View source for 1960s

{{Short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1960–1969)}}
{{Redirect-multi|4|Sixties|'60s|The Sixties|The 60s|decades comprising years 60–69 of other centuries |List of decades|other uses|The Sixties (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
<imagemap>File:1960s montage.png|Clockwise from top left: U.S. soldiers during the '''[[Vietnam War]]'''; '''[[the Beatles]]''' led the [[British Invasion]] of the U.S. music market; a half-a-million people participate in the '''[[Woodstock|1969 Woodstock Festival]]'''; [[Neil Armstrong]] and [[Buzz Aldrin]] '''[[Apollo 11|walk on the Moon]]''' during the [[Cold War]]-era [[Space Race]]; the '''[[Stonewall riots]]''' mark the beginning of the [[Gay liberation]] movement; China's [[Mao Zedong]] initiates the [[Great Leap Forward]] plan which fails and brings mass starvation in which [[Great Chinese Famine|15 to 55 million people died]] by 1961, and in 1966, Mao starts the '''[[Cultural Revolution]]''', which purged traditional Chinese practices and ideas; [[John F. Kennedy]] is '''[[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|assassinated]]''' in 1963, after serving as [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|President for three years]]; [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] makes his famous "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech to '''[[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|a crowd of 250,000]]'''.|335x335px|thumb|right
rect 2 2 237 166 [[Vietnam War]]
rect 240 2 498 166 [[The Beatles]]
rect 2 169 192 296 [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy]]
rect 196 169 317 296 [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]]
rect 321 169 497 296 [[Woodstock]]
rect 2 300 117 392 [[Cultural Revolution]]
rect 2 393 117 486 [[Great Leap Forward]]
rect 122 300 237 486 [[Stonewall riots]]
rect 241 300 497 486 [[Apollo 11]]
</imagemap>
{{Decadebox|196}}
The '''1960s''' (pronounced "nineteen-sixties", shortened to the "'''{{'}}60s'''" or the "'''Sixties'''") was the decade that began on January 1, 1960, and ended on December 31, 1969.<ref name="Zeitz">[http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_32.shtml Joshua Zeitz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106144139/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/5/2006_5_32.shtml |date=6 January 2010 }} "1964: The Year the Sixties Began", ''American Heritage'', Oct. 2006.</ref>

While the achievements of humans being [[Yuri Gagarin|launched into space]], [[Vostok 1|orbiting Earth]], [[Voskhod 2|performing spacewalks]], and [[Apollo 11|walking on the Moon]] extended exploration, the Sixties are known as the "[[counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural decade]]" in the United States and other Western countries. There was a revolution in social norms, including religion, morality, law and order, clothing, music, drugs, dress, [[Human sexuality|sexuality]], formalities, [[civil rights movement|civil rights]], precepts of military duty, and schooling. Some people denounce the decade as one of irresponsible excess, flamboyance, the decay of social order, and [[flynn effect|the fall or relaxation of social taboos]]. A wide range of music emerged, from popular music inspired by and including the [[Beatles]] (in the United States known as the [[British Invasion]]) to the [[American folk music revival|folk music revival]], including the poetic lyrics of [[Bob Dylan]]. In the United States the Sixties were also called the "cultural decade" while in the United Kingdom (especially London) it was called the [[Swinging London|Swinging Sixties]].

The United States had four presidents that served during the decade: [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]], [[John F. Kennedy]], [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] and [[Richard Nixon]]. Eisenhower was near the end of his term and left office in January 1961, and [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy was assassinated]]<ref name="Barth84Exhaustion">[[John Barth]] (1984) intro to ''[[The Literature of Exhaustion]]'', in ''The Friday Book''.</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/05/books/05masl.html | work= [[The New York Times]] | title= Brokaw Explores Another Turning Point, the '60s | date= 5 November 2007 | access-date= 26 August 2011 | author= [[Janet Maslin|Maslin, Janet]] | archive-date= 20 July 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190720205838/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/05/books/05masl.html | url-status= live }}</ref> in 1963. Kennedy had wanted [[Keynesian economics|Keynesian]]<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842353-7,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921004504/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,842353-7,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2007|title=The Economy: We Are All Keynesians Now|date=31 December 1965|access-date=1 January 2011|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|quote=Keynesianism made its biggest breakthrough under John Kennedy, who, as Arthur Schlesinger reports in A Thousand Days, "was unquestionably the first Keynesian President."}}</ref> and staunch [[Anti-communism|anti-communist]] social reforms. These were passed under Johnson including civil rights for African Americans and health care for [[Medicare (United States)|the elderly]] and [[Medicaid|the poor]]. Despite his large-scale [[Great Society]] programs, Johnson was increasingly disliked by the [[New Left]] at home and abroad. For some, May 1968 meant the end of traditional collective action and the beginning of a new era to be dominated mainly by the so-called [[new social movements]].<ref>Staricco, Juan Ignacio (2012) https://www.scribd.com/doc/112409042/The-French-May-and-the-Roots-of-Postmodern-Politics {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306160322/https://www.scribd.com/doc/112409042/The-French-May-and-the-Roots-of-Postmodern-Politics |date=6 March 2016 }}</ref>

After the [[Cuban Revolution]] led by [[Fidel Castro]], the United States attempted to depose the new leader by training Cuban exiles and [[Bay of Pigs Invasion|invading]] the island of [[Cuba]]. This led to Cuba to ally itself to the Soviet Union, a hostile enemy to the United States, resulting in an [[Cuban Missile Crisis|international crisis]] when Cuba hosted Soviet ballistic missiles similar to Turkey hosting American missiles, which brought the [[List of nuclear close calls|possibility]] of causing [[World War III]]. However, after negotiations between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R, both agreed to withdraw their weapons averting potential [[nuclear warfare]].

After U.S. president [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy's assassination]], direct tensions between the superpower countries of the United States and the Soviet Union developed into a contest with [[List of conflicts related to the Cold War|proxy wars]], insurgency funding, puppet governments and other overall influence mainly in [[United States involvement in regime change in Latin America|Latin America]], Africa, and [[Cold War in Asia|Asia]]. This "[[Cold War]]" dominated the world's geopolitics during the decade. Construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] by [[East Germany]] began in 1961. Africa was in a period of radical political change as 32 countries [[Decolonisation of Africa|gained independence]] from their [[List of former European colonies|European colonial rulers]]. The heavy-handed American role in the [[Vietnam War]] lead to an [[anti-Vietnam War movement]] with outraged student protestors around the globe culminating in the [[protests of 1968]].

[[History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)|China]] saw the end of [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s [[Great Leap Forward]] in 1962 that led to many Chinese to die from [[Great Chinese Famine|the deadliest famine in human history]] and the start of the [[Cultural Revolution]] from 1966 to 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve [[Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party|Chinese communism]] by [[Purge|purging]] remnants of [[Capitalism|capitalist]] and [[Chinese culture|traditional]] elements from [[Culture of the People's Republic of China|Chinese society]], leading to the arrests of many Chinese politicians, the killings of millions of civilians and ethnic minorities, and the destruction of many historical and cultural buildings, artifacts and materials all of which would last until the [[Death and state funeral of Mao Zedong|death of Mao Zedong]].

By the end of the [[1950s]], post-war reconstructed Europe began [[Post–World War II economic expansion|an economic boom]]. World War II had closed up social classes with remnants of the old feudal gentry disappearing. A developing upper-working-class (a newly redefined middle-class) in Western Europe could afford a radio, television, refrigerator and motor vehicles. The [[Soviet Union]] and other [[Warsaw Pact]] countries were improving quickly after rebuilding from WWII. Real GDP growth averaged 6% a year during the second half of the decade; overall, the worldwide economy prospered in the 1960s with expansion of the middle class and the increase of new domestic technology.

In the United Kingdom, the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] gained power in 1964 with [[Harold Wilson]] as prime minister through most of the decade.<ref>Arthur Marwick, ''The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-19-210022-1}}), 247–248.</ref> In France, the [[May 1968 events in France|protests of 1968]] led to President [[Charles de Gaulle]] temporarily fleeing the country.<ref name="Erlanger 2008">{{cite news|last=Erlanger|first=Steven|title=May 1968 – a watershed in French life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/world/europe/29iht-france.4.12440504.html|access-date=31 August 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=29 April 2008|archive-date=16 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416072914/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/29/world/europe/29iht-france.4.12440504.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Italy formed its first left-of-center government in March 1962 with [[Aldo Moro]] becoming prime minister in 1963. Soviet leaders during the decade were [[Nikita Khrushchev]] until 1964 and [[Leonid Brezhnev]].

During the 1960s, the world population increased from 3.0 to 3.7&nbsp;billion people. There were approximately 1.15&nbsp;billion births and 500 million deaths.

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1960s}}

===Wars===
[[File:DakToVietnam1966.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975)]]
[[File:Soviet empire 1960.png|thumb|right|250px|The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet [[Sphere of influence|influence]], after the [[Cuban Revolution]] of 1959 and before the official [[Sino-Soviet split]] of 1961]]
{{Main|List of wars 1945–1989#1960–1969}}
* The [[Cold War]] (1947–1991)
** The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975)
*** 1961 – Substantial (approximately 700) American advisory forces first arrive in [[Vietnam]].
*** 1962 – By mid-1962, the number of U.S. military advisers in [[South Vietnam]] had risen from 900 to 12,000. 
*** 1963 – By the time of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]]'s death there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors to cope with rising guerrilla activity in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |title=Brief Overview of Vietnam War |publisher=Swarthmore College Peace Collection |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124531/http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |archive-date=3 August 2016 }}</ref>
*** 1964 – In direct response to the minor naval engagement known as the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] which occurred on 2 August 1964, the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], a [[joint resolution]] of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], was passed on 10 August 1964. The resolution gave U.S. president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] authorization, without a formal [[Declaration of war by the United States|declaration of war]] by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/25/archives/gulf-of-tonkin-measure-voted-in-haste-and-confusion-in-1964.html |title=Gulf of Tonkin Measure Voted in Haste and Confusion in 1964 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 June 1970 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212757/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/25/archives/gulf-of-tonkin-measure-voted-in-haste-and-confusion-in-1964.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*** 1966 – After 1966, with the draft in place more than 500,000 troops are sent to [[Vietnam]] by the Johnson administration and college attendance soars.
** The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] (1961) – an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
** [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974) – the war was fought between [[Portuguese military history|Portugal's military]] and the emerging nationalist movements in [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal's African colonies]]. It was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the [[Cold War]] in African (Portuguese Africa and surrounding nations) and European (mainland Portugal) scenarios. Unlike other European nations, the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portuguese regime]] did not leave its African colonies, or the overseas provinces, during the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements, most prominently led by [[communist]]-led parties who cooperated under the [[CONCP]] umbrella and pro-U.S. groups, became active in these areas, most notably in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], and [[Portuguese Guinea]]. During the war, several atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. 
* The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] began in January 1963 and ended in August 1966. 
* [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 occurred between [[China]] and [[India]] over a border dispute. 
* The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] began in September.
* [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] (early-20th century-present)
** [[Six-Day War]] (June 1967) – a war between Israel and the neighboring states of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. The Arab states of [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] also contributed troops and arms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Prelude to the Six Days |first=Charles |last=Krauthammer |date=18 May 2007 |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724024352/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[West Bank]], [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[Golan Heights]]. The results of the war affect the [[geopolitics]] of the region to this day.
[[File:Starved girl.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and [[Kwashiorkor|malnutrition]] during the Nigerian blockade of [[Biafra]] 1967–1970.]]
* The [[Algerian War]] came to a close in 1962.
* The [[South African Border War]] began in 1966; it ended in 1990.
* The [[Nigeria Civil War]] began in 1967.
* Civil wars in [[Laotian Civil War|Laos]] and [[First Sudanese Civil War|Sudan]] rage on throughout the decade.
* The [[Al-Wadiah War]] was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969, between [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[South Yemen|the People's Republic of South Yemen]].

===Internal conflicts===
* The massive [[Anpo protests|1960 Anpo protests]] in Japan against the [[U.S.-Japan Security Treaty]] were the largest and longest protests in Japan's history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2018|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=1|isbn=9780674988484|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216035041/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Although they ultimately failed to stop the treaty, they forced the resignation of Japanese prime minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] and the cancellation of a planned visit to Japan by U.S. president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2018|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=4–6|isbn=9780674988484|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216035041/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Congo Crisis]] was a period of [[Crisis|political upheaval]] and [[War|conflict]] in the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] between 1960 and 1965 that ended with the establishment of a unitary state led by [[Mobutu Sese Seko]].
* The [[Dominican Civil War]] leads to a brief international occupation of the country and the election of [[Joaquín Balaguer]] as president.
* The [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]] occurred as part of the [[Transition to the New Order]] that marked the beginning of Suharto's 31-year presidency.
* [[Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution in China]] (1966–1976) – a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People's Republic of China which was launched by [[Mao Zedong]], the chairman of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Mao alleged that "liberal bourgeois" elements were permeating the party and society at large and that they wanted to restore [[capitalism]]. Mao insisted that these elements be removed through post-revolutionary [[class struggle]] by mobilizing the thoughts and actions of China's youth, who formed [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] groups around the country. The movement subsequently spread into the military, urban workers, and the party leadership itself. Although Mao himself officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the power struggles and political instability between 1969 and the arrest of the [[Gang of Four]] in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the Revolution.
*The [[Naxalite]] movement in India began in 1967 with an [[Naxalbari uprising|armed uprising]] of tribals against local landlords in the village of [[Naxalbari]], West Bengal, led by certain leaders of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. The movement was influenced by [[Maoism|Mao Zedong's ideology]] and spread to many tribal districts in Eastern India, gaining strong support among the radical urban youth. After counter-insurgency operations by the police, military and paramilitary forces, the movement fragmented but is still active in many districts.
* [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland began with the rise of the [[Northern Ireland civil rights movement]] in the mid-1960s, the conflict continued into the later 1990s.
* The [[Six point movement|Six-Point movement]] in Bangladesh (at the time East Pakistan). The movement gave way to the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 East Pakistan]] mass uprising, which released [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] from prison and put the country on the road to [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation]] in the early 1970s. 
* The [[Compton's Cafeteria Riot]] occurred in August 1966 in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco, California|Tenderloin]] district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded [[transgender]] riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City by three years.
* The [[Stonewall riots]] occurred in June 1969 in New York City. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the [[Stonewall Inn]], in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the [[gay rights movement]] in the United States and around the world.
* In 1967, the [[National Farmers Organization]] withheld milk supplies for 15 days as part of an effort to induce a quota system to stabilize prices.
* [[May 1968 events in France|The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France]].
* Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was involved. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the [[May 1968 in France|May]] student revolt of 1968 in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions; and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.
* University students protested in the hundreds of thousands against the Vietnam War in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome.
* In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In Poland and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] they protested against restrictions on free speech by [[communist]] regimes.
* The [[Tlatelolco massacre]] – was a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of 2 October 1968, in the [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]] in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] section of Mexico City.

===Coups===
[[File:Detención del presidente argentino Arturo Frondizi tras el golpe de Estado de 1962.jpg|thumb|366x366px|Overthrown Argentine President [[Arturo Frondizi]] is arrested (1962).]]
{{Main|List of coups d'état and coup attempts#1960–1969}}
Prominent [[coups d'état]] of the decade included:
* On 27 May 1960, a coup in [[Turkey]] led by [[Cemal Gürsel]] and [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] overthrew the government of [[Adnan Menderes]].
* On 16 May 1961, a coup in [[South Korea]] led by army officer [[Park Chung Hee]] made the establishment of temporary military rule.
* On March 29, 1962, a coup in [[Argentina]] led by the military overthrew Argentine President [[Arturo Frondizi]].
* In 1963, a [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|coup]] in [[South Vietnam]] leads to the death of President [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] and the establishment of temporary military rule.
* On 31 March and 1 April 1964, a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|military coup]] in Brazil overthrows President João Goulart and starts a 21-year period of [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]].
* On 21 April 1967, in Greece a group of colonels established a [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|military dictatorship]] for seven years.
* In 1968, a [[17 July Revolution|coup in Iraq]] led to the overthrow of [[Abdul Rahman Arif]] by the [[Arab socialism|Arab Socialist]] [[Baath Party]].
* On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by the army officer [[Muammar Gaddafi]] [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|overthrows]] monarchy in [[Libya]].

===Nuclear threats===
[[File:Cuban missiles.jpg|thumb|150px|Pictures of Soviet missile silos in [[Cuba]], taken by United States spy planes on 1 November 1962.]]
* The [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] (16–28 October 1962) – a near-military confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union about the presence of Soviet missiles in [[Cuba]]. After an American [[United States Navy|Naval]] (quarantine) blockade of Cuba the Soviet Union under the leadership of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey.
* On 13 February 1960, [[Gerboise Bleue|France detonated its first atomic bomb]]. France possessed a [[hydrogen bomb]] by 1968.
* On 16 October 1964, [[596 (nuclear test)|China detonated its first atomic bomb]]. China possessed a [[hydrogen bomb]] by 1967.

