View source for 1970s

{{Short description|Decade of the Gregorian calendar (1970–1979)}}
{{Redirect-multi|3|Seventies|'70s|The Seventies|decades comprising years 70–79 of other centuries |List of decades|the CNN documentary miniseries|The Seventies (miniseries)}}
<imagemap>File:1970s decade montage.jpg| Clockwise from top left: U.S. President [[Richard Nixon]] doing the [[V sign#Victory sign|V for Victory]] sign after his resignation from office following the '''[[Watergate scandal]]''' in 1974; The United States was still involved in the [[Vietnam War]] in the early decade. The [[New York Times]] [[Pentagon Papers|leaked]] information regarding the nation's involvement in the war. Political pressure led to America's withdrawal from the war in 1973, and the '''[[Fall of Saigon]]''' in 1975 leading to [[Operation Frequent Wind|evacuations]] of South Vietnamese that same year; the '''[[1973 oil crisis]]''' causes a [[financial crisis]] throughout the developed world; both the leaders of Israel and Egypt shake hands after the signing of the '''[[Camp David Accords]]''' in 1978; in 1971, the [[Pakistan Armed Forces]] commits the '''[[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]''' to curb independence movements in [[East Pakistan]], killing 300,000 to 3,000,000 people; this consequently leads to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]; the '''[[1970 Bhola cyclone]]''' kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] in November 1970, and became the deadliest [[natural disaster]] in [[1931 China floods|40 years]]; the '''[[Iranian Revolution]]''' of 1979 ousts [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] who is later replaced by an Islamic theocracy led by [[Ayatollah Khomeini]]; the popularity of the '''[[disco]]''' music genre and subculture peaks during the mid-to-late 1970s.<br>|335px|thumb
rect 446 4 592 200 [[Fall of Saigon]]
rect 301 4 445 200 [[Pentagon Papers]]
rect 0 2 297 200 [[Watergate scandal]]
rect 390 202 611 424 [[1973 oil crisis|Energy crisis of 1973]]
rect 309 426 600 621 [[Camp David Accords]]
rect 0 427 152 621 [[1970 Bhola cyclone|Bhola cyclone]]
rect 154 300 305 486 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]
rect 0 203 184 311 [[Iranian Revolution]]
rect 0 312 184 424 [[Iran hostage crisis]]
rect 192 203 386 423 [[Disco]]
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The '''1970s''' (pronounced "nineteen-seventies"; commonly shortened to the "'''Seventies'''" or the "'''{{'}}70s'''") was the decade that began on January 1, 1970, and ended on December 31, 1979.

In the 21st century, historians have increasingly portrayed the 1970s as a "pivot of change" in world history, focusing especially on the economic upheavals<ref>Howard Brick, "Review", ''American Historical Review'' (2012) 117#5 p 1537</ref> that followed the end of the [[Post–World War II economic expansion|postwar economic boom]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenageofcapit0000unse|title=Golden Age of Capitalism: Reinterpreting the Postwar Experience – Oxford Scholarship|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198287414.001.0001|year=1992|last1=Marglin|first1=Stephen A.|last2=Schor|first2=Juliet B.|editor-first1=Stephen A. |editor-first2=Juliet B. |editor-last1=Marglin |editor-last2=Schor |isbn=9780198287414|url-access=registration}}</ref> On a global scale, it was characterized by frequent coups, domestic conflicts and civil wars, and various political upheavals and armed conflicts which arose from or were related to [[decolonization]], and the global struggle between [[NATO]], the [[Warsaw Pact]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Many regions had periods of high-intensity conflict, notably [[Southeast Asia]], the [[Middle East]], [[Latin America]], and [[Africa]].

In the Western world, [[social progressive]] values that began in the [[1960s]], such as increasing political awareness and [[Second-wave feminism|economic liberty of women]], continued to grow. In the United Kingdom, the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 election]] resulted in the victory of its [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] leader [[Margaret Thatcher]], the first female British prime minister. Industrialized countries [[1973–1975 recession|experienced an economic recession]] due to [[1973 oil crisis|an oil crisis]] caused by oil embargoes by the [[Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries]]. The crisis saw the first instance of [[stagflation]] which began a political and [[Economic history|economic trend]] of the replacement of [[Keynesian]] economic theory with [[neoliberal]] economic theory, with the first neoliberal government coming to power with the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état]].

The 1970s was also an era of great technological and scientific advances; since the appearance of the first commercial microprocessor, the [[Intel 4004]] in 1971, the decade was characterised by a profound transformation of computing units – by then rudimentary, spacious machines – into the realm of portability and [[Personal computer|home accessibility]]. There were also great advances in fields such as physics, which saw the consolidation of [[quantum field theory]] at the end of the decade, mainly thanks to the confirmation of the existence of [[quark]]s and the detection of the first [[gauge boson]]s in addition to the [[photon]], the [[Z boson]] and the [[gluon]], part of what was christened in 1975 as the [[Standard Model]].

In Asia, the People's Republic of China's international relations changed significantly following its recognition by the United Nations, the death of [[Mao Zedong]] and the beginning of market liberalization by Mao's successors. Despite facing an oil crisis due to the [[OPEC]] embargo, the economy of Japan witnessed a large boom in this period, overtaking the economy of West Germany to become the second-largest in the world. The United States withdrew its military forces from the [[Vietnam War]]. In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, which led to the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].

The 1970s saw an initial increase in violence in the Middle East as Egypt and Syria declared war on Israel, starting the [[Yom Kippur War]], but in the late 1970s, the situation was fundamentally altered when Egypt signed the [[Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty]]. Political tensions in Iran exploded with the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, which overthrew the [[Pahlavi dynasty]] and established an [[Islamic republic]] under the leadership of [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]].

Africa saw further [[Decolonisation of Africa|decolonization]] in the decade, with [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] gaining their independence in 1975 from the [[Portuguese Empire]] after the [[Carnation Revolution]] in Portugal. Furthermore, [[Spanish transition to democracy|Spain]] withdrew its claim over [[Spanish Sahara]] in 1976, marking the formal end of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The continent was, however, plagued by endemic military coups, with the long-reigning [[Emperor of Ethiopia]] [[Haile Selassie]] being removed, civil wars and famine.

The economies of much of the [[developing world]] continued to make steady progress in the early 1970s because of the [[Green Revolution]]. However, their economic growth was slowed by the oil crisis, although it boomed afterwards.

The 1970s saw the world population increase from 3.7 to 4.4&nbsp;billion, with approximately 1.23&nbsp;billion births and 475 million deaths occurring during the decade.

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1970s}}
[[File:Cold War alliances mid-1975.png|thumb|750px|center|The world map of military alliances in 1970s: Western allies (blue), Non-aligned countries (green) and Soviet allies (red)]]

===Wars===
[[File:DakToVietnam1966.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975)]]
{{Main|List of wars 1945–1989#1970–1979}}
The most notable wars and/or other conflicts of the decade include:
*The [[Cold War]] (1945–1991)
** The [[Vietnam War]] came to a close in 1975 with the fall of Saigon and the unconditional surrender of South Vietnam on April 30, 1975. The following year, Vietnam was officially declared reunited.
** [[Soviet–Afghan War]] (1979–1989) – Although taking place almost entirely throughout the 1980s, the war officially started on December 27, 1979.
** [[Angolan Civil War]] (1975–2002) – resulting in intervention by multiple countries on the Marxist and anti-Marxist sides, with Cuba and Mozambique supporting the [[Marxist]] faction, and South Africa and [[Zaire]] supporting the anti-Marxists.
** [[Cambodian Civil War]] (1967–1975) ends with the Khmer Rouge establishing [[Democratic Kampuchea]].
** [[Ethiopian Civil War]] (1974–1991)
** The [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971 in South Asia, engaging [[East Pakistan]], [[West Pakistan]], and India
** [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]] (1978–1991)
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender WaPo.jpg|thumb|276x276px|[[Pakistan Army]] General [[A. A. K. Niazi]] signing surrender agreement before Sh. [[Jagjit Singh Aurora]] of [[Indian Army]] after getting defeated in the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh Liberation War]] against [[East Pakistan]], which eventually liberated as Bangladesh later.]]
* The [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974)
* [[1971 Bangladesh genocide]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
* [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] (Early 20th century–present)
[[File:Egyptianbridge.jpg|alt=Egyptianbridge|thumb|[[Egyptian Armed Forces|Egyptian military]] vehicles crossing the [[Suez Canal]] on October 7, 1973, during the [[Yom Kippur War]].]]
** [[Yom Kippur War]] (1973) – the war was launched by Egypt and Syria against Israel in October 1973 to recover territories lost by the Arabs in the [[Six-Day War|1967 conflict]]. The Israelis were taken by surprise and suffered heavy losses before they rallied. In the end, they managed to repel the Egyptians (and a simultaneous attack by Syria in the Golan Heights) and crossed the Suez Canal into Egypt proper. In 1978, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel at [[Camp David]] in the United States, ending outstanding disputes between the two countries. Sadat's actions would lead to his [[Assassination of Anwar El Sadat|assassination in 1981]].
*[[Turkish invasion of Cyprus]] (1974)
*[[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]] (1975)
* [[The Emergency (India)|Indian emergency]] (1975–1977)
* [[Lebanese Civil War]] (1975–1990) – A civil war in the Middle East which at times also involved the PLO and Israel during the early 1980s.
* [[Western Sahara War]] (1975–1991) – A regional war pinning the rebel [[Polisario Front]] against Morocco and Mauritania.
* [[Ugandan–Tanzanian War]] (1978–1979) – the war which was fought between Uganda and Tanzania was based on an [[Expansionism|expansionist]] agenda to annex territory from Tanzania. The war resulted in the overthrow of [[Idi Amin]]'s regime.
* The [[Ogaden War]] (1977–1978) was another African conflict between Somalia and Ethiopia over control of the [[Ogaden]] region.
* The [[Rhodesian Bush War]] (1964–1979)

===International conflicts===
[[File:1979 Iranian Revolution.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[1979 Iranian Revolution]]]]
The most notable International conflicts of the decade include:
* Major conflict between capitalist and communist forces in multiple countries, while attempts are made by the Soviet Union and the United States to lessen the chance for conflict, such as both countries endorsing nuclear nonproliferation.
* In June 1976, peaceful student protests in the [[Soweto]] township of South Africa by black students against the use of Afrikaans in schools led to the [[Soweto uprising]] which killed more than 176 people, overwhelmingly by South Africa's [[Security Police]].<ref name="Harrison 1987">{{cite book|title=The White Tribe of AKHONA ZULU Africa|year=1987|first=David|last=Harrison}}</ref>
* Rise of separatism in the province of [[Quebec]] in Canada. In 1970, radical [[Quebec nationalism|Quebec nationalist]] and [[Marxism|Marxist]] militants of the ''[[Front de libération du Québec]]'' (FLQ) kidnapped the Quebec labour minister [[Pierre Laporte]] and British Trade Commissioner [[James Cross]] during the [[October Crisis]], resulting in Laporte being killed, and the enactment of [[martial law]] in Canada under the [[War Measures Act]], resulting in a campaign by the Canadian government which arrests suspected FLQ supporters. The election of the ''[[Parti Québécois]]'' led by [[René Lévesque]] in the province of [[Quebec]] in Canada, brings the first political party committed to Quebec independence into power in Quebec. Lévesque's government pursues an agenda to secede Quebec from Canada by democratic means and strengthen Francophone Québécois culture in the late 1970s, such as the controversial [[Charter of the French Language]] more commonly known in Quebec and Canada as "Bill 101".
* [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Martial law]] was declared in the Philippines on September 21, 1972, by [[President of the Philippines|dictator]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]].
* [[Cambodian genocide]]: In Cambodia, the communist leader [[Pol Pot]] led a revolution against the American-backed government of [[Lon Nol]]. On April 17, 1975, Pot's forces captured [[Phnom Penh]], the capital, two years after America had halted the bombings of their positions. His communist government, the [[Khmer Rouge]], forced people out of the cities to clear jungles and establish a radical, Marxist agrarian society. Buddhist priests and monks, along with anyone who spoke foreign languages, had any sort of education, or even wore glasses were tortured or killed. As many as 3 million people may have died. The Khmer Rouge, after taking power, began to purge its ranks of Vietnamese-trained personnel and initiated incursions into Vietnam starting in April 1975. Vietnam endured repeated radical attacks by the Khmer Rouge from 1975 to 1977 and witnessed the brutal killing of numerous civilians.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Cambodia/Vietnamese-intervention, https://www.onwar.com/data/cambodia1978.html</ref> The Khmer Rouge leaders even overtly expressed their wish to annex Vietnam. In response, Vietnam defended its territory and attempted to negotiate with the Khmer Rouge. However, the Khmer Rouge rejected all diplomatic efforts from Vietnam and escalated hostilities,<ref>https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501102538/vietnams-role-in-cambodia-1978-1989-elimination-of-khmer-rouge/, Stephen J. Morris 1999, p.104–106,112,123-125</ref> including the Ba Chúc massacre <ref>Why Vietnam Invaded Cambodia by Stephen J. Morris 1999, p.148,150-152; Brother Enemy: The War After the War by Nayan Chanda 1986, p.122–125</ref> in May 1978, followed by a large-scale attack on Vietnam's territory on December 23, 1978. Vietnam launched a counteroffensive and entered Cambodia [[Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia]], overthrowing the Khmer Rouge and supporting the government of People's Republic of Kampuchea [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]]. This provoked a brief, but furious [[Sino-Vietnamese War|border war with China]] in February of that year.
* The [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 transformed Iran from an autocratic pro-Western monarchy under Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] to a [[theocracy|theocratic]] [[Islamist]] government under the leadership of [[Ayatollah]] [[Ruhollah Khomeini]]. Distrust between the revolutionaries and Western powers led to the [[Iran hostage crisis]] on November 4, 1979, where 66 diplomats, mainly from the United States, were held captive for 444 days.
* Growing internal tensions take place in [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] beginning with the [[Croatian Spring]] movement in 1971 which demands greater decentralization of power to the constituent republics of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia's communist ruler [[Joseph Broz Tito]] subdues the Croatian Spring movement and arrests its leaders, but does initiate major constitutional reform resulting in the [[1974 Yugoslav Constitution|1974 Constitution]] which decentralized powers to the republics, gave them the official right to separate from Yugoslavia, and weakened the influence of Serbia (Yugoslavia's largest and most populous constituent republic) in the federation by granting significant powers to the Serbian autonomous provinces of Kosovo and [[Vojvodina]]. In addition, the 1974 Constitution consolidated Tito's dictatorship by proclaiming him president-for-life. The 1974 Constitution would become resented by Serbs and began a gradual escalation of ethnic tensions.

===Coups===
[[File:Selassie restored.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Haile Selassie]] was overthrown from power in Ethiopia, ending one of the longest-lasting monarchies in world history.]]
{{Main|List of coups d'état and coup attempts#1970–1979}}
The most prominent [[coups d'état]] of the decade include:
* 1970 – [[Corrective Revolution (Syria)|Coup in Syria]], led by [[Hafez al-Assad]].
* 1971 – [[1971 Ugandan coup d'état|Military coup]] in Uganda led by [[Idi Amin]].
* 1973 – [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|Coup d'état in Chile on September 11th]], Salvador Allende was overthrown and killed in a military attack on the presidential palace. Augusto Pinochet takes power backed by the military junta.
* 1974 – [[Derg|Military coup]] in Ethiopia led to the overthrowing of [[Haile Selassie]] by the communist junta led by General [[Aman Andom]] and [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]], ending one of the world's longest-lasting monarchies in history.
* 1974 – (25 April) [[Carnation Revolution]] in Portugal started as a military coup organized by the Armed Forces Movement (Portuguese: Movimento das Forças Armadas, MFA) composed of military officers who opposed the Portuguese fascist regime, but the movement was soon coupled with an unanticipated and popular campaign of civil support. It would ultimately lead to the decolonization of all its colonies, but leave power vacuums that led to civil war in newly independent Lusophone African nations.
* 1975 – [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], [[President of Bangladesh]], and almost his entire family was [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] in the early hours of August 15, 1975, when a group of [[Bangladesh Army]] personnel went to his residence and killed him, during a coup d'état.
* 1976 – [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] seizes control of Argentina in 1976 through a [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|coup]] sponsored by the Argentine military, establishing himself as a dictator of a [[National Reorganization Process|military junta]] government in the country.
* 1977 – [[1977 Pakistani military coup|Military coup]] in Pakistan. Political leaders including Zulfikar Ali Bhutto were arrested, and martial law was declared.
* 1979 – an Attempted coup in Iran, backed by the United States, to overthrow the [[Interim Government of Iran (1979)|interim government]], which had come to power after the [[Iranian Revolution]].
* 1979 – Coup in El Salvador, President General [[Carlos Humberto Romero]], was overthrown by junior ranked officers, who formed a Junta government, which lead to the beginning of a 12-year civil war.

===Terrorist attacks===
{{Main|List of terrorist incidents#1970s–2000s}}
The most notable terrorist attacks of the decade include:
* The [[Munich massacre]] takes place at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in Munich, Germany, where Palestinians belonging to the terrorist group [[Black September (group)|Black September]] organization kidnapped and murdered eleven Israeli athletes.
* Rise in the use of terrorism by militant organizations across the world. Groups in Europe like the [[Red Brigades]] and the [[Baader-Meinhof]] Gang were responsible for a spate of bombings, kidnappings, and murders. Violence continued in Northern Ireland and the Middle East. Radical American groups existed as well, such as the [[Weather Underground]] and the [[Symbionese Liberation Army]], but they never achieved the size or strength of their European counterparts.
*On September 6, 1970, the world witnessed the beginnings of modern rebellious fighting in what is today called as [[Dawson's Field hijackings|Skyjack Sunday]]. Palestinian terrorists hijacked four [[airliner]]s and took over 300 people on board as hostage. The hostages were later released, but the planes were blown up.

===Prominent political events===
'''Worldwide'''
* [[1973 oil crisis]] and [[1979 energy crisis]]
* The presence and rise of a significant number of women as heads of state and heads of government in a number of countries across the world, many being the first women to hold such positions, such as [[Soong Ching-ling]] continuing as the first Chairwoman of the People's Republic of China until 1972, [[Isabel Perón]] as the first woman president in Argentina in 1974 until being deposed in 1976, [[Elisabeth Domitien]] becomes the first woman prime minister of Central African Republic, [[Indira Gandhi]] continuing as Prime Minister of India until 1977, [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]] becoming the interim president of Bolivia beginning from 1979 to 1980, [[Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo]] becoming the first woman prime minister of Portugal in 1979, and [[Margaret Thatcher]] becoming the first woman prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1979.

