View source for 2nd Armored Division (United States)

{{Short description|Inactive US Army formation}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 2nd Armored Division
| image = United States Army 2nd Armored Division CSIB.svg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = 2nd AD Shoulder Sleeve Insignia
| dates = 1940–1995
| country = {{flagu|United States}}
| branch = {{flag|United States Army|name=US Army}}
| type = [[Armor Branch (United States)|Armor]]
| role = [[Armoured warfare|Armored warfare]]
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| command_structure = 
| equipment = 
| equipment_label = 
| nickname = "Hell on Wheels"<ref name=SUD>{{cite web|title=Special Unit Designations |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |date=21 April 2010 |access-date=23 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609010022/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/spdes-123-ra_ar.html |archive-date=9 June 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| motto = 
| colors = 
| colors_label = 
| march = 
| battles = {{Tree list}}
*[[World War II]]
**[[Operation Torch]]
**[[Allied invasion of Sicily]]
**[[Operation Overlord]]
**[[Operation Overlord|Northern France]]
**[[Siegfried Line campaign]]
**[[Battle of the Bulge]]
**[[Western Allied invasion of Germany|Central Europe]]
*[[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]]
**[[Battle of Kuwait International Airport]]
**[[Battle of 73 Easting]]
**[[Battle of Norfolk]]
{{tree list/end}}
| anniversaries = 
| decorations = [[Belgian fourragère]]
| battle_honours = 
| notable_commanders = [[Charles L. Scott (U.S. Army general)|Charles L. Scott]]<br/>[[George S. Patton]]<br/>[[George Patton IV]]<br/>[[Ernest N. Harmon]]<br/>[[Edward H. Brooks]]<br/> [[Oliver W. Dillard]]
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag of the United States Army 2nd Armored Division.svg|155px|border]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
| identification_symbol_3 = {{Mil Map Symbol
| UNIT SHORT NAME = 2
| PARENT SHORT NAME = 
| UNIT ICON = Military Symbol - Friendly Unit (Solid Light 1.5x1 Frame)- Armour (NATO APP-6).svg
| UNIT SIZE ICON = NATO Map Symbol - Unit Size - Division.svg
| ICON SIZE = 100
}}
| identification_symbol_3_label = [[NATO Joint Military Symbology|NATO Map Symbol]]
}}
<!-- Moved down Templates: 'Command Structure' And 'U.S. Armor' below 1st image, to improve image handling / Page rendering -->

The '''2nd Armored Division''' ("Hell on Wheels"<ref name = SUD/>) was an [[Armoured warfare|armored]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[United States Army]]. The division played important roles during [[World War II]] in the invasions of Germany, North Africa, and Sicily and in the liberation of France, [[Belgium]], and the [[Netherlands]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The History of the Second Armored Division: From WWII to Modern Day |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/second-armored-division-hell-on-wheels |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]], the division was primarily based at [[Fort Hood]], [[Texas]], and had a reinforced brigade forward stationed in [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck|Garlstedt]], [[West Germany]]. After participation in the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]], the division was deactivated in 1995.

==World War II==

===Initial organization===
The 2nd Armored Division was formed at Fort Benning, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] on 15 July 1940. Under the first system of American armored division organization<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=The History of the Second Armored Division: From WWII to Modern Day |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/second-armored-division-hell-on-wheels |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Texas State Historical Association |language=en}}</ref> (also used by the 1st through 5th Armored Divisions), the 2nd Armored Division was composed as follows:

* [[Headquarters]]
* Headquarters Company
* 2nd Armored Brigade
** [[66th Armor Regiment|66th Armored Regiment (Light)]]
** [[67th Armor Regiment|67th Armored Regiment (Light)]]
** [[68th Armor Regiment|68th Armored Regiment (Medium)]]
** 14th Field Artillery Regiment (Armored)
* 41st Infantry Regiment (Armored)
* 78th Field Artillery Battalion (Armored)
* 82nd Reconnaissance Battalion (Armored)
* 17th Engineer Battalion (Armored)
* 14th Quartermaster Battalion (Armored)
* 17th Ordnance Battalion (Armored)
* 48th Medical Battalion (Armored)
* 142nd Signal Company (Armored)
* [[16th Electronic Warfare Squadron|16th Observation Squadron]] (attached)

It was originally commanded by [[Major general|Major General]] [[Charles L. Scott (U.S. Army general)|Charles L. Scott]], with Colonel [[George S. Patton|George S. Patton Jr.]] in charge of training. Scott was promoted to command the [[I Armored Corps (United States)|I Armored Corps]] in November of that year, which put Patton, now a [[brigadier general (United States)|brigadier general]], in command of the division. The division, which in February 1942 passed over to the command of Major General [[Willis D. Crittenberger]], served with the [[First United States Army|First]], [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh]], and [[Ninth United States Army|Ninth Armies]] throughout the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specialoperationshistory.info/omeka/items/show/746 |title=Hell on Wheels: United States Army Tanks & Artillery (1951) |work=Special Operations History Foundation |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LTG Willis Dale Crittenberger |url=https://militaryhallofhonor.com/honoree-record.php?id=2393 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=militaryhallofhonor.com}}</ref>

