View source for 433 Eros

{{Short description|Near-Earth asteroid}}
{{About|the asteroid|the dwarf planet with a similar name|Eris (dwarf planet)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 433 Eros
 | background      = #D6D6D6
 | symbol          = [[File:Eros symbol (bold).svg|24px]] (astrological)<!--this is the CAO symbol for the asteroid-->
 | image           = Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = Eros – composite image of the north polar region, with the [[impact crater|craters]] Psyche above and [[Himeros (crater)|Himeros]] below. The long ridge Hinks Dorsum, believed to be a [[thrust fault]], can be seen snaking diagonally between them. The smaller crater in the foreground is Narcissus. [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GeoRL..38.2202W Watters, (2011)]
 | discovery_ref   =<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
 | discovered      = 13 August 1898
 | discoverer      = [[Carl Gustav Witt|C. G. Witt]]
 | discovery_site  = [[Berlin Urania Observatory|Berlin Urania Obs.]]
 | mpc_name        = (433) Eros
 | alt_names       = {{Hlist | 1898 DQ | 1956 PC }}
 | adjectives      = Erotian {{IPAc-en|ɛ|ˈ|r|oʊ|ʃ|(|i|)|ə|n}}<!--/ʃ/ per the Erōtia festival and /ɛ/ per the OED plural Erotes /ɛˈroʊtiːz/--><ref>John Amabile (2016) ''Changing the Worlds: The For-Profit Plan to Mine Asteroids and Terraform Two Planets in One Human Lifetime''</ref>
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪər|ɒ|s}}<ref>{{OED|Eros}}</ref>
 | named_after     = {{lang|grc|[[Eros|Ἔρως]]}}, {{transliteration|grc|Érōs}}<ref name=Schmadel-2007/>
 | mp_category     = {{Hlist
  | [[Near-Earth object|NEO]]
  | [[Amor asteroid|Amor]] (I)<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
  | [[Mars-crosser]]
  }}
 | orbit_ref       =<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
 | epoch           = 4&nbsp;September 2017 ([[Julian day|JD]]&nbsp;2458000.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 53.89&nbsp;yr (19,683&nbsp;days)
 | earliest_precovery_date = 29&nbsp;October 1893
 | aphelion        = 1.7825&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 1.1334&nbsp;AU
 | semimajor       = 1.4579&nbsp;AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.2226
 | period          = 1.76&nbsp;[[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (643 days)
 | mean_anomaly    = 71.280[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.5599|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 10.828°
 | asc_node        = 304.32°
 | arg_peri        = 178.82°
 | moid            = 0.1505&nbsp;AU (58.6&nbsp;[[Lunar distance (astronomy)|LD]])
 | mars_moid       = 0.2407&nbsp;{{sc|AU}}
 | dimensions      = {{Ubl
  | {{val|16.84|0.06|u=km}} (mean diameter)<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/><ref name=Yeomans-Antreas-etal-2000/>
  | {{Val|34.4|x|11.2|x|11.2}}&nbsp;km<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/><ref name=Baer-2008/>
  }}
 | mass            = {{Val|6.687|0.003|e=15|u=kg}}<ref name=Yeomans-Antreas-etal-2000/>
 | density         = {{val|2.67|0.03|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/><ref name=Yeomans-Antreas-etal-2000/>
 | rotation        = 5.270&nbsp;[[hour|h]]<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
 | albedo          = {{val|0.25|0.06}}<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
 | spectral_type   = {{Ubl
  | [[S-type asteroid|S]] ([[Tholen classification|Tholen]])
  | [[S-type asteroid|S]] ([[SMASS classification|SMASS]])<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
  | [[Asteroid color indices|B–V]] {{=}} 0.921<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
  | [[Asteroid color indices|U–B]] {{=}} 0.531<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
  }}
 | magnitude       = 7.0–15<ref name=NEODys-Eros-2137/>
 | abs_magnitude   = 11.16<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>
}}

'''433''' '''Eros''' is a [[S-type asteroid|stony]] [[asteroid]] of the [[Amor asteroid|Amor group]], and the first discovered, and second-largest [[near-Earth object]]. It has an elongated shape and a [[Equivalent spherical diameter|volume-equivalent diameter]] of approximately {{Convert|16.8|km|mi|abbr=off|sp=us}}. [[List of minor planets visited by spacecraft|Visited]] by the [[NEAR Shoemaker]] space probe in 1998, it became the first asteroid ever studied from its own orbit.