'''Americas'''<br />
[[File:Nixon-depart.png|thumb|right|Nixon displays the [[V sign|V-for-victory sign]] as he departs the White House after resigning]]
[[File:Junta Militar argentina 1976.png|thumb|The first [[Military junta|Military Junta]] after the [[Dirty War|1976 Coup d'État in Argentina]], integrated by [[Jorge Rafael Videla|Jorge Videla]], [[Emilio Eduardo Massera|Emilio Massera]] and [[Orlando Ramón Agosti|Orlando Agosti]]]]
* United States President [[Richard Nixon]] resigned as president on August 9, 1974, while [[Impeachment process against Richard Nixon|facing charges for impeachment]] for the [[Watergate scandal]].
* [[Augusto Pinochet]] rose to power as ruler of Chile after [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|overthrowing]] the country's Socialist president [[Salvador Allende]] in 1973 with the assistance of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) of the United States. Pinochet would remain the dictator of Chile until 1990.
* Argentine president [[Isabel Perón]] begins the [[Dirty War]], where the military and security forces hunt down left-wing political dissidents as part of [[Operation Condor]]. She is overthrown in a [[1976 Argentine coup d'état|military coup]] in 1976, and [[Jorge Rafael Videla]] comes to power and continues the Dirty War until the military junta relinquished power in 1983.
* Suriname was granted independence from the Netherlands on November 25, 1975.
* In Guyana, the Rev. [[Jim Jones]] led several hundred people from his People's Temple in California to create and maintain a Utopian Marxist commune in the jungle named [[Jonestown]]. Amid allegations of corruption, mental, sexual, and physical abuse by Jones on his followers, and denying them the right to leave Jonestown, a Congressional committee and journalists visited Guyana to investigate in November 1978. The visitors (and several of those trying to leave Jonestown with them) were attacked and shot by Jones' guards at the airport while trying to depart Guyana together. Congressman [[Leo Ryan]] was among those who were shot to death. The demented Jones then ordered everyone in the commune to kill themselves. The people drank or were forced to drink, cyanide-laced fruit punch (Flavor Aid). A total of over 900 dead were found (approximately 1/3 of which were children), including Jones, who had shot himself. Multiple units of the United States military were organized, mobilized, and sent to Guyana to recover over 900 deceased Jonestown residents. After rejections from the Guyanese Government for the United States to bury the Jonestown dead in Guyana, US military personnel were then tasked to prepare and transport the human remains from Guyana for burial in the USA. The US General Accounting Office later detailed an approximate cost of $4.4&nbsp;million (in taxpayer dollars) for Jonestown's clean-up and recovery operation expenses.
* The [[Somoza family|Somoza]] dictatorship in Nicaragua is [[Nicaraguan Revolution|ousted]] in 1979 by the [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]], leading to the [[Contras|Contra War]] in the 1980s.
* Greenland was granted [[Devolution|self-government]] within the Kingdom of Denmark on November 29, 1979.<ref>{{cite news|title=Greenland Takes a Step Towards Autonomy|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/independence-day-greenland-takes-a-step-towards-autonomy-a-592880.html|newspaper=Spiegel Online|access-date=10 January 2015|date=2008-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Greenland Profile – BBC|work=BBC News |date=29 May 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-18249815|access-date=10 January 2015}}</ref>

'''Europe'''<br />
[[File:Carter Brezhnev sign SALT II.jpg|thumb|right|United States President [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Soviet Premier]] [[Leonid Brezhnev]] sign the [[Strategic Arms Limitation Talks|SALT II treaty]], June 18, 1979, in [[Vienna]], Austria]]

* [[Margaret Thatcher]] and the Conservative party rose to power in the United Kingdom in 1979, initiating a [[neoliberal]] economic policy of reducing government spending, weakening the power of trade unions, and promoting economic and trade liberalization.
* [[Francisco Franco]] died after 39 years in power. [[Juan Carlos&nbsp;I]] was crowned king of Spain and called for the [[Spanish transition to democracy|reintroduction of democracy]]. The dictatorship in Spain ended. The first general elections were held in 1977 and [[Adolfo Suárez]] became [[Prime minister of Spain]] after his Centrist Democratic Union won. The Socialist and Communist parties were legalized. The current Spanish Constitution was signed in 1978.
* In 1972, [[Erich Honecker]] was chosen to lead East Germany, a role he would fill for the whole of the 1970s and 1980s. The mid-1970s were a time of extreme recession for East Germany, and as a result of the country's higher debts, consumer goods became more and more scarce. If East Germans had enough money to procure a television set, a telephone, or a [[Trabant]] automobile, they were placed on waiting lists which caused them to wait as much as a decade for the item in question.
* [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland continued, with an explosion of political violence erupting in the early 1970s. Notable attacks include the [[McGurk's Bar bombing|McGurk's Car bombing]], the [[Bloody Sunday (1972)|Bloody Sunday]] massacre, and the [[Dublin and Monaghan bombings]]. 
* The Soviet Union under the leadership of [[Leonid Brezhnev]], having the largest armed forces and the largest stockpile of nuclear weapons in the world, pursued an agenda to lessen tensions with its rival superpower, the United States, for most of the seventies. That policy, known as [[détente]], abruptly ended with the [[Soviet-Afghan war|Soviet invasion in Afghanistan]] at the end of 1979. While known as a "period of stagnation" in Soviet historiography, the Seventies are largely considered as a sort of a [[Golden age (metaphor)|golden age]] of the USSR in terms of stability and relative well-being. Nevertheless, hidden inflation continued to increase for the second straight decade, and production consistently fell short of demand in agriculture and consumer goods manufacturing. By the end of the 1970s, signs of social and economic stagnation were becoming very pronounced.
* [[Enver Hoxha]]'s rule in Albania was characterized in the 1970s by growing isolation, first from a very public schism with the Soviet Union the decade before, and then by a [[Sino-Albanian split|split]] in friendly relations with China in 1978. Albania normalized relations with [[Yugoslavia]] in 1971, and attempted trade agreements with other European nations, but was met with vocal disapproval by the United Kingdom and the United States.
*In 1977 the [[Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II]] was the international celebration marking the 25th anniversary of the accession of Elizabeth II to the thrones of seven countries.
* 1978 would become known as the "Year of Three Popes". In August, [[Paul&nbsp;VI]], who had ruled since 1963, died. His successor was Cardinal Albino Luciano, who took the name [[Pope John Paul I|John Paul]]. But only 33 days later, he was found dead, and the Catholic Church had to elect another pope. On October 16, Karol Wojtyła, a Polish cardinal, was elected, becoming [[Pope John Paul&nbsp;II]]. He was the first non-Italian pope since 1523.

'''Asia'''<br />
[[File:Camp David, Menachem Begin, Anwar Sadat, 1978.jpg|thumb|right|Israeli Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] and Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] shake hands, [[Camp David]], 1978]]
[[File:Nixon and Zhou toast.jpg|thumb|right|Nixon and Zhou toast, 1972]]
* On September 17, 1978, the [[Camp David Accords]] were signed between Israel and Egypt. The Accords led directly to the 1979 [[Egypt–Israel peace treaty]]. They also resulted in Sadat and Begin sharing the 1978 Nobel Peace Prize.
* Major changes in the People's Republic of China. US president [[Richard Nixon]] [[1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China|visited the country in 1972]] following visits by [[Henry Kissinger]] in 1971, restoring relations between the two countries, although formal diplomatic ties were not established until 1979. In 1976, [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Zhou Enlai]] both died, leading to the end of the [[Cultural Revolution]] and the beginning of a new era. After the brief rule of Mao's chosen successor [[Hua Guofeng]], [[Deng Xiaoping]] emerged as China's paramount leader, and began to shift the country towards market economics and away from ideologically driven policies. In 1979, Deng Xiaoping [[State visit by Deng Xiaoping to the United States|visited the US]].
* In 1971, the representatives of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], then-[[President of the Republic of China]] (Taiwan), were [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758|expelled]] from the United Nations and replaced by the People's Republic of China. Chiang Kai-shek died in 1975, and in 1978 his son [[Chiang Ching-kuo]] became president, beginning a shift towards democratization in Taiwan.
* In Iraq, [[Saddam Hussein]] began to rise to power by helping to modernize the country. One major initiative was removing the Western monopoly on [[Petroleum|oil]], which later during the high prices of [[1973 oil crisis]] would help Hussein's ambitious plans. On July 16, 1979, he assumed the [[President of Iraq|presidency]] cementing his rise to power. His presidency led to the breaking off of a Syrian-Iraqi unification, which had been sought under his predecessor [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]] and would lead to the [[Iran–Iraq War]] starting in the 1980s.
* Japan's economic growth surpassed the rest of the world in the 1970s, unseating the United States as the world's foremost industrial power.
* On April 17, 1975, the [[Khmer Rouge]], led by [[Pol Pot]], took over Cambodia's capital [[Phnom Penh]].
**From 1975 to 1979, the Khmer Rouge carried out the [[Cambodian genocide]] that killed nearly two million.
*On April 13, 1975, the Lebanese Civil War began.
*In 1978, Zia ul Haq came to power
*In 1979, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto was hanged in jail

'''Africa'''
[[File:Idi Amin at UN (United Nations, New York) gtfy.00132.jpg|thumb|Idi Amin]]
* [[Idi Amin]], President of Uganda from 1971 to 1979, after rising to power in a coup became infamous for his brutal dictatorship in Uganda. Amin's regime persecuted opposition to his rule and pursued a [[Racism|racist]] agenda of removing [[Asians]] from Uganda (particularly [[demographics of India|Indians]] who arrived in Uganda during British colonial rule). Amin initiated the [[Ugandan–Tanzanian War]] in 1978 in alliance with Libya based on an [[Expansionism|expansionist]] agenda to annex territory from Tanzania which resulted in Ugandan defeat and Amin's overthrow in 1979.
* South African activist [[Steve Biko]] died in 1977.
* [[Francisco Macías Nguema]] ruled Equatorial Guinea as a brutal dictator from 1969 until his overthrow and execution in 1979.
* [[Jean-Bédel Bokassa]], who had ruled the Central African Republic since 1965, proclaimed himself Emperor Bokassa&nbsp;I and renamed his impoverished country the Central African Empire in 1977. He was overthrown two years later and went into exile.

==Disasters==

===Natural disasters===
[[File:November 1970 Bhola Cyclone Repair.jpg|right|thumb|The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], considered the 20th century's worst cyclone disaster, kills an estimated 500,000 people in the densely populated [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] during November 1970.]]
* On January 5, 1970, the 7.1 {{M|w|link=y}} [[1970 Tonghai earthquake|Tonghai earthquake]] shakes [[Tonghai County]], [[Yunnan]], China, with a maximum [[Mercalli intensity scale|Mercalli intensity]] of X (''Extreme''). Between 10,000 and 14,621 were killed and 26,783 were injured.
* On May 31, 1970, the [[1970 Ancash earthquake]] caused a [[landslide]] that buried the town of [[Yungay, Peru|Yungay]] in Peru; more than 47,000 people were killed. 
* The [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], a 120&nbsp;mph (193&nbsp;km/h) [[tropical cyclone]], hit the densely populated [[Ganges Delta]] region of [[East Pakistan]] (now Bangladesh) on November 12 and 13, 1970, killing an estimated 500,000 people. The storm remains to date the deadliest tropical cyclone in world history.
* On October 29, 1971, the [[1971 Odisha cyclone]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]], in the Indian state of [[Odisha]], killed 10,000 people.
* June, 1972, [[Hurricane Agnes]] hit the east coast of the United States, resulting in 128 deaths and causing over $2.1 billion in damage. 
* On April 3, 1974, the [[1974 Super Outbreak]] occurred in the U.S. producing 148 tornadoes and killing a total of 330 people.
* On December 24, 1974, [[Cyclone Tracy]] devastated the Australian city of [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]].
* [[Bangladesh famine of 1974]] — Official records claim a death toll of 26,000. However, various sources claim about 1,000,000.
* On August 8, 1975, the [[Banqiao Dam]], in China's [[Henan]], [[1975 Banqiao Dam failure|failed]] after a freak typhoon; over 200,000 people perished.
* On February 4, 1976, a [[1976 Guatemala earthquake|major earthquake]] in Guatemala and Honduras killed more than 22,000.
* On July 28, 1976, [[1976 Tangshan earthquake|a 7.5 earthquake]] flattened [[Tangshan]], China, killing 242,769 people and injuring 164,851.
* On August 17, 1976, a [[1976 Moro Gulf earthquake|magnitude 8 earthquake]] struck the [[Moro Gulf]] near the island of [[Sulu]] in [[Mindanao]], Philippines, causing a tsunami killing 5,000 to 8,000 people.
* [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] affected areas in the southwestern Pacific Ocean from October 4–19, 1979. Off the coast of [[Guam]], Tip became the largest and most powerful tropical cyclone ever recorded, with a gale diameter of almost 1,400 miles, 190-mph winds, and a record intensity of 870 millibars.

===Non-natural disasters===
*On October 2, 1970, a plane carrying the [[Wichita State University]] [[1970 Wichita State Shockers football team|football team]] [[Wichita State University football team plane crash|crashed]] into a mountain near [[Logan, Utah]], killing 31 with 9 survivors.
* On November 14, 1970, [[Southern Airways Flight 932]] carrying the entire Marshall (West Virginia) football team and boosters crashed into a mountainside near [[Ceredo, West Virginia|Ceredo]], West Virginia, on approach to [[Tri-State Airport]] in heavy rain and fog. They were returning from a road game loss at East Carolina University in Greenville, North Carolina. There were no survivors.
* On July 30, 1971, [[All Nippon Airways Flight 58]] collided with a [[Japanese Air Self-Defense Force|JASDF]] fighter plane, killing all 162 on board. The JASDF pilot survived.
* On October 13, 1972, [[Uruguayan Air Force Flight 571]] from Uruguay to Chile crashed in the [[Andes]] mountains. Survivors suffered from freezing temperatures, exposure and starvation for 72 days until their rescue on December 23.
* On December 29, 1972, [[Eastern Air Lines Flight 401]] crashed in the Florida [[Everglades]] while its crew was distracted. 101 people died in the accident while 75 survived.
* On January 22, 1973, an [[Royal Jordanian|Alia]] [[Boeing 707]], chartered by [[Nigeria Airways]], [[Kano air disaster|crashed]] upon landing at Nigeria's [[Kano Airport]] after one of its landing gear struts collapsed. 176 of the 202 people on board perished, leaving 26 survivors.
* On March 3, 1974, [[Turkish Airlines Flight 981]] crashed in northern France after a cargo hatch blowout, killing all 346 people aboard.
* On April 4, 1975, the rear loading ramp on a [[United States Air Force|USAF]] [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]] [[1975 Tan Son Nhut C-5 accident|blew open mid-flight]], causing [[Uncontrolled decompression|explosive decompression]] that crippled the aircraft. 153 were killed in the incident while 175 survived.
* On November 10, 1975, the U.S. Great Lakes bulk freighter [[SS Edmund Fitzgerald|SS ''Edmund Fitzgerald'']] foundered on [[Lake Superior]] with the loss of all 29 crewmen.
* On September 10, 1976, in the [[1976 Zagreb mid-air collision|Zagreb mid-air collision]], a [[British Airways]] [[Hawker Siddeley Trident]] and an [[Adria Airways|Inex-Adria Aviopromet]] [[McDonnell Douglas DC-9|Douglas DC-9]] collided near [[Zagreb]], [[Yugoslavia]] (now Croatia), killing all 176 aboard both planes and another person on the ground.
* On March 27, 1977, two [[Boeing 747]]s (a [[KLM]] and a [[Pan American World Airways|Pan Am]]) collided on the runway in heavy fog at [[Tenerife North Airport|Los Rodeos Airport]] in [[Tenerife]], Canary Islands, Spain, killing 583 people – the [[Tenerife airport disaster|worst aviation disaster]] on record.
* On January 1, 1978, [[Air India Flight 855]] crashed into the sea off the coast of India, killing all 213 aboard.
* On September 25, 1978, [[PSA Flight 182]] collided with a private [[Cessna 172]] over San Diego, California, and crashed into a local neighborhood. All 135 on the PSA aircraft, both pilots of the Cessna, and 7 people on the ground (144 total) were killed.
* On May 25, 1979, [[American Airlines Flight 191]], outbound from [[O'Hare International Airport]] in Chicago, Illinois, lost an engine during take-off and crashed, killing all 271 on board and 2 others on the ground. It was and remains the deadliest single-plane crash on American soil.
* On November 28, 1979, [[Air New Zealand Flight 901]] crashed on the flanks of [[Mount Erebus]] in [[Antarctica]], killing all 257 people on board.
* On March 28, 1979, there was a [[Three Mile Island accident|partial meltdown of the Three Mile Island Unit 2 reactor]] in Pennsylvania, United States. It is the most significant accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant history.

==Worldwide trends==
Superpower tensions had cooled by the 1970s, with the bellicose US–Soviet confrontations of the 1950s–60s giving way to the policy of [[détente]], which promoted the idea that the world's problems could be resolved at the negotiating table. Détente was partially a reaction against the policies of the previous 25 years, which had brought the world dangerously close to nuclear war on several occasions, and because the US was in a weakened position following the failure of the Vietnam War. As part of détente, the US also restored ties with the People's Republic of China, partially as a counterweight against Soviet expansionism.

The US–Soviet geopolitical rivalry nonetheless continued through the decade, although in a more indirect faction as the two superpowers jockeyed relentlessly for control of smaller countries. American and Soviet intelligence agencies gave funding, training, and material support to insurgent groups, governments, and armies across the globe, each seeking to gain a geopolitical advantage and install friendly governments. Coups, civil wars, and terrorism went on across Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and also in Europe where a spate of Soviet-backed Marxist terrorist groups were active throughout the decade. Over half the world's population in the 1970s lived under a repressive dictatorship. In 1979, a new wrinkle appeared in the form of Islamic fundamentalism, as the Shi'a theocracy of Ayatollah [[Ruhollah Khomeini]] overthrew the Shah of Iran and declared itself hostile to both Western democracy and godless communism.

People were deeply influenced by the rapid pace of societal change and the aspiration for a more egalitarian society in cultures that were long colonized and have an even longer history of hierarchical [[social structure]].

The [[Green Revolution]] of the late 1960s brought about self-sufficiency in food in many developing economies. At the same time an increasing number of people began to seek urban prosperity over agrarian life. This consequently saw the duality of transition of diverse interaction across social communities amid increasing information blockade across social class.

Another common global ethos of the 1970s world included increasingly flexible and varied gender roles for women in industrialized societies. More women could enter the workforce. However, the gender role of men remained as that of a breadwinner. The period also saw the socioeconomic effect of an ever-increasing number of women entering the non-agrarian economic workforce. The [[Iranian revolution]] also affected global attitudes toward and among those of the Muslim faith toward the end of the 1970s.

The global experience of the cultural transition of the 1970s and an experience of a global [[zeitgeist]] revealed the interdependence of economies since World War II, in a world increasingly polarized between the United States and the Soviet Union.