===Decolonization and independence===
* The transformation of Africa from [[colonialism]] to independence in what is known as the [[decolonisation of Africa]] dramatically accelerated during the decade, with 32 countries gaining independence between 1960 and 1968, marking the end of the European empires that once dominated the African continent. However, many of these new post-colonial states would struggle with internal and external issues including famine, corruption, genocide, disease, and violent conflicts in the 1960s and succeeding decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936700|title=The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide|first1=Lasse|last1=Heerten|first2=A. Dirk|last2=Moses|date=3 July 2014|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=16|issue=2–3|pages=169–203|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936700|s2cid=143878825  | issn = 1462-3528 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Many of these issues were caused or exacerbated by American and Soviet involvement during the [[Cold War#Third World escalations|Cold War]] with each side supporting various strongmen, dictators, and guerillas favorable to their causes in these countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/proxy-wars-during-cold-war-africa|title=Proxy Wars During the Cold War: Africa|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization|title=Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> [[Economy of Africa|Economic development]] on the continent has been difficult, but many nations who decolonized in the 1960s began to see a rebound and unprecedented growth in the first quarter of the 21st century. As a whole, Africa's GDP rose by an average of over 6% a year between 2013 and 2022, a rate only outpaced by China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Africa rising A hopeful continent|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21572377-african-lives-have-already-greatly-improved-over-past-decade-says-oliver-august|newspaper=The Economist|publisher=The Economist Newspaper Limited|access-date=15 December 2013|author=Oliver August|date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ocran|first=Matthew Kofi|title=Post-Independence African Economies: 1960–2015|date=2019|work=Economic Development in the Twenty-first Century: Lessons for Africa Throughout History|pages=301–372|editor-last=Ocran|editor-first=Matthew Kofi|series=Palgrave Studies in Economic History|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-10770-3_9|isbn=978-3-030-10770-3|s2cid=159395862 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Prominent political events===

====North America====
=====United States=====
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann in a crowd.) - NARA - 542015 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and others at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] in 1963]]
* 1960 – [[1960 United States presidential election]] – The very close campaign was the series of four Kennedy–Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates held on television. Kennedy won a close election.
* 1961 – President [[John F. Kennedy]] promised some more aggressive confrontation with the Soviet Union; he also established the [[Peace Corps]].
* 1963 – [[Betty Friedan]] published the book ''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'', reawakening the feminist movement and being largely responsible for its second wave.
* 1963 – Civil rights becomes a central issue as the [[Birmingham campaign]] and [[Birmingham riot of 1963|Birmingham riot]] lead to President Kennedy's [[Civil Rights Address]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] on 28 August and the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]].
* 1963 – Kennedy was assassinated and replaced by Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. The nation was in shock. For the next half-century, conspiracy theorists concocted numerous alternative explanations to the official report that a lone gunman killed Kennedy.
* 1964 – Johnson pressed for [[civil rights]] legislation. [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This landmark piece of legislation in the United States outlawed [[racial segregation]] in schools, public places, and employment. The first black riots erupt in major cities.
* 1964 – Johnson was reelected over Conservative spokesman Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] by a wide landslide; Liberals gained full control of Congress.
* 1964 – The [[Wilderness Act]] was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 3 September.
* 1965 – After the events of the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]], the [[National Voting Rights Act of 1965]] was lobbied for (and then signed into law) by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Voting Rights Act outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had caused the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.
* 1968 – U.S. president [[Richard M. Nixon]] was elected, defeating Vice President [[Hubert H. Humphrey]], in November.
* 1969 – U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] was inaugurated in January 1969; he promised "peace with honor" to end the [[Vietnam War]].

=====Canada=====
* [[The Quiet Revolution]] in Quebec altered the province-city-state into a more secular society. The Jean Lesage [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] government created a welfare state (''État-Providence'') and fomented the rise of active nationalism among Francophone French-speaking Quebecer Québécois.
* On 15 February 1965, the new [[flag of Canada]] was adopted in Canada after a much-anticipated debate known as the [[Great Canadian flag debate]].
* In 1960, the [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] becomes law and suffrage (as well as the right for any Canadian citizen to vote) was finally adopted by John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative government. The new election act allowed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|First Nations]] people to vote for the first time.

=====Mexico=====
* The student and [[New Left]] protests in 1968 coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France.<ref>Jaime Pensado, "The (forgotten) Sixties in Mexico." ''The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture'' (2008) 1#1: 83–90.</ref>

[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|thumb|150px|By the late 1960s, Argentine revolutionary [[Che Guevara]]'s [[Guerrillero Heroico|famous image]] had become a popular symbol of rebellion for the New Left]]

====Europe====
[[File:Berlin Wall 1961-11-20.jpg|250px|thumb|East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961]]
* British prime minister [[Harold Macmillan]] delivered his "[[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]]" speech in 1960.
* The government of the [[East Germany]] authorized construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] on 13 August 1961 to prevent East Germans from leaving [[East Berlin]] to [[West Berlin]].<ref>Curtis Cate, ''The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis–1961'' (1978).</ref>
* [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the Catholic Church, continued by [[Pope Paul VI]] (after John XXIII died in 1963), which met from 11 October 1962 until 8 December 1965.<ref>Giuseppe Alberigo, and Matthew Sherry, ''A Brief History of Vatican II'' (2006)</ref>
* In October 1964, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was expelled from office due to his increasingly erratic and authoritarian behavior. [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Alexei Kosygin]] then became the new leaders of the Soviet Union.<ref>William Taubman, ''Khrushchev: The Man and His Era'' (2003),</ref>
* In [[Czechoslovakia]], 1968 was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]'s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The Soviet [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox communist parties drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.<ref>Günter, et al. eds. Bischof, ''The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968'' (Lexington Books, 2010)</ref>

====Asia====
=====China=====
* The [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976) and the [[Sino-Soviet split]] (1961–1989)
**1966 marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution that was launched by Mao Zedong and lasted until he died in 1976. The goal of the revolution was to preserve Chinese communism by purging Chinese society of its traditional and remaining capitalist elements. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power.
** Following Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's removal from power in 1964, Sino-Soviet relations devolved into [[Sino-Soviet split|open hostility]]. The Chinese were deeply disturbed by the Soviet suppression of the [[Prague Spring]] in 1968 as the latter now claimed the right to intervene in any country it saw as deviating from the correct path of socialism. In March 1969, armed clashes took place along the [[China–Russia border|Sino-Soviet border]] in the former Manchuria and this finally drove the Chinese to restore relations with the U.S. as Mao Zedong decided that the Soviet Union posed the bigger threat to China.

=====India=====
* A literary and cultural movement started in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Patna]] and other cities by a group of writers and painters who called themselves "Hungryalists", or members of the [[Hungry generation]]. The band of writers wanted to change virtually everything and were arrested with several cases filed against them on various charges; they ultimately won these cases.<ref>{{cite book|author=Krishna Dutta|title=Calcutta: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59wfjyIIJAkC&pg=PA220|year=2008|publisher=Interlink Books|page=220|isbn=978-1-56656-721-3|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627142825/http://books.google.com/books?id=59wfjyIIJAkC&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Indonesia=====
* President [[Sukarno]] banned the [[Masyumi Party]] on 15 August 1960 and caused tension between the government and Islamist groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Akbarzadeh |first1=Shahram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8a8wefN4bd8C&q=political+islam+sukarno&pg=PA160 |title=Islam and Political Legitimacy |last2=Saeed |first2=Abdullah |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-38056-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Transition to the New Order]] (1965–1968)
** In the early hours of 1 October 1965, [[30 September Movement|a group of army officers]] launched a coup d'état attempt in [[Jakarta]], assassinated six senior [[Indonesian Army]] generals and a junior army officer. They also seized [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] and proclaimed the establishment of "the Revolutionary Council" through a radio broadcast later in the morning, with [[Untung Syamsuri|Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri]] as its leader.
** On the same day, [[Suharto|Major General Suharto]] successfully persuaded the soldiers on Merdeka Square to join forces with the Indonesian [[Army Strategic Reserve Command]] divisions and launched a counterattack on the movement, ending the coup attempt. Three days later, the bodies of seven army officers were found buried in an old well in [[Lubang Buaya]] and the bodies were recovered.
** In the aftermath of the coup d'état attempt, the people blamed the attempt on the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]], prompting a [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66|mass purge]] against leftists and communist sympathizers across the country. Around 500,000-1,000,000 casualties were massacred. The killings were mostly done by the locals with the help of the Army.
** Soon, mass demonstrations and protests from the [[KAMI (Indonesia)|Indonesian Students' Action Front]] against [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|President Sukarno's government]] occurred. President Sukarno was notorious for his friendly approach towards the leftists, particularly the Communist Party of Indonesia.
** In the climax of the protests, President Sukarno signed the [[Supersemar]] on 11 March 1966, effectively transferring authority to Major General Suharto to restore order and ensure security in the country. On 12 March 1967, President Sukarno was stripped of his political power by the [[People's Consultative Assembly|Provisional People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPRS) and Major General Suharto became [[Acting presidency of Suharto|acting president]]. Later, he became president [[First inauguration of Suharto|formally]] on 27 March 1968. Sukarno lived under house arrest until his death in June 1970.

=====Japan and South Korea=====
* The [[Japanese economic miracle]] (1960s–1990s)
** Japan's remarkable economic growth between the post-[[World War II]] era and the end of the [[Cold War]]. During the economic boom, Japan rapidly became the world's [[Economic history of Japan|second-largest economy]] at the time (after the United States).
** In 1960, Japan was wracked by the massive [[Anpo protests]] against the revision of the [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|U.S.-Japan Security Treaty]], resulting in the resignation of Prime Minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]]; Kishi's successor, [[Hayato Ikeda]], began implementing economic policies, known as the [[Income Doubling Plan]] removed most of Japan's anti-monopoly laws and promised to double the size of Japan's economy within 10 years. [[Eisaku Satō]] became Prime Minister of Japan four years later, succeeding Ikeda due to health issues.
** The [[1964 Summer Olympics]] were held in Japan, the first time the country hosted them and the first time that the [[Olympic Games]] were held in Asia. The world's first bullet train (the [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]] between [[Tokyo Station]] and [[Shin-Ōsaka Station]]) commences operations; it is the oldest high-speed rail system in the world.
* The [[Second Republic of Korea|Second]] and [[Third Republic of Korea|Third Republics of Korea]] (1960–1972)
** The [[April Revolution]] were mass protests in [[South Korea]] against President [[Syngman Rhee]] and the [[First Republic of South Korea|First Republic]] from 11 to 26 April 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation. The Second Republic was established as a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary government]] under President [[Yun Bo-seon]] and Prime Minister [[Chang Myon]]. The Second Republic ended the First Republic, formed a liberal democracy, and formulated the first [[Five-Year Plans of South Korea|Five-Year Plans]] to develop the formerly-neglected economy.
** The [[May 16 coup]] and the establishment of the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction|SCNR]], led by Major General [[Park Chung Hee]] on 16 May 1961, put an effective end to the Second Republic. Park was one of a group of military leaders who had been pushing for the de-politicization of the military.
** The [[Miracle on the Han River]] began with the [[Five-Year Plans of South Korea]], a series of economic development projects implemented by President Park Chung Hee. South Korea received US$800&nbsp;million from Japan under property claims and was mostly dependent on [[Aid|foreign aid]] (largely from the U.S. in exchange for South Korea's involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]).
** South Korea's first diplomatic relations with Japan were established under the Third Republic and [[Japan–South Korea relations|South Korea-Japan relations]] were normalized in the [[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea|Treaty on Basic Relations]] signed on 22 July 1965 and in an agreement ratified on 14 August 1965. Japan agreed to provide a large amount of compensation, grants, and loans to South Korea and the two countries began economic and political cooperation.
[[File:Nasser making a speech in 1960.jpg|thumb|207x207px|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], African leader]]
[[File:Cordobazo.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[Cordobazo]] uprising in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Argentina]] (1969)]]

====Africa====
[[File:WP Eichmann Passport.jpg|thumb|False passport used by [[Adolf Eichmann]] to emigrate to Argentina.]]
* On 1 September 1969, the [[Libya|Libyan]] monarchy was overthrown and a radical, revolutionary government headed by dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] took power.
* On 1 October 1960, [[Nigeria]] gained its independence from Great Britain.

====South America====
* In 1960, the [[Mossad]] carries out [[:es:Operación_Garibaldi|Operation Garibaldi]], which consisted in the kidnapping and transportation of Nazi fugitive [[Adolf Eichmann]], who was living in [[Argentina]].
* In 1963, Argentine military officers start a revolt to instigate the government to take a hardline stance against the political participation of [[Peronist]] politicians. The revolt failed after some fighting that left 24 dead in both sides. This event is known in Argentine historiography as [[1963 Argentine Navy revolt|Azules y Colorados]].
* In 1964, a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|successful coup]] against the democratically elected government of [[Brazil|Brazilian]] president [[João Goulart]] initiated a military dictatorship that caused over 20 years of oppression.
* The [[Argentina|Argentine]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara|Ernesto "Che" Guevara]] travelled to Africa and then [[Bolivia]] in his campaign to spread worldwide revolution. He was captured and executed in 1967 by the Bolivian army and afterwards became an iconic figure for leftists around the world.
* [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] took power by means of a coup in [[Peru]] in 1968.
* In 1969, the labour union [[General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)|CGT]] of Argentina decided to do a [[general strike]], which brought police repression and a civil uprising, an episode later known as [[Cordobazo]].

==Economics==
{{Globalize|section|USA|date=July 2018}}

===The United States===

During the 1960s the United States was in the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|postwar economic boom]]. The 1960s are remembered as a time period of rapid workforce growth (roughly 33% between February 1961 and December 1969),<ref>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, All Employees, Total Nonfarm [PAYEMS], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS, January 3, 2024.</ref> [[Revenue Act of 1964|tax cuts]], low unemployment,<ref>Holland, Susan S. “Long-Term Unemployment in the 1960’s.” Monthly Labor Review, vol. 88, no. 9, 1965, pp. 1069–76. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41836225. Accessed 4 Jan. 2024.</ref><ref>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Unemployment Rate [UNRATE], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE, January 3, 2024</ref> rapid GDP growth, gains in productivity and generally low inflation. After the [[Recession of 1960–1961]] the United States experienced sustained rapid economic growth which began in February 1961 and ended with the [[Recession of 1969–1970]]. It lasted a total of 106 months, which made it the longest recorded economic expansion in the history of the United States until the [[1990s United States boom]].

On January 20, 1961, John F. Kennedy became the president of the United States. In his campaign, John F. Kennedy promised to "get America moving again." His goal was economic growth of 4–6% per year and unemployment below 4%.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}To do this, he proposed a wide range of policies which embraced [[Keynesian economics]] (which he is the first president to do so). Among these policies included a 7% tax credit for businesses that invest in new plants and equipment,{{citation needed|date=January 2024}} Income [[Revenue Act of 1964|tax cuts]] and an increase in the federal minimum wage.

In contrast however, the government routinely produced fiscal deficits (as a result of the tax cuts and increased expenditure embarked under Kennedy), with only one surplus during this time period (as opposed to the 1950s which produced 3).<ref>U.S. Office of Management and Budget and Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Federal Surplus or Deficit [-] as Percent of Gross Domestic Product [FYFSGDA188S], retrieved from FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis; https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/FYFSGDA188S, January 3, 2024.</ref> Furthermore, by 1966 inflation began to climb, which is a general trend that continued into the [[Stagflation|1970s]]. By the end of the decade under Nixon, the combined inflation and unemployment rate known as the [[misery index (economics)]] had exploded to nearly 10% with inflation at 6.2% and unemployment at 3.5% and by 1975 the misery index was almost 20%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-cpi-consumer-price-index-1960-1969/|title=Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1960–1969|website=InflationData.com|access-date=9 October 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009192240/https://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-cpi-consumer-price-index-1960-1969/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of the decade, median family income had risen from $8,540 in 1963 to $10,770 by 1969.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://elcoushistory.tripod.com/economics1960.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606123915/http://elcoushistory.tripod.com/economics1960.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 June 2007|title=U.S. History – 1960s}}</ref>