The asteroid was discovered by German astronomer [[Carl Gustav Witt|C. G. Witt]] at the [[Berlin Observatory]] on 13&nbsp;August 1898 in an [[eccentric orbit]] between Mars and Earth. It was later named after [[Eros]], a god from [[Greek mythology]], the son of [[Aphrodite]]. He is identified with the planet [[Venus]].<ref name=Schmadel-2007>{{cite book  |last    = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.  |year    = 2007  |title   = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names  |section = (433)&nbsp;Eros  |publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]  |isbn    = 978-3-540-00238-3  |doi     = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_434  |page    = 50}}</ref>

==History==
===Discovery===
Eros was discovered on 13&nbsp;August 1898 by [[Carl Gustav Witt]] at [[Berlin Urania Observatory]] and [[Auguste Charlois]] at [[Nice Observatory]]<ref name=Scholl-Schmadel-2002/> and temporarily labeled D.Q.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ball |first1=Robert |title=The New Planet 'D.Q.,' or Eros |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-graphic-an-illustrated-weekly-newsp/159471488/ |work=The Graphic: An Illustrated Weekly Newspaper |date=22 April 1899 |location=London |page=21 |access-date=21 November 2024 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Open access}}</ref> Witt was taking a two-hour exposure of [[beta Aquarii]] to secure astrometric positions of asteroid [[185 Eunike]].<ref name=Yeomans-2014/>

===Name===
Eros is named after the [[Greek mythology|Greek god]] of [[love]], [[Eros (god)|Erōs]]. It was the first minor planet to be given a male name;<ref name=Schmadel-2007/> the break with earlier tradition was made because it was the first near-Earth asteroid discovered.

===Later studies===
During the opposition of 1900–1901, a worldwide program was launched to make [[parallax]] measurements of Eros to determine the [[solar parallax]] (or distance to the Sun), with the results published in 1910 by [[Arthur Hinks]] of [[Cambridge]]<ref name=Hinks-1909/> and [[Charles D. Perrine]] of the [[Lick Observatory]], [[University of California]].<ref name="Perrine1910" /> Perrine published progress reports in 1906<ref name=Perrine1906/> and 1908.<ref name=Perrine1908/> He took 965&nbsp;photographs with the [[Crossley Reflector]] and selected 525 for measurement.<ref name=Campbell-1906/> A similar program was then carried out, during a closer approach, in 1930–1931 by [[Harold Spencer Jones]].<ref name=Jones-1941/> The value of the [[Astronomical Unit]] (roughly the Earth-Sun distance) obtained by this program was considered definitive until 1968, when [[radar]] and [[dynamical parallax]] methods started producing more precise measurements.

Eros was the first asteroid detected by the [[Arecibo Observatory]]'s radar system.<ref name=Butrica-1996/><ref name="AsteroidRadarAstronomy"/>

Eros was one of the first asteroids visited by a spacecraft, the first one orbited, and the first one soft-landed on. [[NASA]] spacecraft [[NEAR Shoemaker]] entered orbit around Eros in 2000, and landed in 2001.