[[File:Dodge VC & WC ½-tons fronting M3 Scout Cars – 2nd Armored Division Ceremony. 14 Feb 1941.jpg|thumb|left|2nd Armored's first ceremony combining 10,000 men and 2,000 vehicles; Valentine's Day 1941.]]
{{command structure
|name=2nd Armored Division ''"Hell on Wheels"''<ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/adcomp.html army.mil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018125328/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/adcomp.html |date=18 October 2020 }} Component Elements of Armored Divisions in World War II</ref><ref>Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). World War II Order of Battle. New York, New York: Galahad Books World War II Order of Battle p49</ref><ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/2AD-ETO.htm army.mil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107015635/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/2AD-ETO.htm |date=7 January 2011 }} ORDER OF BATTLE OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY WORLD WAR II EUROPEAN THEATER OF OPERATIONS</ref>

|date=1942–1945
|parent= 2nd Armored Division
|subordinate=
* [[41st Infantry Regiment (United States)|41st Armored Infantry Regiment]]
* [[66th Armor Regiment (United States)|66th Armored Regiment]]
* [[67th Armor Regiment (United States)|67th Armor Regiment]]
* 17th Armored Engineer Battalion
* [[82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion]]
* [[14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion]]
* [[78th Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|78th Armored Field Artillery Battalion]]
* [[92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion]]
* 142nd Armored Signal Company
* 17th Armored Ordnance Battalion
* 14th Armored Quartermaster Battalion
* 48th Armored Medical Battalion
}}
{{Military unit sidebar|title=U.S. Armored Divisions|previous=[[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]|next=[[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]] (''Inactive'')}}
[[File:Tank destroyer on dug-in ramp.jpg|thumb|left|Company C, 702d Tank Destroyer Battalion, 2nd Armored Division, [[M36 tank destroyer|tank destroyer]] on dug-in ramp has plenty of elevation to hurl shells at long range enemy targets across the Roer River. L-r: Sgt. George E. Schelz, Pvt. Earl F. Van Horne, and Pfc. Samuel R. Marcum. December 16, 1944.]]

In January 1942, the 2nd Armored Division was reorganized under the "heavy" armored division table of organization, which it maintained for the remainder of the war. The most major changes involved the disbandment of the 2nd Armored Brigade, the loss of the 68th Armored Regiment to the newly-formed [[6th Armored Division (United States)|6th Armored Division]], the reduction of the [[14th Field Artillery Regiment|14th Field Artillery]] Regiment to a battalion, and the addition of the [[92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion]].<ref>Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). World War II Order of Battle. New York, New York: Galahad Books World War II Order of Battle p280, 290-91, 370, 398</ref> Each of the division's two armored regiments contained two medium tank battalions and one light tank battalion, with each battalion consisting of three companies (18 tank companies total). Along with the [[3rd Armored Division (United States)|3rd Armored Division]], it retained its organization throughout World War II–the 14 other U.S. armored divisions were reorganized as "light" armored divisions, having three tank [[Battalion|battalions]], each consisting of three medium tank companies and one light tank company (12 tank companies total). Both types had an infantry component of three mechanized battalions, although the heavy divisions maintained an "armored infantry regiment" organization.<ref>Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). World War II Order of Battle. New York, New York: Galahad Books World War II Order of Battle p15-20</ref>

The core units of the division were the [[41st Infantry Regiment (United States)|41st Armored Infantry Regiment]], the [[66th Armor Regiment (United States)|66th Armored Regiment]], the [[67th Armor Regiment (United States)|67th Armor Regiment]], the [[17th Armored Engineer Battalion]], the [[82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion]], and the 142nd Armored Signal Company. The 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion was known as the "eyes and ears" of the 2nd Armored Division.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suedois50 |title=82nd Reconnaissance Battalion |url=https://www.database-memoire.eu/prive/en-us/menu-st-james-us/12-present-us/2718-82nd-reconnaissance-battalion |access-date=2024-11-09 |website=www.database-memoire.eu |language=en-us}}</ref>

The 2nd Armored Division had three [[artillery]] battalions: (the [[14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|14th]], [[78th Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|78th]], and [[92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion (United States)|92nd]]). The division also had support units, including the 2nd Ordnance Maintenance Battalion,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pages/2nd-Armored-Ordnance-Maintenance-Battalion/804361736259059|title=2nd Armored Ordnance Maintenance Battalion|work=Facebook|access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref> 2nd Supply Battalion, the [[48th Armored Medical Battalion]], and a band and military police platoon<!--Is this 2 units (MP Ptn + Band) or 1 (a combined Band/MP Ptn)?-->. The military police and band were tasked with headquarters defense of base operations under the banner of the 502d Adjutant General Company (502d AG).<ref name=":1" />

===Opened front in North Africa===
Elements of the division were among the first U.S. military to engage in offensive ground combat operations in the European and Mediterranean theater during World War II. The 2nd Armored Division, now commanded by Major General [[Ernest N. Harmon]], served in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] along with the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=aburchyski |date=2011-11-28 |title=Ernie Harmon: The Other Patton |url=https://www.historynet.com/ernie-harmon-the-other-patton/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=HistoryNet |language=en-US}}</ref> They were part of the Western Task Force of [[Operation Torch]], which landed at [[Casablanca]] in [[French protectorate in Morocco|French Morocco]] on 8 November 1942. The remainder of Torch's American component were the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st]], [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd]], [[9th Infantry Division (United States)|9th]] and [[34th Infantry Division (United States)|34th Infantry Division]]s. However, the 2nd Armored Division did not see much action in North Africa and instead remained in [[French North Africa]] on garrison and training duties. In April 1943 Major General Harmon relinquished command of the division to Major General [[Hugh Joseph Gaffey]]. Training in amphibious [[Military operations|operations]] began in preparation for an [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious]] landing at [[Sicily]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=2nd Armored Division - US Army - WW2 - Sons of Liberty Museum |url=https://www.sonsoflibertymuseum.org/2nd-armored-division-ww2.cfm |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.sonsoflibertymuseum.org}}</ref>

===Operation Husky===
[[File:The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H36961.jpg|thumb|left|British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] fires an American .30 carbine during a visit to the U.S. 2nd Armored Division on Salisbury Plain, March 23, 1944.]]

