View source for 9K32 Strela-2

{{redirect|SA-7|the Apollo test mission|A-102 (SA-7)}}
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{{original research|date=December 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
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{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9K32 Strela-2<br /><small>SA-7 Grail</small><br /><small>SA-N-5 Grail</small>
| image              = SA-7.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = KBM Kolomna 9K32M Strela-2M (SA-7b) missile and canister
| origin             = [[Soviet Union]]
| type               = [[MANPADS|Man portable surface-to-air missile launcher]]
<!-- Type selection -->| is_ranged          = yes
| is_explosive       = 
| is_missile         = yes
| is_UK              = <!-- Service history -->
| service            = 1970–present
| used_by            = See [[Strela 2#Operators|operators]]
| wars               = [[War of Attrition]]<br />[[Yom Kippur War]]<br />[[Portuguese Colonial War]]<br />[[Vietnam War]]<br />[[Cambodian Civil War]]<br />[[The Troubles]]<br />[[Basque conflict]]<br />[[Western Sahara War]]<br />[[Communist insurgency in Thailand]]<br />[[Rhodesian Bush War]]<br />[[Nicaraguan Revolution]]<br />[[Uganda–Tanzania War]]<br />[[Salvadoran Civil War]]<br />[[1982 Lebanon War]]<br />[[Lebanese Civil War]]<br />[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br />[[Gulf War]]<br />[[Falklands War]]<br />[[Second Sudanese Civil War]]<br />[[South African Border War]]<br />[[Soviet–Afghan War]]<br />[[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|War in Afghanistan]]<br />[[Syrian occupation of Lebanon]]<br />[[Yugoslav Wars]]<br />[[Iraq War]]<br />[[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)|Insurgency in Egypt]]<br />[[Sinai insurgency]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />[[War in Donbas (2014–2022)|War in Donbas]]<br />[[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]]<br />[[Libyan Civil War (2014–2020)|Libyan Civil War]]<br />[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]<br />[[Gaza war]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[KB Mashinostroyeniya|KBM]] ([[Kolomna]])
| design_date        = c. 1964
| manufacturer       = 
| unit_cost          = {{currency|120000|USD}} (launcher with 5 missiles, export price to [[Libya]], 1972–1973)<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Efrat|first=Moshe|date=1983|title=The Economics of Soviet Arms Transfers to the Third World. A Case Study: Egypt|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/151253|journal=Soviet Studies|volume=35|issue=4|pages=437–456|doi=10.1080/09668138308411496|jstor=151253|issn=0038-5859|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
| production_date    = 
| number             = 
| variants           = See [[Strela-2#Versions|versions]]
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 
| weight             = 9.8 kg (21.6 lb) (Strela-2M missile)<ref name="new-factoria.ru">{{cite web|title=Переносной зенитно-ракетный комплекс 9К32М "Стрела-2М" |url=http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela_2m/strela_2m.shtml |publisher=New-factoria.ru |access-date=2013-08-24 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052733/http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela_2m/strela_2m.shtml |archive-date=2008-10-11 }}</ref><br />15&nbsp;kg (33.1 lb) (system, ready to fire)<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| length             = {{convert|1.44|m|ftin|abbr=on}}<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| part_length        = 
| width              = 
| height             = 
| diameter           = {{convert|72|mm|abbr=on}}<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| crew               = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications -->
| cartridge          = 
| caliber            = 
| barrels            = 
| action             = 
| rate               = 
| velocity           = 
| range              = {{convert|800|m|abbr=on}} (Strela-2M) (minimal range)<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| max_range          = {{convert|3,700|m|abbr=on}} (Strela-2)<br />
{{convert|4,200|m|abbr=on}} (Strela-2M)<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| feed               = 
| sights             = <!-- Explosive specifications -->
| filling            = 
| filling_weight     = {{cvt|1.15|kg|lb}} directed-energy blast fragmentation warhead (Strela-2M),<ref name="new-factoria.ru" /> {{cvt|370|g|oz}} HE content
| detonation         = Non-delay impact and grazing fuzes, 14–17 second delay self-destruct.
| yield              = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
| engine             = 
| engine_power       = 
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| wingspan           = 0.3&nbsp;m
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 
| vehicle_range      = 
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 50–1500 m (Strela-2)<br />50–2300&nbsp;m (Strela-2M)<ref name="new-factoria.ru" />
| boost              = 
| speed              = {{convert|430| m/s|abbr=on}} (Strela-2)<br />{{convert|500| m/s|abbr=on}}(Strela-2M)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela_2m/shema.htm |title=Зенитная управляемая ракета 9М32М &#124; Ракетная техника |publisher=New-factoria.ru |date=2010-11-14 |access-date=2013-08-24 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414080147/http://new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela_2m/shema.htm |archive-date=2009-04-14}}</ref>
| guidance           = Infra-red passive homing (AM-modulated reticle seeker head with uncooled PbS detector element), proportional navigation logic
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''9K32 Strela-2''' ({{langx|ru|Cтрела|lit=Arrow}}; [[NATO reporting name]] '''SA-7 Grail''') is a light-weight, shoulder-launched, [[surface-to-air missile]] or [[MANPADS]] system. It is designed to target aircraft at low altitudes with passive [[infrared homing|infrared-homing]] guidance and destroy them with a high-explosive [[warhead]].