==Assassinations and attempts==
[[File:Patrice_Lumumba_in_1960.jpg|thumb|203x203px|[[Patrice Lumumba]]]]
[[File:John F. Kennedy, White House color photo portrait.jpg|thumb|182x182px|[[John F. Kennedy]]]]
[[File:Malcolm-x.jpg|thumb|185x185px|[[Malcolm X]]]]
[[File:Martin-Luther-King-1964-leaning-on-a-lectern.jpg|thumb|193x193px|[[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]]]
[[File:Robert F Kennedy cropped.jpg|thumb|182x182px|[[Robert F. Kennedy]]]]
[[File:CheExec19.jpg|thumb|The day after [[Che Guevara]]'s execution on 10 October 1967, Guevara's corpse was displayed to the news media in the laundry house of the Vallegrande hospital]]
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! style="width:120px;"| Date
! Description
|-
|12 October 1960 
|[[Inejiro Asanuma]], leader of the Japan Socialist Party, was [[Assassination of Inejirō Asanuma|stabbed to death]] by [[Uyoku dantai|far-right ultranationalist]] [[Otoya Yamaguchi]] while speaking in a televised political debate in Tokyo.<ref name=chun>{{cite book |title=A Nation of a Hundred Million Idiots?: A Social History of Japanese Television, 1953–1973 |last=Chun |first=Jayson Makoto |publisher=Routledge |year=2006 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9miRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |pages=184–185 |isbn=978-0-415-97660-2 |access-date=22 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Japan's Foreign Policy |last=Langdon |first=Frank |year=1973 |publisher=[[University of British Columbia Press]] |location=Vancouver |isbn=0774800151 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qqdRRfwj-EC&pg=PA19 |access-date=18 August 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|17 January 1961
|[[Patrice Lumumba]], the Prime Minister of the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; [[Maurice Mpolo]], Minister of Youth and Sports; [[Joseph Okito]], vice-president of the Senate, were [[Patrice Lumumba#Final days and execution|assassinated]] by a Belgian and Congolese firing squad outside [[Lubumbashi]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Katanga's Communique on the Killing of Lumumba|date=14 February 1961|work=[[The New York Times]]|id = {{ProQuest|115317883}}}}</ref>
|-
|30 May 1961
|[[Rafael Trujillo]], dictator of the Dominican Republic for 31 years, was [[Rafael Trujillo#Assassination|assassinated]] in a plot led by members of his general staff.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/trujillo.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115223630/http://www.moreorless.au.com/killers/trujillo.html | archive-date=15 November 2011 | title=Rafael Trujillo killer file }}</ref>
|-
|13 January 1963
|[[Sylvanus Olympio]], the Prime Minister of [[Togo]], was killed during the [[1963 Togolese coup d'état]]. His body was dumped in front of the U.S. embassy in [[Lomé]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Togo's President Slain in Coup: Insurgents Seize Most Of Cabinet |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=14 January 1963 |page=A11}}</ref>
|-
|2 November 1963
|[[Ngô Đình Diệm]], 1st president of South Vietnam, along with his brother and chief political adviser [[Ngô Đình Nhu]], was [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|assassinated]] in a [[1963 South Vietnamese coup|coup]] led by elements of the South Vietnamese [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|Army]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/educational-resources/diem-coup | title=The Diem coup &#124; Miller Center | date=18 September 2017 }}</ref> 
|-
|22 November 1963
|[[John F. Kennedy]], 35th president of the United States, was [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy|shot to death]] while riding in a motorcade through [[Dealey Plaza]] in [[Dallas]], Texas. His assassin, [[Lee Harvey Oswald]], was himself [[Lee Harvey Oswald#Murder|murdered]] by [[Jack Ruby]] two days later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/warren-commission-report/chapter-1#conclusions | title=Chapter 1 | date=15 August 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|21 February 1965
|[[Malcolm X]], an American civil rights leader, was [[Assassination of Malcolm X|shot to death]] in [[Manhattan]]. The perpetrators of the killing are disputed.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1965/02/22/archives/malcolm-x-shot-to-death-at-rally-here-three-other-negroes-wounded.html | title=Malcolm X Shot to Death at Rally | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=22 February 1965 | last1=Kihss | first1=Peter }}</ref> 
|-
|6 September 1966
|[[Hendrik Verwoerd]], Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of [[apartheid]], was stabbed to death by [[Dimitri Tsafendas]], a parliamentary messenger, at the South African [[House of Assembly (South Africa)|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836363-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424173033/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,836363-1,00.html |archive-date=24 April 2007 |title=Death to the Architect}}</ref>
|-
|20 February 1967
|[[James L. Gordon]], Filipino-American mayor of [[Olongapo|Olongapo City]], Philippines, was [[James L. Gordon#Assassination|assassinated]] within city hall by an escapee of the National Penitentiary; Gordon had survived three prior assassination attempts in the preceding two years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Olongapo City remembers founding father |url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2006/02/20/322413/olongapo-city-remembers-founding-father |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[The Philippine Star|Philstar.com]] |date=20 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gordon |first=Richard J. |author-link=Dick Gordon (politician) |title=A life of service and sacrifice: Honoring James Leonard Tagle Gordon Sr. |url=https://mb.com.ph/2025/2/20/a-life-of-service-and-sacrifice-honoring-james-leonard-tagle-gordon-sr |access-date=29 September 2025 |work=[[Manila Bulletin]] |date=20 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
|25 August 1967
|[[George Lincoln Rockwell]], founder of the [[American Nazi Party]], was [[Assassination of George Lincoln Rockwell|shot to death]] outside a laundromat in [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington, Virginia]] by former Party member [[John Patler]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael E. |date=21 August 2017 |title=The shadow of an assassinated American Nazi commander hangs over Charlottesville |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/21/the-shadow-of-an-assassinated-american-nazi-commander-hangs-over-charlottesville/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250410190824/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/21/the-shadow-of-an-assassinated-american-nazi-commander-hangs-over-charlottesville/ |archive-date=10 April 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>
|-
|9 October 1967
|[[Che Guevara]], an Argentine-Cuban Marxist revolutionary, was [[Che Guevara#Execution|executed]] by the CIA and Bolivian army.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7027619.stm|title=CIA man recounts Che Guevara's death|date=8 October 2007|newspaper=BBC|access-date=24 June 2016|archive-date=28 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628161656/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7027619.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> 
|-
|9 October 1967
|[[Jose Laurel Jr.]], Filipino congressman and son of 3rd Philippine President [[Jose P. Laurel]], was [[Jose Laurel Jr.#Attempted assassination|shot]] and injured by an assailant at a restaurant in [[Pasay|Pasay City]].<ref>{{cite news|title=House Speaker Laurel shot; condition serious|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJv04pVWCicC|access-date=17 May 2025|work=[[Agence France-Presse|Paris AFP]]|via=Daily Report Asia & Pacific|date=9 October 1967|quote=Laurel was in serious condition, having been shot once in the face and once in the chest.}}</ref>
|-
|4 April 1968
|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]], American [[civil rights movement|civil rights]] leader, was [[Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.|shot to death]] in [[Memphis, Tennessee]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/assassination-martin-luther-king-jr | title=Assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr | date=24 April 2017 }}</ref> 
|-
|5 June 1968 
|[[Robert F. Kennedy]], former Attorney General and a leading [[1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries|1968 Democratic presidential candidate]], was [[Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy|shot to death]] in Los Angeles following a speech regarding his victory in California.<ref>[https://www.gov.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/1.13.22-Sirhan-Reverse-Decision.pdf Sirhan Reverse Decision]</ref>
|}

== Disasters ==
'''Natural:'''
* The [[1960 Valdivia earthquake]], also known as the Great Chilean earthquake, is to date the most powerful earthquake ever recorded, rating 9.5 on the moment magnitude scale. It caused localized tsunamis that severely battered the Chilean coast, with waves up to 25 meters (82&nbsp;ft). The main tsunami raced across the Pacific Ocean and devastated [[Hilo, Hawaii]].
* [[1963 Skopje earthquake]] was a 6.1 moment magnitude earthquake which occurred in Skopje, SR Macedonia (present-day Republic of Macedonia) on 26 July 1963, which killed over 1,070 people, injured between 3,000 and 4,000 and left more than 200,000 people homeless. About 80% of the city was destroyed.
* 1963 – [[Vajont Dam#Landslide and wave|Vajont dam disaster]] – The Vajont dam flood in Italy was caused by a mountain sliding in the dam and causing a flood wave that killed approximately 2,000 people in the towns in its path.
* 1964 – The [[1964 Alaska earthquake|Good Friday earthquake]], the most powerful earthquake recorded in the U.S. and North America, struck [[Alaska]] and killed 143 people.
* 1965 – [[Hurricane Betsy]] caused severe damage to the U.S. Gulf Coast, especially in the state of [[Louisiana]].
* 1969 – The [[Cuyahoga River]] caught fire in Ohio. Fires had erupted on the river many times, including 22 June 1969, when a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that "oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays." This helped spur legislative action on water pollution control resulting in the Clean Water Act, Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement, and the creation of the federal Environmental Protection Agency.
* 1969 – [[Hurricane Camille]] hit the U.S. Gulf Coast at Category 5 Status. It peaked and made landfall with 175&nbsp;mph (280&nbsp;km/h) winds and caused $1.42&nbsp;billion (1969 USD) in damages.

'''Non-natural:'''
* On 16 December 1960, a [[United Airlines]] DC-8 and a [[Trans World Airlines]] Lockheed Constellation [[1960 New York mid-air collision|collided over New York City]] and crashed, killing 134 people.
* On 15 February 1961, [[Sabena Flight 548]] crashed on its way to Brussels, Belgium, killing all 72 passengers on board and 1 person on the ground. Among those killed were all 18 members of the US figure skating team, on their way to the World Championships. 
* On 8 January 1962, trains 164 and 464 collided in a head-on collision in the [[Harmelen train disaster]] near the towns of [[Harmelen]] and [[Woerden]] in the Netherlands, killing 93 people and being the most deadly train accident in Dutch history to date.
* On 16 March 1962, [[Flying Tiger Line Flight 739]], a Lockheed Super Constellation, inexplicably disappeared over the Western Pacific, leaving all 107 on board presumed dead. Since the wreckage of the aircraft is lost to this day, the cause of the crash remains a mystery.
* On 3 June 1962, [[Air France Flight 007]], a Boeing 707, crashed on takeoff from Paris. 130 people were killed in the crash while 2 survived.
* On 20 May 1965, [[PIA Flight 705]] crashed on approach to [[Cairo]], Egypt. 121 died while 6 survived.
* On 4 February 1966, [[All Nippon Airways Flight 60]], a Boeing 727, plunged into [[Tokyo Bay]] for reasons unknown. All 133 people on board died.
* On 5 March 1966, [[BOAC Flight 911]] broke up in mid-air and crashed on the slopes of [[Mount Fuji]]. All 124 aboard died.
* On 8 December 1966, the car ferry [[SS Heraklion|SS ''Heraklion'']] sank in the [[Aegean Sea]] during a storm, killing 217 people.
* On 16 March 1969, a DC-9 operating [[Viasa Flight 742]] crashed in the Venezuelan city of [[Maracaibo]]. A total of 155 people died in the crash.

==Social and political movements==
===Counterculture and social revolution===
{{See also|Counterculture of the 1960s | Timeline of 1960s counterculture}}
In the second half of the decade, young people began to revolt against the conservative norms of the old time, as well as remove themselves from mainstream liberalism, in particular the high level of materialism which was so common during the era. This created a "counterculture" that sparked a social revolution throughout much of the Western world. It began in the United States as a reaction against the conservatism and social [[conformity]] of the 1950s, and the U.S. government's extensive military intervention in Vietnam. The youth involved in the popular social aspects of the movement became known as [[hippies]]. These groups created a movement toward liberation in society, including the [[sexual revolution]], questioning authority and government, and demanding more freedoms and rights for women and minorities. The [[Underground Press]], a widespread, eclectic collection of newspapers served as a unifying medium for the counterculture. The movement was also marked by the first widespread, socially accepted drug use (including [[LSD]] and [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]]) and [[Psychedelia|psychedelic]] music.

===Anti-war movement===
{{main|Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War}}
[[File:A female demonstrator offers a flower to military police on guard at the Pentagon during an anti-Vietnam demonstration. Arlington, Virginia, USA.jpg|thumb|left|A demonstrator offers a flower to military police guarding [[the Pentagon]] during the [[National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam]]'s 21 October 1967 [[March on the Pentagon]]]]
The war in Vietnam would eventually lead to a commitment of over half a million American troops, resulting in over 58,500 American deaths and producing a large-scale antiwar movement in the United States. As late as the end of 1965, few Americans protested the American involvement in Vietnam, but as the war dragged on and the body count continued to climb, civil unrest escalated. Students became a powerful and disruptive force and university campuses sparked a national debate over the war. As the movement's ideals spread beyond college campuses, doubts about the war also began to appear within the administration itself. A mass movement began rising in opposition to the [[Vietnam War]], including the [[National Mobilization to End the War in Vietnam]]'s 1967 march to the United Nations  and its [[March on the Pentagon]], the [[1968 Democratic National Convention protests]] at which the slogan "[[The whole world is watching]]" became famous, and continuing in the massive [[Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam|Moratorium]] protests in 1969 as well as the movement of resistance to [[Conscription in the United States|conscription]] ("the Draft") for the war.{{Citation needed|date=November 2009}}

The [[antiwar movement]] was initially based on the older 1950s [[Peace movement]], heavily influenced by the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]], but by the mid-1960s it outgrew this and became a broad-based mass movement centered in universities and churches: one kind of protest was called a "[[sit-in]]". Other terms heard in the United States included "[[the Draft]]", "[[draft dodger]]", "[[conscientious objector]]", and "[[Vietnam veteran|Vietnam vet]]". Voter age-limits were challenged by the phrase: "If you're old enough to die for your country, you're old enough to vote."

===Civil rights movement===
{{Main|Civil rights movement}}
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Leaders of the march posing in front of the statue of Abraham Lincoln... - NARA - 542063 (cropped).jpg|thumb|240px|Leaders of the [[civil rights movement]]'s August 28, 1963, [[March on Washington]] in front of the [[Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|statue of Abraham Lincoln]]]]
[[File:Rev.Jim Bevel 003.jpg|thumb|200px|[[James Bevel]] initiated, strategized, and directed many of the major [[civil rights movement]] events of the 1960s, including the [[Birmingham Children's Crusade]] and the [[Selma to Montgomery march]].]] 
Beginning in the mid-1950s and continuing into the late 1960s, [[African Americans]] in the United States organized a movement to end legalized [[racial discrimination]] and obtain [[Suffrage|voting rights]]. This article covers the phase of the movement between 1955 and 1968, particularly in the South. The emergence of the [[Black Power movement]], which lasted roughly from 1966 to 1975, enlarged the aims of the civil rights movement to include racial dignity, [[Economy of the United States|economic]] and [[politics of the United States|political]] [[self-sufficiency]], and [[anti-imperialism]].

The movement was characterized by major campaigns of [[civil resistance]]. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of [[civil disobedience]] and [[Nonviolence|nonviolent]] protest produced crisis situations between activists and government authorities. Federal, state, and local governments, businesses, and communities often had to respond immediately to these situations that highlighted the inequities faced by African Americans. Forms of protest and/or civil disobedience included boycotts such as the successful [[Montgomery bus boycott]] (1955–1956) in Alabama, [[sit-in]]s such as the influential [[Greensboro sit-ins]] (1960) in North Carolina, [[Demonstration (people)|marches]] such as the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]] (1965) in Alabama, and other nonviolent activities.

Noted legislative achievements during this phase of the civil rights movement were passage of [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]<ref name="cra64">{{cite web|url=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|title=Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21|access-date=22 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|archive-date=21 October 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> that banned discrimination based on "race, color, religion, or national origin" in employment practices and public accommodations, the [[Voting Rights Act of 1965]] that restored and protected voting rights, the [[Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965]] that dramatically opened entry to the U.S. to immigrants other than traditional European groups, and the [[Fair Housing Act of 1968]] that banned discrimination in the sale or rental of housing.

===Hispanic and Chicano movement===
Another large ethnic minority group, the [[Mexican-Americans]], are among other [[Hispanics]] in the U.S. who fought to end racial discrimination and socioeconomic disparity. The largest Mexican-American populations were in the Southwestern United States, such as California with over 1 million ''[[Chicanos]]'' in Los Angeles alone, and [[Texas]] where [[Jim Crow]] laws included Mexican-Americans as "non-white" in some instances to be legally segregated.

Socially, the [[Chicano Movement]] addressed what it perceived to be negative [[ethnic stereotype]]s of Mexicans in mass media and the American consciousness. It did so through the creation of works of literary and visual art that validated Mexican-American ethnicity and culture. Chicanos fought to end social stigmas such as the usage of the Spanish language and advocated official [[bilingualism]] in federal and state governments.

The Chicano Movement also addressed discrimination in public and private institutions. Early in the twentieth century, Mexican Americans formed organizations to protect themselves from discrimination. One of those organizations, the [[League of United Latin American Citizens]], was formed in 1929 and remains active today.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lulac.org/about/history/ |title=LULAC History{{snd}}All for One and One for All |website=[[League of United Latin American Citizens]] |access-date=22 March 2023}}</ref>

The movement gained momentum after World War II when groups such as the [[American G.I. Forum]], which was formed by returning Mexican American veterans, joined in the efforts by other civil rights organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |title=americangiforum.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706223234/http://www.americangiforum.org/about.cfm |archive-date=6 July 2015 }}</ref>

Mexican-American civil-rights activists achieved several major legal victories including the 1947 ''[[Mendez v. Westminster]]'' [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] ruling which declared that segregating children of "Mexican and Latin descent" was unconstitutional and the 1954 ''[[Hernandez v. Texas]]'' ruling which declared that Mexican Americans and other racial groups in the United States were entitled to equal protection under the [[Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|14th Amendment]] of the [[United States Constitution|U.S. Constitution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|title=LatinoLA – Hollywood :: Mendez v. Westminster|work=LatinoLA|access-date=17 March 2008|archive-date=16 April 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416202512/http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1950%E2%80%931959/1953/1953_406/|title=Hernandez v. Texas – The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law|work=oyez.org|access-date=27 June 2017|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307034040/https://www.oyez.org/cases/1950%E2%80%931959/1953/1953_406/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The most prominent civil-rights organization in the Mexican-American community, the [[Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund]] (MALDEF), was founded in 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422002948/http://www.maldef.org/about/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=MALDEF{{spaced ndash}} About Us<!-- Bot generated title -->|archive-date=22 April 2008}}</ref> Although modeled after the [[NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund]], MALDEF has also taken on many of the functions of other organizations, including political advocacy and training of local leaders.

Meanwhile, [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] in the U.S. mainland fought against racism, police brutality and socioeconomic problems affecting the three million Puerto Ricans residing in the 50 states. The main concentration of the population was in New York City.

During the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American culture experienced a resurgence as ethnic music, food, and traditions became increasingly popular and were incorporated into the American mainstream. Spanish-language television networks, radio stations, and newspapers expanded across the United States, particularly in U.S.–Mexican border towns, East Coast cities such as New York City, and in Miami, Florida, which saw significant growth in its [[Cuban American]] community.

The multitude of discrimination at this time represented an inhuman side to a society that in the 1960s was upheld as a world and industry leader. The issues of civil rights and warfare became major points of reflection of virtue and democracy, what once was viewed as traditional and inconsequential was now becoming the significance in the turning point of a culture. A document known as the Port Huron Statement exemplifies these two conditions perfectly in its first hand depiction, "while these and other problems either directly oppressed us or rankled our consciences and became our own subjective concerns, we began to see complicated and disturbing paradoxes in our surrounding America. The declaration "all men are created equal..." rang hollow before the facts of Negro life in the South and the big cities of the North. The proclaimed peaceful intentions of the United States contradicted its economic and military investments in the Cold War status quo." These intolerable issues became too visible to ignore therefore its repercussions were feared greatly, the realization that we as individuals take the responsibility for encounter and resolution in our lives issues was an emerging idealism of the 1960s.

===Second-wave feminism===
{{Main|Second-wave feminism}}
A second wave of feminism in the United States and around the world gained momentum in the early 1960s. While the first wave of the early 20th century was centered on gaining suffrage and overturning ''de jure'' inequalities, the second wave was focused on changing cultural and social norms and ''de facto'' inequalities associated with women. At the time, a woman's place was generally seen as being in the home, and they were excluded from many jobs and professions. In the U.S., a [[Presidential Commission on the Status of Women]] found discrimination against women in the workplace and every other aspect of life, a revelation which launched two decades of prominent women-centered legal reforms (i.e., the [[Equal Pay Act of 1963]], [[Title IX]], etc.) which broke down the last remaining legal barriers to women's personal freedom and professional success.

