View source for 1998 Australian federal election

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Australian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
<section begin="Aus infobox" />{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1998 Australian federal election
| country = Australia
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = <includeonly>Results of the </includeonly>1996 Australian federal election<includeonly> (House of Representatives)</includeonly>
| previous_year = 1996
| next_election = <includeonly>Results of the </includeonly>2001 Australian federal election<includeonly> (House of Representatives)</includeonly>
| next_year = 2001
| outgoing_members = Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1996–1998
| elected_members = Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1998–2001
| registered = 12,154,050 {{small|{{increase}} 3.52%}}
| turnout = 11,545,201 (94.99%)<br>({{decrease}}0.78 [[Percentage point|pp]])
| seats_for_election = All 148 seats in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]<br />75 seats were needed for a majority in the House<br />40 (of the 76) seats in the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]
| election_date = {{start date|1998|10|3|df=y}}{{efn|The election in the seat of [[Division of Newcastle|Newcastle]] was deferred to 21 November 1998.}}
| vote_type = [[Primary vote|Primary]]
| image_size = 200x200px

<!--      Liberal/National coalition     -->
| image1 = File:Howard John BANNER b.jpg
| leader1 = [[John Howard]]
| leader_since1 = [[1995 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill|{{start date|1995|1|30|df=y}}]]
| party1 = [[Liberal{{en-dash}}National Coalition]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Division of Bennelong|Bennelong]] (NSW)
| last_election1 = 94 seats
| seats_before1 = 94
| seats1 = '''80'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 14
| popular_vote1 = 4,388,809
| percentage1 = 39.51%
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 7.73%

<!--    Labor     -->
| image2 = Kim Beazley crop.jpg
| leader2 = [[Kim Beazley]]
| leader_since2 = [[1996 Australian Labor Party leadership election|{{start date|df=yes|1996|3|19|}}]]
| party2 = Australian Labor Party
| leaders_seat2 = [[Division of Brand|Brand]] (WA)
| last_election2 = 49 seats
| seats_before2 = 49
| seats2 = 67
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 18
| popular_vote2 = '''4,454,306'''
| percentage2 = '''40.10%'''
| swing2 = {{increase}} 1.34%

| title = [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[John Howard]]
| before_party = Liberal/National coalition
| posttitle = Subsequent Prime Minister
| after_election = [[John Howard]]
| after_party = Liberal/National coalition
<noinclude>| map_image = [[File:1998_Australian_federal_election.svg|400px]]
| map_size =
| map_caption = Results by division for the House of Representatives, shaded by winning party's margin of victory.</noinclude>

<!-- 2PP -->
<!-- rating -->| 1blank = [[Two-party-preferred vote|TPP]]
| 1data1 = 49.02%
| 1data2 = '''50.98%'''
| 2blank = [[Two-party-preferred vote|TPP]] swing
| 2data1 = {{decrease}} 4.61
| 2data2 = {{increase}} 4.61
}}
<section end="Aus infobox" />
{{1998 Australian federal election sidebar}}
The '''1998 Australian federal election''' was held to determine the members of the [[Chronology of Australian federal parliaments|39th Parliament of Australia]]. It was held on 3 October 1998. All 148 seats of the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] and 40 seats of the 76 seat [[Australian Senate|Senate]] were up for election. The incumbent centre-right [[Coalition (Australia)|Liberal/National Coalition]] [[Howard Government|government]] led by [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]] [[John Howard]] of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and coalition partner [[Tim Fischer]] of the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] defeated the centre-left [[Australian Labor Party]] opposition led by [[List of Australian Leaders of the Opposition|Opposition Leader]] [[Kim Beazley]], despite losing the nationwide [[Direct election|popular]] and two-party preferred vote. However, the Australian Labor Party gained seats compared to the previous election.

Entering parliament at this election were future [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Ministers]] [[Kevin Rudd]] and [[Julia Gillard]], future [[Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia#Federal deputy leaders|Liberal deputy leader]] and future [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Julie Bishop]], future [[Deputy Prime Minister of Australia|Deputy Prime Minister]] [[Wayne Swan]] and future [[Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives|Speaker]] [[Anna Burke]].

==Background==
The election returned the [[Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1998-2001|Member of the House of Representatives for its 1998–2001 term]] and half of Australia's senators, who then served in the [[Members of the Australian Senate, 1999-2002|1999–2002 Senate]].