As the reserve force of the Western Task Force of [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Operation Husky]], codename for the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], the division landed on 10 July 1943, in support of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] at the [[Battle of Gela (1943)|Battle of Gela]].<ref>La Monte, John L. & Lewis, Winston B. ''The Sicilian Campaign, July 10 – August 17, 1943'' (1993) United States Government Printing Office {{ISBN|0-945274-17-3}} pp.6&89</ref> Afterwards, the division next went into action in the second landing at [[Licata]], Sicily on 21 July following the [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]]'s better-known earlier landing on 10 July. The 2nd Armored, operating closely with [[paratrooper]]s of the [[82nd Airborne Division]], then fought through to the Sicilian capital of [[Palermo]]. Along the way the 2nd Armored Division captured thousands of Italian [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] (POWs). The fighting in Sicily came to an end on 17 August, with the 2nd Armored Division having sustained relatively light casualties in the brief campaign, where it had gained its first [[Medal of Honor]] of World War II, belonging to Sergeant [[Gerry H. Kisters]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gerry Herman Kisters {{!}} World War II {{!}} U.S. Army {{!}} Medal of Honor Recipient |url=https://www.cmohs.org/recipients/gerry-h-kisters |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Congressional Medal of Honor Society |language=en}}</ref> During the campaign the division came under the command of the [[Seventh United States Army|U.S. Seventh Army]], under Lieutenant General [[George S. Patton]], who had been a former commander of the division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Operation Husky: The Classroom for Amphibious Landings |url=https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/operation-husky-classroom-amphibious-landings |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The National WWII Museum {{!}} New Orleans |language=en}}</ref>

Soon afterwards the 2nd Armored Division was sent to [[England]], in preparation for the Allied [[invasion of Normandy]], and remained there until June 1944. In April the division received a new commander, Major General [[Edward H. Brooks]], a decorated veteran of [[World War I]], replacing Major General Gaffey.

===Normandy invasion===
[[File:Archivesnormandie39-45 P000461.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the division in [[Barenton]], Normandy.]]

The 2nd Armored Division landed at [[Omaha Beach]] in [[Normandy]] on 9 June 1944, three days after the initial [[Normandy landings]], and operated in the [[Cotentin Peninsula]], later forming the right flank of the [[Operation Cobra]] assault. The division encircled the [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich]] and the [[17th SS Panzergrenadier Division Götz von Berlichingen]] around [[Roncey]],<ref name="Zaloga p.3">Zaloga p.3</ref> and destroyed most of their armored equipment.<ref name="Zaloga p.3"/> At La Chapelle, a [[2nd SS Panzer Division Das Reich|2nd SS Panzer]] column was attacked at point blank range by 2nd Armored Division artillery. Over the course of two hours American artillery fired over 700 rounds into the column. The Germans suffered the loss of 50 dead, 60 wounded and 197 taken prisoner; material losses included over 260 German combat vehicles destroyed.<ref name="Zaloga p.67">Zaloga p.67</ref> Beyond the town, the 2nd Armored engaged another column, killing 1,150 German soldiers and destroying an additional 96 armored combat vehicles and trucks.<ref name="Zaloga p.67"/> The U.S. 2nd Armored Division destroyed 64 German tanks and 538 other German combat vehicles during Operation Cobra,<ref name="Zaloga p.75">Zaloga p.75</ref> while itself losing 49 tanks.<ref name="Zaloga p.75"/> The 2nd Armored Division inflicted over 7,370 casualties on the Germans, while suffering 914 casualties of their own. This is approximately an eightfold disparity.<ref name="Zaloga p.75"/> The 2nd Armored blunted [[Operation Lüttich]], the German counterattack on [[Avranches]], then raced across France with the rest of the [[First United States Army|First Army]], reaching the [[Albert Canal]] in Belgium on 8 September. On 18 September it crossed the German border near [[Sittard]] and took up defensive positions near [[Geilenkirchen]]. On 3 October, the division, now commanded again by Major General Harmon, launched an attack on the [[Siegfried Line]] from [[Marienberg (Übach-Palenberg)]], broke through, crossed the [[Wurm (Rur)|Wurm River]], seized the town of Puffendorf on 16 November, and [[Jülich|Barmen]] on 28 November.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Armored Division Unit History (LoneSentry.com) |url=https://www.lonesentry.com/usdivisions/history/armored/division/2nd_armored_division.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=www.lonesentry.com}}</ref>

===Awards===

Members of the division received 9,369 individual awards, including two [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]], twenty-three [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)|Distinguished Service Crosses]], and 2,302 [[Silver Star]]s as well as nearly 6,000 [[Purple Heart]]s; among those receiving the Silver Star were [[Edward H. Brooks]], Hugh Armagio, Stan Aniol, Staff Sergeant John J. Henry, William L. Giblin, Neil J. Garrison, Morton Eustis, son of [[William Corcoran Eustis]], and Sgt Kenneth J. White. The division was twice cited by the Belgian government and division soldiers for the next 50 years wore the [[fourragere]] of the [[Belgian Croix de Guerre]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Composition ===
The division was composed of the following units:<ref>{{cite web |title=Order of Battle of the US Army - WWII - ETO - 2nd Armored Division |url=https://history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/2AD-ETO.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424235442/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/2AD-ETO.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2008 |publisher=US Army Center of Military History |access-date=22 May 2020}}</ref>

* Headquarters Company
* Service Company
* Combat Command A
* Combat Command B
* Combat Command Reserve 
* [[66th Armor Regiment (United States)|66th Armored Regiment]]
* [[67th Armor Regiment (United States)|67th Armored Regiment]]
* [[41st Armored Infantry Regiment]]
* 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion
* 17th Armored Engineer Battalion
* 142nd Armored Signal Company
* 2nd Armored Division Artillery
** 14th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
** 78th Armored Field Artillery Battalion
** 92nd Armored Field Artillery Battalion
* 2nd Armored Division Trains
** 2nd Ordnance Maintenance Battalion
** Supply Battalion
** 48th Armored Medical Battalion
** Military Police Platoon
** 502nd Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

The 702nd Tank Destroyer Battalion had originally been formed around a nucleus of personnel from the 2nd Armored Division in December 1941, and was persistently associated with the division throughout its training in the United States and combat in the European Theater.

