View source for 2001 Gujarat earthquake

{{Short description|Earthquake in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox earthquake
| title = 2001 Gujarat earthquake
| timestamp = 2001-01-26 03:16:40
| anss-url = usp000a8ds
| isc-event = 1763683
| local-date = {{Start date|df=yes|2001|1|26}}
| local-time = 08:46 am IST
| image = Gujarat Earthquake Relief by RSS Volunteers.jpg
| map2 = {{Location map | India Gujarat#India
|relief = yes
 |lat=23.419
 |long=70.232
 |mark=Bullseye1.png
 |marksize=50
 |position = top
 |width = 260
 |float = right
 |caption = }}
| magnitude = 7.6 {{M|w|link=y}}
| intensity = {{MMI|XII|MSK-64|X}}
| type = [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip]],<br />[[Intraplate earthquake|Intraplate]]
| depth = {{Convert|17.4|km}}
| duration = 85 seconds
| location = {{Coord|23.388|N|70.326|E|}}<ref name="ISC-GEM" />
| countries affected = [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] and [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]]
| pga = 0.11 ''[[peak ground acceleration|g]]''
| aftershocks = 107 >{{M|w|4.0}} (as of 31/12/2001)<br>Strongest: {{M|wc|5.8}} on 28 January 
| casualties = 20,023 fatalities, 166,951 injuries
| caption = Buildings after the earthquake
}}

The '''2001 Gujarat earthquake''', also known as the '''Bhuj earthquake''', occurred on 26 January at {{tooltip|08:46 am IST|03:16 UTC}}. The [[epicentre]] was about 9&nbsp;km south-southwest of the village of [[Chobari]] in [[Bhachau]] [[Taluka]] of [[Kutch district]] in [[Gujarat]], [[India]].<ref>Gupta, Harsh K., et al. "Bhuj earthquake of 26 January 2001." Journal-Geological Society of India 57.3 (2001): 275–278.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/15-years-of-Gujarat-earthquake-A-trauma-etched-in-Gujarats-memory/articleshow/50730183.cms|title=15 years of Gujarat earthquake: A trauma etched in Gujarat's memory|work=The Times of India|access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> The earthquake had a maximum [[Mercalli intensity]] of XII (''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/>

The [[intraplate earthquake]] measured 7.6 on the [[moment magnitude scale]] and occurred at a depth of {{cvt|17.4|km}}.<ref name="ISC-GEM">{{citation|title=ISC-GEM Global Instrumental Earthquake Catalogue (1900–2009)|url=http://www.isc.ac.uk/iscgem/index.php|date=27 June 2022|publisher=[[International Seismological Centre]]|series=Version 9.1}}</ref> The [[earthquake]] killed at least 20,023 people, injured another 166,000 and destroyed about 400,000 buildings in [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]] and [[Sindh|Sindh, Pakistan]].<ref name="APR2001UPDATE"/><ref name="USGS">{{cite web|title=Preliminary Earthquake Report|publisher=USGS Earthquake Hazards Program|url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|access-date=21 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071120094220/http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/eq_depot/2001/eq_010126/|archive-date=20 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Kavita|title=Economic consequences of the Gujarat earthquake|website=Academia|date=January 2001|url=https://www.academia.edu/4617331}}</ref> The vast majority of deaths and damage were observed in [[Kutch district]], while nearly 1,600 additional deaths occurred in the cities of [[Ahmedabad]], [[Rajkot]], [[Jamnagar]], [[Surendranagar]], [[Surat]], [[Gandhinagar]] and [[Vadodara]].<ref name="UNDMT"/>
==Tectonic setting==
{{See also|Geology of India}}
[[Gujarat]] lies 300–400&nbsp;km from the plate boundary between the [[Indian plate]] and the [[Eurasian plate]], but the current tectonics are still governed by the effects of the continuing [[continental collision]] along this boundary. During the break-up of [[Gondwana]] in the [[Jurassic]], this area was affected by [[rift]]ing with a roughly west–east trend. During the collision with Eurasia the area has undergone shortening, involving both reactivation of the original rift [[fault (geology)|fault]]s and development of new low-angle [[thrust fault]]s. The related [[fold (geology)|folding]] has formed a series of ranges, particularly in central Kutch.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Maurya|first1=D. M.|last2=Chowksey|first2=Vikas|last3=Patidar|first3=A. K.|last4=Chamyal|first4=L. S.|title=A review and new data on neotectonic evolution of active faults in the Kachchh Basin, Western India: legacy of post-Deccan Trap tectonic inversion|journal=Geological Society, London, Special Publications|volume=445|issue=1|pages=237–268|doi=10.1144/sp445.7|year=2017|bibcode=2017GSLSP.445..237M|s2cid=132318339}}</ref>