Broadly comparable in performance with the [[United States Army|US Army]] [[FIM-43 Redeye]], the Strela-2 was the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] man-portable SAM – full-scale production began in 1970.<ref name="lbad">{{cite book|title=Jane's Land Based Air Defence 2005–2006|author=James C. O'Halloran|publisher=Jane's Information Group, London|edition=10th}}</ref> While the Redeye and 9K32 Strela-2 were similar, the missiles were not identical.

The Strela-2 was a staple of the [[Cold War]] and was produced in huge numbers for the Soviet Union and their allies, as well as [[revolutionary movements]].<ref name="2013a"/> Though since surpassed by more modern systems, the Strela and its variants remain in service in many countries, and have seen use in nearly every regional conflict since 1972.

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Development ==
The end of World War II led to a major shift in Soviet defence policy. The advent of long range, high altitude, nuclear-armed American bombers, capable of penetrating Soviet airspace at heights and speeds unreachable and unmatchable by [[anti-aircraft gun]]s and most interceptors, appeared to render every conventional weapon obsolete at a stroke. Numerous long-range, high-altitude SAM systems, such as the [[S-25 Berkut]] and [[SA-2|S-75 Dvina]], were rapidly developed and fielded to counter this large vulnerability. Due to the apparent [[obsolescence]] of conventional arms, however, relatively little development took place to field mobile battlefield air defences.

This direction was soon changed with the beginning of the [[Korean War]]. An entirely conventional conflict, it proved that nuclear weapons were not the be-all and end-all of warfare. In the face of a powerful and modern American air force, carrying non-nuclear payloads, the Soviet Union invested heavily in a multi-tier [[air defence system]], consisting of several new mobile SAMs, to cover all altitude ranges and protect ground forces. The new doctrine listed five requirements:
* [[Front (Soviet Army)|Front]]-level medium-to-high-altitude area defense system [[SA-4 Ganef|9K8 Krug]] (NATO designation SA-4 "Ganef")
* [[Army]]-level low-to-medium-range area defense system [[SA-6 Gainful|3K9 Kub]] (NATO designation SA-6 "Gainful")
* [[Division (military)|Division]]-level low-altitude short-range system [[SA-8 Gecko|9K33 Osa]] (NATO designation SA-8 "Gecko")
* [[Regiment]]-level all-weather radar-guided gun system [[ZSU-23-4]] "Shilka" and very-short-range missile systems [[9K31 Strela-1]] (NATO designation SA-9 "Gaskin")
* [[Battalion]]-level man-portable 9K32 Strela-2 (NATO designation SA-7 "Grail")
Both Strela-1 and Strela-2 were initially intended to be man-portable systems. As the Strela-2 proved to be a considerably smaller and lighter package, however, the role of the Strela-1 was changed, becoming a heavier, [[SA-9|vehicle-mounted system]] with increased range and performance to better support the [[ZSU-23-4]] in the regimental air defense role.
[[File:SA-7a components.jpg|thumb|right|SA-7a components. It is best distinguished by the squarish gripstock.]]

