View source for 92nd Infantry Division (United States)

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = 92nd Division<br>92nd Infantry Division (Colored)
| image = US 92nd Infantry Division SVG.svg
| image_size = 150
| caption = Shoulder sleeve insignia
| dates = 1917–1919<br />1942–1945
| country = {{flagu|United States|1912}}
| allegiance = 
| branch = {{Dodseal|War}} [[United States Army]]
| type = [[Infantry]]
| role = 
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]
| command_structure = 
| current_commander = 
| ceremonial_chief = 
| nickname = "[[Buffalo Soldier]]s"
| motto = "Deeds, not Words"
| battles = [[World War I]]
*[[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Meuse-Argonne]]
[[World War II]]
* [[Gothic Line|North Apennines]]
* [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|Po Valley]]
** [[Battle of Garfagnana]]
| decorations = [[War Cross of Military Valor|Italian War Cross of Military Valor]]
| notable_commanders = Maj. Gen. [[Edward M. Almond]], Maj. Gen. James W. Anderson
| identification_symbol = [[File:92 Inf Div DUI.png|150px]]
| identification_symbol_label = Distinctive unit insignia
}}
The '''92nd Infantry Division''' (known as the '''92nd Division''' during [[World War I]]) was an [[African Americans|African American]], later mixed, [[infantry]] [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[United States Army]] that served in [[World War I]], and [[World War II]]. The military was [[Racial segregation|racially segregated]] during the World Wars. The division was organized in October 1917, after the U.S. entry into World War I, at Camp Funston, Kansas, with African American soldiers from all states. In 1918, before leaving [[Western Front (World War I)|for France]], the American buffalo was selected as the divisional insignia due to the "[[Buffalo Soldier]]s" nickname, given to African American cavalrymen in the 19th century. The divisional nickname, "Buffalo Soldiers Division", was inherited from the [[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry]], one of the first units organized in the division.

{{Military unit sidebar|title=US Infantry Divisions|previous=[[91st Infantry Division (United States)|91st Infantry Division]]|next=[[93rd Infantry Division (United States)|93rd Infantry Division]]}} 

The 92nd Infantry Division was the only African American infantry division that participated in [[European Theatre of World War II|combat in Europe]] during World War II. Other units were used as support. It was part of the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], fighting in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]<ref>{{cite video
 | year =1945
 | title =Video: U.S. Air For Allied Bombers Strike On Two Fronts Etc (1945)
 | url =https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39047
 | publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]]
 | access-date =21 February 2012
}}</ref> from 1944 to the war's end.  

==History==

===World War I===

* Activated: October 1917<ref>http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-2/CMH_Pub_23-2.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924084026/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/023/23-2/CMH_Pub_23-2.pdf |date=24 September 2015 }} Order of Battle in the Great War P428</ref>
* Overseas: 18 July 1918
* Major operations: [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive|Meuse-Argonne]] less field artillery
* Casualties: total: 1,647 (KIA: 120; WIA: 1,527).
* Commanders: Maj. Gen. [[Charles Clarendon Ballou|Charles C. Ballou]] (29 October 1917), Maj. Gen. [[Charles Henry Martin]] (19 November 1918), Brig. Gen. [[James Brailsford Erwin|James B. Erwin]] (16 December 1918).
* Returned to United States and inactivated: February 1919.