The [[focal mechanism]] of most earthquakes is consistent with reverse faulting on [[inversion (geology)|reactivated]] rift faults. The pattern of uplift and subsidence associated with the [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake]] is consistent with reactivation of such a fault.
==Earthquake== 
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:7px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:80%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |Estimated number of people exposed to shaking levels<ref name=EXPO-CAT>{{citation|title=EXPO-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=December 1, 2008|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2007-12|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> 
|-
! [[Mercalli intensity scale|MMI]] !! Population exposure
|- 
{{MMI|9|format=wikitable}} 
|244k
|-
{{MMI|8|format=wikitable}} 
|1,520k
|-
{{MMI|7|format=wikitable}} 
|7,002k
|-
{{MMI|6|format=wikitable}} 
|20,836k
|- 
|}

[[File:2001 Gujarat earthquake (M 7.7) shakemap.pdf|thumb|USGS Shakemap]]

The earthquake was caused by movement on a previously unknown south-dipping fault, trending parallel to the inferred rift structures.<ref name="Bodin">{{Cite journal|last1=Bodin|first1=P.|last2=Horton|first2=S.|year=2004|title=Source Parameters and Tectonic Implications of Aftershocks of the Mw 7.6 Bhuj Earthquake of 26 January 2001|url=http://www.ceri.memphis.edu/people/shorton/AFTERSHOCK/bhuj1.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America|publisher=[[Seismological Society of America]]|volume=94|issue=3|pages=818–827|bibcode=2004BuSSA..94..818B|doi=10.1785/0120030176|access-date=2 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="Li Liu Yang pp. 255–264">{{Cite book|last1=Li|first1=Q.|title=Plate Boundary Zones|last2=Liu|first2=M.|last3=Yang|first3=Y.|date=2002|publisher=American Geophysical Union|isbn=978-1-118-67044-6|editor-last=Stein|editor-first=S.|series=Geodynamics Series|volume=30|pages=255–264|chapter=The 01/26/2001 Bhuj, India, Earthquake: Intraplate or Interplate?|doi=10.1029/gd030p0255|issn=2329-1540|editor-last2=Freymueller|editor-first2=J.T.}}</ref> No major surface ruptures were associated with the shock, classifying it as a blind thrust earthquake. Lateral spreading was widely reported and strike-slip faulting was observed at Bharodia and Manfara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|title=M7.7 Bhuj " Republic Day " Earthquake, 2001|access-date=18 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}}</ref> On the [[moment magnitude scale]], the [[International Seismological Centre]] said it measured a magnitude of 7.6,<ref name="ISC-GEM"/> while the [[United States Geological Survey]] put it at 7.7.<ref name="ANSS">{{cite anss|M 7.7 – 17&nbsp;km NW of Bhachāu, India|2001|usp000a8ds}}</ref>

===Rupture propagation===
A finite fault model from the USGS estimated that the [[earthquake rupture]] had an area of {{cvt|141|km|mi}} x {{cvt|18|km|mi}}, lasting approximately 25 seconds. Slip was mostly concentrated around the northern patches of the rupture, with a maximum slip of {{cvt|9.695|m|ft}} recorded in the village of [[Chobari]]. The full rupture also extended through the cities of Bhuj and [[Rapar]], although slip in these areas was extremely minor.<ref name="ANSS"/> Despite the large magnitude and rupture area, no visible [[surface ruptures]] could be identified in the epicentral area.<ref name=sudhirjain/>

