View source for 5145 Pholus

{{Short description|Centaur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 5145 Pholus
 | symbol          = [[File:Pholus symbol (bold).svg|24px]] or [[File:Pholus symbol (Greek, bold).svg|24px]] (astrological)
 | background      = #C7FF8F
 | image           = Pholus SDSS 2003-04-28 annotated.png
 | caption         = Pholus (circled) photographed by the [[Sloan Digital Sky Survey]] at [[Apache Point Observatory]] on 28 April 2003
 | discovery_ref   = <ref name="MPC-object" />
 | discovered      = 9 January 1992
 | discoverer      = {{plainlist|
* [[Spacewatch]]
* ([[David L. Rabinowitz|D. Rabinowitz]] uncredited)<ref name="IAUC" />
}}
 | discovery_site  = [[Kitt Peak National Observatory|Kitt Peak National Obs.]]
 | mpc_name        = (5145) Pholus
 | alt_names       = 1992 AD
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|oʊ|l|ə|s}}<ref>Noah Webster (1884) ''A Practical Dictionary of the English Language''</ref>
 | named_after     = [[Pholus (mythology)|Φόλος]] ''Pholos''<br />{{small|([[Greek mythology]])}}<ref name="springer" />
 | mp_category     = {{Hlist|[[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]]<ref name="jpldata" /><ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" /><ref name="Ferret" />|[[Distant minor planet|distant]]<ref name="MPC-object" />}}
 | orbit_ref       = <ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 1 July 2021 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2459396.5)
 | uncertainty     = 1<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}0<ref name="MPC-object" />
 | observation_arc = 40.74 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (14,881 d)
 | earliest_precovery_date = 22 July 1977
 | aphelion        = 31.943 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 8.7531 AU
 | semimajor       = 20.348 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.5698
 | period          = 91.79 yr (33,526 d)
 | mean_anomaly    = 117.26[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.0107|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 24.617°
 | asc_node        = 119.44°
 | arg_peri        = 354.77°
 | jupiter_moid    = 3.495 AU
 | tisserand       = 3.21
 | saturn_moid     = 0.34961<ref name="MPC-object" />
 | dimensions      =
 | mean_diameter   = {{val|99|15|ul=km}}<ref name="Duffard-2014"/>
 | rotation        = {{val|9.980|ul=h}}<ref name="Tegler-2005" />
 | albedo          = {{val|0.155|0.076}}<ref name="Duffard-2014" />
 | spectral_type   = {{plainlist|
* [[Tholen classification|Tholen]] {{=}} Z<ref name="jpldata" />
* [[Distant object spectral type|RR]] {{small|(very red)}}<ref name="Perna-2010" />
* [[Distant object spectral type|RR-U]]<ref name="Belskaya-2015" />
* [[Distant object color indices|B−V]] {{=}} 1.19<ref name="Tegler-2005" />
* [[Distant object color indices|V−R]] {{=}} 0.78<ref name="Tegler-2005" />
}}
 | magnitude       = 21.62<ref name="AstDys-object" /><br />16.3 {{small|([[Apsis|Perihelic]]&nbsp;opposition)}}
 | abs_magnitude   = {{plainlist|
* 7.1<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
* {{val|7.198|0.056}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Peixinho-2012" />
* 7.63<ref name="Romanishin-1999" /><ref name="Romanishin-2005" /><ref name="Davies-1998b" />
}}
}}

'''5145 Pholus''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|oʊ|l|ə|s}} is an eccentric [[centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] in the [[outer Solar System]], around {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter, that crosses the orbit of both [[Saturn]] and [[Neptune]]. It was discovered on 9 January 1992 by American astronomer [[David Rabinowitz]] (uncredited) of [[University of Arizona|UA]]'s [[Spacewatch]] survey at the [[Kitt Peak National Observatory]] in Arizona, United States. The very [[Distant object spectral type|reddish object]] has an elongated shape and a [[rotation period]] of 9.98 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named after the centaur [[Pholus (mythology)|Pholus]] from Greek mythology.<ref name="MPC-object" />

== Orbit and classification ==
[[File:5145 Pholus.tiff|thumb|200px|left|Orbital diagram of 5145 Pholus]]

Pholus was the second [[Centaur (minor planet)|centaur]] to be discovered.<ref name="Wilson-1994" /> Centaurs are objects in between the [[asteroid]] and [[trans-Neptunian]] populations of the Solar System{{Snd}} that is, beyond Jupiter's and within Neptune's orbit{{Snd}} which behave with characteristics of both asteroids and [[comet]]s.