==Assassinations and attempts==
Prominent assassinations, targeted killings, and assassination attempts include:
[[File:Aramburu ca 1956.jpg|thumb|133x133px|[[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]]]]
[[File:King Faisal of_Saudi Arabia in 1971 (cropped).jpg|thumb|120x120px|[[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]]]
[[File:Aldo Moro 1976 (cropped).png|thumb|120x120px|[[Aldo Moro]]]]
[[File:Park Chung Hee (박정희) Presidential Portrait (cropped).jpg|thumb|120x120px|[[Park Chung Hee]]]]
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"
|-
! style="width:120px;"| Date
! Description
|-
| 1 June 1970
| [[Pedro Eugenio Aramburu]], former [[president of Argentina]], is kidnapped and killed by the [[Montoneros]], a guerrilla organization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mario Firmenich Given Life In Prison |work=Associated Press |url=https://apnews.com/56faee9c904105caa104a70edd6bbff8 |access-date=14 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 27 November 1970
| [[Pope Paul VI]] is nearly stabbed by Bolivian painter [[Benjamín Mendoza]] in [[Manila]], Philippines during a papal visit to the country
|-
| 19 April 1972
| [[Ntare V of Burundi|Ntare V]], the final [[King of Burundi]], was detained and assassinated upon his return from exile.<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Charles Mohr (journalist)|Charles Mohr]] |date=6 April 1972 |title=Burundi Seizes Ex-King After Luring Him Back With a Pledge of Safe Conduct |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/06/archives/burundi-seizes-exking-after-luring-him-back-with-a-pledge-of-safe.html |access-date=13 January 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Melady |first=Thomas |url=https://archive.org/details/burunditragicyea0000mela/page/5 |title=Burundi: The Tragic years |publisher=[[Orbis Books]] |year=1974 |isbn=0-88344-045-8 |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/burunditragicyea0000mela/page/5 5–6] |authorlink=Thomas Patrick Melady}}</ref>
|-
| 15 May 1972
| [[George Wallace]], Governor of Alabama, is shot and paralyzed by [[Arthur Bremer]] at a presidential campaign rally in [[Laurel, Maryland]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greider |first1=William |title=Wallace Is Shot, Legs Paralyzed; Suspect Seized at Laurel Rally |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/daily/sept98/wallace051672.htm |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=16 May 1972 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 7 December 1972
| [[Imelda Marcos]], First Lady of the Philippines, is injured in a stabbing attack by Carlito Dimahilig on live television within the [[Old Nayong Pilipino|Nayong Pilipino]] theme park in [[Pasay|Pasay City]].<ref name="NYTDurdin">{{cite news |last=Durdin |first=Tillman |title=Man Is Shot Dead After Wounding Wife of the Philippine President |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/08/archives/man-is-shot-dead-after-wounding-wife-of-the-philippine-president.html |access-date=January 28, 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=December 8, 1972 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201103022000/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/08/archives/man-is-shot-dead-after-wounding-wife-of-the-philippine-president.html |archive-date=November 3, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 25 March 1975
| [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia|Faisal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]], King of Saudi Arabia, is [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia#Assassination and aftermath|assassinated]] by his half-brother's son, [[Faisal bin Musaid]].<ref>James Wynbrandt (2010). A Brief History of Saudi Arabia. Infobase Publishing. p. 236. ISBN 978-0-8160-7876-9.</ref>
|-
| 15 August 1975
| [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], 1st and 5th [[President of Bangladesh]], and almost his entire family was [[assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|assassinated]] when a group of [[Bangladesh Army]] personnel went to his residence and killed him, during a coup d'état.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKbMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13|title=Islam and Politics in Bangladesh:The Followers of Ummah|last=Hasan|first=Mubashar|date=2020|publisher=Springer Singapore|pages=13|isbn=9789811511165}}</ref>
|-
| 27 August 1975
| [[Haile Selassie]], former [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], is strangled to death in his bed at the [[National Palace, Addis Ababa|Jubilee Palace, Addis Ababa]] by military officers associated with the [[Derg]] regime, with his murder covered up as a death caused by "respiratory failure".<ref>{{cite news|title=Haile Selassie of Ethiopia Dies at 83|url=https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html|work=The New York Times|date=28 August 1975|access-date=21 July 2007|archive-date=25 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825184920/http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0723.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/15/world/ex-rulers-of-ethiopia-charged-with-strangling-haile-selassie.html|title=Ex-Rulers of Ethiopia Charged With Strangling Haile Selassie|agency=Reuters|work=The New York Times|date=15 December 1994|access-date=6 November 2018|language=en|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104003/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/15/world/ex-rulers-of-ethiopia-charged-with-strangling-haile-selassie.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Misekerenet Bebaale Seltanatu Andebet|last=Riste|first=Tesfaye|year=2009|location=Addis Ababa, Ethiopia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Egnana Abiyotu|last=Wogderess|first=Fikre Selassie|publisher=Tsehay Publishers|year=2014|pages=211, 310}}</ref>
|-
| 5 and 22 September 1975
| [[Gerald Ford]], 38th President of the United States, survives two attempts on his life in September 1975 when two separate women open fire on him at two different events. The [[Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in Sacramento|first]] occurring in Sacramento, and the [[Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco|second]] occurring in San Francisco.<ref>{{cite news |last1=James M. Naughton |title=Two feet away |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/06/archives/front-page-1-no-title-ford-safe-as-guard-seizes-a-gun-woman-pointed.html |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=The New York Times |date=5 September 1975}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/chronicle_vault/article/Chronicle-Covers-The-SF-assassination-attempt-on-9228091.php|title=Chronicle Covers: The SF assassination attempt on President Ford|first=Tim|last=O’Rourke|date=23 September 2016|website=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 28 April 1978
| [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]], first President of Afghanistan, is killed by [[People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan]] affiliated military officers during the [[Saur Revolution]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.afghanland.com/history/biography/daoud.html |title=Mohammad Daud Khan |date=2000 |website=Afghanland.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817040633/http://www.afghanland.com/history/biography/daoud.html |archive-date=2017-08-17 |access-date=2018-03-11}}</ref>
|-
| 9 May 1978
| [[Aldo Moro]], former prime minister of Italy, is [[Kidnapping of Aldo Moro|kidnapped]] and later killed by the [[Red Brigades]], an Italian Marxist organization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2018/03/16/forensic-geology-and-the-unsolved-murder-of-italian-politician-aldo-moro/|title=Forensic Geology And The Unsolved Murder Mystery of Italian Politician Aldo Moro|first=David|last=Bressan|website=Forbes|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 27 November 1978
| [[George Moscone]], [[mayor of San Francisco]], and [[Harvey Milk]], a member of the [[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] and the first openly gay man elected to public office in California, are [[Assassinations of George Moscone and Harvey Milk|assassinated]] in [[San Francisco City Hall]] by former supervisor [[Dan White]]; White is later convicted of voluntary manslaughter, sparking the [[White Night riots]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/harvey-milk-one-of-the-worlds-first-openly-gay-politicians-was-assassinated-on-this-day-in-1978-180985464/|title=Harvey Milk, One of the World’s First Openly Gay Politicians, Was Assassinated on This Day in 1978|first=Eli|last=Wizevich|website=Smithsonian magazine|accessdate=17 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 26 October 1979
| [[Park Chung Hee]], President of South Korea, is [[Assassination of Park Chung Hee|assassinated]] by [[National Intelligence Service (South Korea)|KCIA]] director [[Kim Jae-gyu]] during a dinner at the [[Blue House]] in [[Seoul]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=42958&docId=920431&categoryId=42958|title=10·26사태|website=terms.naver.com|language=ko|access-date=March 19, 2019}}</ref>
|- 
| 27 October 1979
|[[Hafizullah Amin]], leader of [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], is [[Tajbeg Palace assault|assassinated]] by the Soviet Union in the early stages of the [[Soviet–Afghan War]].<ref name="assassination">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F4-dAwAAQBAJ|title=Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia|date=17 April 2014|page=17|publisher=ABC-CLIO|author=Michael Newton|isbn=9781610692861}}</ref> 
|}

==Economy==
{{Further|1973–1975 recession}}
The 1970s were perhaps the worst decade of most industrialized countries' economic performance since the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="'70s 292">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York|isbn= 0-465-04195-7|pages= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/292 292–293]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/292|url-access= registration}}</ref> Although there was no severe [[economic depression]] as witnessed in the 1930s, economic growth rates were considerably lower than previous decades. As a result, the 1970s adversely distinguished itself from the prosperous postwar period between 1945 and 1973. The oil shocks [[Arab Oil Embargo|of 1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]] added to the existing ailments and conjured high inflation throughout much of the world for the rest of the decade. U.S. manufacturing industries began to decline as a result, with the United States running its last trade surplus ({{as of|2009|lc=y}}) in 1975. In contrast, Japan and West Germany experienced economic booms and started overtaking the U.S. as the world's leading manufacturers. In 1970, Japan overtook West Germany to become the world's second-largest economy. Japan would rank as the world's second-largest economy until 1994 when the [[European Economic Area]] (18 countries under a single market) came into effect.

In the US, the average annual inflation rate from 1900 to 1970 was approximately 2.5%. From 1970 to 1979, however, the average rate was 7.06%, and topped out at 13.29% in December 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inflationdata.com/articles/inflation-cpi-consumer-price-index-1970-1979/|title=Inflation and CPI Consumer Price Index 1970–1979|website=InflationData.com}}</ref> This period is also known for [[stagflation]], a phenomenon in which inflation and unemployment steadily increased. It led to double-digit interest rates that rose to unprecedented levels (above 12% per year). The prime rate hit 21.5 in December 1980, the highest in history.<ref name="'70s 292"/> A rising cost of housing was reflected in the average price of a new home in the U.S. The average price of a new home in the U.S. was $23,450 in 1970 up to $68,700 by 1980. By the time of 1980, when U.S. President [[Jimmy Carter]] was running for [[1980 United States presidential election|re-election]] against [[Ronald Reagan]], the [[Misery index (economics)|misery index]] (the sum of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate) had reached an all-time high of 21.98%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inflationdata.com/articles/misery-index/|title=Misery Index|website=InflationData.com}}</ref> The economic problems of the 1970s would result in a sluggish cynicism replacing the optimistic attitudes of the 1950s and 1960s and a distrust of government and technology. Faith in government was at an all-time low in the aftermath of Vietnam and Watergate, as exemplified by the low voter turnout in the 1976 United States presidential election.
There was also the [[1973–74 stock market crash]].

Great Britain also experienced considerable economic turmoil during the decade as outdated industries proved unable to compete with Japanese and German wares. Labor strikes happened with such frequency as to almost paralyze the country's infrastructure. Following the [[Winter of Discontent]], Margaret Thatcher was elected prime minister in 1979 with the purpose of implementing extreme economic reforms.

In Eastern Europe, Soviet-style command economies began showing signs of stagnation, in which successes were persistently dogged by setbacks. The oil shock increased East European, particularly Soviet, exports, but a growing inability to increase agricultural output caused growing concern to the governments of the [[COMECON]] block, and a growing dependence on food imported from democratic nations.
[[File:Line at a gas station, June 15, 1979.jpg|thumb|right|Line at a gas station in Maryland, June 15, 1979.]]
On the other hand, export-driven economic development in Asia, especially by the [[Four Asian Tigers]] (Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan), resulted in rapid economic transformation and industrialization. Their abundance of [[cheap labor]], combined with educational and other policy reforms, set the foundation for development in the region during the 1970s and beyond.

===Oil crisis===
Economically, the 1970s were marked by the [[1970s Energy Crisis|energy crisis]] which peaked in 1973 and 1979 (see [[1973 oil crisis]] and [[1979 oil crisis]]). After the first oil shock in 1973, gasoline was rationed in many countries. Europe particularly depended on the Middle East for oil; the United States was also affected even though it had its own oil reserves. Many European countries introduced car-free days and weekends. In the United States, customers with a license plate ending in an odd number were only allowed to buy gasoline on odd-numbered days, while even-numbered plate-holders could only purchase gasoline on even-numbered days. The realization that oil reserves were not endless and technological development was not [[sustainable development|sustainable]]{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} without potentially harming the environment ended the belief in limitless progress that had existed since the 19th century.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} As a result, [[environmentalism|ecological awareness]] rose substantially, which had a major effect on the economy.

==Science and technology==
{{Main|1970s in science and technology}}

===Science===
The 1970s witnessed an explosion in the understanding of solid-state physics, driven by the development of the [[integrated circuit]], and the [[laser]]. [[Stephen Hawking]] developed his theories of [[black holes]] and the boundary-condition of the universe at this period with his theory called [[Hawking radiation]]. The biological sciences greatly advanced, with molecular biology, bacteriology, virology, and genetics achieving their modern forms in this decade. Biodiversity became a cause of major concern as habitat destruction, and [[Stephen Jay Gould]]'s theory of [[punctuated equilibrium]] revolutionized evolutionary thought.

====Space exploration====
As the 1960s ended, the United States had made two successful crewed [[lunar landing]]s. Many Americans lost interest afterward, feeling that since the country had accomplished President [[John F. Kennedy]]'s goal of landing on the Moon by the end of the 1960s, there was no need for further missions. There was also a growing sentiment that the billions of dollars spent on the [[space program]] should be put to other uses. The Moon landings continued through 1972, but the near loss of the [[Apollo&nbsp;13]] mission in April 1970 served to further anti-[[NASA]] feelings. Plans for missions up to [[Apollo 20]] were canceled, and the remaining Apollo and [[Saturn]] hardware was used for the [[Skylab]] space station program in 1973–1974, and for the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] (ASTP), which was carried out in July 1975. Many of the ambitious projects NASA had planned for the 1970s were canceled amid heavy budget cutbacks, and instead it would devote most of the decade to the development of the [[Space Shuttle]]. ASTP was the last crewed American space flight for the next five years. The year 1979 witnessed the spectacular reentry of Skylab over Australia. NASA had planned for a Shuttle mission to the space station, but the shuttles were not ready to fly until 1981, too late to save it.

Meanwhile, the Soviets, having failed in their attempt at crewed lunar landings, canceled the program in 1972. By then, however, they had already begun [[Salyut programme|Salyut]], the world's first [[space station]] program, which began in 1971. This would have problems of its own, especially the tragic loss of the [[Soyuz&nbsp;11]] crew in July 1971 and the near-loss of the [[Soyuz 18a]] crew during launch in April 1975. It eventually proved a success, with missions as long as six months being conducted by the end of the decade.

In terms of uncrewed missions, a variety of lunar and [[planetary probe]]s were launched by the US and Soviet programs during the decade. The most successful of these include the Soviet [[Lunokhod programme|Lunokhod]] program, a series of robotic lunar missions which included the first uncrewed [[sample return mission|sample return]] from another world, and the American [[Voyager program|Voyager]]s, which took advantage of a rare alignment of the outer planets to visit all of them except [[Pluto]] by the end of the 1980s.

China entered the space race in 1970 with the launching of its first [[satellite]], but technological backwardness and limited funds would prevent the country from becoming a significant force in space exploration. Japan launched a satellite for the first time in 1972. The [[European Space Agency]] was founded during the decade as well.

<gallery widths="190px" perrow="5">
File:Apollo 17 Cernan on moon.jpg|[[Apollo 17]] Astronaut [[Gene Cernan]] becomes the last man on the Moon, December 13, 1972
File:Apollo-Soyuz-Test-Program-artist-rendering.jpg|An artist impression of an American [[Apollo spacecraft]] and Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]] docking, a propaganda portrait for the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] mission
File:Skylab and Earth Limb - GPN-2000-001055.jpg|America's first space station [[Skylab]] in orbit February 8, 1974
File:Mars Viking 11h016.png|''[[Viking 1]]'', the first of two spacecraft sent to [[Mars]], takes this picture of the landing site in [[Chryse Planitia]] (1978)
File:Great Red Spot From Voyager 1.jpg|''[[Voyager 1]]'' passing by Jupiter's Great Red Spot February 25, 1979
</gallery>

====Biology====
* The second generation of [[Rhytidectomy|face lifts]] were first attempted in the 1970s, popularizing the procedure for millions.
* The first [[MRI]] image was published in 1973.
* César Milstein and Georges Köhler reported their discovery of how to use hybridoma cells to isolate [[monoclonal antibodies]], effectively beginning the history of monoclonal antibody use in science.
* [[Carl Woese]] and [[George E. Fox]] classified [[archaea]] as a new, separate domain of life.
*[[Lucy (Australopithecus)|"Lucy"]], a fossilized hominid of the species ''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]'', was discovered in the [[Afar Depression|Afar region]] of Ethiopia by [[Donald Johanson]] in 1974, providing evidence for [[bipedalism]] as an early occurrence in [[human evolution]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060921092951/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/09/060920-lucy.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 21, 2006|title=What Was "Lucy"? Fast Facts on an Early Human Ancestor|publisher=National Geographic News| date=September 20, 2006}}</ref>
* After successful vaccination campaigns throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, the WHO certified the eradication of [[smallpox]] in December 1979 after the last smallpox case in 1977.
* The first organisms [[Genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] were bacteria in 1973 and then mice in 1974.
*1977 The first complete [[DNA genome]] to be sequenced is that of [[bacteriophage φX174]].
*In 1978, [[Louise Brown]] became the first child to be born via [[in vitro fertilisation]], or IVF.

====Social science====
Social science intersected with hard science in the works in [[natural language processing]] by [[Terry Winograd]] (1973) and the establishment of the first [[cognitive sciences]] department in the world at [[MIT]] in 1979. The fields of [[generative linguistics]] and [[cognitive psychology]] went through a renewed vigor with symbolic modeling of semantic knowledge while the final devastation of the long-standing tradition of [[behaviorism]] came about through the severe criticism of [[B.&nbsp;F. Skinner]]'s work in 1971 by the cognitive scientist [[Noam Chomsky]].

===Technology===
[[File:Concorde landing Farnborough Fitzgerald.jpg|thumb|Concorde landing at [[Farnborough Aerodrome|Farnborough]] in September 1974]]
[[Concorde]] makes the world's first commercial passenger-carrying supersonic flight.

====Electronics and communications====
The birth of modern computing was in the 1970s, which saw the development of:
* [[Intel 4004]], the world's first general microprocessor
* the [[C (programming language)|C programming language]]
* rudimentary personal computers, with the launch of the [[Datapoint 2200]]
* [[pocket calculator]]s
* the [[Magnavox Odyssey]], the first home video game console
* the [[Sony]] [[Walkman]], built in 1978 by Japanese audio-division engineer [[Nobutoshi Kihara]]
* consumer video games, after the release of ''[[Computer Space]]''
* the earliest [[floppy disk]]s, invented at [[IBM]], which were 8&nbsp;inches wide and long, commercially available by 1971
* email, with the first transmission in 1971
* [[electronic paper]], developed by Nick Sheridon at Xerox's [[PARC (company)|Palo Alto Research Center]] (PARC)
* the [[Xerox Alto]] of 1973, the first computer to use the [[desktop metaphor]] and mouse-driven [[graphical user interface]] (GUI)

The 1970s were also the start of:
* [[fiber optics]], which transformed the communications industry
* [[microwave oven]]s, which became commercially available
* [[Betamax]] and [[VHS]] [[Videocassette recorder|VCR]]s which became commercially available and especially VHS would become widely used for home entertainment in the 1980s and 1990s.
* the first [[voicemail]] system, known as the Speech Filing System (SFS), invented by Stephen J. Boies in 1973
* [[e-commerce]], invented in 1979 by [[Michael Aldrich]]
* [[LaserDisc|DiscoVision]] in 1978, the first commercial optical disc storage medium
* [[positron emission tomography]], invented in 1972 by Edward J. Hoffman and fellow scientist Michael Phelps
* [[Mobile phone|cell phones]], with the first call transmitted in 1973, [[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]] of [[Motorola]]
* [[car phone]] services, first available in Finland in 1971 in form of the zero-generation ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, or Car Radiophone) service 
* [[Microsoft]] was founded in 1975 by [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul Allen]]. 
* [[Apple Computer|Apple Computer Company]], founded in 1976 and incorporated the following year by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]]

<gallery widths="150px" heights="80px" perrow="4">
File:Apple II Plus, Museum of the Moving Image.jpg|The [[Apple I]] and [[Apple II Plus|II Plus]] (pictured), invented by [[Steve Wozniak]], helped spur the [[History of personal computers|microcomputer revolution]] at the time.
File:HP 35 Calculator.jpg|The first scientific hand-held calculator ([[HP-35]]) is introduced.
File:Post FeTAp 611-2.jpg|Fernsprechtischapparat (FeTAp) 611-2 [[Telephone]]
File:Wiki 8-inch floppy disk.png|8-inch [[floppy disk]]
File:N1500 v2.jpg|A Philips N1500 [[video cassette recorder]], with wooden cabinet.
File:Atari-2600-Light-Sixer-FL.jpg|[[Atari 2600]], launched in 1977.
File:Original Sony Walkman TPS-L2.JPG|Sony [[Walkman]], the original TPS-L2 model.
File:Yamaha CS-80 (1977) 8-voices dual-layered analog polyphonic synthesizer, with 22 preset sounds & 6 user patches - VINTAGE SYNTH @ YAMAHA BOOTH - 2015 NAMM Show.jpg|1970s analogue synthesizer [[Yamaha CS-80]].
</gallery>

====Rail====
[[British Rail]] introduced high-speed trains on [[InterCity (British Rail)|InterCity]] services. The trains consisted of [[British Rail Class 43 (HST)|British Rail Class 43]] diesel-electric locomotives at either end with [[British Rail Mark 3]] carriages. The trains were built in the United Kingdom by [[British Rail Engineering Limited]]. The high speed trains ran at {{convert|125|mph}} speeding up journeys between towns and cities and is still known as the ''[[InterCity 125]]''.

[[Amtrak]] was formed in the United States in 1971, assuming responsibility for inter-city passenger operations throughout the country. In 1976, [[Conrail]] was formed to take over the assets of six bankrupt freight railroads in the northeastern US.

====Automobiles====
[[File:1970 Dodge Challenger TransAm.jpg|thumb|left|1970 [[Dodge Challenger]] Trans Am, an example of a muscle car in the earlier part of the decade.]]
The 1970s was an era of fuel price increases, rising insurance rates, safety concerns, and emissions controls. The [[1973 oil crisis]] caused a move towards smaller, fuel-efficient vehicles. Attempts were made to produce electric cars, but they were largely unsuccessful. In the United States, imported cars became a significant factor for the first time, and several domestic-built subcompact models entered the market. American-made cars such as the "quirky" [[AMC Gremlin]], the [[jelly bean]] shaped [[AMC Pacer]], and [[Pontiac Firebird]]'s powerful Trans Am "sum up" the decade.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hinckley |first1=James |last2=Robinson |first2=Jon G. |title=The Big Book of Car Culture: The Armchair Guide to Automotive Americana |publisher=MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company |year=2005 |page=9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vziU_ZfY-0cC&pg=PA8|isbn=978-0-7603-1965-9}}</ref> [[Muscle car]]s and [[Convertible (car)|convertible]] models faded from favor during the early-1970s. It was believed that the 1976 [[Cadillac Eldorado]] would be the last American-built convertible; ending the open body style that once dominated the auto industry.<ref>{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Michael W. R.|title=General Motors: A Photographic History|year=1999|publisher=Arcadia Publishing SC|isbn=978-0-7385-0019-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UgvoFKJkqMIC&pg=PA100|page=100}}</ref>
[[File:MustangII interior.jpg|thumb|1974 [[Ford Mustang]] interior]]
Cars in the U.S. from the early 1970s are noted more for their power than their styling, but they even lost their power by ''[[Malaise era]]'' of the late-1970s.<ref name="hine">{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2N1oXcm-oqkC&pg=PA41|title=The Great Funk: Styles of the Shaggy, Sexy, Shameless 1970s |first=Thomas |last=Hine |page=41 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-374-53167-6}}</ref><ref name="popmech">{{cite web |last1=Stewart |first1=Ben |title=Performance Pretenders: 10 Malaise-Era Muscle Cars |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/g922/performance-pretenders-10-malaise-era-muscle-cars/ |website=Popular Mechanics |access-date=22 December 2019 |date=10 September 2012}}</ref> Styling on American cars became progressively more boxy and rectilinear during the 1970s,<ref>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Mike |title=Product Design: A Practical Guide to Systematic Methods of New Product Development |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1995 |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2j6R1nMBL20C&pg=PA53|isbn=978-0-7487-4197-7}}</ref> with [[coupe]]s being the most popular body style. Wood paneling and shag carpets dominated the interiors. Many automobiles began to lose their character and looked the same across brands and automakers, as well as featuring "luxury" enhancements such as [[vinyl roof]]s and [[opera window]]s.<ref name="hine" /> Only a few had "real personalities" such as the AMC Gremlin, which was America's first modern [[subcompact]], and the AMC Pacer.<ref name="hine" /> "These two cars embody a sense of artful desperation that made them stand out from the crowd and epitomize at once the best and worst of the seventies."<ref name="hine" />

Automobiles in the U.S. reached the largest sizes they would ever attain, but by 1977, [[General Motors]] managed to [[Downsize (automobile)|downsize]] its full-size models to more manageable dimensions. [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] followed suit two years later, with [[Chrysler]] offering new small front-wheel-drive models, but was suffering from a worsening financial situation caused by various factors. By 1979, the company was near bankruptcy, and under its new president [[Lee Iacocca]] (who had been fired from Ford the year before), asked for a government bailout. [[American Motors]] beat out the U.S. [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] to subcompact sized model (the [[AMC Gremlin|Gremlin]]) in 1970, but its fortunes declined throughout the decade, forcing it into a partnership with the French automaker [[Renault]] in 1979.
[[File:1973 Volvo sportwagon.JPG|thumb|1973 [[Volvo P1800]] sportwagon.]]
European car design underwent major changes during the 1970s due to the need for performance with high [[fuel efficiency]]—designs such as the [[Volkswagen Golf]] and Passat, [[BMW]] 3, 5, and 7 series, and [[Mercedes-Benz S-Class]] appeared at the latter half of the decade. Ford Europe, specifically Ford Germany, also eclipsed the profits of its American parent company. The designs of [[Giorgetto Giugiaro]] became dominant, along with those of Marcello Gandini in Italy. The 1970s also saw the decline and practical failure of the British car industry—a combination of militant strikes and poor quality control effectively halted development at [[British Leyland]], owner of all other British car companies during the 1970s.