===Casualties===
* Total battle casualties: 5,864<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953">Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)</ref>
* Killed in action: 981<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
* Wounded in action: 4,557<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
* Missing in action: 60<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
* Prisoners of war: 266<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
* Days of battle: 443<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>

==Cold War and Vietnam service==
After a brief period of occupation duty, the division returned from overseas to [[Fort Hood]], Texas, in 1946 to retrain and rebuild.<ref name=":1" /> The 2nd Armored Division returned to [[West Germany]] to serve as part of [[Seventh United States Army|Seventh Army]], [[VII Corps (United States)|VII Corps]] from 1951 to 1957. In late 1957, it rotated back to the United States as part of [[Operation Gyroscope]], being replaced in Germany by the [[4th Armored Division (United States)|4th Armored Division]]. Once back in the US, it returned to [[III Corps (United States)|III Corps]], Fort Hood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Fort Cavazos |url=https://killeenchamber.com/error404 |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=killeenchamber.com}}</ref>

While stationed in Germany in 1952 with the Seventh Army, the 2nd Armored Division was based at Stuttgart-Vaihingen under the command of General [[Williston Palmer]]. During this time, Palmer enlisted the help of a young Corporal [[Samuel Adler (composer)|Samuel Adler]] from within his ranks to organize the [[Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra]]. During the course of the next decade, the orchestra remained based with the 2nd Armored Division and the Seventh Army while supporting America's [[cultural diplomacy]] initiatives throughout Europe during the height of the Cold War.<ref>[https://www.7aso.org/htmldocs/ascronsp.html ''7th Army Symphony Chronology - General Palmer authorizes Samuel Adler to found the orchestra in 1952'' on 7aso.org]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=k9SOCgAAQBAJ&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler&pg=PA311 ''A Dictionary for the Modern Composer''], Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 2015, p. 311 {{ISBN|9780810884014}} ''Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra'' founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on https://books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=RzxEAQAAIAAJ&q=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra '' Army - "Musical Ambassadors, Soldiers Too"'' James I. Kenner. Editor Lt. General Walter L. Weible . Association of the United States Army Vol 9. No. 1 August 1958 p. 60-62 - Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra] on https://books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://www.7aso.org/htmldocs/earlyhistory.html "7th Army Symphony Draws Praise" Samuel Adler and Army Commendtion Ribbon with Metal Pendant" on 7aso.org]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ogj6v4lo8HwC&q=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra+Samuel+Adler ''Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Orchestra''] John Canaria, University of Rochester Press 1998 {{ISBN|9781580460 194}} Seventh Army Symphony on https://books.google.com</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=MMwkDQAAQBAJ&dq=Seventh+Army+Symphony+Orchestra&pg=PA49 ''New Music New Allies''] Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49, {{ISBN|978-0-520-24755-0}} "Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on https://books.google.com</ref>  
{{check quotation}}
The 1/50 Infantry; 2/1 Cavalry; 1/40 Field Artillery; and 1/[[92nd Field Artillery Regiment|92 Field Artillery]] fought in the war in Vietnam, but not the division as a whole. The division included the "[[Fort Hood Three]]", a group of three enlisted men who refused to ship out when ordered to deploy to Vietnam in 1966.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Department of the Army Historical Summary - Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 |url=https://history.army.mil/portals/143/Images/Publications/catalog/101-22.pdf |access-date=2025-08-05 |type=pdf}}</ref>

The majority of the division would spend much of the next 35 years based at Fort Hood, and the division remained on active service during the Cold War. Its primary mission was to prepare to conduct heavy armored combat against [[Warsaw Pact]] forces in defense of NATO. The division formed a key component of the U.S. military's plan to move "ten divisions in ten days" to Europe in the event of a Soviet threat to NATO. The division practiced this task numerous times during [[Exercise Reforger]] from 1967 to 1988. To build and maintain combat skills, the division's maneuver brigades deployed almost annually to the [[National Training Center]] to face an opposing force modeling Soviet military weapons and tactics.<ref name=":2" />

However, with the end of the Cold War, the U.S. Army began to be reduced in size. The 2nd Armored Division was scheduled for inactivation in the spring of 1990.<ref name=":2" />

==2nd Armored Division (Forward)==
{{See also|NORTHAG wartime structure in 1989#2nd Armored Division}}
[[File:2nd US Armored Division 1989.png|thumb|right|2nd Armored Division structure 1989 (click to enlarge)]]
In 1975, the 2nd Armored Division's third brigade forward deployed to [[West Germany]] and was assigned to NATO's [[Northern Army Group]] (NORTHAG). The brigade received additional aviation, engineer, military intelligence, medical, and logistics support units and was additionally designated as the 2nd Armored Division (Forward). In case of conflict with the [[Warsaw Pact]], the brigade was to either secure airfields and staging areas for the deployment of III Corps from the United States, or to deploy to the [[Inner German Border]] and establish a blocking position as part of a NATO combat force.

From 1975 through 1978, the brigade headquarters was located at Grafenwöhr, along with the rotating armor and artillery battalions and the supporting engineer and cavalry units.<ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter13.htm Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades Center of Military History United States Army Washington, DC 1998] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927093555/http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter13.htm |date=27 September 2011 }}. Pages 366, 367. Retrieved 22 November 2011.</ref> Two rotating infantry battalions were based at Hohenfels and Vilseck. The six-month rotations continued until 1978, immediately before the move to permanent facilities in northern Germany.