The 92nd Division was first constituted on paper on 24 October 1917 in the [[Army of the United States|National Army]], over six months after the [[American entry into World War I]].<ref name="Wilson545">Wilson, p. 545.</ref> The division was commanded throughout most of its existence by [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Charles Clarendon Ballou|Charles C. Ballou]] and was composed of the [[183rd Infantry Brigade (United States)|183rd Infantry Brigade]] with the [[365th Infantry Regiment (United States)|365th]] and [[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry Regiment]]s, and the [[184th Infantry Brigade (United States)|184th Infantry Brigade]] with the [[367th Infantry Regiment (United States)|367th]] and [[368th Infantry Regiment (United States)|368th Infantry Regiment]]s, together with supporting artillery, engineer, medical and signal units attached.<ref name="McGrath173-174">McGrath, p. 173 – 174.</ref>{{command structure
|name= 92nd Infantry Division
|date= 1942–1945, 1950&ndash;1953
|parent= 92nd Infantry Division
|subordinate=
* [[365th Infantry Regiment (United States)|365th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry Regiment]] (November 1944 – February 1953)
* [[370th Infantry Regiment (United States)|370th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[371st Infantry Regiment (United States)|371st Infantry Regiment]]
* [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Infantry Regiment (Nisei)]] (April 1945)
* [[473rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|473rd Infantry Regiment]] (February 1945 – May 1945,1950 - June 1953)
* [[597th Field Artillery Battalion]] (105mm)
* [[598th Field Artillery Battalion]] (105mm)
* [[599th Field Artillery Battalion]] (105mm)
* [[600th Field Artillery Battalion]] (155mm)
* [[758th Tank Battalion (United States)|758th Tank Battalion (Colored)]]
* [[679th Tank Destroyer Battalion (United States)|679th Tank Destroyer Battalion (Colored)]]
}}[[File:111-SC-25932 - NARA - 55211378 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|African American [[doughboy]]s of the 366th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Division, inspecting their gas masks behind the front line, [[Ainvelle, Vosges]], France, August 1918.]]

The division was organized on 27 October 1917 from draftees (Selective Service men) from the United States at large at eight camps. The War Department did not set up a single cantonment for this unit, and distributed the sub-units of men widely throughout the Midwest and East Coast: at [[Camp Funston]] on the grounds of [[Fort Riley]], [[Kansas]]; [[Camp Dodge]], [[Iowa]]; [[Camp Grant (Illinois)|Camp Grant]], [[Illinois]]; [[Camp Sherman, Ohio]]; [[Camp Meade]], [[Maryland]]; [[Camp Dix]], [[New Jersey]]; [[Camp Upton]], [[New York (state)|New York]]. All of the enlisted personnel and about four-fifths of the officers were African American, but the great majority of the staff and field grade, supply, artillery, engineer, and quartermaster officers were white.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Emmett J.|date=1919|title=Scott's Official History of the American Negro in the World War|location=Chicago|publisher=Homewood Press|page=n.p}}</ref> For this division, 104 Black captains, 397 first lieutenants, and 125 second lieutenants were trained at a "negro officers' camp" in [[Des Moines, Iowa]].<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/96277623/?terms=camp%2Bfunston%2Bnegro "To Camp Funston," ''The Junction City (Kansas) Union,'' October 10, 1917, page 1]</ref>

[[File:United_States_World_War_II_(Square)_Infantry_Division_1940_Structure.png|thumb|right|Square Division example: 1918 US Infantry Division. On the far left can be seen two Brigades of two Regiments each]]

A special "Negro zone" was to be built at the east end of Camp Funston, with "separate amusement places and exchanges." A.D. Jellison, a banker of [[Junction City, Kansas]], gave a plot of land for a "community house," to be erected by the Black trainees who had been drafted from seven states.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/image/93058250/?terms=camp%2Bfunston%2Bnegro] "A Negro Zone at Funston," ''Junction City (Kansas) Weekly Union,'' 15 November 1917, page 2]</ref>

[[File:Colored Troops - Officers of the "Buffaloes," 367th Infantry, 77th Division in France - NARA - 26431510 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|Officers of the 367th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Division, on the Western Front, pictured here in September 1918.]]

As was the case with the [[93rd Infantry Division (United States)|93rd Division]], parts of the 92nd served under and alongside the [[French Army in World War I|French Army]]. The main body of the [[American Expeditionary Forces]] (AEF), adhering to the racial policies of Southern [[President of the United States|President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]], [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[Newton D. Baker]], and southern Democrats, who promoted the "[[separate but equal]]" doctrine, refused to allow African American soldiers to serve in combat with white American soldiers.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

Arriving on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], the 92nd was a green and untried unit that was not even given time to maneuver as a division before being committed to the line. After arrival the 92nd, like all AEF units, trained for deployment in the trenches. They began to be introduced by company into the French sector front lines in mid-August 1918. The 92nd Artillery Brigade did not come online until October 1918.{{cn|date=February 2020}} [[Ralph Waldo Tyler]] was assigned to report on the 92nd Division by Secretary Baker. He was the first and, at the time, only accredited African American reporting on the Great War. 