Despite winning almost 51 percent of the [[two-party-preferred vote]] and regaining much of what it had lost in its severe defeat of two years earlier, Labor fell short of forming government. The government was re-elected with 49.02% of the two-party-preferred vote, compared to 50.98% for the Australian Labor Party, the largest difference of six election results where the winner did not gain a [[Two-party-preferred vote|two-party preferred]] majority, since 2PP results first estimated from 1937.

[[File:1998 Election Australia Gallagher Index.png|thumb|300px|The [[Gallagher Index]] result was 11.33.]]
The election on 3 October 1998 was held six months earlier than required by the [[Constitution of Australia|Constitution]]. Prime Minister John Howard made the announcement following the launch of the coalition's [[Goods and Services Tax (Australia)|Goods and Services Tax (GST)]] policy launch and a five-week advertising campaign. The ensuing election was almost entirely dominated by the proposed 10% GST and proposed income tax cuts. This election was not the first to be centred on a GST the 1993 election saw the Keating Labor government re-elected after a proposal by then Opposition leader John Hewson to introduce a 15% GST.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article249045414 |title=What are the main issues? |newspaper=[[The Riverine Herald]] |issue=29,177 |location=Victoria, Australia |date=23 September 1998 |accessdate=28 August 2024 |page=2 |via=[[Trove]]}}</ref>

In reaction to One Nation's policies, the other significant parties all agreed to preference against One Nation. One Nation lost its lone house seat when founder and leader [[Pauline Hanson]] lost on preferences to Liberal candidate [[Cameron Thompson (politician)|Cameron Thompson]] in the Queensland electorate of [[Division of Blair|Blair]]. In Queensland, One Nation polled 14.83% of the Senate vote, sufficient to elect one senator without the need for preferences.{{Refn|name=1996 APH|{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=G |last2=Kopras |first2=A |date=4 November 1996 |title=Federal Elections 1996 |url=https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/library/prspub/OU730/upload_binary/OU730.pdf |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=Background Paper 6 1996-97 |publisher=Parliamentary Research Service |issn=1037-2938}}}}
The seat initially went to [[Heather Hill (politician)|Heather Hill]], but she was subsequently disqualified under [[Section 44 of the Constitution of Australia|Section 44 of the Constitution]], and replaced by [[Len Harris (politician)|Len Harris]].

The election-eve [[Newspoll]] reported Labor on a 53 percent [[two-party-preferred vote]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://polling.newspoll.com.au.tmp.anchor.net.au/cgi-bin/polling/display_poll_data.pl?url_caller=&mode=trend&page=show_polls&question_set_id=1 |title=Newspoll archive since 1987 |publisher=Polling.newspoll.com.au.tmp.anchor.net.au |access-date=2016-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303135154/http://polling.newspoll.com.au.tmp.anchor.net.au/cgi-bin/polling/display_poll_data.pl?url_caller=&mode=trend&page=show_polls&question_set_id=1 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On election night of 3 October, the exit poll showed Labor on a 53 percent two-party-preferred vote. Labor made the single biggest gain by an [[Opposition (Australia)|Opposition]] party following an election defeat; the Coalition's majority was cut from 40 to 12. It was only when the first returns trickled in from [[Western Australia]] that the Coalition was assured of another term.  The swing across all states would have normally been sufficient for a change of government, but the uneven nature of the swing left [[Kim Beazley]] eight seats short of becoming prime minister.
The uneven nature of the swing saw Labor getting huge swings in seats that they held prior to the election but not enough in seats needed to gain government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-04/how-many-seats-did-john-howard-lose-at-the-1998-gst-election/9388732 |accessdate=4 October 2021 |title=How Many Seats Did John Howard Lose at the 1998 GST Election?  |publisher=ABC News|location=Australia | author=Antony Green |date=4 February 2016 }}</ref>

The election for the division of [[Division of Newcastle|Newcastle]] was deferred as the {{Australian politics/name|Democrats}} candidate died on 1 October, two days before the federal election. A [[1998 Newcastle supplementary election|supplementary election was held on 21 November]], with Labor holding the seat.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1998/1998repsnsw.txt |title=1998 House of Representatives: NSW |website=Psephos Adam Carr's Election Archive |access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aec.gov.au/elections/supplementary_by_elections/1998/newcastle.htm|title=Newcastle 1998 supplementary election|website=Australian Electoral Commission|date=19 January 2011|access-date=17 January 2023}}</ref>

