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{{Short description|2002–2004 U.S. commission to investigate the September 11 attacks}}
{{See also|9/11 Commission Report}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox government agency
|agency_name       = National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States
|logo              = 
|logo_width        = 
|logo_caption      = 
|seal              = 911 commission seal.svg
|seal_width        = 220 px
|seal_caption      = Seal of the 9/11 Commission
|formed            = {{Start date and age|2002|11|27}}
|preceding1        = 
|preceding2        = 
|dissolved         = {{end date and age|2004|08|21}}
|superseding       = 
|jurisdiction      = [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]]
|headquarters      = 
|employees         = 
|budget            = 
|chief1_name       = [[Thomas Kean]]
|chief1_position   = Chairman
|chief2_name       = [[Lee Hamilton]]
|chief3_position   = Vice Chairman
|agency_type       = 
|parent_department = 
|parent_agency     = 
|child1_agency     = 
|child2_agency     = 
<!-- (etc.) -->
|keydocument1      = Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2003
|website           = {{URL|9-11commission.gov}} (archived)
|footnotes         = 
|map               = 
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}}
The '''National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States''', commonly known as the '''9/11 Commission''', was set up on November 27, 2002, to investigate all aspects of the [[September 11 attacks]], the [[List of major terrorist incidents|deadliest terrorist attack in world history]]. It was created by [[United States Congress|Congressional legislation]], which charged it with preparing "a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11 attacks", including preparedness by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] for the attacks, the response following the attacks, and steps that can be taken to guard against a future terrorist attack.

The 9/11 Commission was chaired by [[Thomas Kean]], a two-term former [[governor of New Jersey]] from 1982 until 1990, and included five [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] and five [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]]. The legislation creating the commission was signed into law by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]].

The commission's final report, known as the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', was published on July 22, 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Report) |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/GPO-911REPORT |website=GovInfo.gov |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=30 June 2023 |date=22 July 2004}}</ref> It is 585 pages, including the findings of the commission's extensive interviews and testimony received during its investigation. The primary conclusion in the ''9/11 Report'' is that failures of the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) and [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) permitted the September 11 terrorist attacks to occur and that wiser and more aggressive actions by these agencies could potentially have prevented the attack.