As development began in the Turopov [[OKB]] (later changed to Kolomna), detailed information on the design of the US [[FIM-43 Redeye]] became available. While it was not a [[reverse-engineered]] copy, in many ways the Strela design borrowed heavily from the Redeye, which had started development a few years earlier.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Due to the comparatively primitive Soviet technical base, development was protracted, and many problems arose, especially in designing a sufficiently small seeker head and rocket. Eventually, the designers settled for a simpler seeker head than that of the Redeye, allowing the initial version, the 9K32 "Strela-2" ([[United States Department of Defense|US DoD]] designation ''SA-7A'', missile round 9M32) to finally enter service in 1968, five years behind schedule. At the time, it was described by one expert as being "the premier Russian export line".<ref>''Twentieth Century Artillery'' ({{ISBN|1-84013-315-5}}), 2000, Ian Hogg, Chapter 6, p. 226.</ref>

=== Improvements ===
The initial variant suffered from numerous shortcomings: it could only engage targets flying at relatively slow airspeeds and low altitudes and then only from rear hemisphere, it suffered from poor guidance reliability (particularly in the presence of natural or man-made background IR radiation sources), and even when a hit was achieved, it often failed to destroy the target.<ref name="Lappi 2003">Lappi, Ahti: Ilmatorjunta Kylmässä Sodassa, 2003</ref><ref name="Fiszer 2004">On arrows and needles: Russia's Strela and Igla portable killers. [[Journal of Electronic Defense]], January 2004. Michal Fiszer and Jerzy Gruszczynski</ref> Poor lethality was an issue especially when used against jet aircraft: the hottest part of the target was the [[nozzle]] behind the actual engine, which the missile therefore usually hit; but there its small warhead often failed to cause significant damage to the engine itself.

In order to address the shortcomings, two improved versions were ordered in 1968; as an intermediate stop-gap the slightly improved 9K32M "Strela-2M" (NATO reporting name SA-7b) to replace the original, as well as the more ambitious [[9K34 Strela-3|Strela-3]].
[[File:SA-7b Grail.jpg|thumb|300px|Components of the most common variant, the 9K32M Strela-2M/SA-7b]]

As the modifications introduced with the Strela-2M were relatively minor, the process was fast and it was accepted in service in 1970.<ref name="Fiszer 2004" /> The Strela-2M replaced the Strela-2 in production lines immediately. Improvements were made particularly to increase the engagement envelope of the new system:<ref name="Lappi 2003" />
* Higher thrust propellant increased slant range from {{Convert|3.4 to 4.2|km||abbr=on}} and ceiling from {{Convert|1.5 to 2.3|km||abbr=on}}
* Improved guidance and control logic allowed the engagement of helicopters and propeller-driven aircraft (but not jets) approaching at a maximum speed of {{Convert|150|m/s|ft/s mph|abbr=on}}
* Maximum speed of receding targets was increased from {{Convert|220 to 260|m/s|ft/s mph|abbr=on}}
* More automated gripstock provided a simplified firing method against fast targets: a single trigger pull followed by lead and [[Elevation (ballistics)#Superelevation|superelevation]] replacing the separate stages of releasing the seeker to track, and launching the missile (see description below)

Contrary to what was initially reported in some Western publications, more recent information indicates that, while lethality on impact had proven to be a problem, the warhead remained the same {{Convert|1.17|kg|abbr=on|adj=on}} unit (including {{Convert|370|g||adj=on}} TNT charge) as in the original.<ref name="Arms-Expo.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051049050124052050050.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110126065453/http://www.arms-expo.ru/site.xp/049051049050124052050050.html|archive-date=2011-01-26 |title="Стрела-2" (9К32, SA-7, Grail), переносный зенитный ракетный комплекс — ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ, Информационное агентство |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |access-date=2013-08-24}}</ref> This remained the warhead of all Soviet MANPADS up to and including most [[9K38 Igla]] variants; to address the problem of poor lethality, a more powerful HE filling than TNT, improved fuzing, a terminal maneuver, and finally a separate charge to set off any remaining rocket fuel were gradually introduced in later MANPADS systems, but the original Strela-2/2M warhead design of a {{Convert|370|g||adj=on}} directed-energy HE charge in a pre-fragmented casing remained.

The seeker head improvements were only minor changes to allow better discrimination of the target signal against background emissions.<ref name="Lappi 2003" /><ref name="Arms-Expo.ru" /> Some sources claim that the seeker sensitivity was also improved.<ref name="Fiszer 2004" /> The only defence against infra-red [[countermeasures]] remained the seeker head's narrow [[field of view]], which could be hoped to help the rapidly slowing flare fall off the missile field of view as it was tracking a fast-moving target.<ref name="Lappi 2003" /> In practice, [[flare (countermeasure)|flares]] proved to be a highly effective countermeasure against both versions of the Strela-2.