===Ground motion===
The earthquake had a maximum [[Modified Mercalli intensity]] of IX-XII (''Violent''-''Extreme'').<ref name=asoce/> It also registered X (''Devastating'') on the [[Medvedev–Sponheuer–Karnik scale]], with the maximum intensity observed over an east-northeast elongated zone of approximately {{cvt|2,100|km2|mi2}}; much of Gujarat recorded tremors of VII (''Very Strong'') or higher. [[Ahmedabad]] recorded a maximum [[peak ground acceleration]] of 0.11 ''g''. Shaking from the earthquake lasted several minutes, with stronger ground motion lasting at least 85 seconds. Numerous rockfalls and landslides occurred in the [[Bhuj]] and [[Bhachau]] areas. There was extensive evidence of [[soil liquefaction]] at the [[Rann of Kutch]], [[Banni Grasslands Reserve]], coastal areas of the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and numerous [[sand boil]]s in dry lakebeds northeast of [[Bhuj]]. After the earthquake, these sand boils had fountains of saline [[groundwater]] rising {{cvt|2-3|m|ft}}. Widespread [[subsidence]] and lateral spreading also occurred at [[Port of Kandla|Kandla]] and [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]] ports.<ref name=sudhirjain/><ref name=asoce/>
===Aftershocks===
By 31 December 2001, there were 107 aftershocks exceeding {{M|w|4.0}} which were recorded by the USGS, including 9 events measuring {{M|w|5.0}} or higher; most aftershocks occurred south of the epicenter near [[Bhachau]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=USGS earthquake catalog|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/?extent=22.51256,68.56842&extent=24.22693,71.90826&range=search&sort=largest&baseLayer=terrain&timeZone=utc&search=%7B%22name%22:%22Search%20Results%22,%22params%22:%7B%22endtime%22:%222001-12-31T23:59:40.500Z%22,%22latitude%22:23.419,%22longitude%22:70.232,%22maxradiuskm%22:250,%22minmagnitude%22:4,%22starttime%22:%222001-01-05T03:16:40.500Z%22%7D%7D}}</ref> The largest aftershock occurred on 28 January, had a magnitude of {{M|wc|5.8}} and was located {{cvt|15|km|mi}} west-southwest of [[Rapar]].<ref>{{Cite anss|M 5.8 - 15 km WSW of Rāpar, India|2001|usp000a8hm}}</ref>

==Damage and casualties==
[[File:Old Bhuj Temple.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The partially collapsed [[Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan Mandir]] [[Hindu temple]] in [[Bhuj]]]]
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders floatright" style="clear:right; margin-left:6px; margin-top:0; margin-right:0; margin-bottom:3px; font-size:90%;"
|+Casualties by district
! scope="col"| Area
! scope="col"| Deaths<ref name="UNDMT">{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update #25|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-25|date=23 March 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}</ref>
! scope="col"| Injuries<ref name="DEATHTOLL">{{Cite web|title=Casualties of 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake|url=http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|work=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010807123437/http://www.nic.in/agricoop/eq2001/eqmain.html|archive-date=7 August 2001|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
![[Kutch district|Kutch]]
|18,416
|39,765
|-
![[Ahmedabad]]
|752<ref name="NIDM"/>
|4,030
|-
![[Rajkot District|Rajkot]]
|433
|10,567
|-
![[Jamnagar]]
|119
|4,592
|-
![[Surendranagar]]
|113
|2,851
|-
![[Surat]]
|46
|157
|-
![[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
|38
|1,686
|-
![[Banaskantha]]
|32
|2,770
|-
![[Navsari]]
|17
|51
|- 
![[Bharuch]]
|9
|44
|-
![[Porbandar]]
|9
|90
|-
![[Gandhinagar]]
|8
|240
|-
![[Junagadh]]
|8
|87
|-
![[Bhavnagar]]
|4
|44
|-
![[Vadodara]]
|1
|256
|-
![[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]
|1
|20
|-
|}
The [[United States Geological Survey]]'s [[PAGER]]-CAT catalog reported 20,023 fatalities.<ref name="PAGER-CAT"/> Additionally, 166,836 injuries were recorded,<ref name="USGS"/> a total of 28 million people across [[Gujarat]] were affected, and 442 villages lost at least 70% of houses.<ref name="NIDM"/> In [[Kutch District]], 90% of homes were damaged or destroyed, with 24% of the housing stock affected overall in Gujarat; most affected buildings were non-engineered, unreinforced [[stonemasonry]], although many reinforced concrete buildings also collapsed. Water outages were widespread due to liquefaction and [[soil compaction]], with many [[pumping stations]] and two water towers collapsing in the affected area. However, damage to highways and bridges was relatively minor.<ref name=asoce>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat (Kutch) India Earthquake of January 26, 2001 Lifeline Performance|url=https://www.geengineeringsystems.com/ewExternalFiles/Bhuj_M7.4_2001.pdf|last1=Eidinger|first1=John|date=April 1, 2001|publisher=[[American Society of Civil Engineers]]}}</ref> 