Feminists took to the streets, marching and protesting, authoring books and debating to change social and political views that limited women. In 1963, with [[Betty Friedan]]'s book, ''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'', the role of women in society, and in public and private life was questioned. By 1966, the movement was beginning to grow in size and power as women's group spread across the country and Friedan, along with other feminists, founded the [[National Organization for Women]]. In 1968, "[[Women's Liberation]]" became a household term as, for the first time, the new women's movement eclipsed the [[civil rights movement]] when [[New York Radical Women]], led by [[Robin Morgan]], [[Miss America protest|protested the annual Miss America pageant]] in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]]. The movement continued throughout the next decades. [[Gloria Steinem]] was a key feminist.

===Gay rights movement===
{{Main|Gay liberation|LGBT social movements}}
The United States, in the middle of a social revolution, led the world in LGBT rights in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Inspired by the civil-rights movement and the women's movement, early gay-rights pioneers had begun, by the 1960s, to build a movement. These groups were rather conservative in their practices, emphasizing that ''gay men and women are no different from those who are straight'' and deserve full equality. This philosophy would be dominant again after AIDS, but by the very end of the 1960s, the movement's goals would change and become more radical, demanding a right to be different, and encouraging [[gay pride]].

The symbolic birth of the [[gay rights movement]] would not come until the decade had almost come to a close. Gays were not allowed by law to congregate. Gay establishments such as the [[Stonewall Inn]] in New York City were routinely raided by the police to arrest gay people. On a night in late June 1969, LGBT people resisted, for the first time, a police raid, and rebelled openly in the streets. This uprising called the [[Stonewall riots]] began a new period of the LGBT rights movement that in the next decade would cause dramatic change both inside the LGBT community and in the mainstream American culture.

===New Left===
The rapid rise of a "[[New Left]]" applied the class perspective of [[Marxism]] to postwar America but had little organizational connection with older Marxist organizations such as the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], and even went as far as to reject organized labor as the basis of a unified left-wing movement. Sympathetic to the ideology of [[C. Wright Mills]], the New Left differed from the traditional left in its resistance to dogma and its emphasis on personal as well as societal change. [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) became the organizational focus of the New Left and was the prime mover behind the opposition to the War in Vietnam. The 1960s left also consisted of ephemeral campus-based [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]], [[Maoism|Maoist]] and [[anarchism|anarchist]] groups, some of which by the end of the 1960s had turned to [[Militant (word)|militancy]].

===Crime===
The 1960s was also associated with a large increase in crime and urban unrest of all types. Between 1960 and 1969 reported incidence of violent crime per 100,000 people in the United States nearly doubled and have yet to return to the levels of the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-23.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134627/http://www.census.gov/statab/hist/HS-23.pdf|url-status=dead|title=U.S. Census Bureau Data |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> Large riots broke out in many cities like Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles, New York City, [[Newark, New Jersey]], [[Oakland, California]] and Washington, D.C. By the end of the decade, politicians like [[George Wallace]] and [[Richard Nixon]] campaigned on restoring law and order to a nation troubled with the new unrest.

==Science and technology==
===Science===
====Space exploration====
[[File:As08-16-2593.jpg|right|thumb|250px|On 21 December 1968, the [[Apollo 8]] crew took a picture, for the first time in history, of the entire Earth]]
[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Apollo 11]] mission landed the first humans on the Moon in July 1969.]]
The [[Space Race]] between the United States and the Soviet Union dominated the 1960s. The Soviets sent the first man, [[Yuri Gagarin]], into [[outer space]] during the [[Vostok 1]] mission on 12 April 1961, and scored a host of other successes, but by the middle of the decade the U.S. was taking the lead. In May 1961, President Kennedy set the goal for the United States of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s.

In June 1963, [[Valentina Tereshkova]] became the first woman in space during the [[Vostok 6]] mission. In 1965, Soviets launched the first probe to hit another planet of the [[Solar System]] ([[Venus]]), [[Venera 3]], and the first probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of the Moon, [[Luna 9]]. In March 1966, the Soviet Union launched [[Luna 10]], which became the first [[space probe]] to enter orbit around the Moon, and in September 1968, [[Zond 5]] flew the first terrestrial beings, including two tortoises, to circumnavigate the Moon.

The deaths of astronauts [[Gus Grissom]], [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]], and [[Roger B. Chaffee]] in the [[Apollo 1]] fire on 27 January 1967, put a temporary hold on the U.S. space program, but afterward progress was steady, with the [[Apollo 8]] crew ([[Frank Borman]], [[Jim Lovell]], [[William Anders]]) being the first crewed mission to orbit another celestial body (the Moon) during Christmas of 1968.

On 20 July 1969, the [[Moon landing|first humans landed on the Moon]]. The [[Apollo 11]] mission, launched on 16 July 1969, carried mission Commander [[Neil Armstrong]], Command Module Pilot [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], and Lunar Module Pilot [[Buzz Aldrin]], and Aldrin and Armstrong flew the Lunar Module ''[[Lunar Module Eagle|Eagle]]'' to the lunar surface. Apollo 11 fulfilled President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s goal of reaching the Moon by the end of the 1960s, which he had expressed during a speech given before a joint session of Congress on 25 May 1961: "I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth."

The Soviet program lost its sense of direction with the death of chief designer [[Sergey Korolyov]] in 1966. Political pressure, conflicts between different design bureaus, and engineering problems caused by an inadequate budget would doom the Soviet attempt to land men on the Moon. Shortly after the American Apollo 1 disaster, tragedy struck the Soviet program when cosmonaut [[Vladimir Komarov]] was killed when the parachutes on his [[Soyuz 1]] flight failed.

A succession of uncrewed American and Soviet probes traveled to the Moon, [[Venus]], and [[Mars]] during the 1960s, and commercial satellites also came into use.

====Other scientific developments====
[[File:Antibabypille.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[birth control pill]] was introduced in 1960.]]
* 1960 – The oral female birth-control contraceptive, [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]], was released in the United States after [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approval.
* 1963 – The measles vaccine was released after being approved by the FDA
* 1963 – [[Maria Goeppert Mayer]] is awarded the Nobel prize for discovering the [[nuclear shell]] of the [[atomic nucleus]]
* 1964 – The discovery and confirmation of the [[Cosmic microwave background]] in 1964 secured the Big Bang as the best theory of the origin and evolution of the universe. 
* 1965 – [[AstroTurf]] introduced.
* 1967 – First [[heart transplantation]] operation by Professor [[Christiaan Barnard]] in South Africa.
* 1967 – Discovery of the first known [[pulsar]] (a rapidly spinning [[neutron star]]) by [[Jocelyn Bell Burnell]] 
* During the late 1960s, the [[Green Revolution]] achieved a major leap in agricultural production, mitigating a potential famine situation.<ref>{{cite book|author=Peter B.R. Hazell|title=The Asian Green Revolution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1|year=2009|work=IFPRI Discussion Paper|publisher=Intl Food Policy Res Inst|access-date=2022-02-18|archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028040330/https://books.google.com/books?id=frNfVx-KZOcC&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Technology===
[[File:0 series Yurakucho 19670505.jpg|thumb|A 0 series Shinkansen high-speed rail set in Tokyo, May 1967]]

* [[Shinkansen]], the world's first [[high-speed rail]] service began in 1964.

====Automobiles and Motorcycles====
As the 1960s began, American cars showed a rapid rejection of 1950s styling excess, and would remain relatively clean and boxy for the entire decade. The horsepower race reached its climax in the late 1960s, with [[muscle cars]] sold by most makes. The compact [[Ford Mustang (first generation)|Ford Mustang]], launched in 1964, was one of the decade's greatest successes. The "[[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]]" American automakers enjoyed their highest ever sales and profitability in the 1960s, but the demise of [[Studebaker]] in 1966 left [[American Motors Corporation]] as the last significant independent. The decade would see the car market split into different size classes for the first time, and model lineups now included [[Compact car|compact]] and [[Mid-size car|mid-sized]] cars in addition to [[Full-size car|full-sized]] ones.

The popular modern hatchback, with front-wheel-drive and a two-box configuration, was born in 1965 with the introduction of the [[Renault 16]], many of this car's design principles live on in its modern counterparts: a large rear opening incorporating the rear window, foldable rear seats to extend boot space. The [[Mini]], released in 1959, had first popularised the front wheel drive two-box configuration, but technically was not a hatchback as it had a fold-down bootlid.

Japanese cars also began to gain acceptance in the Western market, and popular economy models such as the [[Toyota Corolla]], [[Datsun 510]], and the first popular Japanese sports car, the [[Datsun 240Z]], were released in the mid- to late-1960s.

Mopeds and Scooters gains popularity in these decade, with [[Honda Super Cub]] in United States, Japan and Europe, [[Mitsubishi Silver Pigeon]] in Japan and [[Vespa]], [[Kreidler Florett RS| Kreidler Florett]],[[Zundapp]] and [[Sachs Motorcycles|Sachs]] mopeds in Western Europe.

====Electronics and communications====
[[File:60s tech.jpg|thumb|Examples of 1960s technology, including two rotary-dial telephones and a Kodak camera.]]
* 1960 – The first working laser was demonstrated in May by [[Theodore Maiman]] at [[Hughes Research Laboratories]].
* 1960 – [[Tony Hoare]] announces the [[Quicksort]] [[algorithm]], the most common sorter on computers.
* 1961 – [[Unimate]], the first [[industrial robot]], was introduced.
* 1962 – First transatlantic satellite broadcast via the [[Telstar]] satellite.
* 1962 – The [[FORMAC]] coding language was invented by [[Jean Sammet]] 
* 1962 – The first computer video game, ''[[Spacewar!]]'', was invented.
* 1962 – Red [[LED]]s were developed.
* 1963 – The first [[Geosynchronous satellite|geosynchronous communications satellite]], ''[[Syncom 2]]'', is launched.
* 1963 – First transpacific satellite broadcast via the [[Relay 1]] satellite.
* 1963 – [[Touch-Tone]] telephones introduced.
* 1963 – [[Sketchpad]] was the first touch interactive [[computer graphics]] program.
* 1963 – The [[Nottingham]] Electronic Valve company produced the first home [[Videocassette recorder|video recorder]] called the "Telcan".
* 1964 – [[8-track tape]] audio format was developed.
* 1964 – The [[Compact Cassette]] was introduced.
* 1964 – The first successful [[Minicomputer]], [[Digital Equipment Corporation]]'s 12-bit [[PDP-8]], was marketed.
* 1964 – The [[programming language]] [[BASIC]] was created.
* 1964 – The world's first [[supercomputer]], the [[CDC 6600]], was introduced.
* 1964 – [[Fairchild Semiconductor]] released [[Integrated Circuit|IC]]s with [[Dual in-line package|dual in-line packaging]].
* 1967 – [[PAL]] and [[SECAM]] broadcast color television systems started publicly transmitting in Europe.
* 1967 – The first [[Automatic Teller Machine]] was opened in [[Barclays Bank]], London.
* 1967 – The [[Logo (programming language)|Logo]] coding language was invented by [[Cynthia Solomon]]
* 1968 – [[Ralph Baer]] developed his [[Brown Box]] (a working prototype of the Magnavox Odyssey).
* 1968 – The [[The Mother of All Demos|first public demonstration]] of the [[computer mouse]], the [[paper paradigm]] [[Graphical user interface]], [[video conference|video conferencing]], [[teleconference|teleconferencing]], email, and [[hypertext]].
* 1969 – [[ARPANET]], the research-oriented prototype of the Internet, was introduced.
* 1969 – [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] invented at AT&T [[Bell Labs]], used as the electronic imager in still and video cameras.

==Additional notable worldwide events==

* The [[Manson murders]] occurred between 8–10 August 1969 when actress [[Sharon Tate]], coffee heiress [[Abigail Folger]] and several others were brutally murdered in the Tate residence by [[Charles Manson]]'s "family." [[Rosemary LaBianca]] and [[Leno LaBianca]] were also murdered by the Manson family the following night.
* [[Canada]] celebrated its 100th anniversary of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] in 1967 by hosting [[Expo 67]] in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]. During the anniversary celebrations, French president [[Charles De Gaulle]] visited Canada and caused a considerable uproar by declaring his support for Québécois independence.
* The [[Zodiac killer]] first became active after murdering five known victims in the San Francisco Bay Area between December 1968 and October 1969, operating in rural, urban and suburban settings.

==Popular culture==
<gallery widths="190" perrow="5">
File:Doctor Who logo 1963-1967.jpg|The famous TV series like ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]], [[The Dick Van Dyke Show]], [[Bewitched]], [[Gilligan's Island|Gilligan’s Island]],'' ''[[The Addams Family (1964 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'', ''[[The Fugitive (1963 TV series)|The Fugitive]], [[Get Smart]], [[Bonanza]],'' and ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'' were popular in the 1960s.
File:The Beatles 1963 Dezo Hoffman Capitol Records press photo 4-3 crop.jpg|[[The Beatles]] (consisting of [[John Lennon]], [[Paul McCartney]], [[George Harrison]], and [[Ringo Starr]]) released music throughout the 1960s, and are often considered the most popular band in global history. [[Beatlemania]] was/is the fanaticism surrounding The Beatles. The Beatles experienced intense fan worship during the '60s era.
File:Bob Dylan in November 1963-2.jpg|[[Bob Dylan]] is often considered to be one of the greatest songwriters of all time, and through a process of mutual influence with The Beatles and other artists, helped define the explosion of musical ideas in the 1960s.
File:PeaceAndLoveBus.svg|[[Peace symbols]] and [[Flower power|flowers]] were an aesthetic of the [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture]] and [[hippie movement|hippie]] movements of the 1960s and later in the 1970s.
File:19680810 20 Anti-War March.jpg|[[Anti-war movement]]s like the [[protests of 1968]] were [[protest|demonstrations]] and [[rebellion|revolt]]s against various forms of governmental jurisdiction and [[corruption]]. These protests were a major part of 1960s and 1970s popular culture.
File:1969-NBC.jpg|[[Hanna-Barbera]] cartoons such as ''[[The Flintstones]]'', ''[[The Jetsons]]'', ''[[The Huckleberry Hound Show]]'', ''[[The Banana Splits]]'', ''[[The Quick Draw McGraw Show]]'', ''[[The Yogi Bear Show]]'', ''[[Wacky Races (1968 TV series)|Wacky Races]]'', ''[[Top Cat]]'', ''[[Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!|Scooby-Doo]]'', and ''[[Jonny Quest (TV series)|Jonny Quest]]'' were popular in the 1960s.
File:Woodstock redmond stage.JPG|Crowds at the stage during the [[Woodstock|Woodstock Music Festival]], two months after the [[Stonewall riots]] in June 1969.
File:TokyoOlympics1964Opening.jpg|Six Olympic Games were held in the 1960s, [[1960 Winter Olympics|Squaw Valley]] and [[1960 Summer Olympics|Rome in 1960]], [[1964 Winter Olympics|Innsbruck]] and [[1964 Summer Olympics|Tokyo in 1964]], [[1968 Winter Olympics|Grenoble]] and [[1968 Summer Olympics|Mexico City in 1968]] (all during the Cold War).
File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|The 1960s were the height of the [[Space Age]] and space aesthetics in popular culture. In 1969, humans [[Apollo 11|landed on the Moon]] for the first time.
File:1960s Batmobile (FMC).jpg|The superhero boom of the decade saw in media and popular culture, TV series like ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'', ''[[The Green Hornet (TV series)|The Green Hornet]]'', ''[[The Marvel Super Heroes]]'', and ''[[Spider-Man (1967 TV series)|Spider-Man]]'' were more popular.
</gallery>

The [[Counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] dominated the second half of the 1960s, its most famous moments being the [[Summer of Love]] in San Francisco in 1967, and the [[Woodstock Festival]] in [[upstate New York]] in 1969. [[Psychedelic drugs]], especially [[LSD]], were widely used medicinally, spiritually and recreationally throughout the late 1960s, and were popularized by [[Timothy Leary]] with his slogan "[[Turn on, tune in, drop out]]". [[Ken Kesey]] and the [[Merry Pranksters]] also played a part in the role of "turning heads on". [[Psychedelia|Psychedelic]] influenced the music, artwork and films of the decade, and a number of prominent musicians died of drug overdoses (see [[27 Club]]). There was a growing interest in Eastern religions and philosophy, and many attempts were made to found communes, which varied from supporting free love to religious puritanism.

=== Music ===
[[File:The Miracles (1962 Tamla publicity photo).jpg|thumb|[[The Miracles]] pictured in 1962. Known as [[Motown]]'s "[[Soul music|soul]] supergroup", The Miracles were one of the first commercially successful acts of the 1960s and propelled both Motown and its [[Tamla]] label to international fame.]]
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| image1            = The Beatles i Hötorgscity 1963.jpg
| width1            = 179
| alt1              = Beatles
| caption1          = The arrival of [[the Beatles]] in the U.S. during 1964, and particularly their appearance on television's ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'', marked the beginning of the [[British Invasion]] in the history of music, in which a large number of rock and pop music acts from the United Kingdom gained enormous popularity in the U.S.
| image2            = Joan Baez Bob Dylan crop.jpg
| width2            = 165
| alt2              = Dylan
| caption2          = [[Bob Dylan]] was the face of the [[American folk music revival]] of the 1960s. In 1964, Dylan was shifting his focus to more abstract and introspective themes, and eventually would [[Electric Dylan controversy|adapt the use of electric instrumentation]], alienating many in the folk crowd.
| footer_align      = 
| footer            = 
}}

{{Quote box
| quote = "The 60s were a leap in human consciousness. [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Malcolm X]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]], [[Che Guevara]], [[Mother Teresa]], they led a revolution of conscience. [[The Beatles]], [[The Doors]], [[Jimi Hendrix]] created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like [[Salvador Dalí|Dalí]], with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves."
| source = – [[Carlos Santana]]<ref>[http://puntodigital.com/carlos-santana-im-immortal/224228/ Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223045640/http://puntodigital.com/carlos-santana-im-immortal/224228/ |date=23 December 2010 }} interview by ''Punto Digital'', 13 October 2010</ref>
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The rock 'n' roll movement of the 1950s quickly came to an end in 1959 with [[the Day the Music Died]] (as explained in the song "[[American Pie (song)|American Pie]]"), the scandal of [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]' marriage to his 13-year-old cousin, and the induction of [[Elvis Presley]] into the [[United States Army]]. As the 1960s began, the major rock 'n' roll stars of the '50s such as [[Chuck Berry]] and [[Little Richard]] had dropped off the charts and popular music in the U.S. came to be dominated by girl groups, [[surf music]], novelty pop songs, clean-cut teen idols, and [[Motown]] music. Another important change in music during the early 1960s was the [[American folk music revival]] which introduced [[Bob Dylan]], [[Joan Baez]], [[Pete Seeger]], [[The Kingston Trio]], [[Harry Belafonte]], [[Odetta]], [[Phil Ochs]], and many other singer-songwriters to the public.