The 92nd Division saw combat in the [[Meuse-Argonne Offensive]] during November 1918.{{cn|date=February 2020}}

====Units====
'''92nd Division (1917–19)'''
* Headquarters, 92nd Division<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-3-1/cmhPub_60-3-1.pdf |title=Infantry organization and History |access-date=5 December 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073230/http://www.history.army.mil/html/books/060/60-3-1/cmhPub_60-3-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 183rd Infantry Brigade
** 365th Infantry Regiment
** [[366th Infantry Regiment]]
** 350th Machine Gun Battalion
* 184th Infantry Brigade
** 367th Infantry Regiment
** 368th Infantry Regiment
** 351st Machine Gun Battalion
* 167th Field Artillery Brigade
** 349th Field Artillery Regiment
** 350th Field Artillery Regiment
** 351st Field Artillery Regiment
** 317th Trench Mortar Battery
* 349th Machine Gun Battalion
* 317th Engineer Regiment
* 317th Medical Regiment
* 317th Field Signal Battalion
* 325th Field Signal Battalion
* Headquarters Troop, 92nd Division
* 317th Train Headquarters and Military Police
** 317th Ammunition Train
** 317th Supply Train
** 317th Engineer Train
** 317th Sanitary Train
*** 365th, 366th, 367th, and 368th Ambulance Companies and Field Hospitals

===World War II===
[[File:United_States_World_War_II_Infantry_Division_1942_Structure.png|thumb|right|Triangular Division example: 1942 U.S. infantry division. The brigades of the Square division have been removed, and there are three regiments directly under divisional control.]]
* Activated: 15 October 1942.
* Overseas: 22 September 1944.
* Campaigns: North [[Apennine Mountains|Apennines]], [[River Po|Po Valley]].
* Awards: [[Medal of Honor]]: 2 (1 Posthumously in 1997); [[Distinguished Service Cross (United States)]]: 2; [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Army Distinguished Service Medal]]: 1; [[Silver Star]]: 208; [[Legion of Merit]]: 16; [[Soldier's Medal]]: 6; [[Bronze Star Medal|Bronze Star]]: 1,166; [[Purple Heart]]: 1,891; [[Order of the Crown of Italy]]: 8; [[Military Cross for Military Valor (Italian)]]: 17; [[Military Cross for Merit in War (Italian)]]: 22; [[War Medal (Brazil)]]: 1
* Commanders: Maj. Gen. [[Edward Almond]] (October 1942 – August 1945), Brig. Gen. [[John E. Wood]] (August 1945 to inactivation).
* Returned to the United States: 26 November 1945.
* Inactivated: 28 November 1945.

[[File:92nd-Infantry-DivisionPoval.jpg|thumb|right|The soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division enter the city of [[Montignoso]] (MS), Italy after having freed it from German troops, 8 April 1945.]]
The division was reactivated as an infantry division with the "colored" designation, under the command of [[Major general (United States)|Major General]] [[Edward Almond]], on 15 October 1942, ten months after the [[Military history of the United States during World War II|American entry into World War II]]. They were assigned to [[Fort Huachuca]], [[Arizona]] and trained in the United States for nearly two years. In late July 1944, the [[370th Infantry Regiment (92nd Infantry Division)|370th Infantry Regiment]] was sent to Italy and temporarily attached to the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]]. The rest of the division was sent overseas in September of that year, and the division as a whole participated in heavy combat during the remainder of the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]].