[[File:1977 Honda Civic Front.jpg|thumb|[[Honda Civic]] sold well throughout the decade.]]

The [[Japanese automobile industry]] flourished during the 1970s, compared to other major auto markets. Japanese vehicles became internationally renowned for their affordability, reliability, and fuel-efficiency, which was very important to many customers after the oil crisis of 1973. Japanese car manufacturing focused on computerized robotic manufacturing techniques and [[lean manufacturing]], contributing to high-efficiency and low production costs. The [[Honda Civic]] was introduced in 1973, and sold well due to its high fuel-efficiency. By 1975 [[Toyota]] overtook [[Volkswagen]] as the top-selling imported automobile brand in the U.S., with over a million cars sold per year by this point.<ref name="toyota">[Toyota Today Magazine – 60 Years of Toyota in America https://www.toyotatoday.com/news/60-years-toyota-in-america.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412181211/https://www.toyotatoday.com/news/60-years-toyota-in-america.htm |date=2021-04-12 }}]</ref> Other popular compact cars included the [[Toyota Corolla]] and the [[Datsun Sunny]], in addition to other cars from those companies and others such as [[Subaru]], [[Mitsubishi]], and [[Mazda]].

==Society==

===Role of women in society===
[[File:Isabel Martinez de Peron.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Isabel Perón]] becomes the first woman President of Argentina in 1974 and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the [[Western hemisphere]].]]
[[File:Margaret Thatcher at White House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Margaret Thatcher]] shortly before becoming the United Kingdom's first woman Prime Minister in 1979. Thatcher's political and economic agenda began the first government committed to [[neoliberalism]].]]
The role of women in society was profoundly altered with growing [[feminism]] across the world and with the presence and rise of a significant number of women as heads of state outside monarchies and heads of government in a number of countries across the world during the 1970s, many being the first women to hold such positions. Non-monarch women heads of state and heads of government in this period included [[Isabel Perón]] as the first woman president in Argentina and the first woman non-monarch head of state in the [[Western hemisphere]] in 1974 until being deposed in 1976, [[Elisabeth Domitien]] becomes the first woman prime minister of the Central African Republic, [[Indira Gandhi]] continuing as Prime Minister of India until 1977 (and taking office again in 1980), [[Sirimavo Bandaranaike]], Prime minister of Sri Lanka (Former [[Ceylon]]) and first female head of government in the world, re-elected in 1970, Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]] of Israel and acting chairman [[Soong Ching-ling]] of the People's Republic of China continuing their leadership from the sixties, [[Lidia Gueiler Tejada]] becoming the interim president of Bolivia beginning from 1979 to 1980, [[Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo]] becoming the first woman prime minister of Portugal in 1979, and [[Margaret Thatcher]] becoming the first woman prime minister of the United Kingdom in 1979. Both Indira Gandhi and Margaret Thatcher would remain important political figures in the following decade in the 1980s.

Pope Paul VI recognized the popularity of [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] feminists, but ultimately held to tradition when it came to leaving bishops, priests, and deacons a male-only position.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Religions of America: Ferment and Faith in an Age of Crisis: A New Guide and Almanac |date=1975 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |editor-first=Leo|editor-last=Rosten |isbn=0-671-21970-7 |location=New York |pages=472 |oclc=1093360}}</ref>

===Social movements===

====Anti-war protests====
[[File:Vietnam War protest in Washington DC April 1971.jpg|thumb|[[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|Anti-war protest against the Vietnam War]] in Washington, D.C., on April 24, 1971.]]
The [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to]] the [[War in Vietnam]] that began in the 1960s grew exponentially during the early 1970s. One of the best-known anti-war demonstrations was the [[Kent State shootings]]. In 1970, university students were protesting the war and the draft. Riots ensued during the weekend and the National Guard was called in to maintain the peace. However, by 4 May 1970, tensions arose again, and as the crowd grew larger, the National Guard started shooting. Four students were killed and nine were injured. This event caused disbelief and shock throughout the country and became a staple of anti-Vietnam demonstrations.

====Environmentalism====
The 1970s started a mainstream affirmation of the [[environmentalism|environmental issues]] early activists from the 1960s, such as [[Rachel Carson]] and [[Murray Bookchin]], had warned of. The [[Apollo 11]] mission, which had occurred at the end of the previous decade, had transmitted back concrete images of the Earth as an integrated, life-supporting system and shaped a public willingness to preserve nature. On April 22, 1970, the United States celebrated its first [[Earth Day]], in which over two thousand colleges and universities and roughly ten thousand primary and secondary schools participated.

====Sexual revolution====
{{main|Sexual revolution}}{{further|Golden Age of Porn|New Andy Warhol Garrick Theatre}}
The 1960s counterculture movement had rapidly undone many existing social taboos, and divorce, extramarital sex, and homosexuality were increasingly accepted in the Western world. The event of legalized abortion and over-the-counter birth control pills also played a major factor. Western Europe was in some ways more progressive on sexual liberation than the United States, as [[nudity in film]] and on TV had been gradually accepted there from the mid-1960s, and many European countries during this time began allowing women to go topless in public places. Nudist culture was also popular during the decade, especially in Germany and Scandinavia. Child erotica found a niche market, but would eventually be banned under child pornography laws in the 1980s to 1990s.

The market for adult entertainment in the 1970s was large, and driven in part by the sizable baby boomer population, and the 1972 movie ''[[Behind the Green Door]]'', an X-rated feature, became one of the top-grossing films of the year. ''[[Playboy Magazine]]'' appeared increasingly dull and old-fashioned next to new, more explicit sex-themed magazines such as ''[[Penthouse Magazine]]'' and ''[[Hustler Magazine]]''.

By the end of the decade, there was an increasing backlash against libertine sexual attitudes, and the event of the [[AIDS epidemic]] helped bring about an end to the Sexual Revolution. Adult movie theaters, which had exploded in numbers during the 1970s and were widely seen as a symptom of [[urban decay]] in the US, declined as pornographic movies would largely shift to VHS tapes during the succeeding decade.

====Crime and urban decay====
Crime rates in the US had been low from the 1940s until the mid-1960s, but began to escalate after 1965 due to a complex of social, economic, and demographic factors. By the 1970s, crime and blighted urban areas were a serious cause of concern, New York City being particularly affected. In 1972, the US Supreme Court ruled capital punishment unconstitutional, then reversed the ruling only four years later. 
[[File:Leffler - WomensLib1970 WashingtonDC.jpg|thumb|A Women's Liberation march in Washington, D.C., 1970]]

====Feminism====
{{Main|Second-wave feminism}}
The Second-Wave Feminist Movement in the United States, which had begun in the 1960s, carried over to the 1970s, and took a prominent role within society. The fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] (which legalized female [[suffrage]]) in 1970 was commemorated by the Women's Strike for Equality and other protests.

1971 saw [[Erin Pizzey]] establish the world's first domestic violence shelter in [[Chiswick]], London and Pizzey and her colleagues opened further facilities throughout the next few years. This work inspired similar networks of safe houses for female victims of abuse in other countries, with the first shelter in continental Europe opening in [[Amsterdam]] in 1974.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPPapvrJsTcC&pg=PA262|title=Family Violence|first1=Mildred Daley|last1=Pagelow|first2=Lloyd W.|last2=Pagelow|date=September 18, 1984|publisher=ABC-CLIO|via=Google Books|isbn=9780275916237}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/aug/03/domestic-violence-refuge-crisis-women-closure-safe-houses|title=Domestic violence refuge provision at crisis point, warn charities|first=Sandra|last=Laville|date=August 3, 2014|website=The Guardian}}</ref>

With the anthology ''[[Sisterhood is Powerful]]'' and other works, such as ''[[Sexual Politics]]'', being published at the start of the decade, feminism started to reach a larger audience than ever before.  In addition, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]]'s 1973 decision of ''[[Roe v. Wade]]'', which constitutionalized the right to an abortion, brought the women's rights movement into the national political spotlight.

[[Gloria Steinem]], [[Betty Friedan]], [[Betty Ford]], [[Shirley Chisholm]], [[Bella Abzug]], [[Robin Morgan]], [[Kate Millett]] and [[Elizabeth Holtzman]], among many others, led the movement for women's equality.

Even musically, the women's movement had its shining moment.  Australian-American singer [[Helen Reddy]], recorded the song ''[[I Am Woman]]'', which became an anthem for the [[women's liberation movement]]. ''I Am Woman'' reached No.&nbsp;1 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and even won Helen her one and only Grammy Award.

Another movement to arise was the 1970s [[Goddess movement]], which took place to combat patriarchal ideas of religion.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Denise|last=Dijk|title=The Goddess Movement in the U.S.A. A Religion for Women Only|journal=Archiv für Religionspsychologie / Archive for the Psychology of Religion|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23918114|publisher=[[SAGE Publishing|SAGE]]|pages=258–266|volume=18|date=1988|issue=1|doi=10.1163/157361288X00144|jstor=23918114|s2cid=178261133|access-date=2021-12-18|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Gender and Society|last=O'Brien|first=Jodi|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=2008|isbn=9781452266022|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=709}}</ref>

Most efforts of the movement, especially aims at social equality and repeal of the remaining oppressive, sexist laws, were successful. Doors of opportunity were more numerous and much further open than before as women gained unheard of success in business, politics, education, science, the law, and even [[homemaker|the home]]. Although most aims of the movement were successful, however, there were some significant failures, most notably the failure to ratify the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] to the [[U.S. Constitution]] with only three more states needed to ratify it (efforts to ratify ERA in the unratified states continues to this day and twenty-two states have adopted state ERAs). Also, the [[Gender pay gap|wage gap]] failed to close, but it did become smaller.

The second wave feminist movement in the United States largely ended in 1982 with the failure of the Equal Rights Amendment, and with new conservative leadership in Washington, D.C..  American women created a brief, but powerful, [[Third-wave feminism|third-wave]] in the early 1990s which addressed [[sexual harassment]] (inspired by the [[Anita Hill]]–[[Clarence Thomas]] [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] hearings of 1991). The results of the movement included a new awareness of such issues among women, and unprecedented numbers of women elected to public office, [[Year of the Woman|particularly the United States Senate]].

====Civil rights====
The [[Civil rights movement|Civil Rights Movement]] of the 1960s began to fracture in the 1970s, as social groups began defining themselves more by their differences than by their universalities. The [[Black nationalism|Black Nationalist]] movement grew out of frustrations with the "non-violent" strategies of earlier Civil Rights Activists. With the April 1968 [[assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.]] and June 1968 [[assassination of Robert F. Kennedy]], many Black people were compelled to reject ideas of negotiation and instead embrace isolation. The feminist movement also splintered from a larger push for Civil Rights in the 1970s. The seventies were seen as the "woman's turn", though many feminists incorporated civil rights ideals into their movement. A feminist who had inherited the leadership position of the civil rights movement from her husband, [[Coretta Scott King]], as leader of the black movement, called for an end to all discrimination, helping and encouraging the [[Woman's Liberation]] movement, and other movements as well. At the [[National Women's Conference]] in 1977 a minority women's resolution, promoted by King and others, passed to ensure racial equality in the movement's goals. Similarly, the gay movement made a huge step forward in the 1970s with the election of political figures such as [[Harvey Milk]] to public office and the advocating of anti-gay discrimination legislation passed and not passed during the decade. Many celebrities, including [[Freddie Mercury]] and [[Andy Warhol]], also [[Coming out|came out]] during this decade, bringing gay culture further into the limelight.

====Youth suffrage====
{{Main|Youth suffrage}}
The [[Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] was ratified on July 1, 1971, lowering the voting age for all federal and state elections from 21 years to 18 years. The primary impetus for this change was the fact that young men were being drafted to fight in the [[Vietnam War]] before they were old enough to vote.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Brown |first1=Clyde |last2=Pluta Brown |first2=Gayle K. |title=Iowa University Towns and the Twenty-sixth Amendment: The First Test of the Newly Enfranchised Student Vote in 1971 |journal=The Annals of Iowa |date=Fall 2009 |volume=68 |issue=4 |page=398 |doi=10.17077/0003-4827.1380 |url=https://pubs.lib.uiowa.edu/annals-of-iowa/article/id/6038/download/pdf/ |access-date=20 July 2022|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Popular culture==
<gallery widths="190" perrow="5">
File:Atari-2600-Wood-4Sw-Set.png|The [[First generation of video game consoles|first]] and [[second generation of video game consoles|second]] generations of video game consoles like the [[Magnavox Odyssey]] and [[Atari 2600]] (pictured) were hits in the 1970s. 
File:1976 Ford Gran Torino (Starsky and Hutch) 5.7.jpg|The famous TV series like ''[[Starsky & Hutch]]'' (pictured), ''[[Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)|Hawaii Five-O]]'', ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]],'' ''[[Welcome Back, Kotter]]'', ''[[The Six Million Dollar Man]]'', ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', ''[[Charlie's Angels]]'', ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|Wonder Woman]]'', ''[[Three's Company]]'', ''[[Sanford and Son]]'', and ''[[Columbo]]'' were popular in the 1970s.
File:Philco-Ford Orange Retro TV (1970s).jpg| ''[[The Pink Panther Show]],'' ''[[Schoolhouse Rock!]]'', ''[[The Addams Family (1973 TV series)|The Addams Family]]'', ''[[Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids]]'', ''[[Hong Kong Phooey]],'' ''[[Star Trek: The Animated Series|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Jabberjaw]]'', and ''[[Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels]]'' were all popular cartoons of the 1970s.
File:Earth Wind and Fire.jpg|The [[disco]] genre was very popular in the decade. [[Earth, Wind & Fire]], one of the most commercially successful disco bands of the era pictured here.
File:Bob Marley sckech Por Daniel Alvarado Silvera.jpg|[[Bob Marley]] helped popularize [[reggae|reggae music]] and the [[Rastafari]] cultural movement of the 1970s.
File:Brady Bunch full cast 1973.JPG|Family comedies like ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'', ''[[Happy Days]]'', ''[[All in the Family]], [[The Jeffersons]]'', and ''[[Good Times]]'' gained notoriety, popularizing slang like "Groovy" and "Dy-no-mite".
File:1973 Volkswagen Super Beetle (9777174106).jpg|The [[Volkswagen Beetle]] and [[Toyota Corolla]] line of cars were popular in the 1970s, making the [[List of best-selling automobiles|world's best-selling automobiles]] at the time.
File:Signed Pong Cabinet.jpg|''[[Pong]]'', created by [[Atari Inc.]] in 1972, is one of the earliest arcade video games and was the first electronic sports video game. Other games like ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]'', ''[[Galaxian]]'', ''[[Asteroids (video game)|Asteroids]]'' and ''[[Space Invaders]]'' also helped define the decade in [[video game culture|gaming culture]].
File:Olimpiai Stadion, az olimpia megnyitóünnepsége. Fortepan 73767.jpg|Four [[Olympic Games]] were held in the 1970s, [[1972 Winter Olympics|Sapporo]] and [[1972 Summer Olympics|Munich in 1972]], [[1976 Winter Olympics|Innsbruck]] and [[1976 Summer Olympics|Montreal in 1976]] (all during the Cold War, and prompting significant events like the [[Munich massacre]] in 1972 and the [[1976 Olympic boycott|African-led boycott]] in 1976).
File:Jaws (franchise) logo.png|[[New Hollywood]] films like ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]], [[The Godfather]], [[The Exorcist]],'' ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]],'' and ''[[Rocky]]'' as well as ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Fever]]'', ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]],'' and ''[[Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory]]'' were all extremely popular during the 1970s and decades following.
File:Disco ball4.jpg|[[Disco ball]]s and [[roller skating]] trends were popular and widely used in [[nightclub]]s and [[roller rink]]s in the 1970s. Songs like [[Bee Gees|Bee Gee's]] ''[[Stayin' Alive]]'' and [[ABBA]]'s ''[[Dancing Queen]]'' were played during the decade.
</gallery>

===Music===
{{Main|1970s in music}}
{{multiple image
| align             = left
| image1            = James Taylor Billboard 1971.jpg
| width1            = 125
| alt1              = Taylor
| caption1          = 
| image2            = Joni Mitchell 1983.jpg
| width2            = 122
| alt2              = Mitchell
| caption2          = 
| footer_align      = center
| footer            = [[James Taylor]] (left) and [[Joni Mitchell]] (right) were two of the most influential and successful contemporary [[folk music|folk]] musicians of the decade, along with artists like [[Cat Stevens]], [[John Denver]], [[Gordon Lightfoot]], [[Neil Young]] and others.
}}
During the early 1970s, popular music continued to be dominated by musicians who had achieved fame during the 1950s and the 1960s such as the [[Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Elvis Presley]], [[Johnny Cash]], [[Loretta Lynn]], [[Conway Twitty]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[The Grateful Dead]], and [[Eric Clapton]]. In addition, many newcomer rock groups such as [[Black Sabbath]] and [[Led Zeppelin]] appeared. [[The Beatles]] disbanded in 1970, but each member of the band immediately released a highly successful solo album, and [[Paul McCartney]] especially would remain extremely popular throughout the decade. Singer-songwriters such as [[Elton John]], [[James Taylor]] and [[Jackson Browne]] also came into vogue during the early 1970s.

The 1970s saw the rapid commercialization of rock music, and by mid-decade there were a spate of bands derisively dubbed "corporate rock" due to the notion that they had been created by record labels to produce simplistic, radio-friendly songs that offered clichés rather than meaningful lyrics. Such bands included [[The Doobie Brothers]], [[Bread (band)|Bread]], [[Styx (band)|Styx]], [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]], and [[REO Speedwagon]].

[[Funk]], an offshoot of [[soul music]] with a greater emphasis on beats, and influences from [[rhythm and blues]], [[jazz]], and [[psychedelic rock]], was also very popular. The mid-1970s also saw the rise of [[disco]] music, which dominated during the last half of the decade with bands like the [[Bee Gees]], [[Chic (band)|Chic]], [[ABBA]], [[Village People]], [[Boney M]], [[Donna Summer]], [[KC and the Sunshine Band]], and others. In response to this, rock music became increasingly hard-edged, with early metal artists like [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Black Sabbath]], and [[Deep Purple]]. [[Minimalism]] also emerged, led by composers such as [[Philip Glass]], [[Steve Reich]] and [[Michael Nyman]]. This was a break from the intellectual serial music in the tradition of [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]], which lasted from the early 1900s to the 1960s.

The 1970s also saw artists from [[Motown|Motown records]] become popular across the globe. Artists like the [[The Jackson 5|Jackson 5]], [[Stevie Wonder]] and [[Marvin Gaye]] dominated the record charts across the world and had a significant influence on pop culture, including breaking down racial barriers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haider |first=Arwa |date=9 January 2019 |title=Motown: The music that changed America |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20190109-motown-the-music-that-changed-america |access-date=2021-04-09 |work=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Jimmy Page with Robert Plant 2 - Led Zeppelin - 1977.jpg|240px|thumb|right|British rock band [[Led Zeppelin]] was one of the most popular and influential bands of the 1970s. The band's heavy, guitar-driven sound has led them to be cited as one of the progenitors of [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]].]]