[[File:Lucius D. Clay Kaserne, Garlstedt Germany.JPG|thumb|left|Lucius D. Clay Kaserne was home to the U.S. Army's 2nd Armored Division (Forward) from 1978 to 1993. The Kaserne was located 24 kilometers north of the city of Bremen.]]
2nd Armored Division (Forward) was based at a new military facility near the village of Garlstedt just north of the city of [[Bremen]]. The facilities cost nearly $140&nbsp;million to construct, half of which was paid for by the Federal Republic of Germany. The brigade had approximately 3,500 soldiers and another approximately 2,500 family dependents and civilian employees. The German government constructed family housing in the nearby city of [[Osterholz-Scharmbeck]]. In addition to troop barracks, motor pools, an indoor firing range, repair and logistics facilities, and a local training area, facilities at Garlstedt included a troop medical clinic, post exchange, library, movie theater, and a combined officer/non-commissioned officer/enlisted club. The division's soldiers and family members received radio and TV broadcasts from The American Forces Network (AFN) – Europe via the [[AFN Bremerhaven]] affiliate station located in the nearby port city of Bremerhaven. In April 1986, a Burger King restaurant opened on the kaserne.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/2nd+Armd+Div/USAREUR_2nd+ArmdDivFwd.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989|website=usarmygermany.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

The brigade was officially designated as 2nd Armored Division (Forward) during ceremonies at [[Grafenwöhr]], FRG on 25 July 1978. The Garlstedt facilities were officially turned over to the United States by the German government in October. At that time the Garlstedt kaserne (camp) was named after General [[Lucius D. Clay]], revered by the German people for his role as the American military commander following World War II. His son, a retired U.S. Army major general, attended the ceremony.
[[File:066-Armor-Regiment-COA.png|right|frame|66th Armor regimental coat of arms. The 2nd and 3rd battalions of the regiment provided the heavy armor punch of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward).]]

The brigadier general in charge of 2nd Armored Division (Forward) had a unique command. In addition to command of the heavy brigade, he also functioned as the Commander, [[III Corps (United States)|III Corps]] (Forward), headquartered in [[Maastricht]], [[Netherlands]], and as commander of all US Army forces in Northern Germany, including the military communities of Garlstedt and Bremerhaven. In the event of the deployment of [[III Corps (United States)|III Corps]] and/or the 2nd Armored Division from the United States, the division commander would revert to his job as assistant division commander for operations of 2nd Armored Division. This contingency was practised during REFORGER exercises in 1980 and 1987. Brigadier generals who held the position included James E. Armstrong, George R. Stotser, Thomas H. Tait, [[William F. Streeter]], John C. Heldstab, and [[Jerry R. Rutherford]].

The brigade's subordinate combat units initially consisted of the 3d Battalion, 41st Infantry; 2d Battalion, 50th Infantry; 2d Battalion, [[66th Armor Regiment (United States)|66th Armor]] (Iron Knights); 1st Battalion, 14th Field Artillery, and Troop C<!--as mentioned below, Troop C was replaced by Troop D in 1985-->, 2d Squadron, 1st Cavalry. In October 1983, as part of the army's regimental alignment program, 2–50 Infantry was reflagged as 4–41 Infantry and 1–14 Field Artillery as 4-3 Field Artillery.<ref>David Isby and Charles Kamps, Armies of NATO's Central Front, Jane's Publishing Company, 1985, p.373</ref> Other brigade subordinate units eventually included the 498th Support Battalion, Company D, 17th Engineer Battalion, and the 588th Military Intelligence Company. The brigade also had a military police platoon and an aviation detachment. In 1986, under the army's COHORT unit manning and retention plan, 3–41st Infantry returned to Fort Hood and was replaced by 1–41st Infantry. In 1987, 4–41st Infantry returned to [[Fort Hood]], Texas and was replaced by 3–66th Armor (Burt's Knights, named for Captain [[James M. Burt]] who was awarded the Medal of Honor as a company commander in the 66th Armored Regiment in the [[Battle of Aachen]] during World War II). Now an armor-heavy brigade, 2nd Armored Division (Forward) fielded 116 M-1A1 Abrams tanks and nearly 70 M2/3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles.<!--TOEs give 6 M3 per Tk Bn; 54 M2 + 6 M3 for Inf Bn--><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/2nd+Armd+Div/USAREUR_2nd+ArmdDivFwd.htm|title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989|website=usarmygermany.com|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref>

The brigade initially deployed to Germany with the [[M60 Patton|M60A1 Patton]] tank and the [[M113 armored personnel carrier]]. 4–3rd Field Artillery had the [[M109 howitzer|M109]] 155&nbsp;mm self-propelled howitzer. In 1984, 2–66th AR transitioned to the [[M1 Abrams|M1/IPM1/M1A1 Abrams]]{{specify|date=December 2023}} main battle tank. In 1985, 3–41st IN and 4–41st IN transitioned to the [[M2 Bradley]] Fighting Vehicle; also, C/2-1 Cavalry was replaced by an air cavalry troop, D/2-1 Cavalry, armed with [[AH-1 Cobra|AH-1]]S Cobra attack helicopters.

[[File:CAT87.jpg|thumb|left|2–66th Armor's 1987 Canadian Army Trophy uniform patch.]]

The division participated in numerous major NATO training exercises, including "Trutzige Sachsen" (1985), "Crossed Swords" (1986) and the "Return of Forces to Germany" (REFORGER) (1980 and 1987). Division subordinate units used the NATO gunnery and maneuver ranges at the [[Bergen-Hohne Training Area]] for gunnery and maneuver training and each year the division as a whole deployed south to [[Grafenwöhr]] and [[Hohenfels, Bavaria|Hohenfels]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hohenfels.army.mil|title=www.hohenfels.army.mil|website=army.mil|access-date=1 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326223100/http://www.hohenfels.army.mil/|archive-date=26 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> (both in [[Bavaria]]) training areas for annual crew and unit gunnery and maneuver qualification. 2nd Armored Division (Forward) developed a reputation for excellence during these deployments, particularly in tank crew gunnery.

