View source for 40s

{{short description|Fifth decade of the first century AD}}
{{About|the years AD 40–49|the years 40–49 in other centuries|List of decades}}
{{distinguish|1840s|1940s|2040s}}
{{For|the ribosomal subunit, "40S"|Eukaryotic small ribosomal subunit (40S)}}
{{hatnote|In American vernacular, "40s" may also refer to [[forty ounce]] bottles of [[malt liquor]].}}
[[File:Hai ba trung Dong Ho painting.jpg|thumb|200px|An anachronistic depiction of the [[Trung sisters' rebellion]] (40–43 AD)]]
{{Decadebox|4}}
The '''40s''' decade ran from January 1, AD 40, to December 31, AD 49.

<!--Politics and conflicts-->[[Claudius]] became Roman Emperor in 41, following the assassination of [[Caligula]]. In 43, he sent [[Aulus Plautius]] with four [[Roman legion|legions]] to Britain (''Britannia''), initiating the decades-long [[Roman conquest of Britain]]. In China, The [[Trung sisters' rebellion|Trưng sisters' rebellion]] took place in the south of [[Han dynasty|Han China]] between 40 AD and 43 AD: In 40 AD, the Vietnamese leader [[Trưng Trắc]] and her sister [[Trưng Nhị]] rebelled against [[First Chinese domination of Vietnam|Chinese authorities]] in [[Jiaozhi]] (in what is now [[northern Vietnam]]). In 42 AD, [[Han dynasty|Han China]] dispatched General [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]] to lead an army to strike down the [[Lac Viet|Yue]] rebellion of the [[Trưng sisters]]. In 43 AD, the Han army fully suppressed the uprising and regained complete control.

<!--Social movements-->Christianity came to [[Egypt]] as the [[Church of Alexandria]] was founded with [[Mark the Evangelist]] as the first Patriarch. [[James the Great]] died in 44: One of the [[Twelve Apostles]] of [[Jesus]], he was the first to be [[Martyr|martyred]] according to the [[New Testament]]. Claudius [[Claudius' expulsion of Jews from Rome|expelled the Jews from Rome]] between 41 and 53: Silvia Cappelletti describes Claudius's motivation as the need to control the population of Rome and prevent political meetings. (He "did not have an anti-Jewish policy.")<ref>Silvia Cappelletti, ''The Jewish Community of Rome'' (Leiden: Brill, 2006) {{ISBN|9789004151574}} p.82.</ref> Donna Hurley explains that [[Suetonius]] includes the expulsion "among problems with foreign populations, not among religions"<ref>Donna W. Hurley (ed.), ''Suetonius: Diuus Claudius'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001) {{ISBN|9780521596763}} p.176.</ref>

<!--Natural disasters-->Between 44 and 48, a [[Judaea (Roman province)#Under a procurator (44–66)|famine took place in Judea]]. Josephus relates that [[Helena of Adiabene]] "went down to the city [[Jerusalem]], her son conducting her on her journey a great way. Now her coming was of very great advantage to the people of Jerusalem; for whereas a famine did oppress them at that time, and many people died for want of what was necessary to procure food withal, queen Helena sent some of her servants to Alexandria with money to buy a great quantity of corn, and others of them to Cyprus, to bring a cargo of dried figs. And as soon as they were come back, and had brought those provisions, which was done very quickly, she distributed food to those that were in want of it, and left a most excellent memorial behind her of this benefaction, which she bestowed on our whole nation. And when her son [[Izates II|Izates]] was informed of this famine, he sent great sums of money to the principal men in Jerusalem."<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Testament Parallels to the Works of Josephus - Page Two |url=https://www.josephus.org/ntparallels2.htm |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=www.josephus.org}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Josephus |title=Book XX |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX |work=The Antiquities of the Jews |access-date=2023-03-09}}</ref>

<!--Literature-->Literary works of this decade include the ''[[Histories of Alexander the Great]]'' (written by [[Quintus Curtius Rufus]]), and essays by [[Seneca the Younger|Seneca]] (including ''[[De Ira]]'', ''[[Ad Marciam, De consolatione]]'', ''[[De Brevitate Vitae (Seneca)|De Brevitate Vitæ]]'', ''[[Seneca's Consolations|De Consolatione ad Polybium]]'', and ''[[Seneca's Consolations|Ad Helviam matrem, De consolatione]]'').

Manning (2008) tentatively estimates the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Estimates of historical world population}}
Due to lack of reliable demographic data, estimates of the world population in the 1st century vary wildly, with estimates for AD 1 varying from 150<ref name="thesocialcontract.com">[http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc0403/article_329.shtml John H. Tanton, 1994, "End of the Migration Epoch?  Time For a New Paradigm", The Social Contract, Vol. 4 (no 3), pp. 162–173].</ref> to 300<ref>Haub (1995): "By 1 A.D., the world may have held about 300 million people. One estimate of the population of the Roman Empire, from Spain to Asia Minor, in 14 A.D. is 45 million. However, other historians set the figure twice as high, suggesting how imprecise population estimates of early historical periods can be."</ref> million. Demographers typically do not attempt to estimate most specific years in antiquity, instead giving approximate numbers for round years such as AD 1 or AD 200. However, attempts at reconstructing the world population in more specific years have been made, with Manning (2008) tentatively estimating the world population in AD 40 as 247 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manning |first=Scott |date=2008-01-12 |title=Year-by-Year World Population Estimates: 10,000 B.C. to 2007 A.D. |url=https://scottmanning.com/content/year-by-year-world-population-estimates/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Historian on the Warpath |language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Events by year for decade|4}}
==Significant people==
* [[Gaius Caesar Germanicus]]/[[Caligula]] ([[AD 37]]–[[AD 41|41]]).
* [[Claudius]], [[Roman Emperor]] ([[AD 41]]–[[AD 54|54]]).
* [[Agrippina the Younger]], [[Roman Emperor|Empress Roman]] and [[Power behind the throne|Real Power behind the throne]] ([[AD 49]]–[[AD 54|54]])
* [[Paul of Tarsus]], [[Christianity|Christian]] [[evangelism|evangelist]]

{{Births and deaths by year for decade|4}}

==References==
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