After the publication of its final report, the commission closed on August 21, 2004. The commission's website was shut down, but has been archived.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/ |title=Home |work=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |access-date=February 17, 2010 |date=September 20, 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100211154714/http://www.9-11commission.gov/ |archive-date=February 11, 2010}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:911Commissioners HIGHRES.jpg|thumb|Members of the 9/11 Commission]]
The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States was established on November 27, 2002, by [[President of the United States|President]] [[George W. Bush]] and the [[United States Congress]], with former secretary of state [[Henry Kissinger]] initially appointed to head the commission.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html |title=Investigating Sept. 11 |publisher=PBS |work=NewsHour |date=November 27, 2002 |access-date=January 21, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220061250/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/terrorism/july-dec02/investigation_11-27.html |archive-date=February 20, 2009}}</ref> However, Kissinger resigned only weeks after being appointed, to avoid conflicts of interest.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=[[Cable News Network]] |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/|title=Kissinger resigns as head of 9/11 commission |date=December 13, 2002 |access-date=August 7, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427145915/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/kissinger.resigns/ |archive-date=April 27, 2006}}</ref> Former U.S. senator [[George J. Mitchell|George Mitchell]] was originally appointed as the vice chairman, but he stepped down on December 10, 2002, not wanting to sever ties to his law firm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/11/mitchell.resigns/ |title=Mitchell quits 9/11 probe |date=December 10, 2002 |publisher=CNN |access-date=January 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220082114/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/11/mitchell.resigns/ |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> On December 15, 2002, Bush appointed former [[New Jersey]] governor [[Thomas Kean|Tom Kean]] to head the commission.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/16/commission.kean/ |title=Bush taps ex-New Jersey governor for 9/11 panel |date=December 16, 2002 |publisher=CNN |access-date=January 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220082119/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/12/16/commission.kean/ |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the spring of 2003, the commission was off to a slow start, needing additional funding to help it meet its target day for the final report, of May 27, 2004.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,437267,00.html |title=Commission Funding Woes |date=March 26, 2003 |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |work=Time Magazine |access-date=January 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114094612/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C437267%2C00.html |archive-date=January 14, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In late March, the Bush administration agreed to provide an additional $9 million for the commission, though this was $2 million short of what the commission requested.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/03/30/2003-03-30_9-11_probe_wins_boost_in_aid.html |title=Probe Wins Boost in Aid |date=March 30, 2003 |work=New York Daily News |access-date=January 21, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The first hearings were held from March 31 to April 1, 2003, in New York City.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/01/nyregion/a-nation-at-war-9-11-inquiry-beyond-numbers-9-11-panel-hears-families-anguish.html |title=Beyond Numbers, 9/11 Panel Hears Families' Anguish |date=April 1, 2003 |last=Chen |first=David W. |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 21, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220090411/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CEFDC1039F932A35757C0A9659C8B63 |archive-date=February 20, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Members==
[[File:Thomaskeansr.jpg|thumb|9/11 Commission chairman [[Thomas Kean]]]]
* [[Thomas Kean]] (chairman), [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], former [[Governor of New Jersey]]
* [[Lee Hamilton]] (vice chairman), [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]], former [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] for the 9th congressional district of [[Indiana]]
* [[Richard Ben-Veniste]], Democrat, attorney and former chief of the [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] Task Force of the Watergate Special Prosecutor's Office
* [[Max Cleland]], Democrat, former [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]. Resigned in December 2003, stating that "the White House has played cover-up".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.democracynow.org/2004/3/23/the_white_house_has_played_cover |title="The White House Has Played Cover-Up"–Former 9/11 Commission Member Max Cleland Blasts Bush |publisher=[[Democracy Now!]] |date=March 23, 2004 |access-date=July 7, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716055018/http://www.democracynow.org/2004/3/23/the_white_house_has_played_cover |archive-date=July 16, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Fred F. Fielding]], Republican, attorney and former [[White House Counsel|White House counsel]]
* [[Jamie Gorelick]], Democrat, former [[United States Deputy Attorney General|U.S. deputy attorney general]] in the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]]
* [[Slade Gorton]], Republican, former [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from [[Washington (state)|Washington]]
* [[Bob Kerrey]], Democrat, President of the [[New School University]] and former [[United States Senate|U.S. senator]] from [[Nebraska]]. He replaced [[Max Cleland]] as a Democratic commissioner, after Cleland's resignation.
* [[John Lehman]], Republican, former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|secretary of the Navy]]
* [[Tim Roemer]], Democrat, former [[U.S. House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] for the 3rd congressional district of [[Indiana]]
* [[Jim Thompson (Illinois politician)|Jim Thompson]], Republican, former [[governor of Illinois]]

The members of the commission's staff included:
* [[Philip D. Zelikow]], executive director
* [[Christopher A. Kojm]], deputy executive director
* Daniel Marcus, general counsel<ref name="Shenon2008">{{cite book |author=Philip Shenon |title=The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sOUFNF3tQGAC&pg=PT345 |date=5 February 2008 |publisher=Grand Central Publishing |isbn=978-0-446-51131-5 |pages=345–}}</ref><ref name="Blankley2009">{{cite book |author=Tony Blankley |title=American Grit: What It Will Take to Survive and Win in the 21st Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCQYePBhU1EC&pg=PA109 |date=2009 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-59698-061-7 |pages=109–}}</ref><ref name="Holbein2005">{{cite book |author=James R. Holbein |title=The 9/11 Commission: proceedings and analysis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5baAAAAMAAJ |date=1 January 2005 |publisher=Oceana Publications |isbn=978-0-379-21528-1|page=xxv}}</ref>
* [[John Farmer Jr.]], senior counsel
* Dieter Snell, senior counsel
* [[Janice Kephart]], counsel
* [[Alvin S. Felzenberg]], spokesman<ref>{{cite news |author=Jehl, Douglas |date=August 9, 2005 |title=Four in 9/11 Plot Are Called Tied to Qaeda in '00 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/09/politics/09intel.html?ex=1281240000&en=bc4d02afa0a46012&ei=5090 |url-status=live |access-date=January 19, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112144426/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/09/politics/09intel.html?ex=1281240000&en=bc4d02afa0a46012&ei=5090 |archive-date=November 12, 2014}}</ref>

U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] initially appointed former [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. secretary of state]] and [[National Security Advisor|national security advisor]] [[Henry Kissinger]] as the commission's chairman. Following his appointment, [[United States Congress|Congress]] insisted that Kissinger disclose the names of his clients at [[Kissinger Associates]], a [[New York City]]-based consulting firm he ran. The firm has long been discreet about its clientele. Kissinger refused to provide Congress with the names of his clients, and resigned as the commission's chairman. Bush then appointed [[Thomas Kean]], a two-term [[governor of New Jersey]] from 1982 to 1990, as Kissinger's replacement.