===Mars-crosser===
Eros is a [[Mars-crosser asteroid]], the first known to come within the orbit of [[Mars]].  Its orbit is inclined at about 10.8° to the [[ecliptic plane|solar ecliptic]], it is above the plane of the ecliptic when it crosses Mars' orbit, so the two orbits do not intersect.  Objects in such an orbit can remain there for only a few hundred million years before the orbit is [[Perturbation (astronomy)|perturbed]] by gravitational interactions. [[Dynamical system]] modeling suggests that Eros may evolve into an [[Earth-crosser asteroid|Earth-crosser]] within as short an interval as two million years, and has a roughly 50% chance of doing so over a time scale of {{10^|8}}~{{10^|9}}&nbsp;years.<ref name=Michel-Farin-Froesc-1996/> It is a potential Earth [[Impact event|impactor]],<ref name=Michel-Farin-Froesc-1996/> about five times larger than the impactor that created [[Chicxulub crater]] and led to the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event|extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs]].{{efn|name="ratio"}}

===''NEAR Shoemaker'' survey and landing===
The [[NEAR Shoemaker]] probe visited Eros twice, first with a brief [[Planetary flyby|flyby]] in 1998, and then by orbiting it in 2000, when it extensively photographed its surface. On 12&nbsp;February 2001, at the end of its mission, it landed on the asteroid's surface using its maneuvering jets.

This was the first time a Near Earth asteroid was closely visited by a spacecraft.<ref>{{cite magazine
 |first=Kathy A.
 |last=Svitil
 |date=February 2001
 |title=The end is near: The remarkable journey of a tough little space probe to the place where killer asteroids lurk
 |magazine=[[Discover Magazine]]
 |via=DiscoverMagazine.com
 |url=http://discovermagazine.com/2001/feb/cover
 |access-date=2019-09-30
 |archive-date=1 September 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901074111/http://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/the-end-is-near
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<gallery widths="275px" heights="175px">
File:Animation of NEAR Shoemaker trajectory.gif|Animation of NEAR Shoemaker trajectory from 19 February 1996 to 12 February 2001.{{hlist|{{legend2|magenta|''[[NEAR Shoemaker]]''}}|{{legend2|lime|Eros}}|{{legend2|RoyalBlue|[[Earth]]}}|{{legend2|cyan|[[253 Mathilde|Mathilde]]}}|{{legend2|yellow|[[Sun]]}}}}.
File:Animation of NEAR Shoemaker trajectory around 433 Eros.gif|Animation of [[NEAR Shoemaker]]{{'s}} trajectory around 433 Eros from 1 April 2000 to 12 February 2001.<br />{{legend2|magenta| [[NEAR Shoemaker]]}}{{·}}{{legend2| Lime|433 Eros}}
</gallery>

==Physical characteristics==
[[Surface gravity]] depends on the distance from a spot on the surface to the center of a body's mass. Eros's surface gravity varies greatly because Eros is not a sphere but an elongated peanut-shaped object. The daytime temperature on Eros can reach about {{convert|100|C|K}} at [[perihelion]]. Nighttime measurements fall near {{convert|-150|C|K}}. Eros's density is 2.67&nbsp;[[Gram per cubic centimetre|g/cm<sup>3</sup>]], about the same as the density of Earth's crust.

NEAR scientists have found that most of the larger rocks strewn across Eros were ejected from a single [[impact crater|crater]] in an impact approximately 1&nbsp;billion years ago.<ref name=Thomas-Veverka-2001/> (The crater involved was proposed to be named "Shoemaker", but is not recognized as such by the [[International Astronomical Union]] (IAU), and has been formally designated Charlois Regio.) This event may also be responsible for the 40&nbsp;percent of the Erotian surface that is devoid of craters smaller than 0.5&nbsp;kilometers across. It was originally thought that the debris thrown up by the collision filled in the smaller craters. An analysis of crater densities over the surface indicates that the areas with lower crater density are within 9 kilometers of the impact point. Some of the lower density areas were found on the opposite side of the asteroid but still within 9&nbsp;kilometers.<ref name=Thomas-Robinson-2005/>

