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{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{About year|939|the CPU socket|Socket 939}}
{{Year nav|939}}
{{M1 year in topic}}
[[File:King.athelstan.tomb.arp.jpg|thumb|The tomb of King [[Æthelstan]] (c. 894–939).]]
Year '''939''' ('''[[Roman numerals|CMXXXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the [[Julian calendar]].

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[Hugh the Great]], count of [[Paris]], rebels against King [[Louis IV of France|Louis IV]] ("d'Outremer") and gains support from [[William I Longsword|William I]], duke of [[Duchy of Normandy|Normandy]]. Hugh, along with [[Herbert II, Count of Vermandois|Herbert II]], count of [[Vermandois]], [[Arnulf I, Count of Flanders|Arnulf I]], count of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and William pay homage to King [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] (ruler of the [[East Francia|East Frankish Kingdom]]), and support him in his struggle against Louis.<ref>''The Annals of Flodoard of Reims; 919-966'', Ed, & Trans. Steven Fanning & Bernard S. Bachrach (University of Toronto Press, 2011), p. 32.</ref>
* [[July 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Simancas]]: Caliph [[Abd-ar-Rahman III|Abd-al-Rahman III]] of [[Caliphate of Córdoba|Córdoba]] claims a [[Jihad]] ('Holy War') and raises an army of 100,000 men to end the [[Kingdom of León]]. He razes the cities of [[Medina del Campo]], [[Villaverde de Íscar|Ìscar]] and [[Alcazarén]] (previously abandoned by their population) and finally, reaches the city of [[Simancas]] (near modern-day [[Valladolid]]), where Christian forces under King [[Ramiro II of León|Ramiro II]] wait for him. After three days, Ramiro defeats the [[Moors|Moorish]] army with an alliance of [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]]. Abd-al-Rahman orders a retreat along the [[Douro|Duero River]], and is almost killed,<ref>"Abd-al-Rahman III". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th edit.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 17–18. {{ISBN|978-1-59339-837-8}}.</ref> due, most likely, to treason by [[Arabs|Arab]] elements in the Moorish army.
* [[August 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of Trans-la-Forêt]]: Bretons defeat Viking occupiers.
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Alhandic]]: Abd-al-Rahman III defeats the garrison of those loyal to Ramiro II at [[Zamora, Spain|Zamora]], in the context of the Spanish ''[[Reconquista]]''.
* [[October 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Andernach]]: Otto I crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of [[Eberhard of Franconia|Eberhard III]], duke of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]], and other [[Francia|Frankish]] dukes, in [[Andernach]] on the [[Rhine|Rhine River]]. Otto prevails, with support from [[Odo of Wetterau]]. Eberhard is killed while [[Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine|Gilbert]], duke of [[Lotharingia]] (or [[Duchy of Lorraine|Lorraine]]) drowns when trying to escape.

==== England ====
* [[October 27]] &ndash; King [[Æthelstan]] dies at [[Gloucester]] after a 15-year reign. He is buried at [[Malmesbury Abbey]] and succeeded by his half-brother, [[Edmund I]] ("the Magnificent"). After Æthelstan's death [[Olaf Guthfrithson]] (or his cousin, [[Amlaíb Cuarán|Anlaf Cuaran]]<ref>Kevin Halloran, "Anlaf Guthfrithson at York", pp. 180–185.</ref>) a [[Vikings|Viking]] leader who rules [[Kingdom of Dublin|Dublin]], is proclaimed king of [[Scandinavian York|York]] (south of [[Kingdom of Northumbria|Northumbria]]).

==== Asia ====
* [[Taira no Masakado]], a Japanese [[Nobility|nobleman]], leads one of the largest insurgent forces in the [[Heian period]] against the imperial court at [[Kyoto]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric ''et al.'' (2005). "Taira no Masakado" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 926.|page=926}}.</ref> Masakado has acquired enough power to govern the [[Kantō region]] (northwest of [[Edo (Tokyo)|Edo]]) and calls himself the 'new emperor' (''shinnō'').
* [[Ngô Quyền]], who the previous year defeated the Chinese at the [[Battle of Bạch Đằng (938)]] thereby regaining Vietnamese independence after 1000 years, becomes king of [[Vietnam]].<ref>Vo, Nghia.  ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=BeIAXRNSwOgC&pg=PA52 Legends of Vietnam: An Analysis and Retelling of 88 Tales]'', p. 52 (McFarland, 2012).</ref>

=== By topic ===

==== Religion ====
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo VII]] dies at [[Rome]] after a 3½-year reign. He is succeeded by [[Pope Stephen VIII|Stephen VIII]] as the 127th [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]].
* The [[Major Occultation]] (or ''Al-Ghaybah al-Kubra'') of [[Muhammad al-Mahdi]] occurs (approximate date).
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== Births ==
* [[November 20]] &ndash; [[Emperor Taizong of Song|Tai Zong]], emperor of the [[Song dynasty]] (d. [[997]])
* [[Fujiwara no Takamitsu]], Japanese ''[[Waka (poetry)|waka]]'' poet (approximate date)
* [[Hai Gaon]], Jewish theologian and [[rabbi]] (d. [[1038]])

== Deaths ==
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Yang Pu]], emperor of [[Wu (Ten Kingdoms)|Wu]] (b. [[900]])
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Yao Yanzhang]], general of [[Chu (Ten Kingdoms)|Chu]]
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo VII|Leo VII]], pope of the [[Catholic Church]]
* [[August 29]] 
** [[Empress Li Chunyan|Li Chunyan]], empress of [[Min (Ten Kingdoms)|Min]] ([[Ten Kingdoms]])
** [[Wang Jipeng]], emperor of Min 
* [[October 2]]
** [[Eberhard of Franconia|Eberhard III]], duke of [[Duchy of Franconia|Franconia]] 
** [[Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine|Gilbert]], duke of [[Lotharingia]]
* [[October 27]] &ndash; [[Æthelstan]], king of [[Kingdom of England|England]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Athelstan {{!}} king of England {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Athelstan |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=20 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Lady Ma (Qian Yuanguan's wife)|Lady Ma]], Chinese [[Nobility|noblewoman]] (b. [[890]])
* [[Ali ibn Babawayh Qummi]], Twelver [[Shia islam|Shi'a]] scholar
* [[Ashot the Swift]], prince of [[Principality of Tao-Klarjeti|Tao-Klarjeti]] ([[Georgia (country)|Georgia]])
* [[Pietro II Candiano]], doge of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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