==Testimony==
Present [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] officials who were called to testify before the 9/11 Commission included:
* [[George W. Bush]], [[President of the United States|U.S. president]] testified but not under oath in a session that was not officially transcribed because the [[White House]] considered it a "private meeting" in which highly classified information would be discussed. Bush asked that his testimony be limited to one hour. However, the meeting lasted for three hours and ten minutes. Bush's testimony took place in the [[Oval Office]]. Initially, Bush insisted that he would testify only to the chairman and vice chairman of the 9/11 Commission, but later agreed to testify before the full panel.<ref name="bushcheneysession">{{Cite web |title=9/11 commission finishes Bush, Cheney session |website=[[NBC News]] |date=April 29, 2004 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4862296 |access-date=November 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214165348/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/4862296/ |archive-date=December 14, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Dick Cheney]], [[Vice President of the United States|U.S. vice president]] testified but not under oath. The session was not officially transcribed because the White House considered it a "private meeting" in which highly classified information would be discussed. Cheney's testimony took place in the [[Oval Office]].<ref name="bushcheneysession"/>
* [[George Tenet]], director of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]]
* [[Colin Powell]], [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]
* [[Donald Rumsfeld]], [[United States Secretary of Defense|Secretary of Defense]]
* [[Condoleezza Rice]], [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]]
* [[Richard Armitage (government official)|Richard Armitage]], [[United States Deputy Secretary of State|Deputy Secretary of State]]
* [[Paul Wolfowitz]], [[United States Deputy Secretary of Defense|Deputy Secretary of Defense]]
* [[Tom Ridge]], [[Secretary of Homeland Security]] and former [[governor of Pennsylvania]]
* [[John Ashcroft]], [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]]

Former federal government officials who were called to testify before the 9/11 Commission included:
* [[Bill Clinton]], former president, testified in private separately from [[Al Gore]]. Clinton's testimony was recorded and not limited in time.<ref name="bushcheneysession"/>
* [[Al Gore]], former vice president, testified in private separately from [[Bill Clinton]]. Gore's testimony was recorded and not limited in time.<ref name="bushcheneysession"/>
* [[Madeleine Albright]], former secretary of state
* [[William Cohen]], former secretary of defense
* [[Sandy Berger]], former national security advisor
* [[Richard A. Clarke]], former chief counter-terrorism adviser on the [[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] in the George W. Bush and Bill Clinton administrations
* [[Rudy Giuliani]], former [[mayor of New York City]]
* [[Janet Reno]], former attorney general
* [[Sibel Edmonds]], former FBI translator<ref>Kill the Messenger. SBS Australia, 2007. Documentary.</ref>

President [[George W. Bush]], Vice President [[Dick Cheney]], former president [[Bill Clinton]], and former vice president [[Al Gore]] all gave private testimony. President Bush and Vice President Cheney insisted on testifying together and not under oath, while Clinton and Gore met with the panel separately. As National Security Advisor, [[Condoleezza Rice]] claimed that she was not required to testify under oath because the position of national security advisor is an advisory role, independent of authority over a bureaucracy and does not require confirmation by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. Legal scholars disagree on the legitimacy of her claim. Eventually, Rice testified publicly and under oath.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Burger |first=Timothy J. |title=Condi and the 9/11 Commission |date=Dec 20, 2003 |url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,565974,00.html |access-date=November 24, 2010 |magazine=Time |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201092542/http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0%2C8599%2C565974%2C00.html |archive-date=December 1, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Report==
{{Main|9/11 Commission Report}}
[[File:911report cover HIGHRES.png|thumb|The cover of the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', a 585-page report issued July 22, 2004]]
The commission issued its final report, the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', on July 22, 2004. After its release, 9/11 Commission chair [[Thomas Kean]] declared that both [[President of the United States|presidents]] [[Bill Clinton]] and [[George W. Bush]] were "not well served" by the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] and the [[Central Intelligence Agency]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Shovelan, John |date=July 23, 2004 |title=9/11 Commission finds 'deep institutional failings' |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |url=http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2004/s1160100.htm|url-status=live |access-date=February 2, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060221224609/http://www.abc.net.au/am/content/2004/s1160100.htm |archive-date=February 21, 2006}}</ref> The commission interviewed over 1,200 people in 10 countries and reviewed over two and a half million pages of documents, including some closely guarded [[Classified information in the United States|classified]] national security documents. Before it was released by the commission, the final public report was screened for any potentially classified information and edited as necessary.