It orbits the Sun at a distance of 8.8–31.9&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 91 years and 9 months (33,526 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 20.35&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.57 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 25[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> It is a [[List of Saturn-crossing minor planets|Saturn-]], [[List of Uranus-crossing minor planets|Uranus-]] and [[Neptune-crosser]], crossing the orbits of these [[giant planet]]s at a mean distance of 9.6, 19.1, and 30.1&nbsp;AU from the Sun, respectively. Pholus has not come within one [[astronomical unit]] of a planet since 764&nbsp;BC, and will not until 5290.<ref name="Pholus5290" /> It is believed that it originated in the [[Kuiper belt]].

== Discovery and naming ==
Pholus was discovered by [[David Rabinowitz]] (not officially credited), working with the [[Spacewatch]] program, at [[Kitt Peak National Observatory]] on 9 January 1992.<ref name="MPC-object" /> Rabinowitz's discovery was confirmed by [[Eugene Shoemaker|Eugene]] and [[Carolyn Shoemaker]] who identified the object on images they previously took on 1 January 1992. The discovery was announced by [[James Scotti]] on 23 January 1992 in an ''[[IAU Circular]]'' (IAUC 5434) of the [[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams]].<ref name="IAUC" /> A first [[precovery]] was taken at the Australian [[Siding Spring Observatory]] in 1977, extending the centaur's [[observation arc]] by 15 years prior to its discovery.<ref name="MPC-object" /> It was the second discovery of a centaur after [[2060&nbsp;Chiron]] discovered by [[Charles Kowal]] in 1977. In 1993, while with the Spacewatch program, David Rabinowitz went on to discover another centaur, [[7066&nbsp;Nessus]].

This [[minor planet]] was named by the ''Minor Planet Names Committee'' for [[Pholus (mythology)|Pholus]], a [[centaur]] from [[Greek mythology]]. As with 2060&nbsp;Chiron, named after his brother [[Chiron]], the tradition is to name this class of outer planet-crossing objects after the half-human, half-horse mythological creatures. In the mythological account, Pholus died from a self-inflicted wound from a poisoned arrow used by [[Heracles]] ''(see [[5143 Heracles]])'', who buried Pholus on the mountain Pholoe.<ref name="springer" /> The official {{MoMP|5145|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 14 July 1992 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 20523}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

A symbol derived from that for [[2060 Chiron]], {{unichar|2BDB|PHOLUS}} ([[file:Pholus symbol.svg|x14px|⯛]]), was devised in the late 1990s by German astrologer Robert von Heeren. It replaces Chiron's K with a P for Pholus.<ref name=chironcomment>{{cite web |id=L2/21-225 |title=Comment on U+26B7 CHIRON |date=26 August 2021 |first1=Kirk |last1=Miller |first2=Zane |last2=Stein |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21225-chiron-comment.pdf}}</ref> A common variant, [[file:Pholus symbol (Greek).svg|x14px]], uses a Greek [[φ]].<ref>David Faulks, [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2016/16080r-add-astrology.pdf L2/16-080R]</ref>

== Physical characteristics ==
=== Spectral type and color ===
After its discovery, Pholus was quickly found to be very red in color. The color has been speculated to be due to organic compounds on its surface.<ref name="Wilson-1994" /> It is classified as a Z-class object on the [[Tholen classification|Tholen]] taxonomic scheme.<ref name="jpldata" />

The object has been classified by astronomers as [[Trans-Neptunian object#Colours|RR]] and [[Trans-Neptunian object#Colours|RR-U]] type, respectively.<ref name="Perna-2010" /><ref name="Belskaya-2015" /> Polarimetric observations with ESO's [[Very Large Telescope]] in 2007 and 2008, revealed noticeable negative polarization at certain phase angles, distinctly different from that of trans-Neptunian objects. Pholus appears to have a rather homogeneous surface with a small amount of water frost on its darker regions.<ref name="Belskaya-2015" />

The surface composition of Pholus has been estimated from its reflectance spectrum using two spatially segregated components:<ref name="Cruikshank-1998" /> dark [[amorphous carbon]] and an intimate mixture of [[water]] ice, [[methanol]] ice, [[olivine]] grains, and complex organic compounds ([[tholin]]s). The [[carbon black]] component was used to match the low [[albedo]] of the object. Unlike [[2060 Chiron|Chiron]], Pholus has shown no signs of [[comet]]ary activity.