Classical and experimental music influenced both [[art rock]] and [[progressive rock]] genres with bands such as [[Pink Floyd]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]], [[Todd Rundgren's Utopia]], [[Supertramp]], [[Rush (band)|Rush]], [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]], [[King Crimson]], [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]], [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]], [[The Moody Blues]] and [[Soft Machine]]. [[Hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|Heavy metal]] also emerged among British bands [[Led Zeppelin]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[The Who]], [[Black Sabbath]], [[UFO (band)|UFO]], [[Deep Purple]], [[Uriah Heep (band)|Uriah Heep]], and [[Judas Priest]].
Australian band [[AC/DC]] also found its hard-rock origins in the early 1970s and its breakthrough in 1979's ''[[Highway to Hell]]'', while popular American rock bands included [[Aerosmith]], [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]] and [[shock rock]]ers [[Alice Cooper (band)|Alice Cooper]], [[Blue Öyster Cult]], and [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], and guitar-oriented [[Ted Nugent]] and [[Van Halen]]. In Europe, there was a surge of popularity in the early decade for [[glam rock]].

After a successful return to live performing in the late 60s with his [[Elvis (1968 TV program)|TV special]], [[Elvis Presley]] regained his popularity through [[Las Vegas|Vegas]] performance engagements and concert tours throughout the United States until his death in 1977, which helped him acquire a new generation of fans. His 1973 televised concert, ''[[Aloha from Hawaii Via Satellite]]'', aired in over 40 countries in Europe and Asia, as well as the United States, making it one of the most popular concert events of the decade.

The second half of the decade saw the rise of [[punk rock]], when a spate of fresh, young rock groups playing stripped-down hard rock came to prominence at a time when most of the artists associated with the 1960s to early 1970s were in creative decline. Punk bands included [[The Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]], [[The Ramones]], [[Talking Heads]], and more.

[[File:DarkSideOfTheMoon1973.jpg|240px|thumb|left|[[Pink Floyd]] performing ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' in 1973, the highest-selling album of the decade and one of the highest-selling of all time.]]

The highest-selling album of the decade was [[Pink Floyd]]'s ''[[The Dark Side of the Moon]]'' (1973), along with [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]' ''[[Hotel California (Eagles album)|Hotel California]]'' (1976) and [[Fleetwood Mac]]'s ''[[Rumours (album)|Rumours]]'' (1977). ''Dark Side of the Moon'' remained on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] albums chart for 741 weeks. Electronic instrumental progressive rock was particularly significant in continental Europe, allowing bands like [[Kraftwerk]], [[Tangerine Dream]], [[Can (band)|Can]], and [[Faust (band)|Faust]] to circumvent the language barrier. Their synthesiser-heavy [[krautrock]], along with the work of [[Brian Eno]] (for a time the keyboard player with [[Roxy Music]]), would be a major influence on subsequent [[synthrock]].<ref name="Bogdanov2002Prog">Unterberger, 2002, pp. 1330–1.</ref> The mid-1970s saw the rise of [[electronic art music]] musicians such as [[Jean-Michel Jarre]], [[Vangelis]], and [[Isao Tomita|Tomita]], who with Brian Eno were a significant influence of the development of [[new-age music]]. Japanese band [[Yellow Magic Orchestra]] helped to pioneer synthpop, with their [[Yellow Magic Orchestra (album)|self-titled album]] (in [[1978 in music|1978]]) setting a template with less minimalism and with a strong emphasis on melody, and drawing from a wider range of influences than had been employed by [[Kraftwerk]]. [[Yellow Magic Orchestra|YMO]] also introduced the microprocessor-based [[Roland MC-8 Microcomposer|Roland MC-8]] sequencer and [[TR-808]] rhythm machine to popular music.

In the first half of the 1970s, many jazz musicians from the [[Miles Davis]] school achieved cross-over success through [[jazz fusion|jazz-rock fusion]] with bands like [[Weather Report]], [[Return to Forever]], [[The Headhunters]] and [[The Mahavishnu Orchestra]] who also influenced this genre and many others. In Germany, [[Manfred Eicher]] started the [[ECM (record label)|ECM]] label, which quickly made a name for "chamber jazz". Towards the end of the decade, Jamaican [[reggae]] music, already popular in the Caribbean and Africa since the early 1970s, became very popular in the U.S. and in Europe, mostly because of reggae superstar and legend [[Bob Marley]]. The mid-1970s saw the reemergence of acoustic jazz with the return of artists like [[Dexter Gordon]] to the US music scene, who, along with a number of other artists, such as trumpet innovators like [[Don Ellis]] and [[Woody Shaw]], who were among the last of the decade's traditionally oriented acoustic jazz musicians to be signed to major record labels, to receive critical and widespread commercial recognition and multiple Grammy nominations.

[[File:QueenPerforming1977.jpg|thumb|British rock band [[Queen (band)|Queen]] (pictured here in 1977) was considered to be one of the most influential bands of the '70s (as well as the '80s), along with American rock band [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]] and others]]

The late 1970s also saw the beginning of [[hip hop music]] with disc jockeys like [[DJ Kool Herc]] and [[Afrika Bambaataa]] taking loops from funk and soul records and playing them repeatedly at block parties and dance clubs. At the end of the 1970s, popular songs like ''[[Rapper's Delight]]'' by [[Sugarhill Gang]] gave hip hop a wider audience.{{citation needed|date=June 2025}} Hip hop was also influenced by the song ''[[The Revolution Will Not Be Televised]]'' by [[Gil Scott-Heron]].{{citation needed|date=June 2025}}

[[Country music]] also continued to increase in popularity in the 1970s. Between 1977 and 1979, it became more mainstream, particularly with the [[outlaw country|outlaw movement]], led by [[Waylon Jennings]] and [[Willie Nelson]]. The 70s also saw the rise of a country music subgenre, [[southern rock]], led by the [[Allman Brothers Band]]. Other artists; such as [[Conway Twitty]], [[Loretta Lynn]], [[Don Williams]], [[Kenny Rogers]], [[Dolly Parton]], [[Ronnie Milsap]], [[Crystal Gayle]], and [[Barbara Mandrell]]; all scored hits throughout the 70s which reached both country and pop charts. The genre also saw its golden age of vocal [[duet|duo]]s and [[vocal group|group]]s in this decade; with [[Conway Twitty]] and [[Loretta Lynn]], [[George Jones]] and [[Tammy Wynette]], [[Jim Ed Brown]] and [[Helen Cornelius]], the [[Bellamy Brothers]], the [[Oak Ridge Boys]], the [[Statler Brothers]], [[Dave & Sugar]], and [[The Kendalls]]. The genre also became more involved in [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] toward the end of the decade, with country-themed action films such as ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' and ''[[Every Which Way But Loose (film)|Every Which Way But Loose]]'', a trend that continued into the early 80s with ''[[Urban Cowboy]]'' and ''[[Bronco Billy]]''.

A major event in music in the early 1970s was the deaths of popular rock stars [[Jimi Hendrix]], [[Janis Joplin]], and [[Jim Morrison]], all at the age of 27.  Two of popular music's most successful artists from other eras died within eight weeks of each other in 1977. [[Elvis Presley]], the best-selling singer of all time, died on August 16, 1977.<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,337778,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020820102101/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,337778,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=August 20, 2002 |magazine=Time |first=Jessica |last=Reaves |title=Person of the Week: Elvis Presley |date=August 15, 2002}}</ref> Presley's funeral was held at [[Graceland]], on Thursday, August 18, 1977. [[Bing Crosby]], who sold about 50 million records, died on October 14, 1977. His single, [[White Christmas (song)|White Christmas]], remains the best-selling single of all time, confirmed by the [[Guinness Records]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3315/guinness2007.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-10-05 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319072130/http://img299.imageshack.us/img299/3315/guinness2007.pdf |archive-date=2015-03-19 }}</ref>

In addition to the deaths in the 1970s, breakups of bands and duos; such as [[the Beatles]], [[Simon and Garfunkel]], [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]], [[the Everly Brothers]], and others; occurred over the course of the decade.

Statistically, Led Zeppelin and Elton John were the most successful musical acts of the 1970s, both having sold more than 300 million records since 1969.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/SHOWBIZ/Music/12/09/led.zep/index.html|title=Can Led Zeppelin still rock?|last=Sorel-Cameron|first=Peter|date=2007-12-09|publisher=CNN|access-date=2010-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/artists/b83bc61f-8451-4a5d-8b8e-7e9ed295e822 |title=Elton John |work=[[BBC.co.uk]] |access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref>

During the 1970s, Japan had the second largest music market in the world.<ref>Billboard. 19 December 1970, pp 12 & [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mSkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA52#v=onepage&q&f=false 52]. 22 December 1979, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CSQEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT15#v=onepage&q&f=false p 14].</ref> [[J-pop#1970s: Development of "new music"|Popular music]] included [[Kayōkyoku#1970s–1980s: Idol kayō era|kayōkyoku]], [[Japanese idol#1960–1980: Post-war era and idol beginnings|idols]], [[New music (Japanese genre)|new music]], [[Japanese rock#1970s to 1980s: Diversification|rock]] and [[Enka#1960s–1970s: Commercial success|enka]]. Musical artists and bands included [[Momoe Yamaguchi]], [[Saori Minami]], the [[Candies (group)|Candies]], [[Pink Lady (duo)|Pink Lady]], [[Hiromi Go]], [[Hideki Saijo]], [[Yumi Matsutoya|Yuming]], [[Saki Kubota]], [[Judy Ongg]] and [[Sachiko Kobayashi]].
[[File:Adios Sui Generis.png|thumb|Public at the farewell concert of [[Sui Generis]] (1975)]]
[[Argentine rock]] became the most popular musical genre in [[Argentina]] among youngsters, and became famous throughout [[Latin America]]. Legendary Argentine rockstar [[Charly García]] formed his first band, [[Sui Generis]] ([[Folk rock|Folk Rock]]), which released Argentine rock staples such as [[:es:Rasguña las piedras|''Rasguña las piedras'' (''Scratch the Stones'')]] and [[:es:Canción para mi muerte|''Canción para mi muerte'' (''Song for My Death'')]]. In 1978, Charly García formed the first Latin American [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] [[Serú Girán]] ([[Progressive rock|Progressive Rock]]), which released some of the greatest rock anthems in Latin America, such as ''[[:es:Nena (Eiti Leda)|Eiti Leda]]'' and ''[[:es:Seminare|Seminare]].''
[[File:Pescado Rabioso-Spinetta - Artaud.png|thumb|[[Pescado Rabioso]]'s ''[[Artaud (album)|Artaud]]'s'' album cover (1973)]]
[[Luis Alberto Spinetta]] achieved national acclaim with [[Almendra (band)|Almendra]], perhaps the first successful progressive rock band in Latin America, their greatest hit was ''[[:es:Muchacha (Ojos de papel)|Muchacha (Ojos de papel)]].'' Later in 1973, Pescado Rabioso (Spinetta's second band) launched ''[[Artaud (album)|Artaud]],'' for many the magnus opus of Argentine rock.

Other relevant Argentine musicians and bands of the 1970s are [[Vox Dei (band)|Vox Dei]], [[Pappo]], [[Patricio Rey y sus Redonditos de Ricota]].

===Film===
{{Main|1970s in film}}

[[File:Hong kong bruce lee statue.jpg|thumb|right| [[Bruce Lee]] fostered the popularity of martial arts cinema]]
Oscar winners of the decade were ''[[Patton (film)|Patton]]'' (1970), ''[[The French Connection (film)|The French Connection]]'' (1971), ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), ''[[The Sting]]'' (1973), ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' (1974), ''[[One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (film)|One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest]]'' (1975), ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976), ''[[Annie Hall]]'' (1977), ''[[The Deer Hunter]]'' (1978), and ''[[Kramer vs. Kramer]]'' (1979).

The top ten highest-grossing films of the decade are (in order from highest to lowest grossing): ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', ''[[Grease (film)|Grease]]'', ''[[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]]'', ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]'', ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'', ''[[The Godfather]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Fever]]'', ''[[Rocky]]'', and ''[[Jaws 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=All-Time Box Office: World-wide |website = [[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross?region=world-wide |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125114400/http://www.imdb.com/boxoffice/alltimegross?region=world-wide |archive-date=2011-11-25 }}</ref> Two of these movies came out on the same day: June 16, 1978.

In 1970s [[European cinema]], the failure of the [[Prague Spring]] brought about nostalgic motion pictures such as [[István Szabó]]'s ''Szerelmesfilm'' (1970). [[German New Wave]] and [[Rainer Fassbinder]]'s existential movies characterized film-making in Germany. The movies of the Swedish director [[Ingmar Bergman]] reached a new level of expression in motion pictures like ''[[Cries and Whispers]]'' (1973).

''[[Airport (1970 film)|Airport]]'' was released in 1970, spawning the [[Disaster film|air disaster film]] genre. Throughout the decade, the film spawned  three sequels: ''[[Airport 1975]], [[Airport '77]], and [[The Concorde... Airport '79]]''. The genre also inspired a spoof film (''[[Airplane!]]'') along with its two sequels in the early 1980s. A slew of other air disaster films followed suit throughout the 1980s and well into the 1990s, primarily in made-for-TV movies.

[[Car chase]] movies also became a popular film genre of the 1970s with such films as ''[[Dirty Mary, Crazy Larry]]'' in 1974, and perhaps the genre's most popular film ''[[Smokey and the Bandit]]'' in 1977.
[[File:ZubaidaTharwat&SalahZulfikar.jpg|alt=ZubaidaTharwat&SalahZulfikar|thumb|210x210px|[[Salah Zulfikar]] and [[Zubaida Tharwat]] in ''[[The Other Man (1973 film)|The Other Man]]'' (1973)]]
Asian cinema of the 1970s catered to the rising middle class fantasies and struggles. In the [[Bollywood]] cinema of India, this was epitomized by the movies of Bollywood superhero [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. Another Asian touchstone beginning in the early 1970s was [[Hong Kong martial arts film]] which sparked a greater interest in Chinese martial arts around the world. [[Martial arts film]] reached the peak of its popularity largely in part due to its greatest icon, [[Bruce Lee]].
During the 1970s, Hollywood continued the [[New Hollywood]] movement of the late-1960s with young filmmakers like [[Francis Ford Coppola]], [[George Lucas]], [[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Steven Spielberg]], as well as films like ''[[Apocalypse Now]]'', ''[[The Godfather]]'', ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'', ''[[Taxi Driver]]'', ''[[Jaws (film)|Jaws]]'', and ''[[Close Encounters of the Third Kind]]''. Top-grossing ''Jaws'' (1975) ushered in the [[blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]] era of filmmaking, though it was eclipsed two years later by the science-fiction film ''Star Wars'' (1977), which would later go on to become [[Star Wars|one of the most successful film franchises in history]], spawning two sequels in the [[Star Wars original trilogy|original trilogy]] in the next decade. ''Saturday Night Fever'' (1977) single-handedly touched off disco mania in the U.S. ''The Godfather'' (1972) was also one of the decade's greatest successes and its first follow-up, ''[[The Godfather Part II]]'' (1974) was also successful for a sequel.

''[[The Rocky Horror Picture Show]]'' flopped in its 1975 debut, only to reappear as a more-popular midnight show later in the decade. Still in limited release decades after its premiere, it is the longest-running theatrical release in film history.

''[[The Exorcist]]'' (1973) was a box office success for the horror genre, inspiring many other so-called "devil (Satan)" films like ''[[The Omen]]'' and both of their own sequels. The release of the movie followed a general mood of paranoia on satanic themes in the United States; also the counterculture of the 1970s saw an increasing interest in [[occultism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Simon |first=Ed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gahEEAAAQBAJ |title=Pandemonium: A Visual History of Demonology |publisher=Abrams |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-64700-389-0 |pages=369–370 |language=en}}</ref>

''[[All That Jazz (film)|All That Jazz]]'' (1979) gained high critical praise, winning four Oscars and several other awards. It was an inductee of the 2001 [[National Film Registry]] list.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/ |title=Complete National Film Registry Listing &#124; Film Registry &#124; National Film Preservation Board &#124; Programs &#124; Library of Congress |website=www.loc.gov |access-date=2018-03-18}}</ref>

The [[Golden Age of Porn]] continued its reign throughout the 1970s, with one of its most popular films of the decade being ''[[Debbie Does Dallas]]'' in 1978.

===Television===
{{Main|1970s in television}}

====United Kingdom====
In the United Kingdom, colour channels were now available; three stations had begun broadcasting in colour between 1967 and 1969. However, many viewers continued to watch black-and-white television sets for most of the decade, which meant for example that televised [[snooker]] (in which the colour of balls is important) did not reach the heights of its popularity until the 1980s.

Notable dramas included ''[[Play for Today]]'' and ''[[Pennies from Heaven (TV series)|Pennies from Heaven]]''. In police dramas, there was a move towards increasing realism; popular shows included ''[[Dixon of Dock Green]]'', ''[[Z-Cars]]'', ''[[Softly, Softly (television series)|Softly, Softly]]'', and ''[[The Sweeney]]''.

The science fiction show ''[[Doctor Who]]'' reached its peak.

1970s British television featured a mix of traditional more modern comedies and sitcoms. ''[[Fawlty Towers]]'', ''[[Morecambe and Wise]]'', ''[[The Benny Hill Show]]'', ''[[Are You Being Served?]]'' and ''[[Dad's Army]]'' had their origins in the variety show and radio comedy of the first half of the century. Many popular British [[situation comedy|situation comedies]] (sit-coms) were gentle, unchallenging comedies of middle-class life; typical examples were ''[[Terry and June]]'' and ''[[Sykes (TV series)|Sykes]]''. However, the middle-class settings of ''[[The Good Life (1975 TV series)|The Good Life]]'' and ''[[The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin]]'' contrasted with their anti-establishment theme of people rejecting traditional social norms. A harsher side of society was shown by comedy series like ''[[Porridge (1974 TV series)|Porridge]]'' and ''[[Rising Damp]]'', while sitcoms such as ''[[Mind Your Language]]'', ''[[Love Thy Neighbour (1972 TV series)|Love Thy Neighbour]]'' and ''[[Till Death Us Do Part]]'' reflected social unease brought about by post-war immigration. [[Spike Milligan]]'s ''[[Q (TV series)|Q]]'' and the still-popular ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' both used surreal comedy, originating from the 1950s ''[[The Goon Show]]''.

During the 1970s, the original animated television series ''[[Roobarb]]'' and ''[[Noah and Nelly in... SkylArk]]''.

The television information retrieval service [[Teletext]] was initially introduced when the BBC [[Ceefax]] system went live on 23 September 1974.

In the late 1970s, BBC2's unveiled a new identity, a twin-striped "2", which was the first electronically generated symbol and scrolled on and off the screen.

====United States====
[[File:Redd Foxx Demond Wilson Sanford and Son 1972.JPG|thumb|right|[[Redd Foxx]] and [[Demond Wilson]] from ''[[Sanford and Son]]'']]

As the 1970s began, the Big Three TV networks were rapidly re-engineering their lineups, noting that existing programs were not attracting the youth audience. Most existing programs still operated on paradigms established in the 1950s, and some shows had literally been on the air since the dawn of TV broadcasting in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Shows that had low ratings or insufficient youth appeal were cancelled as networks scrambled to attract the large [[baby boomer]] audience.

To reflect the new social trends, television changed dramatically with more urban and edgy settings, and replaced the popular rural/country wholesome look of the 1950s and 1960s, seen as outmoded and unable to connect with young, educated urban audiences. This particular trend was known as the [[rural purge]]. Television was transformed by what became termed as "social consciousness" programming, such as ''[[All in the Family]]'' and ''[[Soap (TV series)|Soap]]'', which broke down television barriers. Many advertising trends of the 1970s also reflected this growing social consciousness trend, such as with Coca-Cola's "Give the World a Coke" and Mcdonalds' "You Deserve a Break" campaigns.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1970s Advertising Campaigns that Affected Pop Culture|url=https://frahmdigital.com/70s-commercials/|website=Frahm Digital|date=6 October 2020 }}</ref>

The women's movement ushered in a slew of programming featuring strong, independent females as central characters. Most notable was ''[[The Mary Tyler Moore Show]]'', which spawned the successful spin-offs ''[[Rhoda]]'' and ''[[Phyllis (TV series)|Phyllis]]'', and also resulted in Mary Tyler Moore becoming the first female to head a television production company of her own, [[MTM Enterprises]], which churned out groundbreaking programming in the late 1970s throughout the 1990s. Women were also established portraying action characters in programs like ''[[Police Woman (TV series)|Police Woman]]'', ''[[Wonder Woman (TV series)|Wonder Woman]]'', ''[[The Bionic Woman]]'', and others.