The commission later released several supplemental reports on the terrorists' financing, travel, and other matters.

==Findings and responses==
===NORAD falsehoods===
[[John Farmer Jr.]], senior counsel to the 9/11 Commission, stated that the 9/11 Commission, "discovered that{{nbsp}}... what government and military officials had told Congress, the Commission, the media, and the public about who knew what when{{nbsp}}— was almost entirely, and inexplicably, untrue." Farmer said, "At some level of the government, at some point in time, a decision was made not to tell the truth about the national response to the attacks on the morning of 9/11{{nbsp}}... The <nowiki>[</nowiki>[[NORAD]]<nowiki>]</nowiki> tapes told a radically different story from what had been told to us and the public."<ref>{{cite news |first=Harry |last=Levins |title=The Ground Truth |date=September 6, 2009 |url=http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/books-and-literature/reviews/the-ground-truth/article_97bbba18-d273-5995-96ed-33a05a57e1ed.html |work=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |access-date=September 12, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217184727/http://www.stltoday.com/entertainment/books-and-literature/reviews/the-ground-truth/article_97bbba18-d273-5995-96ed-33a05a57e1ed.html |archive-date=December 17, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thomas Kean]], the head of the 9/11 Commission, concurred, saying, "We to this day don't know why NORAD told us what they told us, it was just so far from the truth."<ref name="Farmer">{{cite book |last=Farmer |first=John |year=2009 |title=The Ground Truth: The Untold Story of America Under Attack on 9/11 |publisher=Riverhead Books |isbn=978-1-59448-894-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/groundtruthun00farm}}</ref>

===CIA withheld information===
[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) director [[George Tenet]] misled the commission and was "obviously not forthcoming" in his testimony to the commission, according to commission chair [[Thomas Kean]]. An [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]] agent named Doug Miller had been working inside [[Bin Laden Issue Station]], a unit of the CIA dedicated to tracking the activities of [[Osama bin Laden]] and his associates. By the spring of 2000, the Bin Laden Issue Station learned that [[Khalid al-Mihdhar]], a [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] national who was an [[al-Qaeda]] member, and [[Nawaf al-Hazmi]], another Saudi who at that time was a suspected al-Qaeda operative, had entered the U.S. and were living under their own names in [[southern California]].

Miller wanted to inform the FBI of their entry and presence in the U.S., but the CIA blocked Miller's efforts to do so. Miller's contemporaneous draft cable to the FBI reporting on this, which the CIA prevented Miller from sending at the time, was found much later. Al-Mihdhar and al-Hazmi were both hijackers of [[American Airlines Flight 77]]. The CIA then failed to reveal to the commission that over a year before the attack, it had been tracking the two hijackers' entry into and whereabouts inside the United States.<ref name="salon.com">{{Cite web |last1=O’Connor |first1=Rory |last2=Nowosielski |first2=Ray |date=October 14, 2011 |url=https://www.salon.com/2011/10/14/insiders_voice_doubts_cia_911/ |title=Insiders voice doubts about CIA’s 9/11 story}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/spy-factory.html |title=The Spy Factory}} {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411200414/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/military/spy-factory.html |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref> Co-chair Kean believes the CIA's failure to be forthcoming with this information to the commission was deliberate, not a mistake, saying: "Oh, it wasn't careless oversight. It was purposeful. No question about that in my mind{{nbsp}}... In the DNA of these organizations was secrecy."<ref name="salon.com"/>