Tank companies from 2–66th, and later 3–66th, Armor competed in the bi-annual NATO tank gunnery competition, the [[Canadian Army Trophy]] (CAT), as part of the NORTHAG team. C Company, 2–66th first contested for the trophy in 1983. And while a West German tank platoon won the competition that year at Bergen Hohne, 2–66th surprised the competition by performing well with its old M60A1 tanks, which used optical rangefinder technology from the World War II era. This showed the value of local course knowledge over pure technology. C Company, 2–66th contested for the trophy again in 1985, and D Company, 2–66th was part of the NORTHAG team in 1987. In 1989 C Company, 3–66th Armor won the competition outright. Participation in "CAT" was a source of great pride among the tank crews of 2AD (FWD).

The division had a formal partnership with [[Panzergrenadier]]brigade 32, a Federal Republic of Germany [[Bundeswehr]] mechanized infantry brigade headquartered in nearby [[Schwanewede]]. The division also had informal relationships with Dutch, Belgian, and British [[NORTHAG]] forces, often conducting joint training activities at Bergen Hohne.

== Gulf War ==
The [[invasion of Kuwait]] by Saddam Hussein in August 1990 caught the division in the midst of the post-Cold War drawdown of the U.S. Army. Secretary of Defense [[Richard Cheney]] had begun force reductions which meant the 2nd Brigade was in the middle of inactivating. Thus the 2nd Brigade could not be deployed as a whole. A unit of the 2nd Brigade, Battery "A", [[92nd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|92nd Field Artillery Regiment]], was attached to the [[10th Marine Regiment]], and others were attached to the Division's 1st Brigade ("Tiger Brigade"). The 1st Brigade during the Saudi Arabia deployment was known almost exclusively as the Tiger Brigade.{{sfn|Dinackus|2000|page=5-2}} The Tiger Brigade, commanded by Colonel [[John B. Sylvester]], deployed to Saudi Arabia and provided heavy armor support for [[United States Marine Corps]] forces in their attack into Kuwait. The Tiger Brigade included two battalions of the [[67th Armor Regiment]], the 1st and 3rd, TF 3-[[41st Infantry Regiment (United States)|41 Infantry]] and 1st Battalion, [[3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|3rd Field Artillery Regiment]].{{sfn|Dinackus|2000|page=5-1}} It served at the [[Battle of Kuwait International Airport]]. The Tiger Brigade was credited with destroying or capturing 181 enemy tanks, 148 APCs, 40 artillery pieces, 27 AA emplacements, and 263 Iraqi soldiers killed with an additional 4,051 captured.<ref>Smith, p. 89.</ref>

[[File:C141Infantryds.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of 2nd Platoon, Company C, 1st Battalion, [[41st Infantry Regiment (United States)|41st Infantry Regiment]], 2nd Armored Division (FWD) pose with a captured Iraqi tank during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.]]
[[File:Destroyediraqitank4-3fa.jpg|thumb|right|An Iraqi [[Republican Guard (Iraq)|Republican Guard]] tank destroyed by the 2nd Armored Division's Task Force 1-41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.]]

The division's 3rd brigade, based in Germany, deployed to Saudi Arabia in the fall of 1990 and acted as the third maneuver brigade of the [[1st Infantry Division (United States)|1st Infantry Division]] from [[Fort Riley]], KS. One of the brigade's battalion task forces, [[Task Force 1-41 Infantry]], was the first coalition force to breach the Saudi Arabian border on 15 February 1991, and conduct ground combat operations in Iraq engaging in direct and indirect fire fights with the enemy on 17 February 1991.{{sfn|VUA Citation}} It was involved in a six-hour battle to clear Iraq's initial defensive positions.{{sfn|VUA Citation}} Initially it was tasked with performing counter reconnaissance and reconnaissance missions against Iraqi reconnaissance units.<ref>Hillman, p.6</ref> The brigade served at the [[Battle of 73 Easting]] with the 1st Infantry Division (Mechanized) along with the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment. They were responsible for destroying the Iraqi 18th Mechanized and 9th Armored Brigades of the Republican Guard Tawakalna Mechanized Infantry Division and the Iraqi 26th Infantry Division. They played a key role in the destruction of the [[12th Division (Iraq)|12th Armored Division]] destroying no less than 80 combat vehicles.<ref>Westwell, p. 88</ref> The brigade destroyed 60 Iraqi tanks and 35 infantry vehicles along the IPSA pipeline.<ref>Zaloga (2009), p. 64</ref> This is known as the [[Battle of Norfolk]]. The division's 4-3 FA battalion played a large role in the destruction of 50 enemy tanks, 139 APCs, 30 air defense systems, 152 artillery pieces, 27 missile launchers, 108 mortars, and 548 wheeled vehicles, 61 trench lines and bunker positions, 92 dug in and open infantry targets, and 34 logistical sites during combat operations.<ref>Lingamfelter P.190-191</ref> 
Before the end of combat operations the 2nd Armored Division(Forward) would engage a total of 11 Iraqi divisions.<ref>Lingamfelter p.24</ref> By dawn of the third day of the ground campaign, the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) had a hand in the destruction of four Iraqi tank and mechanized brigades and two divisions. Between the cease-fire and the official end of the war in April 1991, 2nd Armored Division (Forward) took part in security operations to ensure peace in Kuwait. The division then redeployed to Saudi Arabia, where some of its soldiers established and ran three refugee camps near Raffia, Saudi Arabia. Division relief workers processed over 22,000 Iraqi refugees between 15 April and 10 May. After turning the camps over to the Saudi Arabian government, the unit redeployed to Germany.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=USAREUR Units & Kasernes, 1945 - 1989 |url=https://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?https&&&www.usarmygermany.com/Units/2nd%20Armd%20Div/USAREUR_2nd%20ArmdDivFwd.htm |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=www.usarmygermany.com}}</ref>

[[File:DS1991.jpg|thumb|4th Battalion of the [[3rd Field Artillery Regiment (United States)|3rd Field Artillery Regiment]], 2nd Armored Division (FWD) conducts artillery strikes on Iraqi positions during the 1st Gulf War. 4-3 FA was the primary fire support battalion for Task Force 1–41 Infantry during the 1st Gulf War, February 1991.]]