Minority-centric television programming also featured prominently during the 1970s. Shows featuring African-Americans as main characters, such as ''[[Sanford and Son]]'', ''[[Maude (TV series)|Maude]]'', ''[[The Jeffersons]]'', ''[[Good Times]]'', ''[[Roots (1977 miniseries)|Roots]]'' and ''[[What's Happening!!]]'' broke down barriers and became very popular. In addition, ''[[Soul Train]]'', the brainchild of [[Don Cornelius]], premiered in 1971 as the African-American counterpart to ''[[American Bandstand]]'', giving a forum for [[Soul music|soul]], [[funk]], [[jazz]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], [[disco]], and future [[rap]] and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] artists to gain exposure to American audiences, consumers, music lovers, enthusiasts, and those keen on learning new dance moves.

The television [[western (genre)|western]], which had been very popular in the 1950s and 1960s, all but died out during the 1970s, with ''[[Bonanza]]'', ''[[The Virginian (TV series)|The Virginian]]'', and ''[[Gunsmoke]]'' ending their runs. Replacing westerns were police and detective shows, a trend that would last through the 1980s.

Television still had its medical shows of the 1970s, however, ''[[Emergency!]]'' was the first popular [[medical drama]] ever to feature both the paramedic program as well as the hospital emergency department, which also encouraged future people in the United States to develop their own paramedic program or hospital emergency department, and acted as an inspiration for many individuals. ''[[Marcus Welby, M.D.]]'' and ''[[Medical Center (TV series)|Medical Center]]'' were other long-running medical dramas popular during the 1970s.

1950s nostalgia and pop culture became a theme in prime-time sitcoms with the [[Garry Marshall]]-produced ''[[Happy Days]]'' and its two [[Spin-off (media)|spin-offs]] ''[[Laverne & Shirley]]'' and ''[[Mork & Mindy]]''.

By the mid-to-late 1970s, [[jiggle television]]—programs oriented toward sexual gratification and [[farce]] comedy and situations—became popular.  Such programs included ''[[Charlie's Angels]]'', ''[[The Love Boat]]'', and perhaps the genre's most popular, ''[[Three's Company]]''.

Soap operas expanded their audiences beyond [[housewives]] with the rise of ''[[All My Children]]'', ''[[As the World Turns]]'', ''[[Somerset]]'', and ''[[The Young and the Restless]]''; with many extending their episodes from 30 minutes to an hour. The soap ''[[Another World (TV series)|Another World]]'' began a 16-month experiment in March 1979 by screening 90-minute episodes, the only serial to do so.

[[Game shows]] such as ''[[Match Game]]'', ''[[The Hollywood Squares]]'', ''[[Family Feud]]'', and many others, saw their golden ages on [[Daytime television in the United States|daytime television]]. The height of ''Match Game''{{'}}s popularity occurred between 1973 and 1977, before it was overtaken by ''Family Feud'' in 1978. Television's current longest-running game show, ''[[The Price Is Right (U.S. game show)|The Price Is Right]]'', began its run hosted by [[Bob Barker]] in 1972.

Another influential genre was the television newscast, which built on its initial widespread success in the 1960s.

The science fiction phenomenon of the late 1970s that began with ''[[Star Wars (film)|Star Wars]]'' went to television with shows such as ''[[Battlestar Galactica (1978 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]''.

[[Variety shows]], a staple of TV programming since the beginning, were also re-engineered to appeal to young viewers. Old standbys such as ''[[The Ed Sullivan Show]]'' and ''[[The Red Skelton Show]]'' were canceled and replaced by hipper programming like ''[[Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour]]'' and ''[[Donny & Marie (1976 TV series)|Donny & Marie]]''. ''[[The Carol Burnett Show]]'' also ended its historic 11-year run in 1978. In the end, rising production costs largely did in variety shows. The exception was ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' (then known as ''NBC's Saturday Night''), which was created by [[Lorne Michaels]] and premiered in 1975, with an original cast of [[Laraine Newman]], [[John Belushi]], [[Jane Curtin]], [[Gilda Radner]], [[Dan Aykroyd]], [[Garrett Morris]], and [[Chevy Chase]]. The country music variety show ''[[Hee Haw]]'', which premiered in 1969, was the only series to survive the "rural purge" and continued throughout the 70s, 80s, and into the 1990s before ending its run, although the series went into syndication after its first three seasons.

''[[The Dukes of Hazzard]]'' began its six-year run in 1979. The series was inspired by the car-chase film genre, particularly the 1975 film ''[[Moonrunners]]'', on which the series was based, with similar characters and scenes; and both were directed by [[Gy Waldron]] and voice-over narrated by country music artist [[Waylon Jennings]].

=====Pay television=====
As cable television became more affordable and accessible by U.S. consumers, the race to bring the silver screen to the small screen commenced with the launch of [[pay television]] services showing premium content.

[[HBO]] launched on November 8, 1972, becoming the nation's first pay-television channel. On September 30, 1975, HBO became the first television network to continuously deliver signals via satellite when it showed the [[Thrilla in Manila]] boxing match between [[Muhammad Ali]] and [[Joe Frazier]].

Star Channel launched its service offerings nationally in 1973 through the delivery of movies on videotapes for cable providers to broadcast. This proved problematic since the videotapes were often riddled with technical difficulties. Star Channel eventually was linked up to satellite in January 1978. Shortly after, Warner Communications acquired the channel and relaunched it on December 1, 1979, in its current form as [[The Movie Channel]].

Media giant [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] launched their premium service, [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]], nationally on July 1, 1976, after a brief, wildly successful test launch on their cable system in [[Dublin, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/corporate-profile-showtime|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629195653/http://www.marketplace.org/topics/world/corporate-profile-showtime|url-status=dead|title=Corporate profile: Showtime - Marketplace.org|date=29 June 2012|archive-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>

====Australia====
In 1974, Australian TV tested color transmissions (full-time color came in 1975). Popular shows during the decade include, ''[[Young Talent Time]]'', ''[[Number 96 (TV series)|Number 96]]'', ''[[The Aunty Jack Show]]'', ''[[Class of '74]]'', ''[[The Sullivans]]'', ''[[The Don Lane Show]]'', ''[[Cop Shop]]'', ''[[The Naked Vicar Show]]'', ''[[The Paul Hogan Show]]'' and ''[[Countdown (Australian TV series)|Countdown]]''.

====South Africa====
South Africa saw nationwide television service for the first time on January 5, 1976, although limited-view, locally available television began on May 5, 1975.

====Japan====
The original anime television series ''[[Vicky the Viking]]'', ''[[Heidi, Girl of the Alps|Heidi]]'', ''[[Maya the Honey Bee|Maya the Bee]]'' and ''[[Doraemon (1979 TV series)|Doraemon]]'' in both 1974, 1975 and 1979, respectively.

===Computer and video games===
[[File:Pong bs.png|thumb|right|250px|[[Pong]] (1972)]]
[[File:Milton-Bradley-Microvision-Handheld-FL.jpg|thumb|right|150px|[[Microvision]] (1979) is the first handheld game console that used interchangeable cartridges.]]
{{Main|1970s in video games}}
{{See also|History of video games#1970s}}

* Popular and notable video games of the 1970s include: ''[[Space Invaders]]'', ''[[Asteroids (video game)|Asteroids]]'', ''[[Pong]]'', and ''[[Breakout (video game)|Breakout]]''.
* [[Golden age of video arcade games]]
* ''[[Gun Fight]]'' was the first video game to contain a [[microprocessor]].
* ''[[The Oregon Trail (1971 video game)|The Oregon Trail]]'' was the first publicly available educational video game made available for widespread use in schools on December 3, 1971. The game is a cult classic and is still used today, in a wide variety of formats, through emulators and on smartphones.
* The first commercially available video game console, entitled [[Magnavox Odyssey]], was released in September 1972, created by [[Ralph H. Baer]].
*[[1974 in video gaming|1974]]: Both ''[[Maze War]]'' (on the [[Imlac PDS-1]] at the [[NASA Ames Research Center]] in California) and ''[[Spasim]]'' (on PLATO) appeared, pioneering examples of early multiplayer 3D [[first-person shooter]]s.
* In 1976, [[Mattel]] introduced the first [[handheld electronic game]] with the release of [[Mattel Auto Race]].
* Then, in 1976, [[William Crowther (computer programmer)|William Crowther]] wrote the first modern text adventure game, [[Colossal Cave Adventure]].
* [[Apple, Inc.]] ushered in the modern personal computing age with its June 1, 1977, launch of the first mass-produced personal computer, the [[Apple&nbsp;II]]. Although many business-focused personal workstations were available to corporations years earlier, the Apple&nbsp;II has the distinction of being the first to produce personal computers specifically targeted to home users, beating the [[Commodore PET]] and [[Atari 400]] to the market by five months. The original retail price of the computer was US$1298<ref>{{cite book|last=Forster| first=Winnie|author-link=Winnie Forster|title=The encyclopedia of consoles, handhelds & home computers 1972–2005|year=2005|publisher=GAMEPLAN|isbn=3-00-015359-4|page=19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Apple|title=Introducing Apple II|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1977-06/1977_06_BYTE_02-06_Cognitive_Robot#page/n15/mode/2up|website=Archive|date=June 1977 |access-date=4 September 2014|ref=Apple II Advertisement}}</ref> (with 4&nbsp;KB of RAM) and US$2638 (with the maximum 48&nbsp;KB of RAM).
* The [[Atari 2600]] was released in October 1977 and was a huge commercial success. It was challenged by the [[Magnavox Odyssey²]] and [[Intellivision]].
* [[Fairchild Channel F]] from 1976 becomes the first programmable [[ROM cartridge]]-based video game console.
* The [[Microvision]] was the first hand-held game console using interchangeable cartridges. It was released by the [[Milton Bradley Company]] in November 1979.
[[File:Kempes versus Holanda3.JPG|thumb|304x304px|[[Mario Kempes]] scores the first goal in the [[1978 FIFA World Cup final|1978 World Cup Final]] for [[Argentina national football team|Argentina]]]]

===Sports===
{{Main|1970s in sports}}
The [[1972 Summer Olympics]] in Munich, Germany saw swimmer [[Mark Spitz]] set seven World Records and won a record seven gold medals. The [[1976 Summer Olympics]] were held in [[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada. [[Brazil]] won the [[FIFA World Cup 1970|1970 FIFA World Cup]] in Mexico, West Germany won the [[FIFA World Cup 1974|1974 FIFA World Cup]] in West Germany, and Argentina won the [[FIFA World Cup 1978|1978 FIFA World Cup]] in Argentina. The [[1970 FIFA World Cup]] was the first world cup to be televised in color.

On April 9, 1975, Asia's first professional basketball league, the [[Philippine Basketball Association]] (PBA) had its first game at the [[Smart Araneta Coliseum|Araneta Coliseum]] in Cubao, [[Quezon City]], Philippines.

====United States====
[[File:Dave Schultz hockey.JPG|thumb|150px|[[Dave Schultz (ice hockey)|Dave Schultz]] won Stanley Cup two times]]
The [[Oakland Athletics]] three-peated at the World Series in [[1972 World Series|1972]]–[[1974 World Series|1974]].

The [[Cincinnati Reds]] go to the [[World Series]] in [[1970 World Series|1970]], [[1972 World Series|1972]], [[1975 World Series|1975]], and [[1976 World Series|1976]], led by the [[Big Red Machine]] winning two out of four.

The [[New York Yankees]] won the World Series in [[1977 World Series|1977]] and [[1978 World Series|1978]] after losing in [[1976 World Series|1976]].

The [[Dallas Cowboys]] and the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]] dominated the decade in the NFL. Steelers were led by [[Terry Bradshaw]] and [[Chuck Noll]], and the Cowboys were led by [[Roger Staubach]] and [[Tom Landry]], while the [[Miami Dolphins]] became the only team in NFL history to go "all the way," winning the [[Super Bowl]] with an [[1972 Miami Dolphins season|undefeated record]]—a feat that remains unmatched to this day.

In the 1970s we saw a lot of sports venues that were built during this decade which includes [[Arrowhead Stadium]], [[Three Rivers Stadium]], [[Texas Stadium]], [[Veterans Stadium]], [[Riverfront Stadium]], and [[Caesars Superdome|Mercedes-Benz Superdome]].

The [[Philadelphia Flyers]] won the [[Stanley Cup]] in [[1974 Stanley Cup Finals|1974]] and [[1975 Stanley Cup Finals|1975]], a team best remembered as "The Broad Street Bullies".

====Disc sports (Frisbee)====
As numbers of young people became alienated from social norms, they resisted and looked for alternatives. They would form what would become known as the [[counterculture]]. The forms of escape and resistance would manifest in many ways including social activism, alternative lifestyles, experimental living through foods, dress, music and alternative recreational activities, including that of throwing a [[frisbee]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Countercultural Sports in America: The History and Meaning of Ultimate Frisbee|first=Jordan |last=Holtzman-Conston |publisher=Waltham, Mass|year= 2010|isbn=978-3838311951}}</ref> What started with a few players like Victor Malafronte, Z Weyand and [[Ken Westerfield]] experimenting with new ways of throwing and catching a frisbee, later would become known as playing [[Flying disc freestyle|freestyle]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Freestyle Players Hall of Fame Pioneer Class|work=FPA Hall of Fame|url=http://www.freestyledisc.org/hall-of-fame/|access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-date=April 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426195915/http://www.freestyledisc.org/hall-of-fame/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Organized disc sports, in the 1970s, began with promotional efforts from [[Wham-O]] and [[Irwin Toy]] (Canada), a few tournaments and professionals using frisbee show tours to perform at universities, fairs and sporting events.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of Frisbee and Flying Disc freestyle|work=Formative Years Frisbee Sports|url=http://www.freestyledisc.org/freestyle-history/#chapter2|access-date=October 3, 2017|date=2017-05-11}}</ref> Disc sports such as freestyle, [[double disc court]], [[Guts (flying disc game)|guts]], [[Ultimate (sport)|disc ultimate]] and [[disc golf]] became this sports first events.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Flying Disc Federation|url=http://wfdf.org/|work=WFDF Official Website|access-date=October 19, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World Flying Disc Federation|url=http://wfdf.org/history-stats/history-of-flying-disc|work=History of the Flying Disc|access-date=October 20, 2013}}</ref>

===Literature===
{{Main|1970s in literature}}
[[File:Borgesygroupies.jpg|thumb|270x270px|[[Jorge Luis Borges]] with admirers in 1976.]]
Fiction in the early 1970s brought a return to old-fashioned storytelling, especially with [[Erich Segal]]'s ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]''. The seventies also saw the decline of previously well-respected writers, such as [[Saul Bellow]] and [[Peter De Vries]], who both released poorly received novels at the start of the decade. Racism remained a key literary subject. [[John Updike]] emerged as a major literary figure. Reflections on the 1960s experience also found roots in the literature of the decade through the works of [[Joyce Carol Oates]] and [[Wright Morris]]. With the rising cost of hard-cover books and the increasing readership of [[genre fiction]], the paperback became a popular medium. Criminal non-fiction also became a popular topic. Irreverence and satire, typified in [[Kurt Vonnegut]]'s ''[[Breakfast of Champions]]'', were common literary elements. The horror genre also emerged, and by the late 1970s [[Stephen King]] had become one of the most popular [[genre novelist]]s. The [[postmodern]] author [[Thomas Pynchon]] published his most famous work, ''[[Gravity's Rainbow]]'', in 1973.

In non-fiction, several books related to Nixon and the [[Watergate scandal]] topped the best-selling lists. 1977 brought many high-profile biographical works of literary figures, such as those of [[Virginia Woolf]], [[Agatha Christie]], and [[J.&nbsp;R.&nbsp;R. Tolkien]].

The [[List of fake memoirs and journals|fake memoir]] ''[[Go Ask Alice]]'' was released in 1971. Upon its initial release the book was marketed as a real diary of a teenage girl who overdosed in the 1960s. However, it was later revealed that the book was actually written by [[Beatrice Sparks]].

[[Jorge Luis Borges]] published ''[[:es:El informe de Brodie|Dr. Brodie's Report]]'' in 1970 and ''[[The Book of Sand (short story collection)|The Book Of Sand]]'' in 1975.

[[Julio Cortázar]] published [[Octaedro]] in 1974.

[[Ernesto Sabato|Ernesto Sábato]] published ''[[Abaddón el exterminador|Abaddón The Exterminator]],'' his last novel, in 1974.

===Architecture===
{{multiple image
| direction         = horizontal
| width1            = 118
| width2            = 130
| footer            = 
| image1            = World Trade Center, New York City - aerial view (March 2001).jpg
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = The [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] towers were the world's tallest buildings from 1972 to 1973.
| image2            = Sears Tower ss.jpg
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = The [[Sears Tower]] became the world's tallest building when completed in 1973.
}}

[[File:CN Tower 1976.jpg|100px|thumb|The [[CN Tower]] was completed in 1976, becoming the world's tallest free-standing structure.]]
Architecture in the 1970s began as a continuation of styles created by such architects as [[Frank Lloyd Wright]] and [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]]. Early in the decade, several architects competed to build the tallest building in the world. Of these buildings, the most notable are the [[John Hancock Center]] and [[Sears Tower]] in Chicago, both designed by [[Bruce Graham]] and [[Fazlur Khan]], and the [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|World Trade Center]] towers in New York by American architect [[Minoru Yamasaki]]. The decade also brought experimentation in geometric design, [[pop-art]], [[postmodernism]], and early [[deconstructivism]].

Design trends in the 1970s were marked by a backlash against the bright colors and futurism of the 1950s and 1960s and a rise in popularity of dark, earthy tones with extensive use of brown, green, purple, and orange. Wood decor and paneling was integral to 1970s interior design as well, replacing the obsession of the 1950s and 1960s with chrome and aluminum. Darker colors not only reflected the back-to-nature mindset of the decade, but the sluggish world economy with its lowered optimism and expectations for the future.

In 1974, [[Louis Kahn]]'s last and arguably most famous building, the National Assembly Building of [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh, was completed. The building's use of open spaces and groundbreaking geometry brought rare attention to the small South Asian country. [[Hugh Stubbins]]'s [[Citigroup Center|Citicorp Center]] revolutionized the incorporation of solar panels in office buildings. The seventies brought further experimentation in glass and steel construction and geometric design. Chinese architect [[I. M. Pei]]'s [[John Hancock Tower]] in [[Boston]], Massachusetts, is an example, although like many buildings of the time, the experimentation was flawed and glass panes fell from the façade. In 1976, the completed [[CN&nbsp;Tower]] in Toronto became the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, an honor it held until 2007. The fact that no taller tower had been built between the construction of the CN Tower and the [[Burj Khalifa]] shows how innovative the architecture and engineering of the structure truly were.

Modern architecture was increasingly criticized as the decade went on from the point of view of postmodern architects, such as [[Philip Johnson]], Charles Moore, and [[Michael Graves]], who advocated a return to pre-modern styles of architecture and the incorporation of pop elements as a means of communicating with a broader public. Other architects, such as [[Peter Eisenman]] of the [[New York Five]], advocated the pursuit of form for the sake of form and drew on semiotics theory for support.

"High Tech" architecture moved forward as [[Buckminster Fuller]] continued his experiments in [[geodesic domes]], while the [[Centre Georges Pompidou|Georges Pompidou Center]], designed by [[Renzo Piano]] and [[Richard Rogers]], which opened in 1977, was a prominent example. As the decade drew to a close, [[Frank Gehry]] broke out in a new direction with his own house in Santa Monica, a highly complex structure, half excavated out of an existing bungalow and half cheaply built construction using materials such as chicken wire fencing.

[[Terracotta Army]] figures, dating from 210 BC, were discovered in 1974 by some local farmers in Lintong District, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China, near the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor (Chinese: 秦始皇陵; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng Ling). In 1978, electrical workers in [[Mexico City]] found the remains of the [[Great Pyramid of Tenochtitlan]] in the middle of the city.

===Fashion===
{{Main|1970s in fashion}}
Clothing styles during the 1970s were influenced by outfits seen in popular music groups and in Hollywood films.<ref name=collectorsweekly>[http://www.collectorsweekly.com/1970s "Time Machine > 1970s". ''Collectors Weekly'', undated] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125052738/http://www.collectorsweekly.com/1970s |date=2010-01-25 }}, retrieved on 2009-01-06.</ref> In clothing, prints, especially from India and other parts of the world, were fashionable.<ref name=collectorsweekly/>

Much of the 1970s fashion styles were influenced by the [[History of the hippie movement#1970 to present|hippie movement]]. As well as the hippie look, the 70s also gave way to [[glam rock]] styles, started off by [[David Bowie]] who was named the King of Glam Rock. Glam was a [[genderbent]] and outlandish style.