[[Bhuj]], one of the closest cities to the epicenter, was devastated, with roughly 10,000 people killed<ref name=nyt>{{cite news|title=In Quake, Unity Overcame Diversity|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/10/world/in-quake-unity-overcame-diversity.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=10 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|author=John F. Burns}}</ref> and 95% of buildings destroyed or uninhabitable after the quake;<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/gujarat-earthquake-emergency-update-dec-2002|title=Gujarat earthquake emergency update Dec 2002|author=Save the Children|access-date=29 August 2024|date=20 December 2002}}</ref> 38,653 homes partially or fully collapsed in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=2001 Gujarat Earthquake: How the state bounced back from the worst disaster ever|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/offbeat-news/article/2001-gujarat-earthquake-how-the-state-bounced-back-from-the-worst-disaster-ever-23331440|newspaper=[[Mid-Day]]|date=23 January 2024|access-date=4 February 2025}}</ref> The quake also destroyed eight schools, two hospitals and 4&nbsp;km of road in Bhuj, and partly destroyed the historic [[Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Bhuj|Swaminarayan temple]] and historic forts, [[Prag Mahal]] and [[Aina Mahal]]. The [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|Indian National Trust for Arts and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) inspected more than 250 heritage buildings in Kutch and Saurashtra and found that about 40% of them either collapsed or were seriously damaged; only 10% were undamaged.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rabindra|first1=Vasavada|last2=Edmund|first2=Booth|year=2001|title=Effect of the Bhuj, India earthquake of 26 January 2001 on heritage buildings|url=https://architexturez.net/doc/az-cf-21244|journal=Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie|volume=21|issn=0170-9518}}</ref> Bhuj's district hospital collapsed, killing about 193 people inside,<ref name="NIDM"/> while at the city's main [[telephone exchange]] building, 50% of its walls collapsed, damaging interior electrical controls and resulting in many casualties.<ref name=asoce/>

Over 1.2 million houses in 8,000 villages and 490 towns were damaged or destroyed, as well as 12,000 schools, 2,000 health facilities, many historic buildings and tourist attractions;<ref name="IIFEAD"/><ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat earthquake victims to receive more support to rebuild lives|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-victims-receive-more-support-rebuild-lives|date=2 May 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|title=Interdisciplinary Observations on The January 2001 Bhuj, Gujarat Earthquake|access-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226144339/http://www.rms.com/publications/Bhuj_EQ_Report.pdf|archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> 400,000 of the damaged homes completely collapsed.<ref name="APR2001UPDATE">{{cite news|title=Earthquake in South Asia – India and Pakistan Affected Update Apr 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/earthquake-south-asia-india-and-pakistan-affected-update-apr-2001|date=11 April 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=CRS}}</ref> Across [[Bhachau]], over 5,000 people died and 9,000 houses were damaged or destroyed.<ref name="IIFEAD">{{cite journal|author1=David Sanderson|author2=Anshu Sharma|title=Winners and losers of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake|url=https://www.slurc.org/uploads/1/0/9/7/109761391/winners_and_losers_from_the_2001_gujarat_earthquake.pdf|date=January 2007|access-date=29 August 2024|doi=10.1177/0956247808089155|journal=Environment & Urbanization|volume=20|pages=177–186|doi-access=free|publisher=[[International Institute for Environment and Development]]}}</ref> In [[Chobari]], the closest settlement to the epicenter, all 3,200 houses were razed and 648 residents were killed.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nearest settlement to the Epicentre of 2001 earthquake: Chobari still bears scars of devastation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nearest-settlement-to-the-epicentre-of-2001-earthquake-chobari-still-bears-scars-of-devastation-7161558/|date=26 January 2021|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Over 400 were also feared dead in [[Rapar]].<ref name=geer/> Adhoi village lost 354 residents, including 25 students at a school. Much of [[Vondh]] was also razed and 400 people died there.<ref name="IIFEAD"/> All 208 houses in the village of [[Visnagar]] were also destroyed.<ref>{{cite news|title=India: Gujarat Earthquake 2001 – Visnagar, Gujarat getting new life|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-gujarat-earthquake-2001-visnagar-gujarat-getting-new-life|date=12 June 2003|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IDRF}}</ref> In [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]], over 2,000 people died, including 204 who were killed at a [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anjar remembers its dead children|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/anjar-remembers-its-dead-children/articleshow/421065389.cms|date=26 January 2002|access-date=29 August 2024|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> There were also nearly 2,000 deaths in [[Gandhidham]], where 30 high-rise buildings collapsed,<ref>{{cite news|title=What The Quake Means For Gujarat Inc|url=https://archives.digitaltoday.in/businesstoday/20010221/cover2.html|date=29 January 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> and in nearby [[Kandla]], roads and facilities at the [[Port of Kandla]] were badly affected.<ref name=asoce/><ref name=geer/> At the [[Port of Navlakhi|Navlakhi]], extensive subsidence caused the main access road and port to drop below [[sea level]] at high tide, preventing goods from being imported; lateral spreading caused a newly built reinforced concrete wharf to collapse into the sea.<ref name=asoce/> Ten people were killed and all 940 homes were badly damaged in Dhori village, including 914 which were completely razed by the quake, along with multiple health centers, schools, a water tower, the mosque and three Hindu temples.<ref name=nyt/> In [[Khavda]], 240 people died, thousands more were injured, 20% of homes collapsed and 40% of others were moderately damaged. There were also 225 deaths in [[Ratnal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India/Gujarat: Earthquake Appeal No. 04/2001 Situation Report No. 6|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/indiagujarat-earthquake-appeal-no-042001-situation-report-no-6|date=6 February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=IFRC}}</ref>