Girl groups and female singers, such as [[the Shirelles]], [[Betty Everett]], [[Little Eva]], [[the Dixie Cups]], [[the Ronettes]], [[Martha and the Vandellas]] and [[the Supremes]] dominated the charts in the early 1960s. This style consisted typically of light pop themes about teenage romance and lifestyles, backed by vocal harmonies and a strong rhythm. Most girl groups were African-American, but white girl groups and singers, such as [[Lesley Gore]], [[The Angels (American group)|the Angels]], and [[the Shangri-Las]] also emerged during this period.

Around the same time, record producer [[Phil Spector]] began producing girl groups and created a new kind of pop music production that came to be known as the [[Wall of Sound]]. This style emphasized higher budgets and more elaborate arrangements, and more melodramatic musical themes in place of a simple, light-hearted pop sound. Spector's innovations became integral to the growing sophistication of popular music from 1965 onward.

Also during the early 1960s, [[surf rock]] emerged, a rock subgenre that was centered in Southern California and based on beach and surfing themes, in addition to the usual songs about teenage romance and innocent fun. [[The Beach Boys]] quickly became the premier surf rock band and almost completely and single-handedly overshadowed the many lesser-known artists in the subgenre. Surf rock reached its peak in 1963–1965 before gradually being overtaken by bands influenced by the [[British Invasion]] and the counterculture movement.

The [[car song]] also emerged as a rock subgenre in the early 1960s, which focused on teenagers' fascination with [[car culture]]. The Beach Boys also dominated this subgenre, along with the duo [[Jan and Dean]]. Such notable songs include "[[Little Deuce Coupe (song)|Little Deuce Coupe]]", "[[409 (song)|409]]", and "[[Shut Down (The Beach Boys song)|Shut Down]]", all by the Beach Boys; [[Jan and Dean]]'s "[[Little Old Lady from Pasadena]]" and "[[Drag City (song)|Drag City]]", [[Ronny and the Daytonas]]' "[[Little GTO]]", and many others. Like girl groups and surf rock, car songs also became overshadowed by the British Invasion and the counterculture movement.

The early 1960s also saw the golden age of another rock subgenre, the [[teen tragedy song]], which focused on lost teen romance caused by sudden death, mainly in [[Traffic collision|traffic accidents]]. Such songs included [[Mark Dinning]]'s "[[Teen Angel (song)|Teen Angel]]", [[Ray Peterson]]'s "[[Tell Laura I Love Her]]", [[Jan and Dean]]'s "[[Dead Man's Curve (song)|Dead Man's Curve]]", [[the Shangri-Las]]' "[[Leader of the Pack]]", and perhaps the subgenre's most popular, "[[Last Kiss]]" by [[J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers]].

In the early 1960s, Britain became a hotbed of rock 'n' roll activity during this time. In late 1963, the Beatles embarked on their first US tour and cult singer [[Dusty Springfield]] released her first solo single. A few months later, rock 'n' roll founding father [[Chuck Berry]] emerged from a {{frac|2|1|2}}-year prison stint and resumed recording and touring. The stage was set for the spectacular revival of rock music.

In the UK, the Beatles played raucous rock 'n' roll – as well as doo wop, girl-group songs, show tunes – and wore leather jackets. Their manager [[Brian Epstein]] encouraged the group to wear suits. [[Beatlemania]] abruptly exploded after the group's appearance on ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' in 1964. Late in 1965, the Beatles released the album ''[[Rubber Soul]]'' which marked the beginning of their transition to a sophisticated power pop group with elaborate studio arrangements and production, and a year after that, they gave up touring entirely to focus only on albums. A host of imitators followed the Beatles in the so-called British Invasion, including groups like [[the Rolling Stones]], [[the Who]] and [[the Kinks]] who would become legends in their own right.

As the counterculture movement developed, artists began making new kinds of music influenced by the use of psychedelic drugs. Guitarist [[Jimi Hendrix]] emerged onto the scene in 1967 with a radically new approach to electric guitar that replaced Chuck Berry, previously seen as the gold standard of rock guitar. Rock artists began to take on serious themes and social commentary/protest instead of simplistic pop themes.

A major development in popular music during the mid-1960s was the movement away from singles and towards albums. Previously, popular music was based around the 45 single (or even earlier, the 78 single) and albums such as they existed were little more than a hit single or two backed with filler tracks, instrumentals, and covers. The development of the AOR (album-oriented rock) format was complicated and involved several concurrent events such as Phil Spector's Wall of Sound, the introduction by Bob Dylan of "serious" lyrics to rock music, and the Beatles' new studio-based approach. In any case, after 1965 the vinyl LP had definitively taken over as the primary format for all popular music styles.

Blues also continued to develop strongly during the '60s, but after 1965, it increasingly shifted to the young white rock audience and away from its traditional black audience, which moved on to other styles such as soul and funk.

[[Jazz]] music and [[adult pop|pop standards]] during the first half of the 1960s was largely a continuation of 1950s styles, retaining its core audience of young, urban, college-educated whites. By 1967, the death of several important jazz figures such as [[John Coltrane]] and [[Nat King Cole]] precipitated a decline in the genre. The takeover of rock in the late 1960s largely spelled the end of jazz and standards as mainstream forms of music, after they had dominated much of the first half of the 20th century.

[[Country music]] gained popularity on the [[West coast of the United States|West Coast]], due in large part to the [[Bakersfield sound]], led by [[Buck Owens]] and [[Merle Haggard]]. Female country artists were also becoming more mainstream (in a genre dominated by men in previous decades), with such acts as [[Patsy Cline]], [[Loretta Lynn]], and [[Tammy Wynette]].

Late 1960s also was the beginning of [[disco music]], which became more popular in 1970s.

====Significant events in music in the 1960s====
* [[Elvis Presley]] returned to civilian life in the U.S. after two years away in the [[United States Army|U.S. Army]]. He resumes his musical career by recording "[[It's Now or Never (song)|It's Now or Never]]" and "[[Are You Lonesome Tonight? (song)|Are You Lonesome Tonight?]]" in March 1960.<ref>Jorgensen, Ernst (1998). ''Elvis Presley: A life in music. The complete recording sessions'', p.120. St. Martin's Press. {{ISBN|0-312-18572-3}}</ref>
* Country music stars [[Patsy Cline]], [[Cowboy Copas]] and [[Hawkshaw Hawkins]] were killed when their plane [[1963 Camden PA-24 crash|crashed]] in Camden, Tennessee while returning home from a [[Kansas City]] benefit show in March 1963.
* In July 1964, a plane crash claimed the life of another country music legend, [[Jim Reeves]], when the plane he was piloting crashed in a turbulent thunderstorm while on final approach to [[Nashville International Airport]]. 
* [[Sam Cooke]] was shot and killed at a motel (at the age of 33) in Los Angeles, California on 11 December 1964, under suspicious circumstances.
* [[Motown]] was founded in 1960. Its first [[Top 40|Top Ten]] hit was "[[Shop Around]]" by the Miracles in 1960. "Shop Around" peaked at number-two on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]] and was Motown's first million-selling record.
* Newcastle-born [[Eric Burdon]] and his band "[[The Animals]]" hit the No. 1 in charts in the U.S. with their hit single "[[The House of the Rising Sun]]" in 1964.
* Folk singer and activist [[Joan Baez]] released her [[Joan Baez (album)|debut album]] on [[Vanguard Records]] in December 1960.
* [[The Marvelettes]] scored Motown's first U.S. No. 1 pop hit, "[[Please Mr. Postman]]", in 1961. Motown would score 110 ''Billboard'' Top 10 hits during its run.
* [[The Four Seasons (group)|The Four Seasons]] released three straight number one hits.
* In a widely anticipated and publicized event, [[The Beatles]] arrive in America in February 1964, spearheading the [[British Invasion]].
* The ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' original soundtrack tops record charts. [[Sherman Brothers]] receive [[Grammy Award|Grammys]] and double [[Academy Awards|Oscars]].
* [[Lesley Gore]] hits number one on ''Billboard'' with "[[It's My Party]]" and number two with "You Don't Own Me" at the age of 17 (behind "[[I Want To Hold Your Hand]]" by The Beatles).
* [[The Supremes]] scored twelve number-one hit singles between 1964 and 1969, beginning with "[[Where Did Our Love Go]]".
* [[The Kinks]] release "[[You Really Got Me]]" in August 1964, which tops the British charts; it is regarded as the first [[hard rock]] hit and a blueprint for related genres such as [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]].<ref name="YRGM All">{{cite web|title=You Really Got Me|url=https://www.allmusic.com/song/t630847|website=AllMusic|last=Sullivan|first=Denise|access-date=25 November 2009|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913055439/https://www.allmusic.com/song/you-really-got-me-mt0033940816|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[John Coltrane]] released ''[[A Love Supreme]]'' in late 1964, considered one of the most acclaimed jazz albums of the era.
* The [[Grateful Dead]] was formed in 1965 (originally The Warlocks), thus paving the way for the emergence of [[acid rock]].
* [[Bob Dylan]] went [[Electric Dylan controversy|electric]] at the 1965 [[Newport Folk Festival]].
* [[Cilla Black]]'s number-one hit "[[Anyone Who Had a Heart (song)|Anyone Who Had a Heart]]" still remains the top-selling single by a female artist in the UK from 1964.
* [[The Rolling Stones]] had a huge No.&nbsp;1 hit with their song "[[(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction]]" in the summer of 1965.
* [[The Byrds]] released a cover of Bob Dylan's "[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]", which reached No.&nbsp;1 on the U.S. charts and repeated the feat in the U.K. shortly thereafter. The extremely influential track effectively creates the musical subgenre of [[folk rock]].
* Bob Dylan's "[[Like a Rolling Stone]]" is a top-five hit on both sides of the Atlantic during the summer of 1965.
* Bob Dylan's 1965 albums ''[[Bringing It All Back Home]]'' and ''[[Highway 61 Revisited]]'' ushered in album-focused rock and the [[folk rock]] genre.
[[File:Simon & Garfunkel 919-3036.jpg|thumb|[[Simon and Garfunkel]] were a popular musical duo of the era]]
* [[Simon and Garfunkel]] released the single "[[The Sound of Silence]]" in 1965.
* [[The Beach Boys]] released ''[[Pet Sounds]]'' in 1966, which significantly influenced The Beatles' ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' album released the following year.
* Bob Dylan was called "Judas" by an audience member during the [[John Cordwell|Manchester]] [[Free Trade Hall|Free Trade Hall concert]]; the start of the [[bootleg recording]] industry follows, with recordings of this concert circulating for 30 years – wrongly labeled as ''The Royal Albert Hall Concert'' – before a legitimate release in 1998 as ''[[The Bootleg Series Vol. 4: Bob Dylan Live 1966, The "Royal Albert Hall" Concert]].''
* In February 1966, Nancy Sinatra's song "[[These Boots Are Made for Walkin']]{{thin space}}" became very popular.
* In 1966, ''[[The Supremes A' Go-Go]]'' was the first album by a female group to reach the top position of the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' magazine pop albums chart]] in the United States.
* [[The Seekers]] were the first Australian group to have a number one with "[[Georgy Girl]]" in 1966.
* [[Jefferson Airplane]] released the influential ''[[Surrealistic Pillow]]'' in 1967.
* [[The Velvet Underground]] released its self-titled debut album, ''[[The Velvet Underground & Nico]]'', in 1967.
* [[The Doors]] released its self-titled debut album, ''[[The Doors (album)|The Doors]]'', in January 1967.
* [[Love (band)|Love]] released ''[[Forever Changes]]'' in 1967.
* [[Procol Harum|The Procol Harum]] released ''[[A Whiter Shade of Pale]]'' in 1967.
* [[Cream (band)|Cream]] released "[[Disraeli Gears]]" in 1967.
[[File:Jimi Hendrix experience 1968.jpg|185px|right|thumb|The [[Jimi Hendrix Experience]] launched the mainstream career of Jimi Hendrix, one of the most influential electric guitarists in history]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix#The Jimi Hendrix Experience|The Jimi Hendrix Experience]] released two successful albums during 1967 (''[[Are You Experienced (album)|Are You Experienced]]'' and ''[[Axis: Bold as Love]]'') that innovate both guitar, trio and recording techniques.
* [[The Moody Blues]] released the album ''[[Days of Future Passed]]'' in November 1967.
* R&B legend [[Otis Redding]] has his first No. 1 hit with "[[Sitting on the Dock of the Bay]]". He also played at the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]] in 1967 just before he died in a plane crash.
* [[Pink Floyd]] released its debut record, ''[[The Piper at the Gates of Dawn]]''.
* [[Bob Dylan]] released the [[country rock]] album ''[[John Wesley Harding]]'' in December 1967.
* The [[Bee Gees]] released their international debut album, ''[[Bee Gees 1st]]'', in July 1967; it included the pop standard "[[To Love Somebody (song)|To Love Somebody]]".
* The [[Monterey International Pop Festival]] in 1967 was the beginning of the "[[Summer of Love]]".
* [[The Beatles]] released ''[[Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band]]'' in 1967. It was nicknamed "The Soundtrack of the Summer of Love".
* [[Johnny Cash]] released ''[[At Folsom Prison]]'' in 1968.
* After [[The Yardbirds]] folded, [[Led Zeppelin]] was formed by [[Jimmy Page]] and manager [[Peter Grant (music manager)|Peter Grant]] in 1968 with [[Robert Plant]], [[John Bonham]], [[John Paul Jones (musician)|John Paul Jones]], and Page as members; they released their debut album, ''[[Led Zeppelin (album)|Led Zeppelin]]'', the next year.
* [[Big Brother and the Holding Company]], with [[Janis Joplin]] as lead singer, became an overnight sensation after their performance at the [[Monterey International Pop Festival]] in 1967 and released their second album ''[[Cheap Thrills (Big Brother and the Holding Company album)|Cheap Thrills]]'' in 1968.
* [[Gram Parsons]] with [[The Byrds]] released the influential LP ''[[Sweetheart of the Rodeo]]'' in late 1968, forming the basis for [[country rock]].
* [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]] released the influential double LP ''[[Electric Ladyland]]'' in 1968 that furthered the guitar and studio innovations of his previous two albums.
* [[Simon and Garfunkel]] released the single "[[Mrs. Robinson]]" in 1968, featured in the film ''[[The Graduate]]''.
* Country music newcomer [[Jeannie C. Riley]] released the country and pop hit "[[Harper Valley PTA]]" in 1968, which is about a [[miniskirt]]-wearing mother of a teenage girl who was criticized by the local [[Parent Teacher Association|PTA]] for supposedly setting a bad example for her daughter but turns the tables by exposing some of the PTA members' wrongdoings. The song, along with Riley's [[mod (subculture)|mod]] persona in connection with it, apparently gave country music a "sexual revolution" of its own as hemlines of other female country artists' stage dresses began rising in the years that followed.
* [[Sly & the Family Stone]] revolutionized black music with their 1968 hit single "[[Dance to the Music (song)|Dance to the Music]]" and became international sensations by 1969 with the release of their hit record ''[[Stand!]]''. The band cemented their position as a vital counterculture band when they performed at the [[Woodstock Festival]].
* [[The Gun (band)|The Gun]] released "Race with the Devil" in October 1968.
* After a long performance drought, [[Elvis Presley]] made a successful return to TV and live performances after spending most of the decade making movies, beginning with his ''[[Elvis (1968 TV program)|'68 Comeback Special]]'' in December 1968 on [[NBC]], followed by a summer engagement in [[Las Vegas]] in 1969. Presley's return to live performing set the stage for his many concert tours and continued Vegas engagements throughout the 1970s until his death in 1977.
* [[The Foundations]] released "[[Build Me Up Buttercup]]" in December 1968.
* The Rolling Stones filmed the TV special ''[[The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus]]'' in December 1968 but the film was not released for transmission. It was considered a fabled "lost" performance for decades until it was released in North America on [[Laserdisc]] and [[VHS]] in 1996. The special features performances from [[The Who]], [[The Dirty Mac]] (featuring [[John Lennon]], [[Eric Clapton]] and [[Mitch Mitchell]]), [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]] and [[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]].
* [[Spooky Tooth]] released their second album, ''[[Spooky Two]]'', in March 1969. The album was an important hard rock milestone.
* The [[Woodstock Festival]] (and the [[Altamont Free Concert]] four months later) in 1969.
* [[The Who]] released and toured the first rock opera, ''[[Tommy (The Who album)|Tommy]]'', in 1969.
* Proto-punk band [[MC5]] released the live album ''[[Kick Out the Jams]]'' in 1969.
* [[Captain Beefheart and his Magic Band]] released the [[avant-garde]] ''[[Trout Mask Replica]]'' in 1969.
* [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]] released "[[Fortunate Son]]" in 1969. The song amassed popularity with the [[anti-war movement]] at the time and would later be used in films, TV shows and video games depicting the [[Vietnam War]] or the [[United States|U.S]] during the late 1960s and early 1970s.
* [[The Stooges]] released their debut album in 1969.
* [[The Beatles]] released ''[[Abbey Road]]'' in 1969.
* [[King Crimson]] released their debut album, ''[[In the Court of the Crimson King]]'', in 1969.
* [[Led Zeppelin]] released two of their self-titled debut albums, ''[[Led Zeppelin I]]'' and ''[[Led Zeppelin II]]'', in 1969.