It is thought that [[seismic]] shockwaves propagate through the asteroid, shaking smaller craters into rubble. Since Eros is irregularly shaped, parts of the surface antipodal to the point of impact can be within 9&nbsp;kilometres of the impact point (measured in a straight line through the asteroid) even though some intervening parts of the surface are more than 9&nbsp;kilometres away in straight-line distance. A suitable analogy would be the distance from the top centre of a bun to the bottom centre as compared to the distance from the top centre to a point on the bun's circumference: top-to-bottom is a longer distance than top-to-periphery when measured along the surface but shorter than it in direct straight-line terms.<ref name=Thomas-Robinson-2005/>
Compression from the same impact is believed to have created the [[thrust fault]] Hinks Dorsum.<ref name=Watters-Thomas-2011/>

A phenomenon named [[dust ponds]] were discovered in the asteroid in October 2000. Dust ponds are a phenomenon where pockets of dust are seen in airless celestial bodies. These are smooth deposits of dust accumulated in depressions on the surface of the body (like craters), contrasting from the rocky terrain around them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/eross-puzzling-surface/|title=Eros's puzzling surface|website=skyandtelescope.org|accessdate=18 October 2023|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018100743/https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/eross-puzzling-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref> They typically have different color and [[albedo]] compared to the surrounding areas. The asteroid contains lots of large craters more than 200 m in diameter. Their number is near to the saturation point of these craters. But craters smaller than that are relatively low. Suggesting that some process of erasure has covered them up. The floors of some craters are covered with smooth and flat areas (less than 10° slope). Such [[dust ponds]] are characterized by slightly bluer colour compared to the surrounding terrain. 334 of such ponds are identified, with a diameter of 10m. 255 of these are larger than 30m, and 231 (or 91%) are found within 30° from equator.

Data from the Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous spacecraft collected on Eros in December 1998 suggests that it could contain 20 billion tonnes of aluminum and similar amounts of metals that are rare on Earth, such as gold and platinum.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold rush in space? |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/401227.stm |website=BBC News |access-date=13 December 2014 |archive-date=24 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724193914/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/sci/tech/401227.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Visibility from Earth==
[[File:Eros_path_2012.png|thumb|Path in sky during opposition 2011/2012]]
On 31 January 2012, Eros passed Earth at {{convert|0.17867|AU|km mi|abbr=on|lk=on}},<ref name=jpl-close/><ref name=NEODyS-close-2011/> about 70&nbsp;times the [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|distance to the Moon]], with a [[apparent magnitude|visual magnitude]] of +8.1.<ref name=AstDys-Eros2012/> During rare oppositions, every 81 years, such as in 1975 and 2056, Eros can reach a magnitude of +7.0,<ref name=NEODys-Eros-2137/> which is brighter than [[Neptune#Observation|Neptune]] and brighter than any [[main-belt asteroid]] except [[1 Ceres]], [[4 Vesta#Visibility|4 Vesta]] and, rarely, [[2 Pallas#Characteristics|2 Pallas]] and [[7 Iris]]. Under this condition, the asteroid actually appears to stop, but unlike the normal condition for a body in heliocentric conjunction with Earth, its [[Apparent retrograde motion|retrograde]] motion is very small. For example, in January and February 2137, it moves retrograde only 34&nbsp;minutes in right ascension.<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04/>

==In popular culture==
In the novel and television series ''[[Leviathan Wakes|The Expanse]]'', a catastrophic science experiment is unleashed on a civilian population living within tunnels cut through Eros.  This so-called "Eros Incident" ends with the asteroid mysteriously breaking its usual orbit and crashing into [[Venus]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Scott Snowden |title='The Expanse': Here's a Recap of Seasons 1-3 Ahead of Season 4 on Amazon Prime |url=https://www.space.com/the-expanse-seasons-1-3-recap.html |access-date=18 December 2022 |work=Space |date=13 December 2019 |archive-date=30 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130042242/https://www.space.com/the-expanse-seasons-1-3-recap.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

It makes an appearance in the novel (and its [[Ender's Game (film)|film adaptation]]) ''[[Ender's Game]]'' by [[Orson Scott Card]], serving as a base for humanity and the location of Command School after having been captured from the invading aliens (the Formics) prior to the initial novel who had used the asteroid as their forward operating base in their previous invasion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Ender's Game and Philosophy: The Logic Gate is Down |date=2013 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=117}}</ref>