Significant fashion trends of the 1970s include:

* [[Bell-bottoms|Bell-bottomed pants]] remained popular throughout the decade. These combined with [[Polo neck|turtle necked shirts]] and flower-prints to form the characteristic 1970s look. In the later part of the decade, this gave way to three-piece suits, in large part because of the movie ''[[Saturday Night Fever]]''.
* [[Sideburn]]s were popular for men, particularly mutton chops; as were [[beard]]s and [[mustaches]] which had been out of fashion since the 19th and early 20th century.
* Women's hairstyles went from long and straight in the first half of the decade to the feathery cut of [[Farrah Fawcett]], a trend that continued through the first half of the 1980s.
* [[Miniskirt]]s and [[minidress]]es were still popular in the first half of the decade, particularly with pleated "rah-rah" skirts with higher hemlines; but they were quickly phased out by the mid-70s in favor of [[hot pants]]. However, miniskirts and minidresses never totally went away, and they made a return to mainstream fashion in the mid-1980s and has remained a fashion staple in the decades since.
* [[Crop top]]s and [[hot pants]] became popular summer outfits among young women and teenage girls in the second half of the decade.
* [[Platform shoes]]
* [[Leisure suit]]s
* [[Mohawk hairstyle]] was associated with [[punk subculture]]
* [[Flokati rug]]s
* [[Lava lamp]]s
* [[Papasan chair]]s

<gallery widths="190px" perrow="5">
File:Redhead Beach Bell Bottoms.jpg| [[Bell-bottoms|Bell-bottomed pants]] were especially popular throughout the decade
File:Farrah_Fawcett_1977.JPG|The [[Farrah Fawcett]] hairstyle was considered particularly fashionable during the decade
File:Young-Dolly-Parton.jpg|Denim jackets and headbands were also a trend, modeled here by [[Dolly Parton]] in 1977
File:Blue disco quad roller skates.jpg|Roller-skating was at its peak in the 1970s, and was closely associated with disco music and [[roller disco]]s
File:A girl in Kensington.JPG|[[Miniskirts]] were still popular in the first half of the decade
File:Billy Preston.jpg|[[Billy Preston]] sporting an [[afro]] in 1974
</gallery>

== People ==
===Scientists and engineers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Manolis Andronikos]]
*[[Speak & Spell (toy)|Paul Breedlove]]
*[[Martin Cooper (inventor)|Martin Cooper]]
*[[Gordon Coppuck]]
*[[Federico Faggin]]
*[[Mauro Forghieri]]
*[[Sheldon Glashow]]
*[[Stephen Jay Gould]]
*[[Kazuo Hashimoto]]
*[[Stephen Hawking]] 
*[[Rudolf Hruska]]
*[[Russell Alan Hulse]]
*[[John Iliopoulos]]
*[[Pyotr Kapitza]]
*[[Fazlur Rahman Khan|F.R.Khan]] 
*[[John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)|John O'Keefe]]
*[[Nobutoshi Kihara]]
*{{ill|Ludwig Kraus|de}}
*[[Luciano Maiani]]
*[[Benoit Mandelbrot]]
*[[Daniel Nathans]]
*[[Harvey Postlethwaite]]
*[[Paul Rosche]]
*[[Steven Sasson]]
*[[Frederic Sanger]]
*[[Hamilton O. Smith]]
*[[Paolo Stanzani]]
*[[Patrick Steptoe]]
*[[Joe Sutter]]
*[[VHS|Shiuzo Takano]]
*[[Fabio Taglioni]]
*[[Charles P. Thacker|Charles Thacker]]
*[[Steve Wozniak]]
{{div col end}}

===Actors / Entertainers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Mario Adorf]]
* [[Jack Albertson]]
* [[Alan Alda]]
* [[Nancy Allen (actress)|Nancy Allen]]
* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[John Amos]]
* [[Ursula Andress]]
* [[Julie Andrews]]
* [[Alan Arkin]]
* [[Bea Arthur]]
* [[Ed Asner]]
* [[Richard Attenborough]]
* [[Margaret Avery]]
* [[Dan Aykroyd]]
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
* [[Conrad Bain]]
* [[Tom Baker]]
* [[Martin Balsam]]
* [[Ned Beatty]]
* [[Warren Beatty]]
* [[Jean-Paul Belmondo]]
* [[John Belushi]]
* [[Jane Birkin]]
* [[Jacqueline Bisset]]
* [[Bill Bixby]]
* [[Karen Black]]
* [[Linda Blair]]
* [[Ernest Borgnine]]
* [[Tom Bosley]]
* [[Peter Boyle]]
* [[Marlon Brando]]
* [[Eric Braeden]]
* [[Beau Bridges]]
* [[Jeff Bridges]]
* [[Eileen Brennan]]
* [[James Brolin]]
* [[Mel Brooks]]
* [[Charles Bronson]]
* [[Jim Brown]]
* [[Roscoe Lee Browne]]
* [[Yul Brynner]]
* [[Carol Burnett]]
* [[Ellen Burstyn]]
* [[Richard Burton]]
* [[Raymond Burr]]
* [[Gary Busey]]
* [[James Caan]]
* [[Sid Caesar]]
* [[Michael Caine]]
* [[Colleen Camp]]
* [[John Candy]]
* [[Claudia Cardinale]]
* [[George Carlin]]
* [[David Carradine]]
* [[Keith Carradine]]
* [[Diahann Carroll]]
* [[Johnny Carson]]
* [[Lynda Carter]]
* [[David Cassidy]]
* [[John Cassavetes]]
* [[Richard Chamberlain]]
* [[Geraldine Chaplin]]
* [[Jackie Chan]]
* [[Chevy Chase]]
* [[Julie Christie]]
* [[Jill Clayburgh]]
* [[John Cleese]]
* [[James Coburn]]
* [[James Coco]]
* [[Joan Collins]]
* [[Sean Connery]]
* [[Mike Connors]]
* [[Tim Conway]]
* [[Bill Cosby]]
* [[Richard Crenna]]
* [[Billy Crystal]]
* [[Jamie Lee Curtis]]
* [[Tony Curtis]]
* [[Peter Cushing]]
* [[Rodney Dangerfield]]
* [[Blythe Danner]]
* [[Bruce Davison]]
* [[Dom DeLuise]]
* [[Alain Delon]]
* [[Catherine Deneuve]]
* [[Brian Dennehy]]
* [[Robert De Niro]]
* [[Gérard Depardieu]]
* [[Bruce Dern]]
* [[Danny DeVito]]
* [[Joyce DeWitt]]
* [[Kirk Douglas]]
* [[Michael Douglas]]
* [[David Doyle (actor)|David Doyle]]
* [[Richard Dreyfuss]]
* [[Faye Dunaway]]
* [[Charles Durning]]
* [[Robert Duvall]]
* [[Shelley Duvall]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Barbara Eden]]
* [[Britt Ekland]]
* [[Peter Falk]]
* [[Mia Farrow]]
* [[Farrah Fawcett]]
* [[José Ferrer]]
* [[Sally Field]]
* [[Albert Finney]]
* [[Carrie Fisher]]
* [[Louise Fletcher]] 
* [[Jane Fonda]]
* [[Peter Fonda]]
* [[Harrison Ford]]
* [[Frederic Forrest]] 
* [[Robert Forster]]
* [[Jodie Foster]]
* [[Redd Foxx]]
* [[Anthony Franciosa]]
* [[Morgan Freeman]]
* [[James Garner]]
* [[Richard Gere]]
* [[Henry Gibson]]
* [[Terry Gilliam]]
* [[Louis Gossett Jr.]]
* [[Elliott Gould]]
* [[Pam Grier]]
* [[Merv Griffin]]
* [[Robert Guillaume]]
* [[Alec Guinness]]
* [[Gene Hackman]]
* [[Larry Hagman]]
* [[Mark Hamill]]
* [[Valerie Harper]]
* [[Richard Harris]]
* [[Goldie Hawn]]
* [[Katherine Helmond]]
* [[Sherman Hemsley]]
* [[Florence Henderson]]
* [[Jim Henson]]
* [[Charlton Heston]]
* [[Dustin Hoffman]]
* [[Paul Hogan]]
* [[Hal Holbrook]]
* [[William Holden]]
* [[Ian Holm]]
* [[James Hong]]
* [[Anthony Hopkins]]
* [[Dennis Hopper]]
* [[Ron Howard]]
* [[Susan Howard]]
* [[Rock Hudson]]
* [[John Hurt]]
* [[Eric Idle]]
* [[Glenda Jackson]]
* [[Kate Jackson]]
* [[Olivia Newton-John]]
* [[James Earl Jones]]
* [[Shirley Jones]]
* [[Terry Jones]]
* [[Madeline Kahn]]
* [[Carol Kane]]
* [[Gabe Kaplan]]
* [[Casey Kasem]]
* [[Julie Kavner]]
* [[Stacy Keach]]
* [[Diane Keaton]]
* [[Harvey Keitel]]
* [[Sally Kellerman]]
* [[George Kennedy]]
* [[Margot Kidder]]
* [[Richard Kiel]]
* [[Sally Kirkland]]
* [[Jack Klugman]]
* [[Don Knotts]]
* [[Yaphet Kotto]]
* [[Kris Kristofferson]]
* [[Cheryl Ladd]]
* [[Burt Lancaster]]
* [[Martin Landau]]
* [[Michael Landon]]
* [[Vicki Lawrence]]
* [[George Lazenby]]
* [[Cloris Leachman]]
* [[Bruce Lee]]
* [[Christopher Lee]]
* [[Jack Lemmon]]
* [[Jerry Lewis]]
* [[Hal Linden]]
* [[Christopher Lloyd]]
* [[Jack Lord]]
* [[Sophia Loren]]
* [[Shirley MacLaine]]
* [[Gavin MacLeod]]
* [[Lee Majors]]
* [[Ann-Margret]]
* [[Penny Marshall]]
* [[Dean Martin]]
* [[Steve Martin]]
* [[Lee Marvin]]
* [[James Mason]]
* [[Marcello Mastroianni]]
* [[Walter Matthau]]
* [[Rue McClanahan]]
* [[Roddy McDowall]]
* [[Malcolm McDowell]]
* [[Steve McQueen]]
* [[Ian McShane]]
* [[Burgess Meredith]]
* [[Lee Meriwether]]
* [[Liza Minnelli]]
* [[Ricardo Montalbán]]
* [[Roger Moore]]
* [[Mary Tyler Moore]]
* [[Jeanne Moreau]]
* [[Rita Moreno]]
* [[Harry Morgan]]
* [[Pat Morita]]
* [[Bob Newhart]]
* [[Paul Newman]]
* [[Olivia Newton-John]]
* [[Jack Nicholson]]
* [[Leslie Nielsen]]
* [[Nick Nolte]]
* [[Chuck Norris]]
* [[Carroll O'Connor]]
* [[Ryan O'Neal]]
* [[Jennifer O'Neill]]
* [[Peter O'Toole]]
* [[Al Pacino]]
* [[Michael Palin]]
* [[Jack Palance]]
* [[Gregory Peck]]
* [[Anthony Perkins]]
* [[Jon Pertwee]]
* [[Mackenzie Phillips]]
* [[Michelle Phillips]]
* [[Donald Pleasence]]
* [[Suzanne Pleshette]]
* [[Christopher Plummer]]
* [[Sidney Poitier]]
* [[Richard Pryor]]
* [[Randy Quaid]]
* [[Anthony Quinn]]
* [[Gilda Radner]]
* [[Tony Randall]]
* [[Robert Redford]]
* [[Vanessa Redgrave]]
* [[Robert Reed]]
* [[Christopher Reeve]]
* [[Rob Reiner]]
* [[Burt Reynolds]]
* [[Don Rickles]]
* [[John Ritter]]
* [[Joan Rivers]]
* [[Jason Robards]]
* [[Cliff Robertson]]
* [[Richard Roundtree]]
* [[Marion Ross]]
* [[Kurt Russell]]
* [[Isabel Sanford]]
* [[Susan Sarandon]]
* [[John Savage (actor)|John Savage]]
* [[Telly Savalas]]
* [[John Saxon]]
* [[Roy Scheider]]
* [[Maximilian Schell]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[George C. Scott]]
* [[Jean Seberg]]
* [[George Segal]]
* [[Peter Sellers]]
* [[Jane Seymour (British actress)|Jane Seymour]]
* [[Omar Sharif]]
* [[William Shatner]]
* [[Robert Shaw (actor)|Robert Shaw]]
* [[Martin Sheen]]
* [[Cybill Shepherd]]
* [[Talia Shire]]
* [[Tom Skerritt]]
* [[Jaclyn Smith]]
* [[Suzanne Somers]]
* [[Sissy Spacek]]
* [[Joe Spinell]]
* [[Robert Stack]]
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Terence Stamp]]
* [[Harry Dean Stanton]]
* [[Susan Strasberg]]
* [[Jean Stapleton]]
* [[Dean Stockwell]]
* [[Meryl Streep]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Sally Struthers]]
* [[Donald Sutherland]]
* [[Loretta Swit]]
* [[Max von Sydow]]
* [[Elizabeth Taylor]]
* [[Richard Thomas (actor)|Richard Thomas]]
* [[Lily Tomlin]]
* [[Rip Torn]]
* [[John Travolta]]
* [[Jean-Louis Trintignant]]
* [[Cicely Tyson]]
* [[Liv Ullmann]]
* [[Dick Van Dyke]]
* [[Robert Vaughn]]
* [[Hervé Villechaize]]
* [[Jon Voight]]
* [[Lindsay Wagner]]
* [[Robert Wagner]]
* [[Ralph Waite]]
* [[Christopher Walken]]
* [[Eli Wallach]]
* [[M. Emmet Walsh]]
* [[Jack Warden]]
* [[Sam Waterston]]
* [[John Wayne]]
* [[Carl Weathers]]
* [[Raquel Welch]]
* [[Betty White]]
* [[Gene Wilder]]
* [[Cindy Williams]]
* [[Billy Dee Williams]]
* [[Robin Williams]]
* [[Treat Williams]]
* [[Fred Williamson]]
* [[Demond Wilson]]
* [[Paul Winfield]]
* [[Henry Winkler]]
* [[Jonathan Winters]]
* [[Shelley Winters]]
* [[Joanne Woodward]]
* [[James Woods]]
* [[Bolo Yeung]]
* [[Michael York]]
* [[Burt Young]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="125px" heights="125px" perrow="5">
File:Pacino as Serpico in 1973.jpg| [[Al Pacino]]
File:Sylvester Stallone 1978 (cropped).jpg| [[Sylvester Stallone]]
File:Robert De Niro (cropped).jpg| [[Robert De Niro]]
File:John Travolta 1976 (cropped).jpg| [[John Travolta]]
File:Jack Nicholson - 1976 (new).jpg| [[Jack Nicholson]]
</gallery>

===Filmmakers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Sylvester Stallone]]
* [[Lo Wei]]
* [[Woody Allen]]
* [[Robert Altman]]
* [[Michelangelo Antonioni]]
* [[Dario Argento]]
* [[Ingmar Bergman]]
* [[Bernardo Bertolucci]]
* [[John Boorman]]
* [[Luis Buñuel]]
* [[Michael Cimino]]
* [[Jack Clayton]]
* [[Francis Ford Coppola]]
* [[John Carpenter]]
* [[Richard Donner]]
* [[Clint Eastwood]]
* [[Richard Fleischer]]
* [[Miloš Forman]]
* [[Bob Fosse]]
* [[William Friedkin]]
* [[Ridley Scott]]
* [[Steven Spielberg]]
* [[Martin Scorsese]]
* [[Stanley Kubrick]]
* [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]
* [[George Lucas]]
* [[Akira Kurosawa]]
* [[Brian De Palma]]
* [[Roman Polanski]]
* [[Sergio Leone]]
* [[Terry Gilliam]]
* [[Werner Herzog]]
* [[Sidney Lumet]]
* [[Andrei Tarkovsky|Andreï Tarkovsky]]
* [[Arthur Penn]]
* [[Alan Parker]]
* [[Terrence Malick]]
* [[Tobe Hooper]]
* [[John Huston]]
* [[Ettore Scola]]
* [[David Lean]]
* [[Sam Peckinpah]]
* [[Tonino Valerii]]
* [[François Truffaut]]
* [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]
* [[Don Siegel]]
* [[Dalton Trumbo]]
* [[Luchino Visconti]]
* [[David Lynch]]
* [[Federico Fellini|Frederico Fellini]]
* [[George A. Romero]]
* [[Sydney Pollack]]
* [[Alan J. Pakula]]
* [[John Schlesinger]]
* [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
* [[George Miller (director)|George Miller]]
* [[Bob Rafelson]]
* [[Alejandro Jodorowsky]]
* [[Franklin J. Schaffner]]
* [[Costa-Gavras]]
* [[Elia Kazan]]
* [[Norman Jewison]]
* [[Peter Weir]]
* [[Melvin Van Peebles]]
{{div col end}}
<gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="5">
File:Sergio Leone 1975.jpg|[[Sergio Leone]]
File:Francis Ford Coppola -1976.jpg|[[Francis Ford Coppola]]
File:George Lucas 1986 (cropped).jpg|[[George Lucas]]
</gallery>

===Musicians===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bill Anderson]]
* [[Lynn Anderson]]
* [[Paul Anka]]
* [[Chet Atkins]]
* [[Joan Baez]]
* [[Jeff Beck]]
* [[Captain Beefheart]]
* [[Tony Bennett]]
* [[George Benson]]
* [[Bobby Bland]]
* [[Marc Bolan]]
* [[Pat Boone]]
* [[David Bowie]]
* [[James Brown]]
* [[Jackson Browne]]
* [[Peabo Bryson]]
* [[Jimmy Buffett]]
* [[Eric Burdon]]
* [[Jerry Butler]]
* [[Glen Campbell]]
* [[John Cale]]
* [[Johnny Cash]]
* [[David Cassidy]]
* [[Harry Chapin]]
* [[Ray Charles]]
* [[Sonny & Cher]]
* [[Lou Christie]]
* [[Eric Clapton]]
* [[Roy Clark]]
* [[Joe Cocker]]
* [[David Allan Coe]]
* [[Leonard Cohen]]
* [[Rita Coolidge]]
* [[Alice Cooper]]
* [[Elvis Costello]]
* [[Jim Croce]]
* [[David Crosby]]
* [[Roger Daltrey]]
* [[Charlie Daniels]]
* [[Bobby Darin]]
* [[Miles Davis]]
* [[John Denver]]
* [[Neil Diamond]]
* [[Nick Drake]]
* [[George Duke]]
* [[Bob Dylan]]
* [[Donovan]]
* [[Peter Frampton]]
* [[Bryan Ferry]]
* [[Roberta Flack]]
* [[Aretha Franklin]]
* [[Rory Gallagher]]
* [[Marvin Gaye]]
* [[Crystal Gayle]] 
* [[Dizzy Gillespie]]
* [[Mickey Gilley]]
* [[Eddy Grant]]
* [[Al Green]]
* [[Simon & Garfunkel]]
* [[Hall & Oates]]
* [[Merle Haggard]]
* [[Johnny Hallyday]]
* [[George Harrison]]
* [[Emmylou Harris]]
* [[Isaac Hayes]]
* [[Jimi Hendrix]]
* [[Wanda Jackson]]
* [[Etta James]]
* [[Rick James]]
* [[Sonny James]]
* [[Al Jarreau]]
* [[Waylon Jennings]]
* [[Billy Joel]]
* [[Elton John]]
* [[Janis Joplin]]
* [[George Jones]]
* [[Quincy Jones]]
* [[Tom Jones (singer)|Tom Jones]]
* [[B.B. King]]
* [[Ben E. King]]
* [[Carole King]]
* [[Kris Kristofferson]]
* [[Patti LaBelle]]
* [[Brenda Lee]]
* [[Jerry Lee Lewis]]
* [[John Lennon]]
* [[Gordon Lightfoot]]
* [[Meat Loaf]]
* [[Kenny Loggins]]
* [[Loretta Lynn]]
* [[Barbara Mandrell]]
* [[Barry Manilow]]
* [[Bob Marley]]
* [[Johnny Mathis]]
* [[Curtis Mayfield]]
* [[John Mayall]]
* [[Paul McCartney]]
* [[Don McLean]]
* [[Bette Midler]]
* [[Roger Miller]]
* [[Ronnie Milsap]]
* [[Charles Mingus]]
* [[Joni Mitchell]]
* [[Eddie Money]]
* [[Van Morrison]]
* [[Anne Murray]]
* [[Johnny Nash]]
* [[Willie Nelson]]
* [[Olivia Newton-John]]
* [[Harry Nilsson]]
* [[Ted Nugent]]
* [[Yoko Ono]]
* [[Roy Orbison]]
* [[Buck Owens]]
* [[Gilbert O'Sullivan]]
* [[Robert Palmer (singer)|Robert Palmer]]
* [[Dolly Parton]]
* [[Johnny Paycheck]]
* [[Teddy Pendergrass]]
* [[Wilson Pickett]]
* [[Iggy Pop]]
* [[Elvis Presley]]
* [[Billy Preston]]
* [[Ray Price]]
* [[Charley Pride]]
* [[Eddie Rabbitt]]
* [[Lou Rawls]]
* [[Jerry Reed]]
* [[Lou Reed]]
* [[Helen Reddy]]
* [[Charlie Rich]]
* [[Cliff Richard]]
* [[Little Richard]]
* [[Jeannie C. Riley]]
* [[Smokey Robinson]]
* [[Marty Robbins]]
* [[Kenny Rogers]]
* [[Linda Ronstadt]]
* [[Diana Ross]]
* [[Leon Russell]]
* [[Carlos Santana]]
* [[Leo Sayer]]
* [[Jeannie Seely]]
* [[Neil Sedaka]]
* [[Bob Seger]]
* [[Carly Simon]]
* [[Paul Simon]]
* [[Nina Simone]]
* [[Nancy Sinatra]]
* [[Connie Smith]]
* [[Patti Smith]]
* [[Ringo Starr]]
* [[Rod Stewart]]
* [[Cat Stevens]]
* [[Barbra Streisand]]
* [[Bruce Springsteen]]
* [[Dusty Springfield]]
* [[Rick Springfield]]
* [[Donna Summer]]
* [[James Taylor]]
* [[Captain & Tennille]]
* [[Ike & Tina Turner]]
* [[Mel Tillis]]
* [[Peter Tosh]]
* [[Conway Twitty]]
* [[Luther Vandross]]
* [[Porter Wagoner]]
* [[Dionne Warwick]]
* [[Dottie West]]
* [[Barry White]]
* [[Bill Withers]]
* [[Andy Williams]]
* [[Don Williams]]
* [[Nancy Wilson (jazz singer)|Nancy Wilson]]
* [[Johnny Winter]]
* [[Bobby Womack]]
* [[Stevie Wonder]]
* [[Gary Wright]]
* [[Tammy Wynette]]
* [[Faron Young]]
* [[Neil Young]]
* [[Frank Zappa]]
* [[Marc Bolan]]
* [[Cher]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="150px" heights="160px" perrow="5">
File:Stevie Wonder 1973.JPG|[[Stevie Wonder]], 1973
File:Marvin Gaye (1973 publicity photo).jpg|[[Marvin Gaye]], 1973
File:David Bowie - TopPop 1974 08.png|[[David Bowie]], 1975
File:Elton john cher show 1975.JPG|[[Elton John]], 1975
File:Patti Smith.jpg|[[Patti Smith]], 1978
</gallery>