The seeker is commonly referred to as a hot metal tracker. The seeker can only see infrared energy in the near infrared (NIR) spectrum, emitted by very hot surfaces only seen on the inside of the jet nozzle. This allows only rear-aspect engagement of jet targets, earning the weapon its other moniker as a revenge weapon, since the missile has to "chase" an aircraft after it has already passed by.

The Strela-2M was also procured for use on-board [[Warsaw Pact]] warships;<ref name="War Machine 1984">''War Machine'', issue 64 (magazine), 1984, Orbis Publications, p. 1274.</ref> installed on four-round pedestal mounts<ref name="War Machine 1984" /> aboard Soviet amphibious warfare vessels and various smaller combatants, the weapon remained unchanged, but was assigned the NATO reporting name SA-N-5 "Grail".<ref name="War Machine 1984" />

== Description ==
The missile launcher system consists of the green missile launch tube containing the missile, a grip stock and a cylindrical thermal battery. The launch tube is reloadable at depot, but missile rounds are delivered to fire units in their launch tubes. The device can be reloaded up to five times.<ref name="bellum.nu">{{cite web|url=http://www.bellum.nu/armoury/SA7Grail.html|title=SA-7 "Grail" (9K32 "Strela-2")|date=2007-03-07|publisher=bellum.nu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602221934/http://www.bellum.nu/armoury/SA7Grail.html|archive-date=2008-06-02|access-date=2013-08-24}}</ref>

[[File:SA-7 MANAPADS, air defense training in the US.jpg|thumb|upright|left|A Strela being aimed, the lens of the seeker clearly visible]]
When engaging slow or straight-receding targets, the operator tracks the target with the iron sights in the launch tube and applies half-trigger. This action "uncages" the seeker and allows its attempt to track. If a target IR signature can be tracked against the background present, this is indicated by a light and a buzzer sound. The shooter then pulls the trigger fully, and immediately applies lead and superelevation. This method is called a manual engagement. An automatic mode, which is used against fast targets, allows the shooter to fully depress the trigger in one pull followed by immediate lead and superelevation of the launch tube. The seeker will uncage and will automatically launch the missile if a strong enough signal is detected.

The manufacturer lists reaction time measured from the carrying position (missile carried on a soldier's back with protective covers) to missile launch to be 13 seconds, a figure that is achievable but requires considerable training and skill in missile handling. With the launcher on the shoulder, covers removed and sights extended, reaction time from fire command to launch reduces to 6–10 seconds, depending greatly on the target difficulty and the shooter's skill.

After activating the power supply to the missile electronics, the gunner waits for electricity supply and gyros to stabilize, puts the sights on target and tracks it smoothly with the launch tube's iron sights, and pulls the trigger on the grip stock. This activates the seeker electronics and the missile attempts to lock onto the target. If the target is producing a strong enough signal and the angular tracking rate is within acceptable launch parameters, the missile alerts the gunner that the target is locked on by illuminating a light in the sight mechanism, and producing a constant buzzing noise. The operator then has 0.8 seconds to provide lead to the target while the missile's on-board power supply is activated and the throw-out motor ignited.

Should the target be outside acceptable parameters, then the light cue in the sight and the buzzer signal tell the gunner to re-aim the missile.

On launch, the [[rocket motor|booster]] burns out before the missile leaves the launch tube at {{cvt|32|m/s|ft/s}} and rotating at around 20&nbsp;revolutions per second. As the missile leaves the tube, the two forward steering fins unfold, as do the four rear stabilizing tail fins. The self-destruct mechanism is then armed, which is set to destroy the missile after between 14 and 17&nbsp;seconds to prevent it hitting the ground if it should miss the target.