=== Diameter and albedo ===
[[File:Centaur size color comparison.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of sizes, albedos, and colors of various large centaurs with measured diameters. Pholus is shown in the middle row, second from right.|alt=Infographic showing a comparison of sizes, albedo, and colors of various large centaurs]]

Diameter calculations range from 99 to 190 kilometers with a corresponding [[Geometric albedo|albedo]] between 0.155 and 0.04.<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" /><ref name="Tegler-2005" /><ref name="Duffard-2014" /><ref name="lcdb" /><ref name="Davies-1995" />

According to the [[Herschel Space Observatory]] with its [[Herschel Space Observatory#PACS|PACS]] instrument, Pholus measures 99 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.155,<ref name="Duffard-2014" /> while a study from 1996 derived a diameter of 185&nbsp;km.<ref name="Davies-1995" /> During 2003–2004, observations with the 1.8-meter [[Vatican Advanced Technology Telescope]] (VATT) on [[Mount Graham Observatory]], Arizona, determined an elongated shape, {{val|310|x|160|x|150|u=km}}, with a mean diameter of 190 kilometers, based on a outdated low albedo of 0.04.<ref name="Tegler-2005" /> Johnston's archive lists a diameter of 107&nbsp;km with an albedo of 0.126.<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list" />

=== Rotation period ===
In March 2005, a rotational [[lightcurve]] of Pholus was obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations by Tegler using the VATT at Mount Graham. Lightcurve analysis gave a [[rotation period]] of 9.980 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.60 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3-]]}}).<ref name="Tegler-2005" /> Alternative period determinations were also conducted by Hoffmann, Franham, and Buie with concurring results of 9.977, 9.982, and 9.983 hours, respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=3/3/3]]}}).<ref name="Hoffmann-1992" /><ref name="Farnham-2001b" /><ref name="Buie-1992" />

== See also ==
* {{Section link|List of centaurs (small Solar System bodies)|5145}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2009-04-18 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 5145 Pholus (1992 AD)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2005145
  |publisher  = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |access-date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
  |title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |publisher  = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
  |chapter    = (5145) Pholus
  |page       = 443
  |date       = 2007
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-00238-3
  |doi        = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_4997}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
  |title      = 5145 Pholus (1992 AD)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=5145
  |access-date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="IAUC">{{cite web
  |title      = IAUC 5434: 1992 AD
  |date       = 23 January 1992
  |work       = [[Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams]]
  |url        = http://www.cbat.eps.harvard.edu/iauc/05400/05434.html
  |access-date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
  |access-date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="johnstonsarchive-TNO-list">{{cite web
  |title      = List of Known Trans-Neptunian Objects
  |work       = Johnston's Archive
  |date       = 7 October 2018
  |last       = Johnston |first= Wm. Robert
  |url        = http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/tnoslist.html
  |access-date= 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="AstDys-object">{{cite web
  |title      = AstDys (7066) Nessus Ephemerides
  |publisher  = AstDyS-2, Asteroids{{Snd}} Dynamic Site; Department of Mathematics, University of Pisa, Italy
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  |access-date= 4 July 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
  |title      = Asteroid 5145 Pholus
  |work       = Small Bodies Data Ferret
  |url        = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/SimpleSearch/results.action?targetName=5145+Pholus
  |access-date = 26 November 2018}}</ref>

<ref name=Pholus5290>{{cite web
  |title=Fifty clones of Centaur 5145 Pholus all passing within ~100Gm of Neptune on 5290-07-07
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  |access-date=2009-04-23}} (Solex 10)</ref>

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  |bibcode    = 1994Icar..107..288W
  |doi        = 10.1006/icar.1994.1024
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<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
  |title      = LCDB Data for (5145) Pholus
  |publisher  = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
  |url        = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=5145%7CPholus
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<ref name="Duffard-2014">{{cite journal
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<ref name="Farnham-2001b">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Davies-1998b">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Romanishin-1999">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Romanishin-2005">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Perna-2010">{{Cite journal
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<ref name="Peixinho-2012">{{cite journal
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  |first2     = A. |last2 = Delsanti
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  |date       = October 2012
  |title      = The bimodal colors of Centaurs and small Kuiper belt objects
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  |volume     = 546
  |page       = 12
  |bibcode    = 2012A&A...546A..86P
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  |arxiv      = 1206.3153|s2cid = 55876118
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<ref name="Belskaya-2015">{{Cite journal
  |first1     = Irina N. |last1 = Belskaya
  |first2     = Maria A. |last2 = Barucci
  |first3     = Marcello |last3 = Fulchignoni
  |first4     = Anatolij N. |last4 = Dovgopol
  |date       = April 2015
  |title      = Updated taxonomy of trans-neptunian objects and centaurs: Influence of albedo
  |journal    = Icarus
  |volume     = 250
  |pages      = 482–491
  |bibcode    = 2015Icar..250..482B
  |doi        = 10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.004}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901063349/http://www.physics.nau.edu/~tegler/research/survey.htm Kuiper Belt Object Magnitudes and Surface Colors] Stephen Tegler
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081220235836/http://chemistry.unina.it/~alvitagl/solex/ SOLEX]
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)–(10000)]{{Snd}} Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|5145}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |5144 Achates |number=5145 |5146 Moiwa}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pholus}}
[[Category:Centaurs (small Solar System bodies)]]
[[Category:Discoveries by the Spacewatch project|005145]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Z-type asteroids (Tholen)|005145]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1992|19920109]]