During the 92nd Division's participation in the Italian Front, the Buffalo Soldiers made contact with units of many nationalities: beyond the attached [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Regimental Combat Team]] (442nd RCT), they also had contact with the [[colonial troops]] of the [[British Empire|British]] and [[French colonial empire]]s (Moroccans, Algerians, Senegalese, Indians, Gurkhas, and both Arab and Jewish Palestinians) as well as with exiled Poles, Greeks and Czechs, [[Italian resistance movement|anti-fascist Italians]] and the troops of the [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] (FEB).<ref>Ready, J.Lee, ''Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II''</ref><ref>Motley, 1975. Pages 259–61, 274 and 288.</ref><ref>Ready, J.Lee, ''Forgotten Allies: The European Theatre, Volume I''</ref>

The division's magazine was ''[[The Buffalo]]''.<ref name=roberthodgesjr>{{cite news | url =http://www.historynet.com/african-american-92nd-infantry-division-fought-in-italy-during-world-war-ii.htm | title=African American 92nd Infantry Division Fought in Italy During World War II | first= Robert Jr. | last= Hodges | publisher= World War II magazine (World History Group, pub.) via Historynet.com | date=12 June 2006 | access-date= 23 March 2015 | archive-date=13 January 2015| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150113211214/http://www.historynet.com/african-american-92nd-infantry-division-fought-in-italy-during-world-war-ii.htm | url-status=live}}</ref> Its art director, [[Ted Shearer]], later created the early African American comic strip ''[[Quincy (comic strip)|Quincy]]''.<ref name=visualarts>{{cite book | url =  https://books.google.com/books?id=BcWHdpRoDkUC&pg=PA184 | title= African Americans in the Visual Arts | first= Steven |last= Otfinoski  | publisher= [[Facts on File]] Library of American History | year= 2011| page =184 | isbn=978-0816078400}}</ref>

====Commanders====
[[File:Maj. Gen. Edward M. Almond, Commanding General of the 92nd Infantry (`Buffalo') Division in Italy, inspects his troops during a decoration ceremony.jpg|thumb|right|Major General Edward Almond, Commanding General of the 92nd Infantry Division, inspects his troops during a decoration ceremony, March 1945.]]
The division's commander, Major General [[Edward Almond]], a native Virginian, was for a time highly regarded by [[General (United States)|General]] [[George C. Marshall]], the [[Chief of Staff of the United States Army|U.S. Army Chief of Staff]]. They were both graduates of [[Virginia Military Institute]] (VMI). This was a major factor in Almond's promotion to major general and subsequent command of the 92nd Division, which was composed of African American draftees in the segregated Army. Almond held this position from the division's formation in October 1942 until August 1945. He led the division in combat throughout the Italian campaign of 1944–1945. Marshall selected Almond because he believed the latter would excel at what was seen as a difficult assignment. But Almond performed poorly and blamed this on his largely African American troops. Blaming them for his failure in combat, he advised the army against using African American soldiers as combat troops.<ref>Ricks, Thomaz E. ''The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today'', Penguin Press, 2012 {{ISBN|9781594204043}} pages 152-53</ref>

====Combat chronicle====
[[File:92nd-Divisionmassaitaly1944.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division operate a mortar, Massa, Italy in November 1944.]]
The 370th Regimental Combat Team, attached to the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]], arrived in [[Naples]], Italy, on 1 August 1944, and entered combat on 24 August. It participated in the crossing of the [[Arno River]], the occupation of [[Lucca]], and the penetration of the [[Gothic Line]]. Enemy resistance was negligible in its area. As Task Force 92, elements of the 92nd attacked on the [[Liguria]]n coastal flank toward [[Massa, Tuscany|Massa]], 5 October. By 12 October, the slight gains achieved were lost to counterattacks. On 13 October, the remainder of the division concentrated for patrol activities. 

Elements of the 92nd moved to the [[Serchio]] sector, 3 November 1944, and advanced in the Serchio River Valley against light resistance, but the attempt to capture [[Castelnuovo di Garfagnana]] did not succeed. Patrol activities continued until 26 December when the [[Battle of Garfagnana|enemy attacked]], forcing units of the 92nd to withdraw. The attack ended on 28 December. The attacking forces were mainly from the [[Italian Social Republic|Republic of Salò's]] [[Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano#Organization|Fascist Army]], the [[4th Italian "Monte Rosa" Alpine Division]] (four battalions), with the support of three German battalions.

