Summer|10}}
* {{flagIOC|NOR|1928 Summer|52}}
* {{flagIOC|PAN|1928 Summer|1}}
* {{flagIOC|PHI|1928 Summer|4}}
* {{flagIOC|POL|1928 Summer|93}}
* {{flagIOC|POR|1928 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|RHO|1928 Summer|2}}
* {{flagIOC|ROM|1928 Summer|29}}
* {{flagIOC|RSA|1928 Summer|24}}
* {{flagIOC|ESP|1928 Summer|80}}
* {{flagIOC|SUI|1928 Summer|133}}
* {{flagIOC|SWE|1928 Summer|100}}
* {{flagIOC|TUR|1928 Summer|31}}
* {{flagIOC|USA|1928 Summer|280}}
* {{flagIOC|URU|1928 Summer|22}}
* {{flagIOC|YUG|1928 Summer|34}}
{{div col end}}
|}

=== Number of athletes by National Olympic Committees ===

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="border:0;"
|-
! Country
! Athletes
|-
| {{flagIOC|GER|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 296
|-
| {{flagIOC|USA|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 280
|-
| {{flagIOC|NED|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 264
|-
| {{flagIOC|FRA|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 255
|-
| {{flagIOC|GBR|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 232
|-
| {{flagIOC|BEL|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 186
|-
| {{flagIOC|ITA|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 174
|-
| {{flagIOC|SUI|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 133
|-
| {{flagIOC|HUN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 109
|-
| {{flagIOC|SWE|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 100
|-
| {{flagIOC|POL|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 93
|-
| {{flagIOC|DEN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 91
|-
| {{flagIOC|ARG|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 81
|-
| {{flagIOC|ESP|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 80
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUT|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 73
|-
| {{flagIOC|TCH|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 70
|-
| {{flagIOC|CAN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 69
|-
| {{flagIOC|FIN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 69
|-
| {{flagIOC|NOR|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 52
|-
| {{flagIOC|LUX|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 46
|-
| {{flagIOC|JPN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 43
|-
| {{flagIOC|CHI|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 38
|-
| {{flagIOC|YUG|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 34
|-
| {{flagIOC|EGY|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 32
|-
| {{flagIOC|POR|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 31
|-
| {{flagIOC|TUR|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 31
|-
| {{flagIOC|MEX|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 30
|-
| {{flagIOC|ROM|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 29
|-
| {{flagIOC|IRL|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 27
|-
| {{flagIOC|RSA|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 24
|-
| {{flagIOC|GRE|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 23
|-
| {{flagIOC|URU|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 22
|-
| {{flagIOC|IND|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 21
|-
| {{flagIOC|EST|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 20
|-
| {{flagIOC|AUS|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 18
|-
| {{flagIOC|LAT|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 14
|-
| {{flagIOC|LTU|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 12
|-
| {{flagIOC|NZL|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 10
|-
| {{flagIOC|MLT|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 9
|-
| {{flagIOC|MON|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 7
|-
| {{flagIOC|BUL|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 5
|-
| {{flagIOC|PHI|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 4
|-
| {{flagIOC|HAI|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|RHO|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 2
|-
| {{flagIOC|CUB|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|-
| {{flagIOC|PAN|1928 Summer}} ||align=center| 1
|- class="sortbottom"
| '''Total''' ||align=center| '''2,883'''
|-
|}

== Medal count ==
{{Main|1928 Summer Olympics medal table|List of 1928 Summer Olympics medal winners}}
These are the top ten nations that won medals at the 1928 Games. 
{{Medals table
 | caption        = 
 | host           = 
 | show_limit     = 
 | remaining_text = 
 | flag_template  = flagIOC
 | event          = 1928 Summer
 | team           = 
 | gold_USA = 22 | silver_USA = 18 | bronze_USA = 16
 | gold_GER = 10 | silver_GER = 7 | bronze_GER = 14
 | gold_FIN = 8 | silver_FIN = 8 | bronze_FIN = 9
 | gold_SWE = 7 | silver_SWE = 6 | bronze_SWE = 12
 | gold_ITA = 7 | silver_ITA = 5 | bronze_ITA = 7
 | gold_SUI = 7 | silver_SUI = 4 | bronze_SUI = 4
 | gold_FRA = 6 | silver_FRA = 10 | bronze_FRA = 5
 | gold_NED = 6 | silver_NED = 9 | bronze_NED = 4 | host_NED = yes
 | gold_HUN = 4 | silver_HUN = 5 | bronze_HUN = 0
 | gold_CAN = 4 | silver_CAN = 4 | bronze_CAN = 7
}}

== Poster ==
[[File:1928-summer-oympics-poster.jpg|thumb|140px|Official poster]]

The official poster for the Games displaying a running man in a white shirt was designed by Jos Rovers however the IOC never succeeded in obtaining the copyright of the image. The IOC used a different poster, with the [[German language|German]] text ''Olympische Spiele'', and an athlete partly covered in the [[Flag of the Netherlands|Dutch national flag]], holding a peace leaf in his hand. The poster was made for a German book about the Amsterdam Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archief.nrc.nl/index.php/1996/Juli/30/Overig/18/De+Spiele+in+Amsterdam|title=De Spiele in Amsterdam|trans-title=The Amsterdam Games|author=Henk van Gelder|date=30 July 1996|work=[[NRC Handelsblad]]|language=nl|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729150301/http://archief.nrc.nl/index.php/1996/Juli/30/Overig/18/De+Spiele+in+Amsterdam|archive-date=29 July 2013}}</ref>

== Last surviving competitor ==
The last living competitor of the 1928 Summer Olympics was [[Carla Marangoni]], a member of the silver medal-winning [[Italy|Italian]] gymnastic team who had been twelve years old during the Olympics. Marangoni died 18 January 2018, at the age of 102 as the oldest living Olympic medalist at the time of her death.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Turner|first1=Amanda|title=Carla Marangoni, Oldest Olympic Medalist, Dies at 102|url=http://www.intlgymnast.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4993:carla-marangoni-oldest-olympic-medalist-dies-at-102&catid=81:headlines&Itemid=191|access-date=15 February 2018|work=[[International Gymnast Magazine]]|date=23 January 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{IOC seealso|games=1928 Summer Olympics}}

== Notes ==

{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IOC games|games=1928 Summer Olympics}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080408184510/http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1928/1928.pdf The Ninth Olympiad. Amsterdam 1928. Official Report]
* [http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/d9443f.htm "Louis S. Nixdorff Diary, 10 July – 15 August 1928"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102235412/http://amhistory.si.edu/archives/d9443f.htm |date=2 January 2013 }}
* [http://www.olympiade1928.nl/ Memorabilia of the Ninth Olympiad 1928 Amsterdam]

{{S-start}}
{{s-sports|soly}}
{{s-bef|before=[[1924 Summer Olympics|Paris]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=IX Olympiad<br/>[[Amsterdam]]|years=1928}}
{{s-aft|after=[[1932 Summer Olympics|Los Angeles]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{Olympic Games}}
{{1928 Summer Olympic venues}}
{{Nations at the 1928 Summer Olympics}}
{{EventsAt1928SummerOlympics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Olympics|Netherlands|Sports|1920s}}

[[Category:1928 Summer Olympics| ]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Amsterdam|Summer Olympics, 1928]]
[[Category:Amsterdam-Zuid]]
[[Category:1928 in Dutch sport|Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:1920s in Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Olympic Games in the Netherlands]]
[[Category:1928 in multi-sport events|Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Summer Olympics by year]]
[[Category:July 1928 sports events in Europe|Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:August 1928 sports events in Europe|Summer Olympics]]