==Results==
===House of Representatives results===
[[File:Australian House of Representatives elected members, 1998.svg|right|thumb|250px|'''[[Second Howard Ministry|Government]] (80)'''<br />
[[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]]<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Liberal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] (64)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|National}}|border=darkgray}} [[National Party of Australia|National]] (16)<br />
<br />
'''[[Opposition (Australia)|Opposition]] (67)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}|border=darkgray}} [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] (67)<br />
<br />
'''[[Crossbencher|Crossbench]] (1)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1)
]]
{{Excerpt|Results of the 1998 Australian federal election (House of Representatives)|Australia|bold=yes}}
{{bar box
| title=Popular vote
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars=
{{bar percent|Labor|{{party color|Australian Labor Party}}|40.10}}
{{bar percent|Liberal|{{party color|Liberal Party of Australia}}|33.89}}
{{bar percent|One Nation|{{party color|One Nation (Australia)}}|8.43}}
{{bar percent|National|{{party color|National Party of Australia}}|5.29}}
{{bar percent|Democrats|#F4940D|5.13}}
{{bar percent|Greens|#10C25B|2.14}}
{{bar percent|CLP|#ff9933|0.32}}
{{bar percent|Independents|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|1.76}}
{{bar percent|Other|#777777|2.94}}
}}
{{bar box
| title=Two-party-preferred vote
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars=
{{bar percent|Labor|{{party color|Australian Labor Party}}|50.98}}
{{bar percent|'''Coalition'''|{{party color|Coalition (Australia)}}|49.02}}
}}
{{bar box
| title=Parliament seats
| titlebar=#ddd
| width=600px
| barwidth=410px
| bars=
{{bar percent|'''Coalition'''|{{party color|Coalition (Australia)}}|54.05}}
{{bar percent|Labor|{{party color|Australian Labor Party}}|45.27}}
{{bar percent|Independents|{{party color|Independent (politician)}}|0.68}}
}}

===Senate results===
[[File:Australian Senate elected members, 1998.svg|right|thumb|250px|'''[[Second Howard Ministry|Government]] (35)'''<br />
[[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]]<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Liberal}}|border=darkgray}} [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] (31)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|National}}|border=darkgray}} [[National Party of Australia|National]] (3)<br />
{{Color box|{{party color|Country Liberal Party}}|border=darkgray}} [[Country Liberal Party|CLP]] (1)<br />
<br />
'''[[Opposition (Australia)|Opposition]] (29)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Labor}}|border=darkgray}} [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] (29)<br />
<br />
'''[[Crossbencher|Crossbench]] (12)'''<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Democrats}}|border=darkgray}} [[Australian Democrats|Democrats]] (9)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Greens}}|border=darkgray}} [[Australian Greens|Greens]] (1)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|One Nation}}|border=darkgray}} [[One Nation (Australia)|One Nation]] (1)<br />
{{Color box|{{Australian politics/party colours|Independent}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] (1)<br />
]]
{{Excerpt|Results of the 1998 Australian federal election (Senate)|Australia|bold=yes}}

{{-}}

==House of Representatives preference flows==
* The Nationals had candidates in 13 seats where [[three-cornered-contest]]s existed, with 88.89% of preferences favouring the Liberal Party.
* One Nation contested 135 electorates with preferences slightly favouring the Liberal/National Coalition (53.66%)
* The Democrats contested 144 electorates with preferences slightly favouring Labor (56.72%)
* The Greens contested 120 electorates with preferences strongly favouring Labor (73.28%)