Aside from patrols and reconnaissance, units of the 92nd attacked enemy forces in the Serchio sector from 8 to 11 February 1945. ''[[Operation Fourth Term]]'' met German minefields and counterattacks and was called off on 11 February due to disappointing results.<ref name="Battistelli 2023 Gothic">{{Cite book |last=Battistelli, Pier Paolo |title=Assault on the Gothic Line 1944: The Allied Attempted Breakthrough into Northern Italy |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2023 |isbn=9781472850140 |pages=87}}</ref> After continuing poor combat performance, including many instances of unauthorized withdrawals upon meeting the enemy, low morale and malingering, the U.S. command concluded that the 92nd Infantry Division was of inferior quality and fit for only defensive roles; according to a 1966 study by historian [[Ulysses Lee|Ulysses G. Lee]], captured German documents revealed their command also had a low opinion of the division.<ref name="Lee"/> Because there were very few African American infantry replacements, this precluded use of the full division in sustained offensive action. In addition, U.S. Fifth Army leadership was wary of the perception of poor performance; they decided to withdraw the division from the front lines and rebuilt it in early 1945. 

The 370th Infantry Regiment remained assigned to the division and was rebuilt by transferring outstanding enlisted men and officers from the 365th and 371st. The [[473rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|473rd Infantry Regiment]], formed from unneeded White anti-aircraft troops, and the [[Nisei]] [[442nd Infantry Regiment]], made up of [[Japanese Americans]] and becoming noted for its high performance, were assigned to bolster the division's combat effectiveness. The 365th Infantry Regiment became a training and replacement regiment for the division, receiving replacements of African American soldiers from the United States, or African American soldiers who were stationed in the United States or Britain but assigned to labor units and who volunteered for retraining for combat duty. The 371st Infantry Regiment was relieved from assignment to the division and used under Fifth Army control. The 366th Infantry Regiment was relieved from assignment to the division, disbanded, and its personnel organized into two engineer general service regiments.<ref name="Lee">{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Ulysses G.|date=1966|title=United States Army in World War II, Special Studies: The Employment of Negro Troops|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army|page=572-575}}</ref>

Some contemporary historians believe that reports of the poor combat performance of the 92nd Infantry Division were motivated by the racism of senior officers and used to discredit the ability of black soldiers to perform in combat to the black public, instead of examining and remedying institutional deficiencies within the Army itself when it came to recruiting, training, and leading black soldiers.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 3031477|title = Conspiracy to Discredit the Black Buffaloes: The 92nd Infantry in World War II|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=72|issue=1/2|pages= 1–19|last1=Kesting|first1=Robert W.|year=1987|doi=10.1086/JNHv72n1-2p1| s2cid=149684398 }}</ref>

[[File:Germanpow1945.jpg|thumb|right|Soldiers of the 92nd Infantry Division with a captured German soldier. Lucca, September 1944]]
On 1 April, the 370th RCT and the attached [[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Regimental Combat Team]] ([[Nisei Japanese American|Nisei]]) attacked the Ligurian coastal sector and drove rapidly north against light opposition from the [[148th Reserve Division (Germany)|German 148th Infantry Division]]. It was supported only by Italian coastal units. The 370th took over the Serchio sector and pursued the retreating enemy from 18 April until the collapse of all enemy forces on 29 April 1945. Elements of the 92nd Division entered [[La Spezia]] and [[Genoa]] on 27 April and took over selected towns along the Ligurian coast until the enemy surrendered on 2 May 1945.

The division was inactivated on 28 November 1945 at [[Fort McClellan]], [[Alabama]].