==Criticism==
{{Main|Criticism of the 9/11 Commission}}
The commission was criticized for alleged conflicts of interest on the part of commissioners and staff, including those of [[Philip D. Zelikow]], the commission's executive director who co-authored a book with [[Condoleezza Rice]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zelikow |first1=Philip D. |first2=Condoleezza |last2=Rice |date=1995 |title=Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674353244 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunifiedeu00zeli}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-ap-sept-11-commission-story.html |author=Hope Yen |work=Chicago Tribune |date=Feb 3, 2008 |title=Ties between White House, Sept 11 Chief |access-date=2019-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905181532/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-ap-sept-11-commission-story.html |archive-date=September 5, 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> The commission's final report, the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', has been the subject of criticism by both commissioners themselves and by others.<ref name="cbc.ca">{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/911hamilton.html |title=9/11: Truth, Lies and Conspiracy Interview: Lee Hamilton |access-date=October 16, 2010 |date=August 21, 2006 |work=CBC News, Canada |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623194035/http://www.cbc.ca/sunday/911hamilton.html |archive-date=June 23, 2008}}</ref><ref name=Eggen2006>{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Eggen |title=9/11 Panel Suspected Deception by Pentagon |date=August 2, 2006 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/01/AR2006080101300.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=May 31, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105221448/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/01/AR2006080101300.html |archive-date=January 5, 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Months after the commission had officially issued its report and ceased its functions, [[Thomas Kean]], the commission's chair, and other commissioners toured the country to draw attention to the recommendations of the commission for reducing the terror risk, claiming that some of their recommendations were being ignored. Kean and vice-chair [[Lee Hamilton]] wrote a book about the constraints they faced as commissioners, titled ''Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission''.

The book was released on August 15, 2006, and chronicles the work of Kean and Hamilton on the commission. In the book, Kean and Hamilton charge that the 9/11 Commission was "[[Setting up to fail|set up to fail]]," and write that the commission was so frustrated with repeated misstatements by officials from [[the Pentagon]] and the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] during the investigation that it considered a separate investigation into possible obstruction of justice by Pentagon and FAA officials.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080401026.html |title=Book: Sept. 11 Panel Doubted Officials |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=August 4, 2006 |access-date=October 16, 2010 |first=Hope |last=Yen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514044913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/04/AR2006080401026.html |archive-date=May 14, 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* ''Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission'', by Thomas H Kean and Lee H. Hamilton ([[Random House]], August 2006) {{ISBN|0-307-26377-0}}
* ''The Commission: The Uncensored History of the 9/11 Investigation'', by Philip Shenon (the Twelve - Jan. 2008), {{ISBN|978-0-446-58075-5}}
* [http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=171 The Next Ten Years of Post-9/11 Security Efforts], Q&A with 9/11 Commissioner Slade Gorton (July 2011)

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.9-11commission.gov/}}
* [http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report.pdf The Complete ''9/11 Commission Report''] (7 MB [[Portable Document Format|PDF]])
* [http://daystarnet.com/911-commission-report-kindle-formatted/ Kindle-formatted version of the Complete ''9/11 Commission Report'']
* [http://www.9-11commission.gov/about/bios_staff.htm 9/11 Commission staff biographies]
* [http://www.9-11pdp.org/ 9/11 Public Discourse Project] (Set up by Commission members following completion of report)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161026004922/http://www.npr.org/911hearings/ The 9-11 Commission: An Audio Chronicle] - NPR
* [https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/RL33742.pdf Congressional Research Service, 9/11 Commission Recommendations: Implementation Status, Dec. 2006]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/02/opinion/02kean.html Stonewalled by the C.I.A.] Op-Ed piece written by [[Thomas Kean]] and [[Lee H. Hamilton]] in the January 2, 2008 edition of ''The New York Times''
* [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/9-11-chair-attack-was-preventable/ 9/11 Chair: Attack Was Preventable] - from [[CBS]]
* [http://www.ariwatch.com/Links/SheaMemorandumIsrael The Shea Memorandum to the 9-11 Commission]
* [http://havecamerawilltravel.com/tag/911-commission-hearings Photos of 9/11 Commission Public Hearings 7 to 12]{{Dead link|date=September 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{Librivox author|id=4794}}

{{September 11 attacks}}
{{George W. Bush}}
{{911Commission}}
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[[Category:9/11 Commission| ]]
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[[Category:2004 disestablishments in the United States]]
[[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]
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