In [[Ahmedabad]], 1,021 apartments and 82 houses collapsed, and 752 people were killed.<ref name="NIDM">{{cite report|title=The Kutch Earthquake 2001|url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/KUTCH%202001.pdf|year=2012|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]]|author=Pramod K. Mishra|isbn=978-81-8347-000-1}}</ref> Collapsing multistory buildings also caused deaths in [[Morbi]] and [[Surat]].<ref name=sudhirjain>{{cite web|title=Preliminary Observations on the Origin and Effects of the January 26, 2001 Bhuj (Gujarat, India) Earthquake|url=https://sudhirjain.info/INL_005.pdf|date=April 2001|access-date=5 February 2025|publisher=[[Earthquake Engineering Research Institute]]}}</ref> Total property damage was estimated at $7.5 billion. The [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian military]] provided emergency support which was later augmented by the [[International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society]]. A temporary [[Red Cross]] hospital remained in Bhuj to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_wqqxXqv7EC&pg=PA3|title=Gujarat (Kutch), India, M7.7 Earthquake of January 26, 2001, and Napa M5.2 Earthquake of September 3, 2000|last=Eidinger|first=John M.|date=2001|publisher=ASCE Publications|isbn=9780784475065}}</ref>

There were also 19 deaths in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=India Earthquake Update 26 Jan 2001|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/india-earthquake-update-26-jan-2001|date=26 January 2001|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]|author=Childreach}}</ref> The [[Badin District|Badin]]-[[Tharparkar]] area recorded 12 deaths, 115 injuries, 1,989 collapsed homes and 43,643 damaged homes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Earthquake|url=https://pdma.gos.pk/earthquake/|year=2022|access-date=29 August 2024|publisher=[[Government of Sindh]]}}</ref> Liquefaction from the earthquake resulted in [[sugarcane]] farms being flooded, affecting crops in the village of Kadhan.<ref name=geer>{{cite web|title=The Bhuj, India, earthquake of January 26, 2001|url=https://geerassociation.org/components/com_geer_reports/geerfiles/Bhuj_2001/india_photo.htm|date=February 2001|access-date=3 February 2025|website=Geotechnical Extreme Events Reconnaissance}}</ref>

== Reconstruction ==
Four months after the earthquake the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]] announced the Gujarat Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy. The policy proposed a different approach to urban and rural construction with the estimated cost of rebuilding to be US$1.77 billion.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA35|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref>