In the ''[[Space Angel]]'' episode 'Visitors from Outer Space' (title text not quite matching narration), Scott McCloud and his crew are forced to destroy Eros by deflecting it into the [[Sun]], after it becomes a hazard to spacecraft navigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfla-OaMxpI|title=Space Angel VISITORS FROM OUTER SPACE|date=2 December 2013 |accessdate=18 December 2022|via=www.youtube.com|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114162553/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cfla-OaMxpI&feature=youtu.be|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is the setting for the entirety of the plot of the novel ''[[Captive Universe]]'' by [[Harry Harrison (writer)|Harry Harrison]].

During [[Grant Morrison|Grant Morrison's]] relaunch of the ''[[JLA (comic book)|Justice League]]'', Eros was used to imprison [[General Wade Eiling|the General]] after attacking the Justice League.<ref>''JLA'' #24 (December 1998)</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="150px">
File:Eros rotation Dec. 3-4 2000.gif|Animation of the rotation of Eros
File:433eros.jpg|View from one end of Eros across the gouge on its side towards the opposite end
File:PIA02467 NEAR's First Whole-Eros Mosaic from Orbit.jpg|First mosaic image of Eros taken from an orbiting spacecraft
File:PIA02487 Glimpses into Eros' Shadows.jpg|Mosaic image of Eros
File:433 Eros first look.jpg|At {{convert|abbr=on|4.8|km|mi|1}} across, the crater Psyche is Eros's second largest.
File:Erosregolith.jpg|[[Regolith]] of Eros, seen during NEAR's descent; area shown is about 12 meters (40 feet) across
File:Eros May 7 2013.PNG|Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 7 May 2013
File:Eros orbit 2018.png|Orbital diagram of Eros with locations on 1 January 2018
File:Eros, Vesta and Ceres size comparison.jpg|Size comparison of [[4 Vesta|Vesta]], [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] and Eros
File:PIA02475 Eros' Bland Butterscotch Colors.jpg|Six views of Eros in approximate natural color from [[NEAR-Shoemaker]] in February 2000
File:PIA02471 Eros in Stereo.jpg|Stereo image of Eros
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==See also==
* [[List of geological features on 433 Eros]]
* [[Lists of astronomical objects]]

==Notes==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name="ratio"|1=Ratio of mean diameters is 16.84&nbsp;km/~10&nbsp;km; the volume ratio is approximately 4.8 (cubed value).}}

<!--
{{efn|name="extended-description"|1=A composite image of the north polar region, with the [[impact crater|craters]] Psyche above and Himeros below. The long ridge Hinks Dorsum, believed to be a [[thrust fault]], can be seen snaking diagonally between them. The smaller crater in the foreground is Narcissus [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GeoRL..38.2202W Watters, (2011)] }}
 -->

}} <!-- end of notelist -->

==References==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<!--<ref name=Asimov-1988>
{{Cite book
 |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |author-link=Isaac Asimov
 |year=1988
 |title=The Asteroids
 |series=A Gareth Stevens children's book
 |location=Milwaukee, MN
 |publisher=Gareth Stevens Pub
 |isbn=978-1555323783
 |oclc=17301161
}}
</ref> -->

<ref name=AstDys-Eros2012>{{cite web
 |title=AstDys (433)&nbsp;Eros ephemerides for 2012
 |department=Department of Mathematics
 |publisher=University of Pisa
 |place=Pisa, Italy
 |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=433&oc=500&y0=2012&m0=1&d0=28&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2012&m1=2&d1=10&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days
 |access-date=2010-06-27
 |archive-date=25 July 2020
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725141738/https://newton.spacedys.com/astdys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=433&oc=500&y0=2012&m0=1&d0=28&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2012&m1=2&d1=10&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name="AsteroidRadarAstronomy">{{cite web
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<ref name=Baer-2008>
{{cite web
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</ref>