===Film===
{{See also|History of film#1960s|1960s in film}}
[[File:SalahZulfikar1962.jpg|alt=SalahZulfikar1962|thumb|[[Salah Zulfikar]] in ''[[The Cursed Palace]]'' (1962)]]
The highest-grossing film of the decade was 20th Century Fox's ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]'' (1965).<ref>[https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010710051059/https://boxofficemojo.com/alltime/adjusted.htm|date=10 July 2001}}. [[Box Office Mojo]].</ref>

Some of Hollywood's most notable [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster films]] of the 1960s include:
<!--at August 2012, unclear order. probably year of release?  research before alphabetizing.  probably best to leave release-year order with year of release appended following title-->
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey (film)|2001: A Space Odyssey]]''
* ''[[The Apartment]]''
* ''[[The Birds (film)|The Birds]]''
* ''[[I Am Curious (Yellow)]]''
* ''[[Bonnie and Clyde (film)|Bonnie and Clyde]]''
* ''[[Breakfast at Tiffany's (film)|Breakfast at Tiffany's]]''
* ''[[Bullitt]]''
* ''[[Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid]]''
* ''[[Carnival of Souls]]''
* ''[[Cleopatra (1963 film)|Cleopatra]]''
* ''[[Cool Hand Luke]]''
* ''[[The Dirty Dozen]]''
* ''[[Doctor Zhivago (film)|Doctor Zhivago]]''
* ''[[Dr. Strangelove]]''
* ''[[Easy Rider]]''
* ''[[Exodus (1960 film)|Exodus]]''
* ''[[Faces (1968 film)|Faces]]''
* ''[[Funny Girl (film)|Funny Girl]]''
* ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]''
* ''[[The Graduate]]''
* ''[[Guess Who's Coming to Dinner]]''
* ''[[Head (film)|Head]]''
* ''[[How the West Was Won (film)|How the West Was Won]]''
* ''[[The Hustler]]''
* ''[[Ice Station Zebra]]''
* ''[[In the Heat of the Night (film)|In the Heat of the Night]]''
* ''[[The Italian Job]]'' 
* ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''
* ''[[Jason and the Argonauts (1963 film)|Jason and the Argonauts]]'' 
* ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
* ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]''
* ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]''
* ''[[The Lion in Winter (1968 film)|The Lion in Winter]]''
* ''[[The Longest Day (film)|The Longest Day]]''
* ''[[The Love Bug]]''
* ''[[A Man for All Seasons (1966 film)|A Man for All Seasons]]''
* ''[[The Manchurian Candidate (1962 film)|The Manchurian Candidate]]''
* ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]''
* ''[[Medium Cool]]''
* ''[[Midnight Cowboy]]''
* ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''
* ''[[Night of the Living Dead]]''
* ''[[The Pink Panther (1963 film)|The Pink Panther]]''
* ''[[The Odd Couple (film)|The Odd Couple]]''
* ''[[Oliver! (film)|Oliver!]]''
* ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]''
* ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]''
* ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]''
* ''[[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''
* ''[[Romeo and Juliet (1968 film)|Romeo and Juliet]]''
* ''[[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]]''
* ''[[The Sound of Music (film)|The Sound of Music]]''
* ''[[Spartacus (film)|Spartacus]]''
* ''[[Swiss Family Robinson (1960 film)|Swiss Family Robinson]]''
* ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]''
* ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird (film)|To Kill a Mockingbird]]''
* ''[[Valley of the Dolls (film)|Valley of the Dolls]]''
* ''[[West Side Story (1961 film)|West Side Story]]''
* ''[[Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (film)|Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?]]''
* ''[[The Wild Bunch]]''
{{div col end}}

The counterculture movement had a significant effect on cinema. Movies began to break social taboos such as [[sex in film|sex]] and [[violence in art|violence]] causing both controversy and fascination. They turned increasingly dramatic, unbalanced, and hectic as the cultural revolution was starting. This was the beginning of the [[New Hollywood]] era that dominated the next decade in theatres and revolutionized the film industry. Films of this time also focused on the changes happening in the world. [[Dennis Hopper]]'s ''[[Easy Rider]]'' (1969) focused on the [[drug culture]] of the time. Movies also became more sexually explicit, such as [[Roger Vadim]]'s'' [[Barbarella (film)|Barbarella]]'' (1968), as the [[counterculture]] progressed.

In Europe, [[art cinema]] gained wider distribution and saw movements like [[French New Wave|la Nouvelle Vague]] (The French New Wave), which featured French filmmakers such as [[Roger Vadim]], [[François Truffaut]], [[Alain Resnais]], and [[Jean-Luc Godard]]; the [[cinéma vérité]] documentary movement took place in Canada, France and the United States; [[Swedish cinema|Swedish filmmaker]] [[Ingmar Bergman]], [[cinema of Chile|Chilean filmmaker]] [[Alexandro Jodorowsky]] and [[Polish cinema|Polish filmmakers]] [[Roman Polanski]] and [[Wojciech Jerzy Has]] produced original and offbeat masterpieces and the high-point of [[Italian cinema|Italian filmmaking]] with [[Michelangelo Antonioni]] and [[Federico Fellini]] making some of their most known films during this period. Notable films from this period include: ''[[La Dolce Vita]]'', ''[[8 1/2|{{frac|8|1|2}}]]''; ''[[La Notte]]''; ''[[L'Eclisse]]'', ''[[The Red Desert]]''; ''[[Blowup]]''; ''[[Fellini Satyricon]]''; ''[[Accattone]]''; ''[[The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)|The Gospel According to St. Matthew]]''; ''[[Theorem (film)|Theorem]]''; ''[[Winter Light]]''; ''[[The Silence (1963 film)|The Silence]]''; ''[[Persona (1966 film)|Persona]]''; ''[[Shame (1968 film)|Shame]]''; ''[[The Passion of Anna|A Passion]]''; ''[[Au hasard Balthazar]]''; ''[[Mouchette]]''; ''[[Last Year at Marienbad]]''; ''[[Chronique d'un été]]''; ''[[Titicut Follies]]''; ''[[High School (1968 film)|High School]]''; ''[[Salesman (1969 film)|Salesman]]''; ''[[La jetée]]''; ''[[Warrendale (film)|Warrendale]];'' ''[[Knife in the Water]]''; ''[[Repulsion (film)|Repulsion]]''; ''[[The Saragossa Manuscript (film)|The Saragossa Manuscript]]''; ''[[El Topo]]''; ''[[A Hard Day's Night (film)|A Hard Day's Night]]''; and the [[cinéma vérité]] ''[[Dont Look Back]]''.

[[file:The Magnificent Seven cast publicity photo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Yul Brynner]], [[Steve McQueen]], [[Horst Buchholz]], [[Charles Bronson]], [[Robert Vaughn]], [[Brad Dexter]], and [[James Coburn]] in [[John Sturges]]'s ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'', 1960]]

In Japan, ''[[Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki]]'' a film version of the story of the [[forty-seven rōnin|forty-seven ''rōnin'']] directed by [[Hiroshi Inagaki]], was released in 1962; the legendary story was also remade as a television series in Japan. Academy Award-winning [[Cinema of Japan|Japanese]] director [[Akira Kurosawa]] produced ''[[Yojimbo (film)|Yojimbo]]'' (1961) and ''[[Sanjuro]]'' (1962), which both starred [[Toshiro Mifune]] as a mysterious [[samurai]] swordsman for hire. Like his previous films both had a profound influence around the world. The ''[[Spaghetti Western]]'' genre was a direct outgrowth of the Kurosawa films. The influence of these films is most apparent in [[Sergio Leone]]'s ''[[A Fistful of Dollars]]'' (1964) starring [[Clint Eastwood]] and [[Walter Hill (filmmaker)|Walter Hill]]'s ''[[Last Man Standing (1996 film)|Last Man Standing]]'' (1996). ''Yojimbo'' was also the origin of the "[[Man with No Name]]" trend which included Sergio Leone's ''[[For a Few Dollars More]]'', and ''[[The Good, The Bad and The Ugly]]'' both also starring Clint Eastwood, and arguably continued through his 1968 opus ''[[Once Upon a Time in the West]]'', starring [[Henry Fonda]], [[Charles Bronson]], [[Claudia Cardinale]], and [[Jason Robards]]. ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]'' a 1960 American [[western film]] directed by [[John Sturges]] was a [[remake]] of [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s 1954 film, ''[[Seven Samurai]]''. Another popular figure in this genre was [[John Wayne]], with films from the 60s such as ''[[The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance]]'' (1962), ''[[El Dorado (1966 film)|El Dorado]]'' (1966), ''[[True Grit (1969 film)|True Grit]]'' (1969) and others.

The decade also marked the start of the [[List of James Bond films#Eon films|''James Bond'' film series]], starting with ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' with [[Sean Connery]] as [[James Bond]], and has continued with latest installments and actors portraying 007 to this very day.

The 1960s were also about experimentation. With the explosion of lightweight and affordable cameras, the underground [[New American Cinema|avant-garde film]] movement thrived. The movement's notable figures include Canada's [[Michael Snow]] and Americans [[Kenneth Anger]], [[Stan Brakhage]], [[Andy Warhol]], and [[Jack Smith (film director)|Jack Smith]]. Notable films in this genre include ''[[Dog Star Man]]'', ''[[Scorpio Rising (film)|Scorpio Rising]]'', ''[[Wavelength (1967 film)|Wavelength]]'', ''[[Chelsea Girls]]'', ''[[Blow Job (1964 film)|Blow Job]]'', ''[[Vinyl (1965 film)|Vinyl]]'', and ''[[Flaming Creatures]]''.

[[Walt Disney]], the founder of [[The Walt Disney Company]], died on 15 December 1966 from a major tumor in his left lung. Alongside ''[[One Hundred and One Dalmatians]]'', ''[[The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)|The Sword in the Stone]]'' and ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (some of his most important blockbusters), animated feature films of the decade that are of notable status include ''[[Gay Purr-ee]]'', ''[[Hey There, It's Yogi Bear!]]'', ''[[The Man Called Flintstone]]'', ''[[Mad Monster Party?]]'', ''[[Yellow Submarine (film)|Yellow Submarine]]'' and ''[[A Boy Named Charlie Brown]]''.

====Significant events in the film industry in the 1960s====
*Removal of the [[Motion Picture Association of America]]'s [[Production Code]] in 1967.
*The MPA's establishment of the [[ Motion Picture Association film rating system|film ratings system]] in 1968.
*The decline and end of the [[studio system]].
*The rise of [[arthouse]] films and theaters.
*The end of the [[classical Hollywood cinema]] era.
*The beginning of the [[New Hollywood]] Era due to the counterculture.
*The rise of independent producers that worked outside the studio system.
*Move to all-color production in Hollywood films.
*The invention of the [[Nagra]] 1/4", sync-sound, portable open-reel tape deck.
*New film formats like [[IMAX]] are invented and new ways of displaying film are tested at [[Expo 67]].
*Flat-bed film editing tables (like the [[Steenbeck]]) appear; they eventually replace the [[Moviola]] editing platform.
*The [[French New Wave]] reaches its peak.
*[[Direct cinema]] and [[cinéma vérité]] documentaries.
*The beginning of the [[Golden Age of Porn]] in 1969, which continued throughout the 1970s and into the first half of the 1980s.

===Television===
{{Main|1960s in television}}
The most prominent TV series of the 1960s include ''[[Doctor Who]]'', ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'', ''[[Coronation Street]]'', ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Peyton Place (TV series)|Peyton Place]]'', ''[[The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)|The Twilight Zone]]'', ''[[The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)|The Outer Limits]]'', ''[[The Andy Williams Show]]'', ''[[The Dean Martin Show]]'', ''[[The Wonderful World of Disney]]'', ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'', ''[[The Beverly Hillbillies]]'', ''[[Bonanza]]'', ''[[Batman (TV series)|Batman]]'', ''[[McHale's Navy]]'', ''[[Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In]]'', ''[[The Dick Van Dyke Show]]'', ''[[The Fugitive (1963 TV series)|The Fugitive]]'', ''[[The Tonight Show]]'', ''[[Gunsmoke]]'', ''[[The Andy Griffith Show]]'', ''[[Gilligan's Island]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible (1966 TV series)|Mission: Impossible]]'', ''[[The Flintstones]]'', ''[[The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet]]'', ''[[Thunderbirds (TV series)|Thunderbirds]]'', ''[[Lassie (1954 TV series)|Lassie]]'', ''[[The Danny Thomas Show]]'', ''[[The Lucy Show]]'', ''[[My Three Sons]]'', ''[[The Red Skelton Show]]'', ''[[Bewitched]]'', and ''[[I Dream of Jeannie]]''. ''The Flintstones'' was a popular show, receiving 40 million views an episode with an average of 3&nbsp;million views a day. ''Doctor Who'' is the longest-running science-fiction show of all time according to the ''[[Guinness World Records]]''. Some programming (such as ''[[The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour]]'') became controversial by challenging the foundations of America's corporate and governmental controls, making fun of world leaders and questioning U.S. involvement in (as well as escalation of) the [[Vietnam War]]. The [[1966 FIFA World Cup final]] was the [[List of most watched television broadcasts in the United Kingdom#Most watched special events|most-watched television event in the United Kingdom]] watched by 32.3 million people, seeing England win 4–2 against Germany.

===Fashion===
{{Main|1960s in fashion}}
Significant fashion trends of the 1960s include:
* [[The Beatles]] exerted an enormous influence on young men's fashions and hairstyles in the 1960s which included most notably the [[Beatle haircut|mop-top haircut]], the [[Beatle boots]] and the [[Nehru jacket]].
* The [[hippie]] movement late in the decade also had a strong influence on clothing styles, including [[Bell-bottoms|bell-bottom jeans]], [[tie-dye]] and [[batik]] fabrics, as well as [[Paisley (design)|paisley]] prints.
* The [[bikini]] came into fashion in 1963 after being featured in the film ''[[Beach Party]]''.
* [[Mary Quant]] popularised the [[miniskirt]], which became one of the most popular fashion rages in the late 1960s among young women and teenage girls. Its popularity continued throughout the first half of the 1970s and then disappeared temporarily from mainstream fashion before making a comeback in the mid-1980s.
* Men's mainstream hairstyles ranged from the [[pompadour (hairstyle)|pompadour]], the [[crew cut]], the [[flattop]] hairstyle, the tapered hairstyle, and short, parted hair in the early part of the decade, to longer parted hairstyles with [[sideburns]] towards the latter half of the decade.
* Women's mainstream hairstyles ranged from [[Beehive (hairstyle)|beehive hairdos]], the bird's nest hairstyle, and the [[chignon (hairstyle)|chignon]] hairstyle in the early part of the decade, to very short styles popularized by [[Twiggy]] and [[Mia Farrow]] in [[Rosemary's Baby (film)|Rosemary's Baby]] towards the latter half of the decade.
* African-American hairstyles for men and women included the [[afro]].

<gallery widths="190" perrow="5">
File:Mop-top hair.jpg|Members of Argentine rock band [[Los Gatos (band)|Los Gatos]] sporting [[Beatle haircut|mop-top haircut]]s, which were considered at the time a rebellious hairstyle. 
File:On the Beach at Tiberias.jpg|The [[bikini]] became a fashionable item in the Western world during the decade
File:Londons_Carnaby_Street,_1966.jpg|"Swinging London" fashions on [[Carnaby Street]], {{Circa|1966}}
File:Tie dye T-shirts.jpg|[[Tie-dye]] shirts of all colors were at their height and worn by many during the 1960s.
File:Lava lamps (16136876840).jpg|[[Lava lamp]]s (released in the late 1940s) became very prevalent in the 1960s and were used as decorations.
File:Go-go boots by Andre Courreges, 1965.jpg|[[Go-go boot]]s were a popular piece of fashion, worn by many. 
</gallery>
{{Clear}}
[[File:Rayuela JC.png|thumb|Simplified version of ''[[Hopscotch (Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]'s'' book cover by [[Alfaguara|Editorial Alfaguara]].]]

===Literature===
{{see also|List of years in literature#1960s}} {{Main|1960s in comics}}

* In 1961, ''[[On Heroes and Tombs]]'' by [[Ernesto Sabato|Ernesto Sábato]] is published.
* In 1963, ''[[Hopscotch (Cortázar novel)|Hopscotch]]'' by [[Julio Cortázar]] is published.
* [[The Outsiders (novel)|''The Outsiders'']] by S.E. Hinton was a massively popular novel during the decade. It illustrated the difficult life for the working class at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=August |first=Jude |date=2022-05-02 |title=How "The Outsiders" Became the Origin of YA Literature |url=https://medium.com/@judeaugust/how-the-outsiders-became-the-origin-of-ya-literature-d8636a971ea6 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

[[Marvel Comics]] dominated the comic book industry in this decade, introducing the world to characters such as [[Spider-Man]], [[Iron Man]], the [[X-Men]], the [[Fantastic Four]], the [[Hulk]], [[Black Panther (character)|Black Panther]], [[Doctor Strange]], and the [[Avengers (comics)|Avengers]] to name a few.

===Sports ===
The first ever Super bowl had happened in 1967 in Los Angeles, California

====Olympics====
There were six [[Olympic Games]] held during the decade. These were:
* [[1960 Summer Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 25 August – 11 September 1960, in Rome, Italy
* [[1960 Winter Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 18–28 February 1960, in [[Squaw Valley, Placer County, California|Squaw Valley]], California, United States
* [[1964 Summer Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 10–24 October 1964, in Tokyo, Japan
* [[1964 Winter Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 29 January – 9 February 1964, in [[Innsbruck]], Austria
* [[1968 Summer Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 12–27 October 1968, in [[Mexico City]], Mexico
* [[1968 Winter Olympics]]{{spaced ndash}} 6–18 February 1968, in [[Grenoble]], France

====Association football====
There were two [[FIFA World Cup]]s during the decade:
* [[1962 FIFA World Cup]]{{spaced ndash}} hosted in Chile, won by Brazil
* [[1966 FIFA World Cup]]{{spaced ndash}} hosted and won by England
The '''1960 Copa de Campeones de América''' was the first season of the [[Copa Libertadores|Copa CONMEBOL Libertadores]], [[CONMEBOL]]'s premier club tournament.