The main objectives of the policy included repairing, building, and strengthening houses and public buildings. Other objectives included the revival of the economy, health support, and reconstruction of the community and social infrastructure.<ref name=":0" />

=== Housing ===
The housing policies focused on the removal of rubble, setting up temporary shelters, full reconstruction of damaged houses, and the [[retrofitting]] of undamaged units. The policy established a community-driven housing recovery process. The communities affected by the earthquake were given the option for complete or partial relocation to [[In situ|in-situ]] reconstruction.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AylYZrXQDJwC&pg=PA36|title=Safer Homes, Stronger Communities: A Handbook for Reconstructing after Natural Disasters|last=Jha|first=Abhas K.|date=2010|publisher=World Bank Publications|isbn=9780821382684}}</ref> The total number of eligible houses to be repaired was 929,682 and the total number of eligible houses to be reconstructed was 213,685. By 2003, 882,896 (94%) houses were repaired and 113,271 (53%) were reconstructed.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.adrc.asia/publications/recovery_reports/pdf/Gujarat.pdf|title=The Gujarat Earthquake 2001|last=Sinha|first=Anil|year=2003|publisher=Asian Disaster Reduction Center|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>

=== City planning ===
The Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC) was commissioned to provide a new city plan for the city of [[Bhuj]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Byahut|first=Sweta|date=Fall 2014|title=Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|volume=80|issue=4|page=440|doi=10.1080/01944363.2014.989132|s2cid=154043360|via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref> The plan focused on creating a wider roadway network to provide emergency access to the city. The EPC used land readjustment (LR) in the form of eight town planning schemes.<ref name=":1" /> This was implemented by deducting land from private lot sizes to create adequate public land for the widening of roadways.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Byahut|first1=Sweta|last2=Mittal|first2=Jay|year=2016|title=Using Land Readjustment in Rebuilding the Earthquake-Damaged City of Bhuj, India|journal=Journal of Urban Planning and Development|volume=143|page=05016012|doi=10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000354}}</ref> The remaining land was readjusted and given back to the original owners as final plots.<ref name=":1" />

== Relief ==
[[File:Hinduja Hospital's Medical Relief Camp at Bhuj after the 2001 Gujarat Earthquakes.jpg|thumb|[[Hinduja Hospital]]'s relief camp at Bhuj]]
[[File: U.S. Air Force personnel unload relief supplies destined for earthquake victims in India from a C-5A Galaxy at Andersen Air Force Base, Guam.JPG|thumb|[[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] personnel preparing relief supplies on 3 February 2001]]

The [[Government of Gujarat]] created four assistance packages worth up to US$1 billion to support the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the city. These packages assisted about 300,000 families. The government also announced a US$2.5 million package to revive small, medium, and cottage industries. The [[World Bank]] and [[Asian Development Bank]] also provided loans worth $300 million and $500 million, respectively.<ref name=":2" />

Assistance was offered from many countries and organisations. 
{| class="wikitable"
|+International assistance<ref name=":2" />
!Country
!Relief Offered
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|US$550,000
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|20,000 tons of rice and a 12-member medical team
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|US$920,000
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|US$2 million
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|US$602,000
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|US$270,000 in financial aid relief supplies
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|150 member emergency aid mission
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|US$2.3 million for emergency equipment 
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|US$3 million in financial aid and US$1,14 million worth of relief supplies and equipments<ref>[https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/oda/shiryo/hakusyo/02_hakusho/ODA2002/html/column/cl02004.htm II-4 インド地震における緊急援助], ODA Bluebook 2002, [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan]].</ref> 
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|US$250,000
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|US$2.5 million through [[UNICEF]]
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|US$200,000 grant 
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|13 tons of relief material such as blankets and food 
|-
|{{flag|Syria|1980}}
|Medical and other relief supplies
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|US$100,000
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|£10 million 
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|Relief supplies up to US$5 million 
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}