====Casualties====
*'''Total battle casualties:''' 2,997<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953">Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle Deaths, Final Report (Statistical and Accounting Branch, Office of the Adjutant General, 1 June 1953)</ref>
*'''Killed in action:''' 548<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
*'''Wounded in action:''' 2,187<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
*'''Missing in action:''' 206<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>
*'''Prisoner of war:''' 56<ref name="Nonbattle Deaths 1953"/>

====Medal of Honor recipients====
*[[John R. Fox]], 1st Lt., Cannon Company, [[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry Regiment]], 92nd Infantry Division, near [[Barga, Tuscany|Sommocolonia]], [[Serchio|Serchio Valley]], Italy, 26 December 1944.
*[[Vernon J. Baker]], 1st Lt., Company C, 370th Infantry Regiment, 92nd Infantry Division, near [[Viareggio]], Italy, 5–6 April 1945.
Note: The Medal of Honor was not awarded to these two men until 1997.

[[File:Capt. Ezekia Smith, 370th Infantr Regiment. 92nd Division.jpg|thumb|right|Capt. Ezekia Smith, of the 370th Infantry Regiment, receives treatment at the 317th Medical Battalion Collecting Station, for shell fragments in face and shoulders suffered near Querceta, Italy.]]

====Order of battle====

'''92nd Infantry Division (1942–45)'''

* Headquarters, 92nd Infantry Division
* 365th Infantry Regiment
* [[370th Infantry Regiment (92nd Infantry Division)|370th Infantry Regiment]]
* [[371st Infantry Regiment (United States)|371st Infantry Regiment]]
* Headquarters and Headquarters Battery, 92nd Infantry Division Artillery
** 597th Field Artillery Battalion (105&nbsp;mm)
** 598th Field Artillery Battalion (105&nbsp;mm)
** 599th Field Artillery Battalion (105&nbsp;mm)
** 600th Field Artillery Battalion (155&nbsp;mm)
* 317th Engineer Combat Battalion
* 317th Medical Battalion
* 92nd Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop (Mechanized)
* Headquarters, Special Troops, 92nd Infantry Division
** Headquarters Company, 92nd Infantry Division
** 792nd Ordnance (Light Maintenance) Company
** 92nd Quartermaster Company
** 92nd Signal Company
** Military Police Platoon
** Band
* 92nd Counterintelligence Corps Detachment

Attached units:
*[[366th Infantry Regiment (United States)|366th Infantry Regiment]] (November 1944 – February 1945)
*[[442nd Infantry Regiment (United States)|442nd Infantry Regiment (Nisei)]] (April 1945 – )
*[[473rd Regimental Combat Team]] (formed from anti-aircraft units) (February 1945 – May 1945?).
*[[758th Tank Battalion (United States)|758th Tank Battalion (Colored)]]
*[[679th Tank Destroyer Battalion |679th Tank Destroyer Battalion (Colored)]]
*894th Tank Destroyer Battalion
*701st Tank Destroyer Battalion

'''Task Force 1 (February 1945):''']

*3rd Battalion / 366th Infantry Regiment
*Company B, 317th Engineer Battalion
*760th Tank Battalion
*84th Chemical Mortar Battalion
*27th Armored Field Artillery Battalion