==Seats changing hands==
{{See also|Post-election pendulum for the 1998 Australian federal election}}
{|class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2"| Seat
! colspan="4"| Pre-1998
! rowspan="2"| Swing
! colspan="4"| Post-1998
|-
! colspan="2"| Party
! Member
! Margin
! Margin
! Member
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[Division of Bass|Bass, Tas]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Warwick Smith (politician)|Warwick Smith]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.57
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.63
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.06
| [[Michelle O'Byrne]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Bendigo|Bendigo, Vic]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| ''[[Bruce Reid (politician)|Bruce Reid]]''
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.88
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.35
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.47
| [[Steve Gibbons (politician)|Steve Gibbons]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Bowman|Bowman, Qld]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Andrea West]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.89
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.18
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.29
| [[Con Sciacca]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Braddon|Braddon, Tas]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Chris Miles (politician)|Chris Miles]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.69
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.02
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.33
| [[Sid Sidebottom]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Canning|Canning, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Ricky Johnston]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.64
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.16
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.52
| [[Jane Gerick]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Capricornia|Capricornia, Qld]]
| {{Australian party style|Nationals}}|&nbsp;
| National
| [[Paul Marek]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.46
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.75
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.29
| [[Kirsten Livermore]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Chisholm|Chisholm, Vic]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| ''[[Michael Wooldridge (politician)|Michael Wooldridge]]''
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.60
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.67
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.07
| [[Anna Burke]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Cowan|Cowan, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Richard Evans (Australian politician)|Richard Evans]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.06
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.62
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.56
| [[Graham Edwards (politician)|Graham Edwards]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Curtin|Curtin, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Independent}}|&nbsp;
| Independent
| [[Allan Rocher]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.28
| style="text-align:right;"| N/A{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Splitter|[[Allan Rocher]], [[Graeme Campbell (politician)|Graeme Campbell]] and [[Paul Filing]] were not in the final two candidates for their seats; the second figures are against Labor.}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.28
| [[Julie Bishop]]
| Liberal
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Dickson|Dickson, Qld]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Tony Smith (Queensland politician)|Tony Smith]]{{hsp}}{{efn|[[Tony Smith (Queensland politician)|Tony Smith]] contested his seat as an independent. The figures shown are against Labor.}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.90
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.02
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.12
| [[Cheryl Kernot]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Griffith|Griffith, Qld]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Graeme McDougall]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.50
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.93
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.43
| [[Kevin Rudd]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Hume|Hume, NSW]]
| {{Australian party style|Nationals}}|&nbsp;
| National
| ''[[John Sharp (Australian politician)|John Sharp]]''
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.35
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.71
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.06
| [[Alby Schultz]]
| Liberal
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Kalgoorlie|Kalgoorlie, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Independent}}|&nbsp;
| Independent
| [[Graeme Campbell (politician)|Graeme Campbell]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.35
| style="text-align:right;"| N/A{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Splitter}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.10
| [[Barry Haase]]
| Liberal
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Kingston|Kingston, SA]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Susan Jeanes]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.01
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.48
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.47
| [[David Cox (Australian politician)|David Cox]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Lilley|Lilley, Qld]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Elizabeth Grace]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.80
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.93
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.13
| [[Wayne Swan]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Lowe|Lowe, NSW]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Paul Zammit]]{{hsp}}{{efn|[[Paul Zammit]] contested his seat as an independent. The figures shown are against Liberal.}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.46
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.09
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.63
| [[John Murphy (Australian politician)|John Murphy]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of McMillan|McMillan, Vic]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Russell Broadbent]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.07
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.64
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.57
| [[Christian Zahra]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Moore|Moore, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Independent}}|&nbsp;
| Independent
| [[Paul Filing]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.28
| style="text-align:right;"| N/A{{hsp}}{{efn|name=Splitter}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.13
| [[Mal Washer]]
| Liberal
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Northern Territory|Northern Territory, NT]]
| {{Australian party style|CLP}}|&nbsp;
| Country Liberal
| [[Nick Dondas]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.37
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.94
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.57
| [[Warren Snowdon]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Paterson|Paterson, NSW]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Bob Baldwin (politician)|Bob Baldwin]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.43
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.65
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.22
| [[Bob Horne]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Stirling|Stirling, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Eoin Cameron]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.22
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.26
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.04
| [[Jann McFarlane]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|-
| [[Division of Swan|Swan, WA]]
| {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp;
| Liberal
| [[Don Randall (politician)|Don Randall]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.63
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.33
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.70
| [[Kim Wilkie]]
| Labor
| {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp;
|}

* The Labor Party retained the seat of [[Division of Oxley|Oxley]] (Qld) which was became Labor-held in the redistribution.

==See also==
* [[Candidates of the 1998 Australian federal election]]
* [[Members of the Australian House of Representatives, 1998–2001]]
* [[Members of the Australian Senate, 1999–2002]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=Hanson|[[Pauline Hanson]] has been counted as an independent for the 1996 election. She had been disendorsed as the Liberal candidate and ran as an independent, but she remained a Liberal on the ballot paper.}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513023800/http://www.abc.net.au/election98/default.htm Election 98], campaign and results coverage by the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]]
*[http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/federal_elections/1998/index.htm Australian Electoral Commission Results]
*[http://elections.uwa.edu.au/ University of WA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118085343/http://elections.uwa.edu.au/ |date=18 January 2015 }} election results in Australia since 1890
*[http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/House_of_Representative_1949_Present.htm AEC 2PP vote]
*[http://australianpolitics.com/elections/1998/ AustralianPolitics.com election details]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/elections/federal/2004/guide/minorprefs.htm Preference flows – ABC]

{{Australian elections}}

[[Category:1998 elections in Australia|Federal]]
[[Category:October 1998 in Australia|Federal election]]
[[Category:Federal elections in Australia]]
[[Category:Pauline Hanson]]