===Bands===
{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[ABBA]]
* [[AC/DC]]
* [[Aerosmith]]
* [[The Allman Brothers Band]]
* [[America (band)|America]]
* [[Aphrodite's Child]]
* [[The B-52's]]
* [[The Band]]
* [[Bay City Rollers]]
* [[The Beach Boys]]
* [[Bee Gees]]
* [[The Bellamy Brothers]]
* [[Black Sabbath]]
* [[Blondie (band)|Blondie]]
* [[Blue Öyster Cult]]
* [[Boston (band)|Boston]]
* [[Bread (band)|Bread]]
* [[The Byrds]]
* [[The Cars]]
* [[Chicago (band)|Chicago]]
* [[The Clash]]
* [[Commodores]]
* [[Creedence Clearwater Revival]]
* [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]
* [[Deep Purple]]
* [[Devo]]
* [[Dire Straits]]
* [[The Doobie Brothers]]
* [[The Doors]]
* [[Dr. Hook & the Medicine Show]]
* [[Eagles (band)|Eagles]]
* [[Earth, Wind & Fire]]
* [[Electric Light Orchestra]]
* [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]]
* [[Fleetwood Mac]]
* [[Foreigner (band)|Foreigner]]
* [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]]
* [[Grateful Dead]]
* [[Heart (band)|Heart]]
* [[The Hollies]]
* [[The Jackson 5]]
* [[The Jam]]
* [[Jefferson Starship]]
* [[Jethro Tull (band)|Jethro Tull]]
* [[Journey (band)|Journey]]
* [[Kansas (band)|Kansas]]
* [[The Kinks]]
* [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]]
* [[Gladys Knight & the Pips]]
* [[Kool & the Gang]]
* [[Kraftwerk]]
* [[King Crimson]]
* [[Led Zeppelin]]
* [[Lynyrd Skynyrd]]
* [[The Marshall Tucker Band]]
* [[Paul McCartney and Wings]]
* [[MFSB]]
* [[Motörhead]]
* [[New York Dolls]]
* [[The Oak Ridge Boys]]
* [[Plastic Ono Band]]
* [[The Osmonds]]
* [[The Alan Parsons Project]]
* [[Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers]]
* [[Tony Orlando and Dawn]]
* [[Premiata Forneria Marconi]]
* [[Pink Floyd]]
* [[The Police]]
* [[Queen (band)|Queen]]
* [[Rainbow (rock band)|Rainbow]]
* [[Ramones]]
* [[REO Speedwagon]]
* [[T. Rex (band)|T. Rex]]
* [[The Rolling Stones]]
* [[Rush (band)|Rush]]
* [[Seals & Crofts]]
* [[Sex Pistols]]
* [[Sly and the Family Stone]]
* [[The Staple Singers]]
* [[The Statler Brothers]]
* [[Status Quo (band)|Status Quo]]
* [[Steve Miller Band]]
* [[Styx (band)|Styx]]
* [[Supertramp]]
* [[The Supremes]]
* [[Talking Heads]]
* [[The Temptations]]
* [[The Tubes]]
* [[Thin Lizzy]]
* [[Toto (band)|Toto]]
* [[Van Halen]]
* [[Village People]]
* [[The Walker Brothers]]
* [[The Who]]
* [[Yes (band)|Yes]]
* [[ZZ Top]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="5">
File:Crosby Stills Nash and Young 1970.JPG|[[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]], 1970
File:Rolling Stones 23 July, 1975.jpg|[[The Rolling Stones]], 1975
File:Ramones Toronto 1976.jpg|[[Ramones]], 1976
File:Kiss (live in 1979).png|[[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], 1979
File:ACDC-Hughes-long ago.jpg|[[AC/DC]], 1979
</gallery>

===Writers===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Douglas Adams]]
* [[Maya Angelou]]
* [[Isaac Asimov]]
* [[James Baldwin]]
* [[Amiri Baraka]]
* [[Peter Benchley]]
* [[Judy Blume]]
* [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
* [[Ray Bradbury]]
* [[André Brink]]
* [[Octavia E. Butler]]
* [[Anthony Burgess]]
* [[John le Carré]]
* [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
* [[Jackie Collins]]
* [[Michael Crichton]]
* [[Robertson Davies]]
* [[Richard Dawkins]]
* [[Samuel R. Delany]]
* [[Philip K. Dick]]
* [[James Dickey]]
* [[E. L. Doctorow]]
* [[Oriana Fallaci]]
* [[Ken Follett]]
* [[Frederick Forsyth]]
* [[John Fowles]]
* [[Carlos Fuentes]]
* [[Eduardo Galeano]]
* [[Nikki Giovanni]]
* [[William Goldman]]
* [[Nadine Gordimer]]
* [[Günter Grass]]
* [[Ursula K. Le Guin]]
* [[Seamus Heaney]]
* [[Robert A. Heinlein]]
* [[Frank Herbert]]
* [[Eleanor Hibbert]]
* [[Jack Higgins]]
* [[John Irving]]
* [[P. D. James]]
* [[Ryszard Kapuściński]]
* [[Stephen King]]
* [[Jack Kirby]]
* [[Stan Lee]]
* [[Robert Ludlum]]
* [[Norman Mailer]]
* [[Gabriel García Márquez]]
* [[George R. R. Martin]]
* [[James A. Michener]]
* [[Toni Morrison]]
* [[Iris Murdoch]]
* [[V. S. Naipaul]]
* [[Terry Pratchett]]
* [[Mario Puzo]]
* [[Thomas Pynchon]]
* [[Ruth Rendell]]
* [[Harold Robbins]]
* [[Philip Roth]]
* [[Erich Segal]]
* [[Maurice Sendak]]
* [[Dr. Seuss]]
* [[Irwin Shaw]]
* [[Sidney Sheldon]]
* [[Josef Škvorecký]]
* [[William Styron]]
* [[Jacqueline Susann]]
* [[Hunter S. Thompson]]
* [[John Updike]]
* [[Gore Vidal]]
* [[Kurt Vonnegut]]
* [[Alice Walker]]
* [[Tom Wolfe]]
* [[Herman Wouk]]
* [[Roger Zelazny]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="3">
File:Toni Morrison (The Bluest Eye author portrait).jpg|[[Toni Morrison]], 1970
File:Hunter S. Thompson, Las Vegas 1971.jpg|[[Hunter S. Thompson]], 1971
File:Kurt Vonnegut 1972.jpg|[[Kurt Vonnegut]], 1972 
</gallery>

===Sports figures===
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[André the Giant]]
* [[Hank Aaron]]
* [[Giacomo Agostini]]
* [[Mario Andretti]]
* [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]]
* [[Carlos Alberto Torres]]
* [[Bobby Allison]]
* [[Muhammad Ali]]
* [[Nikolai Andrianov]]
* [[Nate Archibald]]
* [[Arthur Ashe]]
* [[Mykola Avilov]]
* [[Gordon Banks]]
* [[Rick Barry]]
* [[Shirley Babashoff]]
* [[Bob Backlund]]
* [[Franz Beckenbauer]]
* [[Johnny Bench]]
* [[Sergey Belov]]
* [[George Best]]
* [[Dave Bing]]
* [[Björn Borg]]
* [[Valeriy Borzov]]
* [[Bill Bradley]]
* [[Terry Bradshaw]]
* [[Lou Brock]]
* [[Karin Büttner-Janz]]
* [[Bobby Charlton]]
* [[Jack Charlton]]
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]]
* [[Bobby Clarke]]
* [[Roberto Clemente]]
* [[Nadia Comăneci]]
* [[Jimmy Connors]]
* [[Roger De Coster]]
* [[Hasely Crawford]]
* [[Billy Cunningham]]
* [[Dave Cowens]]
* [[Johan Cruyff]]
* [[Larry Csonka]]
* [[Kenny Dalglish]]
* [[Drazen Dalipagic]]
* [[Dave DeBusschere]]
* [[Eusébio]]
* [[Roy Emerson]]
* [[Julius Erving]]
* [[Phil Esposito]]
* [[Chris Evert]]
* [[Carlton Fisk]]
* [[Bobby Fischer]]
* [[Emerson Fittipaldi]]
* [[Ric Flair]]
* [[George Foreman]]
* [[Joe Frazier]]
* [[Walt Frazier]]
* [[Claudio Gentile]]
* [[George Gervin]]
* [[Bob Gibson]]
* [[Artis Gilmore]]
* [[Evonne Goolagong Cawley|Evonne Goolagong]]
* [[Gail Goodrich]]
* [["Superstar" Billy Graham]]
* [[Dorothy Hamill]]
* [[John Havlicek]]
* [[Connie Hawkins]]
* [[Bob Hayes]]
* [[Elvin Hayes]]
* [[Spencer Haywood]]
* [[Ottmar Hitzfeld]]
* [[Uli Hoeneß]]
* [[Larry Holmes]]
* [[James Hunt]]
* [[Denny Hulme]]
* [[Jacky Ickx]]
* [[Antonio Inoki]]
* [[Dan Issel]]
* [[Reggie Jackson]]
* [[Jairzinho]]
* [[Caitlyn Jenner]] (then known as Bruce Jenner)
* [[Alberto Juantorena]]
* [[Sawao Katō]]
* [[Kevin Keegan]]
* [[Kipchoge Keino]]
* [[Mario Kempes]]
* [[Eizo Kenmotsu]]
* [[Billie Jean King]]
* [[Olga Korbut]]
* [[Guy Lafleur]]
* [[Niki Lauda]]
* [[Rod Laver]]
* [[Moses Malone]]
* [[Pete Maravich]]
* [[Roland Matthes]]
* [[Bob McAdoo]]
* [[Willie McCovey]]
* [[John McEnroe]]
* [[Dino Meneghin]]
* [[Pietro Mennea]]
* [[Earl Monroe]]
* [[Pedro Morales]]
* [[Joe Morgan]]
* [[Edwin Moses]]
* [[Gerd Müller]]
* [[Calvin Murphy]]
* [[John Naber]]
* [[Akinori Nakayama]]
* [[Johan Neeskens]]
* [[Jack Nicklaus]]
* [[Ángel Nieto]]
* [[Chuck Norris]]
* [[Ken Norton]]
* [[Tom Okker]]
* [[Bobby Orr]]
* [[Wolfgang Overath]]
* [[Arnold Palmer]]
* [[Jim Palmer]]
* [[Bernie Parent]]
* [[Pat Patterson (wrestler)|Pat Patterson]]
* [[Walter Payton]] 
* [[David Pearson (racing driver)|David Pearson]]
* [[Pelé]]
* [[Tony Pérez]]
* [[Ronnie Peterson]]
* [[Richard Petty]]
* [[Roddy Piper]]
* [[Annemarie Moser-Pröll]]
* [[Harley Race]]
* [[Willis Reed]]
* [[Clay Regazzoni]]
* [[Carlos Reutemann]]
* [[Dusty Rhodes]]
* [[Rivellino]]
* [[Kenny Roberts]]
* [[Oscar Robertson]]
* [[Frank Robinson]]
* [[Larry Robinson]]
* [[Pete Rose]]
* [[Ken Rosewall]]
* [[Nolan Ryan]]
* [[Börje Salming]]
* [[Bruno Sammartino]]
* [[Viktor Saneyev]]
* [[Randy Savage]]
* [[Jody Scheckter]]
* [[Mike Schmidt]]
* [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]]
* [[Tom Seaver]]
* [[Earnie Shavers]]
* [[O. J. Simpson]]
* [[Stan Smith]]
* [[Sócrates]]
* [[Leon Spinks]]
* [[Mark Spitz]]
* [[Ken Stabler]]
* [[Willie Stargell]]
* [[Roger Staubach]]
* [[Jackie Stewart]]
* [[Big John Studd]]
* [[The Iron Sheik]]
* [[Jean-Luc Thérier]]
* [[Nate Thurmond]]
* [[Ludmilla Tourischeva]]
* [[Mitsuo Tsukahara]]
* [[Wes Unseld]]
* [[Guillermo Vilas]]
* [[Lasse Virén]]
* [[Gilles Villeneuve]]
* [[Berti Vogts]]
* [[Nikolai Volkoff]]
* [[Björn Waldegård]]
* [[Bill Walton]]
* [[Arsène Wenger]]
* [[Jerry West]]
* [[Paul Westphal]]
* [[Jo Jo White]]
* [[Jamaal Wilkes]]
* [[Lenny Wilkens]]
* [[Mac Wilkins]]
* [[Dave Winfield]]
* [[Cale Yarborough]]
* [[Carl Yastrzemski]]
* [[Dino Zoff]]
* [[Zico (footballer)|Zico]]
{{div col end}}

<gallery widths="160px" heights="160px" perrow="4">
File:Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar_1974.jpeg|[[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]], 1974
File:Franz Beckenbauer (1975).jpg|[[Franz Beckenbauer]], 1975
File:Nadia Comăneci Montreal1976f.jpg|[[Nadia Comăneci]], 1976
File:Billie Jean King ©Lynn Gilbert 1978.jpg|[[Billie Jean King]], 1978
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|1970s|History}}
* [[List of decades, centuries, and millennia]]
* [[1970s in music]]
* [[1970s in fashion]]
* [[1970s in television]]
* {{section link|List of years in literature|1970s}}
* [[1970s nostalgia]]

===Timeline===
The following articles contain brief timelines which list the most prominent events of the decade:

[[1970]] • [[1971]] • [[1972]] • [[1973]] • [[1974]] • [[1975]] • [[1976]] • [[1977]] • [[1978]] • [[1979]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Borstelmann, Thomas. ''The 1970s: A New Global History From Civil Rights to Economic Inequality'' (Princeton University Press; 2012) 401 pages; looks at new right movements, and the global impact of economic deregulation. [https://www.amazon.com/The-1970s-Economic-Inequality-ebook/dp/B005KLQYKE/ excerpt]; also [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=43066 online review]
* Ferguson, Niall, and Charles S. Maier, eds. ''The Shock of the Global: The 1970s in Perspective'' (2011) essays by leading scholars; 448 pp
* La Barca, Giuseppe. ''International Trade in the 1970s: The U.S., the EC, and the Growing Pressure of Protectionism'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2013) 224 pp.
* Padva, Gilad. Sexing the Past: Communal Exposure and Self-Examination in ''Gay Sex in the 70s''. In Padva, Gilad, ''Queer Nostalgia in Cinema and Pop Culture'', pp.&nbsp;58–71 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, {{ISBN|978-1-137-26633-0}}).
* Wheen, Francis. ''Strange Days Indeed: The 1970s: The Golden Days of Paranoia'' (2010) 352pp; looks at general irrationalism (such as UFOs, psychic phenomena, mad cults), and terror (IRA bombings; Black September massacre at the Munich Olympics; Baader-Meinhof Gang in Germany; Symbionese Liberation Army.)

===United States===
* Berkowitz, Edward D. ''Something Happened: A Political and Cultural Overview of the Seventies'' (Columbia University Press, 2006). 283 pp., liberal perspective
* Carroll, Peter.  ''It Seemed Like Nothing Happened: The Tragedy and Promise of America in the 1970s'' (1982)
* Cowie, Jefferson R. ''Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class'' (2010) excerpt, on U.S.
* Frum, David.  ''How We Got Here: The 70s'' (2000), conservative perspective [https://www.amazon.com/How-We-Got-Here-ebook/dp/B0047CQ31M/ excerpt and text search]
* Haberman, Clyde, ed. ''The New York Times: The Times of the Seventies The Culture, Politics, and Personalities that Shaped the Decade'' (2013)
* Kalman, Laura. ''Right Star Rising: A New Politics, 1974–1980'' (2010) 473pp; [https://www.amazon.com/Right-Star-Rising-Politics-1974-1980/dp/0393076385/ excerpt and text search]
*Lehman, Katherine J.  '' Those Girls: Single Women in Sixties and Seventies Popular Culture'' (University Press of Kansas, 2011).  280 pp. [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=37968 online review]
*  Sandbrook, Dominic. ''Mad as Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right'' (2012) [https://www.amazon.com/Mad-Hell-Crisis-1970s-Populist/dp/1400077249/  excerpt and text search]
* Schulman, Bruce.  ''The Seventies: The Great Shift in American Culture, Society, and Politics'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/The-Seventies-American-Culture-Politics/dp/030681126X/ excerpt and text search]
* Stein, Judith. ''Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies'' (2010) 384pp [https://www.amazon.com/Pivotal-Decade-Factories-Finance-Seventies/dp/030011818X/ excerpt and text search]
* {{cite journal|pmc=1529877 |year=1971 |last1=Charalampous |first1=K. D. |title=Drug culture in the seventies |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=1225–1228 |doi=10.2105/ajph.61.6.1225 |doi-access=free |pmid=5161018 }}

===Britain===
* Beckett, Andy. ''When the Lights Went Out: Britain in the Seventies'' (2009) 576pp [https://www.amazon.com/When-Lights-Went-Out-Seventies/dp/057122136X/ excerpt and textsearch]
* Booker, Christopher. ''The Seventies: The Decade That Changed the Future'' (1980)
* Sandbrook,  Dominic. ''State of Emergency: The Way We Were: Britain 1970–1974'' (2010) 
* Sandbrook,  Dominic.  ''Mad As Hell: The Crisis of the 1970s and the Rise of the Populist Right'' (2011) 
* Sandbrook,  Dominic.  ''Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974–1979'' (2012)
* Turner, Alwyn W. ''Crisis? What Crisis?: Britain in the 1970s'' (2009) 336pp [https://www.amazon.com/Crisis-What-Britain-1970s/dp/1845134257/ excerpt and text search]
* Wybrow, Robert J. ''Britain Speaks Out, 1937–87: A social history as seen through the Gallup data'' (1989)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110303082238/http://www.life.com/image/first/in-gallery/56251/heroes-of-the-1970s#index/0 Heroes of the 1970s] – slideshow by ''[[Life magazine]]''
* [http://www.ultimate70s.com www.ultimate70s.com] – Day-by-day news, sports, weather, prime-time TV listings and more!

{{Events by month links}}
{{20th century}}
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[[Category:1970s| ]]
[[Category:20th century]]