<ref name=Butrica-1996>
{{cite book
 |last=Butrica |first=Andrew J.
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}}
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<ref name=Campbell-1906>
{{cite journal
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}}
</ref>

<ref name=Hinks-1909>{{cite journal
 |last         = Hinks
 |first        = A.R.
 |author-link  = Arthur Hinks
 |year         = 1909
 |title        = Solar Parallax Papers no.&nbsp;7: The general solution from the photographic right ascensions of Eros, at the opposition of 1900
 |journal      = [[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 |volume       = 69
 |issue        = 7
 |pages        = 544–67
 |bibcode      = 1909MNRAS..69..544H
 |doi          = 10.1093/mnras/69.7.544
 |doi-access   = free
 |url          = https://zenodo.org/record/1431881
 |access-date  = 5 September 2019
 |archive-date = 26 July 2020
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200726113932/https://zenodo.org/record/1431881
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

<ref name=Jones-1941>
{{cite journal
 | last = Jones | first = H.S. | author-link = Harold Spencer Jones
 | year = 1941
 | title = The solar parallax and the mass of the Moon from observations of Eros at the opposition of 1931
 | journal = [[Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
 | volume = 66 | pages = 11–66
}}
</ref>

<ref name=jpl-close>{{cite report
  |title=433&nbsp;Eros (1898&nbsp;DQ)
  |series=JPL Close-Approach Data
  |date=2011-11-13
  |type=last obs
  |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=433;cad=1#cad
  |access-date=2011-11-14
  |archive-date=24 July 2020
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724201900/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=433;cad=1#cad
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref>

<ref name=JPLdata-2017-06-04>{{cite report
 |title        = 433&nbsp;Eros (1898&nbsp;DQ)
 |date         = 2017-06-04
 |type         = last obs.
 |website      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser
 |publisher    = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
 |url          = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000433
 |access-date  = 16 August 2017
 |archive-date = 11 July 2020
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20200711084009/https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2000433
 |url-status   = live
}}</ref>

<ref name=Michel-Farin-Froesc-1996>
{{cite journal
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  | last2 = Farinella |first2=Paolo
  | last3 = Froeschlé |first3=Christiane
  | date  = 1996-04-25
  | title = The orbital evolution of the asteroid Eros and implications for collision with the Earth
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  | doi = 10.1038/380689a0
 |bibcode = 1996Natur.380..689M | s2cid = 4354612
}}
</ref>

<ref name=NEODys-Eros-2137>{{cite web
 |title=NEODys (433)&nbsp;Eros ephemerides for 2137
 |department=Department of Mathematics
 |publisher=University of Pisa
 |place=Pisa, Italy
 |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=433&oc=500&y0=2137&m0=1&d0=24&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2137&m1=1&d1=25&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days
 |access-date=2010-06-27
 |archive-date=1 December 2022
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201011311/https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.1&n=433&oc=500&y0=2137&m0=1&d0=24&h0=0&mi0=0&y1=2137&m1=1&d1=25&h1=0&mi1=0&ti=1.0&tiu=days
 |url-status=live
 }}</ref>

<ref name=NEODyS-close-2011>{{cite web
  |title=NEODyS-2 close approaches for (433)&nbsp;Eros
  |website=NEODyS-2 Near Earth Objects
  |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] / [[University of Pisa]] / Space Dynamics Service S.R.L.
  |url=https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.8&n=433
  |access-date=2011-11-14
  |archive-date=25 July 2020
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725142632/https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?n=433&pc=1.1.8
  |url-status=live
  }}</ref>

<ref name=Perrine1906>
{{cite journal
 |last=Perrine |first=C.D. |author-link=Charles D. Perrine
 |year=1906
 |title=The measurement and reduction of the photographs of Eros made with the Crossley Reflector in 1900
 |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]
 |volume=18 |issue=10 |page=226
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Perrine1908>
{{cite journal
 |last=Perrine |first=Charles D. |author-link=Charles D. Perrine
 |year=1908
 |title=Progress on the Crossley Eros solar parallax work
 |journal=[[Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]
 |volume=20 |issue=120 |page=184
|doi=10.1086/121816 |bibcode=1908PASP...20..184P |s2cid=121782316 |doi-access=free }}
</ref>