The division's attack helicopter battalion, 1st Battalion, [[3rd Aviation Regiment]], deployed from Fort Hood to Saudi Arabia in fall 1990 attached to and with support from the 1st Cavalry Division (also based at Ft. Hood).<ref>Dinackus, 2000, Chart 4–8</ref> The battalion was equipped with [[McDonnell Douglas AH-64 Apache]] attack helicopters. The battalion participated in many air strikes along the border region during the air portion of the campaign. The unit provided covering missions when the ground forces advanced into Iraq. 1st Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment was pulled back into Saudi Arabia after the cease-fire, with two squads staging in Kuwait to provide refueling and rearming services for battalion aircraft if hostilities resumed. The unit returned to Fort Hood, Texas, in April 1991 and continued the inactivation that was interrupted when Iraq invaded Kuwait. The unit was inactivated on 16 September 1991, and the regimental flag transferred to sister unit 3rd Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment based in Germany. The unit was transferred as a whole to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, in August 1991 and became the 2nd Battalion of the 101st Aviation Regiment (part of the 101st Airborne Division).<ref name=":3" />

== Inactivation ==
After the Gulf War the division went through a series of inactivations and reflaggings. Due to the restructuring of the U.S. Army after the end of the Cold War, the division was ordered off the active duty rolls, ending more than 50 years of continuous service. On return to Fort Hood in 1991, the Tiger Brigade and 1st Battalion of the 3rd Aviation Regiment, all that remained of the U.S.-based division, were reflagged as the [[3rd Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division|3d Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division]], and the 2d Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment respectively. On 1 September 1991, 2nd Armored Division (Forward), in Germany, officially became 2nd Armored Division after main elements of 2nd Armored Division at Fort Hood inactivated.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gen. Patton's 2nd Armored Division being deactivated |url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/06/16/gen-patton-s-2nd-armored-division-being-deactivated/ |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=Tampa Bay Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Over the summer and fall of 1992, 2nd Armored Division was inactivated. Lucius D. Clay Kaserne was turned back over to the German government and was later to become home of the German Army Logistics and Supply School (''Logistikschule der Bundeswehr'') as well as the seat of ''General der Nachschubtruppe''.<ref>(German) [http://www.logistikschule.bundeswehr.de/portal/a/nschsh/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLD4k38zIESYGZHqH6kTCxoJRUfV-P_NxUfW_9AP2C3IhyR0dFRQAjqAy7/delta/base64xml/L3dJdyEvd0ZNQUFzQUMvNElVRS82X1RfNko1 www.logistikschule.bundeswehr.de]. Retrieved 21 October 2009.</ref><ref name=":0" />

In December 1992, the 5th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at Fort Polk, Louisiana, was reflagged as the 2nd Armored Division.<ref name=":0" /> In 1993, the unit moved to Fort Hood. In December 1995, the 2nd Armored Division was again reflagged, this time as the [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] (Mechanized), stationed at Fort Carson, CO.<ref name=":0" /> This formally ended the 2nd Armored Division's 55-year history. Several units historically associated with the 2nd Armored Division, including battalions from the 66th Armored Regiment at Fort Hood, TX, the 41st Infantry Regiment at Fort Carson, Colorado, the 1st Armored Division at Fort Bliss, Texas, and the [[172nd Infantry Brigade (United States)|172nd Infantry Brigade]] at [[Grafenwöhr]], Germany (inactivated 31 May 2013).

Lucius D. Clay's name was later reused for [[Wiesbaden Army Airfield]].

Though it was inactivated, the division was identified as the fourth highest priority inactive division in the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]'s lineage scheme due to its numerous accolades and long history. All of the division's flags and heraldic items were moved to the [[National Infantry Museum]] at [[Fort Benning]], Georgia following its inactivation.

==Commanders==
{{columns-list|colwidth=width|
*[[Charles L. Scott (U.S. Army general)|Charles L. Scott]] July 1940 – November 1940
*[[George S. Patton Jr.]] November 1940 – January 1942
*[[Willis D. Crittenberger]], January 1942 – July 1942
*[[Ernest N. Harmon]] July 1942 – 6 April 1943
*Allen F. Kingman April 1943 – 5 May 1943
*[[Hugh J. Gaffey]] 5 May 1943 – 17 March 1944
*[[Edward H. Brooks]] 17 March 1944 – 12 September 1944
*[[Ernest N. Harmon]] 12 September 1944 – 19 January 1945
*[[Isaac D. White]] 19 January 1945 – 8 June 1945
*[[John Howell Collier|John H. Collier]] 8 June 1945 – 4 September 1945
*[[John M. Devine]] 4 September 1945 – 24 March 1946
*[[John W. Leonard]] 24 March 1946 – October 1946
*[[Leland S. Hobbs]] October 1946 – August 1947
*James G. Christiansen September 1947 – 28 June 1949
*[[Albert C. Smith (United States Army officer)|Albert C. Smith]] 28 June 1949 – 1 November 1950
*[[Williston B. Palmer]]  Unknown – 24 November 1951
*Charles K. Gailey Jr. 24 November 1951 – 3 April 1952
*[[George Windle Read Jr.|George W. Read Jr.]] 3 April 1952 – April 1953
*[[Leander L. Doan]] April 1953 – 20 January 1955
*[[Clark L. Ruffner]] 20 January 1955 – 5 April 1956
*[[Stanton Babcock|Conrad S. Babcock Jr.]] 5 April 1956 – 1 June 1957
*Briard Poland Johnson 1 June 1957 – 30 October 1958
*[[Earle G. Wheeler]] 30 October 1958 – 1 April 1960
*Edward G. Farrand 1 April 1960 – 1 July 1961
*William H.S. Wright 1 July 1961 – 13 February 1963
*Edwin H. Burba 13 February 1963 – August 1964
*[[George R. Mather]] September 1964 – July 1965
*John E. Kelly July 1965 – 3 July 1967
*[[Joseph A. McChristian]] 3 July 1967 – 22 July 1969
*Leonard C. Shea 22 July 1969 – 1 November 1969
*Wendell J. Coats 1 November 1969 – 3 August 1971
*George G. Cantlay 3 August 1971 – 16 July 1973
*[[Robert Leahy Fair|Robert L. Fair]] 16 July 1973 – 5 August 1975
*[[George Patton IV]] 5 August 1975 – 3 November 1977
*Charles P. Graham 3 November 1977 – 6 February 1980
*Richard L. Prillaman 6 February 1980 – July 1982
*[[John W. Woodmansee]] July 1982 – 20 August 1984
*[[Richard Scholtes]] 20 August 1984 – 24 June 1986
*Roger J. Price 24 June 1986 – 24 June 1988
*[[Glynn Mallory]] 24 June 1988 – June 1990
*Philip H. Mallory July 1990 – April 1991
*[[Paul E. Blackwell]] April 1991 - May 1992
*Jared L. Bates November 1992 – 7 May 1994
*Robert S. Coffey 7 May 1994 – 15 December 1995
}}
==Notable personnel==
*[[Paul D. Phillips]], former personnel officer and plans officer (G-3); former oldest living West Point graduate, retired as a Brigadier General.<ref>[https://www.westpointaog.org/news/wpaog-recognizes-bgr-paul-d-phillips-40-as-the-newest-oldest-living-west-point-graduate/ WPAOG Recognizes BG(R) Paul D. Phillips ’40 as the Newest Oldest Living West Point Graduate]</ref>