====Baseball====
The first wave of [[Major League Baseball]] expansion in 1961 included the formation of the [[Los Angeles Angels]], the move to Minnesota to become the [[Minnesota Twins]] by the [[Washington Senators (1901–60)|former Washington Senators]] and the formation of a [[Washington Senators (1961–71)|new franchise called the Washington Senators]]. Major League Baseball sanctioned both the [[Houston Colt .45s]] and the [[New York Mets]] as new [[National League (baseball)|National League]] franchises in 1962.

In 1969, the [[American League]] expanded when the [[Kansas City Royals]] and [[Seattle Pilots]], were admitted to the league prompting the expansion of the post-season (in the form of the [[League Championship Series]]) for the first time since the creation of the World Series. The Pilots stayed just one season in Seattle before moving and becoming the [[Milwaukee Brewers]] in 1970. The National League also added two teams in 1969, the [[Montreal Expos]] and [[San Diego Padres]]. By 1969, the New York Mets won the [[World Series]] in only the 8th year of the team's existence.

====Basketball====
The [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] tournaments during the 1960s were dominated by the [[Boston Celtics]], who won eight straight titles from 1959 to 1966 and added two more consecutive championships in 1968 and 1969, aided by such players as [[Bob Cousy]], [[Bill Russell (basketball)|Bill Russell]] and [[John Havlicek]]. Other notable NBA players included [[Wilt Chamberlain]], [[Elgin Baylor]], [[Jerry West]] and [[Oscar Robertson]].

At the [[NCAA]] level, the [[UCLA Bruins]] also proved dominant. Coached by [[John Wooden]], they were helped by [[Lew Alcindor]] and by [[Bill Walton]] to win championships and dominate the American college basketball landscape during the decade.

====Disc sports (Frisbee)====
Alternative sports, using the flying disc, began in the mid-sixties. As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. They would form what would become known as the [[counterculture]]. The forms of escape and resistance would manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, experimental living through foods, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a [[Frisbee]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qycPRAAACAAJ|author=Jordan Holtzman-Conston|publisher=Waltham, Mass|year=2010|isbn=978-3838311951|access-date=28 December 2017|archive-date=24 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724120036/https://books.google.com/books?id=qycPRAAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Starting with promotional efforts from [[Wham-O]] and [[Irwin Toy]] (Canada), a few tournaments and professionals using [[Frisbee]] show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events, disc sports such as [[Flying disc freestyle|freestyle]], [[double disc court]], [[Guts (flying disc game)|guts]], [[Ultimate (sport)|disc ultimate]] and [[disc golf]] became this sports first events.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Flying Disc Federation|url=http://wfdf.org/|work=WFDF Official Website|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=18 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131018043512/http://wfdf.org/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Flying Disc Federation |url=http://wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-fyling-disc |work=History of the Flying Disc |access-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019095944/http://wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-fyling-disc |archive-date=19 October 2013 }}</ref> Two sports, the team sport of [[Ultimate (sport)|disc ultimate]] and [[disc golf]] are very popular worldwide and are now being played semiprofessionally.<ref>{{cite web|title=Professional Disc Golf Association|url=http://www.pdga.com/|work=PDGA Official Website|access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509023305/https://www.pdga.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=American Ultimate Disc League|url=http://theaudl.com/|work=AUDL Official Website|access-date=20 October 2013|archive-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021064303/http://theaudl.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[World Flying Disc Federation]], [[Professional Disc Golf Association]] and the Freestyle Players Association are the official rules and sanctioning organizations for flying disc sports worldwide. [[Major League Ultimate]] (MLU) and the [[American Ultimate Disc League]] (AUDL) are the first semi-professional ultimate leagues.

====Racing====
In [[motorsports]], the [[Can-Am]] and [[Trans-Am]] series were both established in 1966. The [[Ford GT40]] won outright in the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]]. Graham Hill edged out Jackie Stewart and Denny Hulme for the World Championship in Formula One.

== People ==

===Activists===
Some activist leaders of the 1960s period include:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Joan Baez]]
* [[James Baldwin]]
* [[Harry Belafonte]]
* [[James Bevel]]
* [[Stokely Carmichael]]
* [[Rennie Davis]]
* [[David Dellinger]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Medgar Evers]]
* [[Michael Farrell (activist)|Michael Farrell]]
* [[Lawrence Ferlinghetti]]
* [[Allen Ginsberg]]
* [[Dick Gregory]]
* [[Abbie Hoffman]]
* [[Jesse Jackson]]
* [[Barbara Jordan]]
* [[Bernard Lafayette]]
* [[Timothy Leary]]
* [[John Lennon]]
* [[John Lewis]]
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]
* [[James Meredith]]
* [[Diane Nash]]
* [[Phil Ochs]]
* [[Yoko Ono]] 
* [[Rosa Parks]]
* [[Jerry Rubin]]
* [[Mario Savio]]
* [[Fred Shuttlesworth]]
* [[Gloria Steinem]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Andrew Young]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery>
File:Joan Baez 1963.jpg|[[Joan Baez]]
File:Dick Gregory.jpg|[[Dick Gregory]]
File:John Lewis 1964-04-16 (cropped).jpg|[[John Lewis]]
File:Jerry Rubin (edit) - Spectrum 13Mar1970.jpg|[[Jerry Rubin]]
</gallery>
===Scientists and engineers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Kenneth Arrow]]
*[[Michael Francis Atiyah|Michael Atiyah]]
*[[John Bardeen]]
*[[Béla Barényi]]
*[[Willard Boyle]]
*[[Christiaan Barnard]]
*[[Norman Borlaug]]
*{{ill|Bernard Boyer|fr}}
*[[Walter Bruch]]
*[[Jocelyn Bell-Burnell]]
*[[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]]
*[[Paul Cohen]]
*[[Seymour Cray]]
*[[Francis Crick]]
*[[Donald Davies]]
*[[Charles Stark Draper|Charles Draper]]
*[[George Devol]]
*[[Edsger Djikstra]]
*[[Keith Duckworth]]
*[[Freeman Dyson]]
*[[Mauro Forghieri]]
*[[Riccardo Giacconi]]
*[[Dante Giacosa]]
*[[George H. Heilmeier]]
*[[Leonard Hayflick]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]]
*[[Antony Hewish]]
*[[Spen King]]
*[[Sergei Korolev]]
*[[Stephanie Kwolek]]
*[[Aurelio Lampredi]]
*[[Lev Landau]]
*[[Louis Leloir]]
*[[Edward Lorenz]]
*[[Giulio Natta]]
*[[Sergei Novikov (mathematician)|Sergei Novikov]]
*[[Murray Gell-Mann]]
*[[Maurice Philippe]]
*[[Roger Penrose]]
*[[Arno Penzias]]
*[[Pier Giorgio Perotto]]
*[[Hideo Shima]]
*[[George E. Smith]]
*[[Paolo Stanzani]]
*[[Rudolf Uhlenhaut]]
*[[Fred Vine]]
*[[Wernher von Braun]]
*[[Robert Burns Woodward|Robert Woodward]]
{{div col end}}

===Actors and entertainers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Eddie Albert]]
* [[Jack Albertson]]
* [[Steve Allen]]
* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[Julie Andrews]]
* [[James Arness]]
* [[Fred Astaire]]
* [[Richard Attenborough]]
* [[Stéphane Audran]]
* [[Charles Aznavour]]
* [[Carroll Baker]]
* [[Barbara Bain]]
* [[Lucille Ball]]
* [[Martin Balsam]]
* [[Anne Bancroft]]
* [[Brigitte Bardot]]
* [[Richard Basehart]]
* [[Alan Bates]]
* [[Anne Baxter]]
* [[Warren Beatty]]
* [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]
* [[Jane Birkin]]
* [[Robert Blake (actor)|Robert Blake]]
* [[Mel Blanc]]
* [[Dirk Bogarde]]
* [[Richard Boone]]
* [[Shirley Booth]]
* [[Ernest Borgnine]]
* [[Tom Bosley]]
* [[Stephen Boyd]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Lloyd Bridges]]
* [[Charles Bronson]]
* [[Mel Brooks]]
* [[Jim Brown]]
* [[Lenny Bruce]]
* [[Yul Brynner]]
* [[Richard Burton]]
* [[Raymond Burr]]
* [[Sid Caesar]]
* [[Michael Caine]]
* [[Rory Calhoun]]
* [[Claudia Cardinale]]
* [[Yvonne De Carlo]]
* [[Leslie Caron]]
* [[John Carradine]]
* [[Diahann Carroll]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[John Cassavetes]]
* [[George Chakiris]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Julie Christie]]
* [[Lee Van Cleef]]
* [[Montgomery Clift]]
* [[Lee J. Cobb]]
* [[James Coburn]]
* [[Joan Collins]]
* [[Sean Connery]]
* [[Chuck Connors]]
* [[Robert Conrad]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Tom Courtenay]]
* [[Bob Crane]]
* [[Bing Crosby]]
* [[Robert Culp]]
* [[Tony Curtis]]
* [[Peter Cushing]]
* [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]
* [[Doris Day]]
* [[Ruby Dee]]
* [[Sandra Dee]]
* [[Alain Delon]]
* [[Catherine Deneuve]]
* [[Brandon deWilde]]
* [[Angie Dickinson]]
* [[Troy Donahue]]
* [[Diana Dors]]
* [[Kirk Douglas]]
* [[James Drury]]
* [[Patty Duke]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Robert Duvall]]
* [[Dick Van Dyke]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Barbara Eden]]
* [[Anita Ekberg]]
* [[Peter Falk]]
* [[Mia Farrow]]
* [[Mel Ferrer]]
* [[José Ferrer]]
* [[Peter Finch]]
* [[Albert Finney]]
* [[Jo Van Fleet]]
* [[Henry Fonda]]
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Peter Fonda]]
* [[June Foray]]
* [[Glenn Ford]]
* [[John Forsythe]]
* [[Anthony Franciosa]]
* [[Louis de Funès]]
* [[Clark Gable]]
* [[Eva Gabor]]
* [[Zsa Zsa Gabor]]
* [[James Garner]]
* [[Judy Garland]]
* [[Vittorio Gassman]]
* [[Jackie Gleason]]
* [[Cary Grant]]
* [[Stewart Granger]]
* [[Lorne Greene]]
* [[Andy Griffith]]
* [[Alec Guinness]]
* [[Fred Gwynne]]
* [[Gene Hackman]]
* [[Larry Hagman]]
* [[Jonathan Harris]]
* [[Richard Harris]]
* [[William Hartnell]]
* [[Tippi Hedren]]
* [[Van Heflin]]
* [[Audrey Hepburn]]
* [[Katharine Hepburn]]
* [[Charlton Heston]]
* [[Dustin Hoffman]]
* [[William Holden]]
* [[James Hong]]
* [[Dennis Hopper]]
* [[Bob Hope]]
* [[Rock Hudson]]
* [[Jeffrey Hunter]]
* [[Tab Hunter]]
* [[John Ireland (actor)|John Ireland]]
* [[Burl Ives]]
* [[Glynis Johns]]
* [[Carolyn Jones]]
* [[Shirley Jones]]
* [[Katy Jurado]]
* [[Anna Karina]]
* [[Danny Kaye]]
* [[Brian Keith]]
* [[George Kennedy]]
* [[Gene Kelly]]
* [[Grace Kelly]]
* [[Jack Kelly (actor)|Jack Kelly]]
* [[Eartha Kitt]]
* [[Jack Klugman]]
* [[Don Knotts]]
* [[Martin Landau]]
* [[Burt Lancaster]]
* [[Angela Lansbury]]
* [[Peter Lawford]]
* [[Cloris Leachman]]
* [[Bruce Lee]]
* [[Christopher Lee]]
* [[Janet Leigh]]
* [[Jack Lemmon]]
* [[Jerry Lewis]]
* [[Robert Loggia]]
* [[Gina Lollobrigida]]
* [[Sophia Loren]]
* [[Peter Lorre]]
* [[Darren McGavin]]
* [[David McCallum]]
* [[Fred MacMurray]]
* [[Shirley MacLaine]]
* [[Jayne Mansfield]]
* [[Karl Malden]]
* [[Dorothy Malone]]
* [[Ann-Margret]]
* [[Dean Martin]]
* [[Steve Martin]]
* [[Lee Marvin]]
* [[James Mason]]
* [[Marcello Mastroianni]]
* [[David McCallum]]
* [[Roddy McDowall]]
* [[Steve McQueen]]
* [[Burgess Meredith]]
* [[Toshiro Mifune]]
* [[Vera Miles]]
* [[Sal Mineo]]
* [[Robert Mitchum]]
* [[Elizabeth Montgomery]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Marilyn Monroe]]
* [[Jeanne Moreau]]
* [[Rita Moreno]]
* [[Harry Morgan]]
* [[Robert Morse]]
* [[Don Murray (actor)|Don Murray]]
* [[Patricia Neal]]
* [[Paul Newman]]
* [[Julie Newmar]]
* [[Barbara Nichols]]
* [[Leslie Nielsen]]
* [[Leonard Nimoy]]
* [[David Niven]]
* [[Kim Novak]]
* [[Maureen O'Hara]]
* [[Laurence Olivier]]
* [[Peter O'Toole]]
* [[Geraldine Page]]
* [[Janis Paige]]
* [[Eleanor Parker]]
* [[Jack Palance]]
* [[Gregory Peck]]
* [[George Peppard]]
* [[Anthony Perkins]]
* [[Michel Piccoli]]
* [[Donald Pleasence]]
* [[Suzanne Pleshette]]
* [[Christopher Plummer]]
* [[Sidney Poitier]]
* [[Paula Prentiss]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Vincent Price]]
* [[Anthony Quayle]]
* [[Anthony Quinn]]
* [[Tony Randall]]
* [[Lynn Redgrave]]
* [[Michael Redgrave]]
* [[Vanessa Redgrave]]
* [[Oliver Reed]]
* [[Robert Reed]]
* [[Carl Reiner]]
* [[Lee Remick]]
* [[Don Rickles]]
* [[Diana Rigg]]
* [[Thelma Ritter]]
* [[Robert Redford]]
* [[Burt Reynolds]]
* [[Debbie Reynolds]]
* [[Jason Robards]]
* [[Cliff Robertson]]
* [[Edward G. Robinson]]
* [[Cesar Romero]]
* [[Mickey Rooney]]
* [[Barbara Rush]]
* [[Eva Marie Saint]]
* [[George Sanders]]
* [[Telly Savalas]]
* [[John Saxon]]
* [[Maximilian Schell]]
* [[George C. Scott]]
* [[George Segal]]
* [[Jean Seberg]]
* [[Peter Sellers]]
* [[Omar Sharif]]
* [[William Shatner]]
* [[Jean Simmons]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]]
* [[Ann Sothern]]
* [[Robert Stack]]
* [[Terence Stamp]]
* [[James Stewart]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Woody Strode]]
* [[Barry Sullivan (American actor)|Barry Sullivan]]
* [[Ed Sullivan]]
* [[Donald Sutherland]]
* [[Max von Sydow]]
* [[Sharon Tate]]
* [[Elizabeth Taylor]]
* [[Rod Taylor]]
* [[Jean-Louis Trintignant]]
* [[Patrick Troughton]]
* [[Cicely Tyson]]
* [[Raf Vallone]]
* [[Robert Vaughn]]
* [[Robert Wagner]]
* [[Eli Wallach]]
* [[Burt Ward]]
* [[John Wayne]]
* [[Raquel Welch]]
* [[Adam West]]
* [[Betty White]]
* [[Stuart Whitman]]
* [[Richard Widmark]]
* [[Gene Wilder]]
* [[Jonathan Winters]]
* [[Shelley Winters]]
* [[Natalie Wood]]
* [[Joanne Woodward]]
* [[Keenan Wynn]]
* [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]]
{{div col end}}
<gallery widths="160px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Brigitte_Bardot_-_1962.jpg|[[Brigitte Bardot]], 1962
File:Audrey Hepburn (cropped).jpg|[[Audrey Hepburn]], 1963
File:Clint Eastwood in A Fistful of Dollars, 1964.jpg|[[Clint Eastwood]], 1964
File:Sean Connery 1964.png|[[Sean Connery]], 1964
Image:Paul Newman Harper.jpg|[[Paul Newman]], 1966
</gallery>

===Filmmakers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Robert Aldrich]]
* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]
* [[Mario Bava]]
* [[Ingmar Bergman]]
* [[Luis Buñuel]]
* [[Claude Chabrol]]
* [[Jack Clayton]]
* [[Luigi Comencini]]
* [[George Cukor]]
* [[Vittorio De Sica]]
* [[Stanley Donen]]
* [[Blake Edwards]]
* [[Federico Fellini]]
* [[Richard Fleischer|Richard Fleisher]]
* [[John Ford]]
* [[John Frankenheimer]]
* [[Lucio Fulci]]
* [[Jean-Luc Godard]]
* [[Howard Hawks]]
* [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
* [[Ishiro Honda]]
* [[Dennis Hopper]]
* [[John Huston]]
* [[Norman Jewison]]
* [[Mikhail Kalatozov|Mikhaïl Kalatozov]]
* [[Elia Kazan]]
* [[Stanley Kramer]]
* [[Stanley Kubrick]]
* [[Akira Kurosawa]]
* [[David Lean]]
* [[Sergio Leone]]
* [[Jerry Lewis]]
* [[Ken Loach]]
* [[Joseph Losey]]
* [[Sidney Lumet]]
* [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]
* [[Anthony Mann]]
* [[Lewis Milestone]]
* [[Robert Mulligan]]
* [[Mike Nichols]]
* [[Sergey Parajanov]]
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]
* [[Sam Peckinpah]]
* [[Arthur Penn]]
* [[Roman Polanski]]
* [[Sydney Pollack]]
* [[Michael Powell]]
* [[Alain Resnais]]
* [[Gene Roddenberry]]
* [[Eric Rohmer]]
* [[George A. Romero]]
* [[Stuart Rosenberg]]
* [[Jean Rouch]]
* [[Don Siegel]]
* [[Steven Spielberg]]
* [[John Sturges]]
* [[Andrei Tarkovsky|Andreï Tarkovsky]]
* [[Jacques Tati]]
* [[François Truffaut]]
* [[Luchino Visconti]]
* [[Orson Welles]]
* [[Billy Wilder]]
* [[Robert Wise]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
Image:Hitchcock,_Alfred_02.jpg|[[Alfred Hitchcock]]
File:Ingmar Bergman Smultronstallet.jpg|[[Ingmar Bergman]]
File:Federico Fellini NYWTS 2.jpg|[[Federico Fellini]]
File:Kubrick on the set of Barry Lyndon (1975 publicity photo).jpg|[[Stanley Kubrick]]
File:Jean-Luc Godard at Berkeley, 1968.jpg|[[Jean Luc Godard]]
</gallery>