==See also==

*{{annotated link|24th Infantry Regiment (United States)}}
*{{annotated link|Battle of Garfagnana}}
*{{annotated link|James Harden Daugherty}}, soldier and author
* Colonel {{annotated link|Allen J. Greer}}, chief of staff, World War I
*{{annotated link|IV Corps (United States)}}, World Wars I and II
*{{annotated link|Miracle at St. Anna|''Miracle at St. Anna''}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
*{{cite book | title = Combat Chronicles of U.S. Army Divisions in World War II | publisher = U.S. Government Printing Office | url = http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/cbtchron.html | access-date = 9 July 2010 | archive-date = 21 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210321054726/https://history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/cbtchron/cbtchron.html | url-status = dead }}
*{{cite book |last=Clark |first=Major |date=2023 |title=Derricks' Bridgehead: The History of the 92nd Division, 597th Field Artillery Battalion, and the Leadership Legacy of Col. Wendell T. Derricks|url=https://www.casematepublishers.com/9781636242712/derricks-bridgehead/ |location=Havertown, Pa. |publisher=[[Casemate Publishers]] |isbn=978-1-63624-271-2}}
*{{cite book |last=Ferrell |first=Robert H. |author-link=Robert Hugh Ferrell |date=2011 |title=Unjustly Dishonored: An African American Division in World War I |url=https://archive.org/details/unjustlydishonor00ferr |url-access=registration |location=Columbia, Mo. |publisher=[[University of Missouri Press]] |isbn=978-0-8262-1916-9 |lccn=2012462746}}
*{{cite book | first=Daniel K. | last=Gibran | title=The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II | publisher=McFarland & Company | year=2001 | isbn=0-7864-1009-4 | url=https://archive.org/details/92ndinfantrydivi00gibr }}
*{{cite book | title = Knocking Down Barriers: My Fight for Black America | first=Truman K. Jr. | last=Gibson | year = 2005 | publisher = Northwestern University Press | url = https://archive.org/details/knockingdownbarr00gibs | isbn = 0-8101-2292-8 | access-date = 26 November 2006 | df = dmy-all }}
*{{cite book | title = Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II | first= Hondon B. |last= Hargrove | year = 1985 | publisher=McFarland & Company | isbn = 0-89950-116-8}}
*{{cite book|first=John J. |last=McGrath |title= The Brigade: A History: Its Organization and Employment in the US Army |year=2004 |publisher=Combat Studies Institute Press |isbn=978-1-4404-4915-4}}
* Motley, Mary Penick. (1975) ''The Invisible Soldier: The Experience of the Black Soldier, World War II.'' [[Wayne State University Press]] {{ISBN|0814319610}}
*{{cite book| first=J. Lee| last=Ready | title=Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II. Volume I: The European Theatre | publisher=McFarland & Company| year=1985| isbn=978-0-89950-117-8}}
* {{cite book | last = Rinaldi | first = Richard A. | title = The U. S. Army in World War I: Orders of Battle | page = 54 | publisher = General Data LLC | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-9720296-4-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Stanton | first = Shelby L. | title = World War II Order of Battle | pages = 166–167 | publisher = Galahad Books | year = 1991 | isbn = 0-88365-775-9 }}
*{{Cite book|first=John B. |last=Wilson |title=Armies, Corps, Divisions, and Separate Brigades |year=1999 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |asin=B000OJKX1S}}

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{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.lonesentry.com/usdivisions/history/infantry/division/92nd_infantry_division.html Division History 92d Infantry]
*[http://www.history.army.mil/moh/wwII-a-f.html#BAKERV Vernon Baker (MOH recipient)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610162217/http://www.history.army.mil/moh/wwII-a-f.html#BAKERV |date=10 June 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070220061039/http://www.wiz-worx.com/366th/fox/ John R. Fox (MOH recipient)]
*[http://www.blackwarriorsbook.com The Buffalo Soldiers of World War II], a memoir based on journal kept by [[Ivan J. Houston]], a Buffalo Soldier
*[http://www.apathtolunch.com/2011/04/liberation-day-and-liberation-of.html A Path to Lunch] Liberation Day and the Liberation of America, The 92nd in Lunigiana and Versilia.
* {{cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=Dale E. |title=Recipe for Failure: Major General Edward M. Almond and Preparation of the U.S. 92d Infantry Division for Combat in World War II |journal=The Journal of Military History |date=1992 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=473–488 |doi=10.2307/1985973 |jstor=1985973}}

{{Buffalo Soldiers}}
{{Army Divisions (United States)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:092}}
[[Category:Infantry divisions of the United States Army|092nd Infantry Division, U.S.]]
[[Category:United States Army divisions of World War I]]
[[Category:Infantry divisions of the United States Army in World War II|U.S. 092]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1917]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]
[[Category:African Americans in World War I]]
[[Category:African Americans in World War II]]
[[Category:20th-century African-American military personnel]]
[[Category:African-American United States Army personnel]]