<ref name=Perrine1910>
{{cite report
 |last=Perrine |first=Charles D. |author-link=Charles D. Perrine
 |year=1910
 |title=Determination of the solar parallax from photographs of Eros made with the Crossley reflector of the Lick Observatory, University of California
 |publisher=[[Carnegie Institution of Washington]]
 |location=Washington, DC
 |pages=1–104
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Scholl-Schmadel-2002>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Scholl   |first1=Hans  |author-link=Hans Scholl (astronomer)
 |last2=Schmadel |first2=Lutz D.
 |year=2002
 |title=Discovery circumstances of the first near-Earth asteroid (433)&nbsp;Eros
 |journal=Acta Historica Astronomiae
 |volume=15 |pages=210–220
 |bibcode=2002AcHA...15..210S
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Thomas-Robinson-2005>
{{cite journal
 | author1=Thomas, P.C.
 | author2=Robinson, M.S.
 | date=2005-07-21
 | title=Seismic resurfacing by a single impact on the asteroid 433&nbsp;Eros
 | journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 | volume=436 | issue=7049 | pages=366–369
 | doi=10.1038/nature03855 | pmid = 16034412
 |bibcode = 2005Natur.436..366T | s2cid=4425770
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Thomas-Veverka-2001>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Thomas   |first1=P.C.      |last2=Veverka  |first2=J.
 |last3=Robinson |first3=M.S.      |last4=Murchie  |first4=S.
 |date=2001-09-27
 |title =Shoemaker crater as the source of most ejecta blocks on the asteroid 433&nbsp;Eros
 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]
 |volume=413  |issue=6854  |pages=394–396
 |issn=0028-0836  |doi=10.1038/35096513  |s2cid=4325299
 |bibcode = 2001Natur.413..394T  |pmid=11574880
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Watters-Thomas-2011>
{{cite journal
 |last1=Watters   |first1=T.R.      |last2=Thomas  |first2=P.C.
 |last3=Robinson  |first3=M.S.
 |year=2011
 |title=Thrust faults and the near-surface strength of asteroid 433&nbsp;Eros
 |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]]
 |volume=38  | issue=2 |pages=L02202
 |issn=0094-8276 |bibcode = 2011GeoRL..38.2202W
 |doi=10.1029/2010GL045302 |doi-access=
}}</ref>

<ref name=Yeomans-Antreas-etal-2000>
{{cite journal
  |first1  = D.K.  |last1 = Yeomans        |first2  = P.G. |last2 = Antreasian
  |first3  = J.-P. |last3 = Barriot        |first4  = S.R. |last4 = Chesley
  |first5  = D.W.  |last5 = Dunham         |first6  = R.W. |last6 = Farquhar
  |first7  = J.D.  |last7 = Giorgini       |first8  = C.E. |last8 = Helfrich
  |first9  = A.S.  |last9 = Konopliv       |first10 = J.V. |last10 = McAdams
  |first11 = J.K.  |last11 = Miller        |first12 = W.M. |last12 = Owen
  |first13 = D.J.  |last13 = Scheeres      |first14 = P.C. |last14 = Thomas
  |first15 = J.    |last15 = Veverka       |first16 = B.G. |last16 = Williams
  |display-authors = 6
  |date    = September 2000
  |title   = Radio science results during the NEAR-Shoemaker spacecraft rendezvous with Eros
  |journal = [[Science (journal)|Science]]
  |volume  = 289  |issue = 5487  |pages= 2085–2088
  |doi     = 10.1126/science.289.5487.2085
  |bibcode = 2000Sci...289.2085Y  |pmid    = 11000104  |issn    = 0036-8075
}}
</ref>