===Musicians and singers===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Paul Anka]]
* [[Richard Anthony (singer)|Richard Anthony]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Eddy Arnold]]
* [[Chet Atkins]]
* [[Burt Bacharach]]
* [[Joan Baez]]
* [[Pearl Bailey]]
* [[Bee Gees]]
* [[Tony Bennett]]
* [[Chuck Berry]]
* [[Art Blakey]]
* [[Bobby Bland]]
* [[Pat Boone]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[James Brown]]
* [[Solomon Burke]]
* [[Jerry Butler]]
* [[Glen Campbell]]
* [[Johnny Cash]]
* [[Ray Charles]]
* [[Chubby Checker]]
* [[Lou Christie]]
* [[Eric Clapton]]
* [[Dee Clark]]
* [[Petula Clark]]
* [[Patsy Cline]]
* [[Rosemary Clooney]]
* [[Joe Cocker]]
* [[Nat "King" Cole]]
* [[Sam Cooke]]
* [[Leonard Cohen]]
* [[John Coltrane]]
* [[King Crimson]]
* [[Bing Crosby]]
* [[Bobby Darin]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[Sammy Davis Jr.]]
* [[Delia Derbyshire]]
* [[Neil Diamond]]
* [[Bo Diddley]]
* [[Dion DiMucci]]
* [[Fats Domino]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Duke Ellington]]
* [[Cass Elliot]]
* [[Art Farmer]]
* [[Eddie Fisher]]
* [[Ella Fitzgerald]]
* [[Tennessee Ernie Ford]]
* [[Connie Francis]]
* [[Aretha Franklin]]
* [[Marvin Gaye]]
* [[Robin Gibb]]
* [[Dizzy Gillespie]]
* [[Lesley Gore]]
* [[Eydie Gormé]]
* [[Buddy Guy]]
* [[Merle Haggard]]
* [[Johnny Hallyday]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Eddie Hodges]]
* [[Lena Horne]]
* [[Burl Ives]]
* [[Etta James]]
* [[Sonny James]]
* [[Waylon Jennings]]
* [[George Jones]]
* [[Quincy Jones]]
* [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]
* [[Janis Joplin]]
* [[B.B. King]]
* [[Ben E. King]]
* [[Freddie King]]
* [[Eartha Kitt]]
* [[Frankie Laine]]
* [[Brenda Lee]]
* [[Peggy Lee]]
* [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]
* [[Loretta Lynn]]
* [[Scott McKenzie]]
* [[Manfred Mann]]
* [[Bob Marley]]
* [[Dean Martin]]
* [[Johnny Mathis]]
* [[Curtis Mayfield]]
* [[Barry McGuire]]
* [[Roger Miller]]
* [[Charles Mingus]]
* [[Guy Mitchell]]
* [[Joni Mitchell]]
* [[Thelonious Monk]]
* [[Bill Monroe]]
* [[Wes Montgomery]]
* [[Jim Morrison]]
* [[Ricky Nelson]]
* [[Sandy Nelson]]
* [[Willie Nelson]]
* [[Phil Ochs]]
* [[Roy Orbison]]
* [[Buck Owens]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Ray Price]]
* [[Charley Pride]]
* [[Lou Rawls]]
* [[Jerry Reed]]
* [[Jimmy Reed]]
* [[Lou Reed]]
* [[Della Reese]]
* [[Otis Redding]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Little Richard]]
* [[Jeannie C. Riley]]
* [[Tex Ritter]]
* [[Max Roach]]
* [[Marty Robbins]]
* [[Jimmie Rodgers (pop singer)|Jimmy Rodgers]]
* [[Sonny Rollins]]
* [[Demis Roussos]]
* [[Kyu Sakamoto]]
* [[Neil Sedaka]]
* [[Pete Seeger]]
* [[Nina Simone]]
* [[Frank Sinatra]]
* [[Hank Snow]]
* [[Dusty Springfield]]
* [[Rod Stewart]]
* [[Joan Sutherland]]
* [[Hank Thompson (musician)|Hank Thompson]]
* [[Conway Twitty]]
* [[Ernest Tubb]]
* [[Big Joe Turner]]
* [[Ike & Tina Turner]]
* [[Sarah Vaughan]]
* [[Bobby Vee]]
* [[Gene Vincent]]
* [[Porter Wagoner]]
* [[Dionne Warwick]]
* [[Dinah Washington]]
* [[Muddy Waters]]
* [[Kitty Wells]]
* [[Dottie West]]
* [[Howlin' Wolf]]
* [[Andy Williams]]
* [[Jackie Wilson]]
* [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy Wilson]]
* [[Stevie Wonder]]
* [[Faron Young]]
* [[Neil Young]]
* [[Frank Zappa]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160" heights="160" perrow="4">
File:Willie Nelson Grand Ole Opry publicity - cropped.jpg|[[Willie Nelson]], 1965
File:Aretha Franklin 1968.jpg|[[Aretha Franklin]], 1968
File:JohnnyCash1969.jpg|[[Johnny Cash]], 1969
File:Janis Joplin seated 1970.JPG|[[Janis Joplin]], 1969
File:Joan Baez Bob Dylan crop.jpg|[[Bob Dylan]], 1963
</gallery>

===Bands===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[The Animals]]
* [[The Beach Boys]]
* [[The Beatles]]
* [[Bee Gees]]
* [[Blood, Sweat and Tears]]
* [[The Cascades (band)|The Cascades]]
* [[Cream (band)|Cream]]
* [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
* [[The Doors]]
* [[The Four Tops]]
* [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]]
* [[Grateful Dead]]
* [[Herb Alpert & the Tijuana Brass]]
* [[The Hollies]]
* [[The Impressions]]
* [[Iron Butterfly]]
* [[The Jackson 5]]
* [[Jefferson Airplane]]
* [[The Jimi Hendrix Experience]]
* [[The Kinks]]
* [[Led Zeppelin]]
* [[The Mamas & the Papas]]
* [[The Marvelettes]]
* [[The Miracles]]
* [[The Monkees]]
* [[Moody Blues]]
* [[Ohio Express|The Ohio Express]]
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[Procol Harum]]
* [[The Righteous Brothers]]
* [[Rolling Stones|The Rolling Stones]]
* [[The Ronettes]]
* [[Santana (band)|Santana]]
* [[The Shadows]]
* [[Simon and Garfunkel]]
* [[The Stooges]]
* [[The Supremes]]
* [[The Temptations]]
* [[The Velvet Underground]]
* [[The Who]]
* [[The Yardbirds]]
* [[The Zombies]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:The_Beatles_performing_at_The_Ed_Sullivan_Show_(cropped_2).jpg|[[The Beatles]], 1964
File:Sullivan Beach Boys (cropped).jpg|[[Beach Boys]], 1964
File:The Doors in Copenhagen 1968.jpg|[[The Doors]], 1968
File:CreamDutchTV1968.jpg|[[Cream (band)|Cream]], 1968
File:The Temptations on the Ed Sullivan Show.JPG|[[The Temptations]], 1969
</gallery>

===Writers===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Edward Abbey]]
* [[Edward Albee]]
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[James Baldwin]]
* [[James Graham Ballard]]
* [[Amiri Baraka]]
* [[Ray Bradbury]]
* [[Anthony Burgess]]
* [[William S. Burroughs]]
* [[Joseph Campbell]]
* [[Truman Capote]]
* [[Carlos Castaneda]]
* [[Agatha Christie]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
* [[Noël Coward]]
* [[Philip K. Dick]]
* [[Dr. Seuss]]
* [[Lorraine Hansberry]]
* [[Seamus Heaney]]
* [[Robert Heinlein]]
* [[Joseph Heller]]
* [[Frank Herbert]]
* [[Jack Kerouac]]
* [[Ken Kesey]]
* [[Philip Larkin]]
* [[Harper Lee]]
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
* [[Arthur Miller]]
* [[Henry Miller]]
* [[Thomas Pinchon]]
* [[Sylvia Plath]]
* [[Norman Podhoretz]]
* [[Charles M. Schulz]]
* [[Neil Simon]]
* [[John Steinbeck]]
* [[Tom Stoppard]]
* [[Hunter S. Thompson]]
* [[Gore Vidal]]
* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery>
File:Isaac.Asimov01.jpg|[[Isaac Asimov]]
File:James Baldwin 37 Allan Warren (cropped).jpg|[[James Baldwin]]
File:Arthur C. Clarke 1965.jpg|[[Arthur C. Clarke]]
File:Philip K Dick in early 1960s (photo by Arthur Knight) 02 (cropped).jpg|[[Philip K. Dick]]
</gallery>

===Sports figures===
[[File:Muhammad Ali fights Brian London on August 6, 1966 (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|[[Muhammad Ali]], 1966]]
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Hank Aaron]]
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Ernie Banks]]
* [[Gordon Banks]]
* [[Elgin Baylor]]
* [[Yogi Berra]]
* [[George Best]]
* [[Abebe Bikila]]
* [[Jack Brabham]]
* [[Lou Brock]]
* [[Jim Brown]]
* [[Giacomo Bulgarelli]]
* [[Matt Busby]]
* [[Dick Butkus]]
* [[John Carlos]]
* [[Věra Čáslavská]]
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]]
* [[Bobby Charlton]]
* [[Jack Charlton]]
* [[Jim Clark]]
* [[Roberto Clemente]]
* [[Otis Davis]]
* [[Alfredo Di Stefano]]
* [[Yukio Endō]]
* [[Lee Evans (sprinter)|Lee Evans]]
* [[Eusebio]]
* [[Giacinto Facchetti]]
* [[Peggy Fleming]]
* [[Dick Fosbury]]
* [[Garrincha]]
* [[Bob Gibson]]
* [[Charles Greene (athlete)|Charles Greene]]
* [[Dan Gurney]]
* [[John Havlicek]]
* [[Mike Hailwood]]
* [[Bob Hayes]]
* [[Phil Hill]]
* [[Jim Hines]]
* [[Paul Hornung]]
* [[Geoff Hurst]]
* [[Vince Lombardi]]
* [[Rafer Johnson]]
* [[Sam Jones (basketball, born 1933)|Sam Jones]]
* [[K. C. Jones]]
* [[Kipchoge Keino]]
* [[Sandy Koufax]]
* [[Mickey Mantle]]
* [[Roger Maris]]
* [[Vincent Matthews (athlete)|Vincent Matthews]]
* [[Willie Mays]]
* [[Willie McCovey]]
* [[Bruce McLaren]]
* [[Bobby Moore]]
* [[Pedro Morales]]
* [[Joe Namath]]
* [[Jack Nicklaus]]
* [[Ray Nitschke]]
* [[Chuck Norris]]
* [[Al Oerter]]
* [[Arnold Palmer]]
* [[Pelé]]
* [[Richard Petty]]
* [[Brian Piccolo]]
* [[Ferenc Puskás]]
* [[Alf Ramsey]]
* [[Jochen Rindt]]
* [[Oscar Robertson]]
* [[Frank Robinson]]
* [[Bobby Robson]]
* [[Bill Russell]]
* [[Satch Sanders]]
* [[Gale Sayers]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Bill Shankly]]
* [[Ronnie Ray Smith]]
* [[Tommie Smith]]
* [[Bart Starr]]
* [[John Surtees]]
* [[Giovanni Trapattoni]]
* [[Johnny Unitas]]
* [[Jerry West]]
* [[Fred Williamson]]
* [[Mamo Wolde]]
* [[Lev Yashin]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|1960s|History}}
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia]]
* [[1960s decor]]
* [[List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture]]
* ''[[The Sixties Unplugged]]'' (book)

===Timelines===
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

[[1960]] • [[1961]] • [[1962]] • [[1963]] • [[1964]] • [[1965]] • [[1966]] • [[1967]] • [[1968]] • [[1969]] • [[Timeline of 1960s counterculture]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Anastakis, Dimitry, ed. ''The Sixties: passion, politics, and style'' (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 2008.) Canadian emphasis
* Baugess, James S., and Abbe Debolt, eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Sixties: A Decade of Culture and Counterculture'' (2 vol, 2012; also E-book) 871pp; 500 entries by scholars [https://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Sixties-Decade-Culture-Counterculture/dp/0313329443/ excerpt and text search]; [https://journals.ala.org/rusq/article/view/3869/4293 online review]
* Berton, Pierre. ''1967: the Last Good Year'' (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1997). Canadian events
* Brooks, Victor. ''Last Season of Innocence: The Teen Experience in the 1960s'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2012) 207 pp.
* Brown, Timothy Scott. ''West Germany and the Global Sixties'' (2013)
* Christiansen, Samantha and Zachary Scarlett, ed. ''The Third World and the Global 1960s'' (New York: Berghahn, 2013) [https://www.berghahnbooks.com/downloads/intros/ChristiansenThird_intro.pdf Introduction]
* Farber, David, and Beth Bailey, eds. ''The Columbia guide to America in the 1960s'' (Columbia University Press, 2003).
* Farber, David, ed. ''The Sixties: From Memory to History'' (1994), Scholarly essays on the United States
* Flamm, Michael W. and David Steigerwald. ''Debating the 1960s: Liberal, Conservative, and Radical Perspectives'' (2007) on USA
* Isserman, Maurice, and Michael Kazin. ''America divided: The civil war of the 1960s'' (6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020).
* Marwick, Arthur. ''The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the United States, c.1958-c.1974'' (Oxford University Press, 1998, {{ISBN|978-0-19-210022-1}})
* Matusow, Allen, ''The Unraveling of America: A History of Liberalism in the 1960s'' (1984) [https://www.amazon.com/Unraveling-America-History-Liberalism-1960s/dp/0820334057/ excerpt]
* Padva, Gilad. Animated Nostalgia and Invented Authenticity in Arte's ''Summer of the Sixties''. In Padva, Gilad, ''Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture'', pp.&nbsp;13–34 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-137-26633-0}}).
* Palmer, Bryan D. ''Canada's 1960s: The Ironies of Identity in a Rebellious Era''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2009.
* Sandbrook, Dominic. ''Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles'' (2006) 928pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Never-Had-It-So-Good/dp/0349115303/ excerpt and text search]
* Sandbrook, Dominic. ''White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties'' (2 vol 2007)
* Strain, Christopher B. ''The Long Sixties: America, 1955–1973'' (Wiley, 2017). xii, 204 pp. 
* Unger, Debi, and Irwin Unger, eds. '' The Times Were a Changin': The Sixties Reader'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Times-Were-Changin-Sixties-Reader/dp/0609803379/ excerpt and text search]

===Historiography===
* DeKoven, Marianne. ''The Sixties and the Emergence of the Postmodern'' (Duke University Press, 2004)
* Farber, David R. ''The Sixties: From Memory to History'' (1994) [https://www.amazon.com/Sixties-Memory-History-David-Farber/dp/0807844624/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite journal|last=Heale |first=Michael J. |title=The Sixties as History: A Review of the Political Historiography |journal=Reviews in American History |date=March 2005 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=133–152 |doi=10.1353/rah.2005.0009 |jstor=30031497 |s2cid=145537005 }}
* Hunt, Andrew. "When Did the Sixties Happen? Searching for New Directions", ''Journal of Social History'' (1999) 33#1 pp 147–161.
* Meyer, James. ''The Art of Return: The Sixties and Contemporary Culture'' (University of Chicago Press, 2019). {{isbn|9780226521558}}
* Pensado, Jaime. "The (forgotten) Sixties in Mexico." ''The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture''(2008) 1#1: 83–90.
* Rising, George Goodwin. "Stuck in the sixties: Conservatives and the legacies of the 1960s." (PhD U. of Arizona, 2003). {{hdl|10150/280496}}
* [http://hnn.us/blog/153290 Ira Chernus, "When Did "the '60s" Begin? A Cautionary Tale for Historians" 4 Feb 2014, History News Network]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/1964/ "1964" (PBS documentary, 2013)]
* {{cite news|last1=Zurawik|first1=David|title=On PBS, Six Hours of The '60s|url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1991/01/20/on-pbs-six-hours-of-the-60s/|access-date=22 September 2015|work=The Baltimore Sun Times|date=20 January 1991|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101705/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-01-20/features/1991020182_1_boomers-sixties-obsession|url-status=live}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html The 1960s: A Bibliography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315063443/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~rjackson/webbibl.html |date=15 March 2018 }}
* [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-1587/life_society/60s/ CBC Digital Archives{{spaced ndash}} 1960s a GoGo]
* [http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/sixties/ The Sixties Project]
* [https://www.sixtiespix.com/ 1960s Photo Archive]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303082238/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/56281/heroes-of-the-1960s#index/0 Heroes of the 1960s]{{spaced ndash}} slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/small/exhibits/sixties/ The 60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change], exhibit at the [[University of Virginia]], Library, Special Collections.
* [http://www.klarbooks.com/academic/protest.html 1960s protest movements in America]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724092323/http://www.1968ineurope.com/ The 1960s in Europe (Online Teaching and Research Guide)]
* {{cite web |publisher= [[Victoria and Albert Museum]] |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/fashion/features/1960s/index.html |title= 1960s Fashion Feature, including biographies, interviews, clothing and resources |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080509050501/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/fashion/features/1960s/index.html |archive-date= 9 May 2008 |df= dmy-all }}
* [http://www.history.com/topics/1960s The 1960s]{{spaced ndash}} articles, video, pictures, and facts

{{Events by month links}}
{{20th century}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:1960s| ]]
[[Category:20th century]]