{{flag|Vietnam}}

{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Relief material and supplies 
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|Relief materials and financial aid
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Assistance from organisations<ref name=":2" />
!Organisations
!Relief Given 
|-
|[[American Red Cross]] of [[Central New Jersey]]
|Grant program of US$10,000 with all proceeds going to the [[American Red Cross]] Indian Earthquake Relief Fund
|-
|[[CARE (relief agency)|CARE International]]
|Relief Materials 
|-
|[[HelpAge India]]
|Relief materials to rural areas and [[Mobile hospital|Mobile Medicare Units]] (MMUs)
|-
|[[Oxfam]]
|Food distribution. shelters, temporary bathing facilities, and relief materials 
|-
|[[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|The Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement]] 
|£10 million, 350-bed hospital, water and sanitation units, [[telecommunication]]s team, and a [[British Red Cross]] logistics team
|-
|[[World Health Organization]] 
|US$1.2 million 
|-
|Technisches Hilfswerk (THW)
|Rehabilitation of water supply and storage for villages nearby Bhachau.
|-
|Department of International Development (DFID-UK)
|Financing of relief funds for local and international NGO working on relief works in rural Kutch.
|}

==Memorials==
[[File: Smritivan 2001 Gujarat earthquake memorial garden in Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Smritivan|right]]
[[Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum|Smritivan]], a memorial park and museum dedicated to victims of the earthquake was built on top of [[Bhujia Hill]] in [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district|Kutch]] and opened in 2022. Spread over an area of 470 acres, it has more than 13,805 trees, each dedicated to a victim, planted in the garden and 108 small water reservoirs created on the hill.<ref name=Ray>{{cite news|title=Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html|first=Joydeep|last=Ray|date=16 April 2004|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html|title=Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019|date=20 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch – See pics of museum|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html|access-date=30 August 2022|publisher=Zee News}}</ref>

[[Veer Balak Smarak]] in [[Anjar, Gujarat|Anjar]] is a memorial dedicated to 185 school children and 20 teachers who died during the earthquake.<ref name="ht1">{{Cite web|date=28 August 2022|title=PM Modi to inaugurate 'Veer Balak Memorial' in Gujarat. Details here|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-veer-balak-memorial-in-gujarat-details-here-101661663487296.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name="etv">{{Cite web|title=અંજારના વીર બાળક સ્મારકની વિશેષતાઓ, પીએમ મોદી કચ્છ પ્રવાસમાં કરશે લોકાર્પિત|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/state/kutch/features-of-veer-balak-memorial-in-anjar-pm-modi-kutch-visit-aug-2022/gj20220825192526303303652|access-date=5 September 2022|website=ETV Bharat News|date=25 August 2022|language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Webdunia|title=આજે કચ્છના અંજારમાં 'વીર બાળક સ્મારક'નું વડાપ્રધાન નરેન્દ્ર મોદી લોકાર્પણ કરશે|url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/regional-gujarat-news/prime-minister-narendra-modi-will-inaugurate-the-veer-baldik-memorial-in-anjar-kutch-122082600006_1.html|access-date=5 September 2022|website=gujarati.webdunia.com|language=gu}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' is a 2013 Hindi film which depicted the 2001 earthquake effects in Ahmedabad in its plot.

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Pakistan|Earth sciences}}
* [[Earthquake zones of India]]
* [[List of earthquakes in 2001]]
* [[List of earthquakes in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="PAGER-CAT">{{citation|title=PAGER-CAT Earthquake Catalog|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/static/lfs/data/pager/catalogs/|date=4 September 2009|publisher=United States Geological Survey|series=Version 2008_06.1}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200051/http://asc-india.org/lib/20010126-kachchh.htm M7.7 Bhuj "Republic Day" Earthquake, 2001] –  Amateur Seismic Centre
*[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/Gujarat2001.html 26 January 2001 Bhuj earthquake, Gujarat, India] – University of Colorado
*[http://home.iitk.ac.in/~ramesh/gujrat/gujarat.htm Gujarat Earthquake of January 26, 2001] – [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]]
*[https://www.flickr.com/photos/idfonline/albums/72157638040076306 Israel Defence Forces relief efforts]
*{{EQ-isc-link|1763683}}
*{{ReliefWeb-link|eq-2001-0033-ind}}

{{Earthquakes in 2001}}
{{Earthquakes in India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Earthquake, 2001}}
[[Category:2001 earthquakes]]
[[Category:2001 disasters in India|Gujarat earthquake]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in Gujarat|2001]]
[[Category:2000s in Gujarat|2016 earthquake]]
[[Category:2000s in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:History of Kutch]]
[[Category:Earthquakes in India]]
[[Category:January 2001 in India]]
[[Category:Buried rupture earthquakes]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat (1947–present)]]