==In popular culture==
*''[[Fury (2014 film)|Fury]]'' follows an -E8 Sherman tank & crew of the [[66th Armor Regiment]], operating in support of the [[30th Infantry Division (United States)|30th Infantry Division]], inside Germany, in April, 1945.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3hdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85 |page=85 |title=Cinematic Corpographies: Re-Mapping the War Film Through the Body |volume=3 |series=Cinepoetics |first=Eileen |last=Rositzka |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |year=2018 |isbn=9783110580808}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Rhino tank]]
*[[17th Armored Engineer Battalion]]

== References ==
*{{cite web|title=Desert Storm/Shield Valorous Unit Award Citations|url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html|publisher=US Army Center of Military History|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=26 December 2014|ref=CITEREFVUA_Citation|archive-date=13 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213220502/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/vua_citations.html|url-status=dead}}
* [[Donald E. Houston]], ''Hell on Wheels'', ([[Presidio Press]], 1977) {{ISBN|0-89141-273-5}}
* E. A. Trahan, ''A History of the Second United States Armored Division'' (1946)
* [[Steven J. Zaloga]], "M1 Abrams VS T-72 Ural" (2009)
* [[Stephen A. Bourque]] and [[John W. Burdan]], "The Road to Safwan" (2007)
* [[John B. Wilson]], "Maneuver and Firepower: The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades" U.S. Army Center of Military History (1998)
* 2nd Armored Division "Hell on Wheels" by Steven Smith
*{{Cite book|last=Westwell|first=Ian|title=1st Infantry Division 'Big Red One'|date=2001|series=Spearhead #6|location=Hersham, Surrey|publisher=Ian Allan|isbn=9780711029231}}
* US Tank Battles in France 1944-45 by Steven Zaloga
* Panzer IV vs Sherman: France 1944 by Steven Zaloga
*Desert Redleg: Artillery Warfare in the First Gulf War by Col. L. Scott Lingamfelter

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
* {{cite book |first=Thomas D. |last=Dinackus |title=Order of Battle: Allied Ground Forces of Operation Desert Storm |publisher= Hellgate Press |place=Central Point, Oregon |date=2000 |isbn=1-55571-493-5}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
;Contemporary unit
* [http://www.2ndarmoredhellonwheels.com/ 2nd Armored Division page]
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/2ad.htm GlobalSecurity.org page on 2AD]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/documents/eto-ob/2AD-ETO.htm Army Order of Battle of 2AD] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107015635/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/2AD-ETO.htm |date=7 January 2011 }} in ''[http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/ETOOB-TOC.htm Order of Battle of the United States Army World War II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311184458/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/ETO-OB/ETOOB-TOC.htm |date=March 11, 2008 }}'' reproduced at the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.usarmygermany.com/Units/2nd%20Armd%20Div/USAREUR_2nd%20ArmdDivFwd.htm 2nd Armored Division (Forward)]
;History
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061209012808/http://www.history.hqusareur.army.mil/Strengthening%20NATO.pdf Strengthening NATO: Stationing of the 2nd Armored Division (Forward) in Northern Germany]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110707133201/http://www.american-divisions.com/doc.asp?documentid=118 Historical record operations of US 2nd Armored Division]
*{{Cite book| url =http://www.history.army.mil/documents/elbe-fm.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080324101951/http://www.history.army.mil/documents/elbe-fm.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =24 March 2008 | title = Elbe Operation with 2d Armored Division and 83d Infantry Division| publisher=European Theater of Operations | id= [[United States Army Center of Military History]] Historical Manuscripts Collection 8-3.1&nbsp;am| last = Lt. Houcek}}
* [http://www.orbat85.nl/order-of-battle/royal-army/1-nl-corps/41-pabrig.html#covering-force-1985-1989 2nd Armored Division (Forward) as part of 1 (NL) Corps covering force, 1985–1989]
* {{Internet Archive short film|id=gov.archives.arc.2569596|name=Big Picture: Division in Europe}}
* [[AFN Bremerhaven]]

{{Army Divisions (United States)}}
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[[Category:Armored divisions of the United States Army|02nd Armored Division, U.S.]]
[[Category:United States Army divisions during World War II|Armored Division, U.S. 02nd]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States in the Gulf War]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1995]]