<ref name=Yeomans-2014>
{{cite report
 |last=Yeomans |first=Donald K.
 |year=2014
 |title=Asteroid 433&nbsp;Eros: The target body of the NEAR Mission
 |department=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
 |publisher=[[California Institute of Technology]]
 |url=http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/31429/1/95-1108.pdf
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081213/http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstream/2014/31429/1/95-1108.pdf
 |archive-date=2007-09-28
}}
</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

==Further reading==
* {{cite conference
 | last1 = Clark  | first1 = C.S.
 | last2 = Clark  | first2 = P.E.
 | date = 13–17 March 2006
 | title = Using boundary-based mapping projections to reveal patterns in depositional and erosional features on 433&nbsp;Eros
 | page = 1189
 | conference = 37th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
 | location=League City, Texas
 | bibcode = 2006LPI....37.1189C
 | id=Abstract no.1189
}}
* {{cite journal
 | last1 = Riner | first1 = M. A.
 | display-authors=etal
 | date = November 2008
 | title = Global survey of color variations on 433&nbsp;Eros: Implications for regolith processes and asteroid environments
 | journal = [[Icarus (journal)|Icarus]]
 | volume = 198 | issue = 1 | pages = 67–76
 | doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.07.007
 | bibcode=2008Icar..198...67R
}}

==External links==
{{external links|section|date=October 2018}}
{{commons}}
* [http://near.jhuapl.edu/ NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft]
* [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/archive.html NEAR image of the day archive]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20010201/index.html The Subtle Colors of Eros]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000707/index.html The Color of Regolith]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000531/index.html Color View of the Saddle]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000403/index.html Creating Color Images of Eros]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000322/index.html Eros Color at Higher Resolution]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000228/index.html Eros' colors]
** [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20000217d/index.html Eros in color]
* [http://near.jhuapl.edu/iod/20010731/index.html Movie: NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft landing]
* [http://www.erosproject.com The Eros Project] (OrbDev's attempts at litigation over their property claim)
* [http://ser.sese.asu.edu/NEAR/FIELD_GEOLOGY/VRML/eros_1deg.wrl 3D VRML 433 Eros Model]
* [http://space.frieger.com/asteroids/asteroids.php?id=433 3D shape model of Eros] (requires WebGL)
* [https://newton.spacedys.com/neodys/index.php?pc=1.1.3.0&n=433 NEODys] [https://web.archive.org/web/20121110080719/http://home.surewest.net/kheider/astro/433Eros.txt (saved output file from 2007)] showing distance and magnitude Ephemerides for Eros during rare oppositions
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090628063959/http://geoweb.princeton.edu/people/keller/Mass_Extinction/massex.html The Chicxulub Debate] In relation to the K-T extinction.
* [http://www.library.northwestern.edu/archives/findingaids/dearborn.pdf Dearborn Observatory Records, Northwestern University Archives, Evanston, Illinois] Notations as to historical archived work on asteroid 433 Eros.
* [http://www.rasnz.org.nz/MinorP/2012Eros.htm Eros at Opposition in 2012] (Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand)
* [http://ser.sese.asu.edu/near.html NEAR database by ASU] ([http://ser.sese.asu.edu/NEAR/search.html Image search]) ([http://ser.sese.asu.edu/NEAR/SEARCH/REPROJECTED/SIMP/2000/079/set3/M0128876890F4.iof.nonsimp.ALL.png Example])
* [https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/EROS/target Eros nomenclature] and [https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/eros.pdf Eros map with feature names] from the [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov USGS planetary nomenclature page]
* {{NeoDys|433}}
* {{AstDys|}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |432 Pythia |number=433 |434 Hungaria}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Eros}}
[[Category:433 Eros| ]]
[[Category:2012 in science|20120131]]
[[Category:Amor asteroids|000433]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1898|18980813]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Carl Gustav Witt]]
[[Category:Minor planets visited by spacecraft|19981220]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Near-Earth objects in 2012|20120131]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (SMASS)|000433]]
[[Category:S-type asteroids (Tholen)|000433]]