[[File:Fliegerfaust STRELA.jpg|thumb|left|Strela shortly after launch, fins unfurled, just before sustainer motor activation]]
Once the missile is five and a half meters away from the gunner, about 0.3&nbsp;seconds after leaving the launch tube, it activates the rocket sustainer motor. The sustainer motor takes it to a velocity of {{Convert|430|m/s|ft/s mph}}, and sustains it at this speed. Once it reaches peak speed, at a distance of around {{Convert|120|m|}} from the gunner, the final safety mechanism is disabled and the missile is fully armed. All told, the booster burns for 0.5&nbsp;seconds and the driving engine for another 2.0&nbsp;seconds.<ref name="bellum.nu" />

The missile's uncooled lead sulfide passive infra-red seeker head detects infrared radiation at below 2.8&nbsp;μm in wavelength. It has a 1.9&nbsp;degree field of view and can track at 9&nbsp;degrees per second. The seeker head tracks the target with an amplitude-modulated spinning reticle (spin-scan or AM tracking), which attempts to keep the seeker constantly pointed towards the target. The spinning reticle measures the amount of incoming infrared (IR) energy. It does this by using a circular pattern that has solid portions and slats that allow the IR energy to pass through to the seeker. As the reticle spins IR energy passes through the open portions of the reticle. Based on where the IR energy falls on the reticle the amount or amplitude of IR energy allowed through to the seeker increases the closer to the center of the reticle. Therefore, the seeker is able to identify where the center of the IR energy is. If the seeker detects a decrease in the amplitude of the IR energy it steers the missile back towards where the IR energy was the strongest. The seeker's design creates a dead-space in the middle of the reticle. The center mounted reticle has no detection capability. This means that as the seeker tracks a target as soon as the seeker is dead center, (aimed directly at the IR source) there is a decrease in the amplitude of IR energy. The seeker interprets this decrease as being off target so it changes direction. This causes the missile to move off target until another decrease in IR energy is detected and the process repeats itself. This gives the missile a very noticeable wobble in flight as the seeker bounces in and out from the dead-space. This wobble becomes more pronounced as the missile closes on the target as the IR energy fills a greater portion of the reticle. These continuous course corrections effectively bleed energy from the missile reducing its range and velocity.
[[File:sa-7.jpg|thumb|right|upright|A Soviet soldier posing with a Strela launcher]]

The guidance of the SA-7 follows proportional convergence logic, also known as angle rate tracking system or pro-logic. In this method, as the seeker tracks the target, the missile is turned towards where the seeker is turning towards – not where it is pointing at – relative to the missile's longitudinal axis. Against a target flying in a straight-line course at constant speed, the angle rate of seeker-to-body reduces to zero when the missile is in a straight-line flight path to intercept point.

== Combat use ==
As a consequence of their widespread availability and large numbers, the Strela system has seen use in conflicts across the globe.

=== Middle East ===
==== Egypt ====
The first combat use of the missile is credited as being in 1969 during the [[War of Attrition]] by Egyptian soldiers.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=41}} The first "kill" was claimed on 19 August 1969. An Israeli [[102 Squadron (Israel)|102 Squadron]] [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4H Skyhawk]] was hit with a shoulder-fired missile {{cvt|12|mi|km|order=flip}} west of the Suez Canal and pilot SqL Nassim Ezer Ashkenazi captured. Between this first firing and June 1970 the Egyptian army fired 99 missiles resulting in 36 hits. The missile proved to have poor kinematic reach against combat jets, and also poor lethality as many aircraft that were hit managed to return safely to base.

The missile was used later in the [[Yom Kippur War]],{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=42}}<ref name="cia">{{cite web |title=China's Search for Air Defense: On the Verge of Foreign Acquisitions? |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T01017R000605860001-5.pdf |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |date=8 April 1986 |access-date=2018-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123200122/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP86T01017R000605860001-5.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> where 4,356 Strelas were fired,{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=42}} scoring few hits and just 2<ref name="cia"/> to 4{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=42}} kills, with 26<ref name="cia"/> to 28{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=42}} damaged. A-4s were fitted with lengthened exhaust pipes in order to prevent fatal damage to the engine, a solution made in the previous war, together with flare launchers. However, together with [[ZSU-23-4|Shilka]] and [[SA-2]]/[[SA-3|3]]/[[SA-6|6s]], they caused very heavy losses to the [[Israeli Air Force]] in the first days. Subsequently, Arab forces fired so many SAMs that they almost depleted their weapon stocks. SA-7s were not that effective against fast jets, but they were the best weapon available to Arab infantry at the time.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

A Strela 2 was reportedly used by the Islamist militant group [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] to destroy an Egyptian military Mil-8 helicopter operating in the northern Sinai region on 26 January 2014 near Sheikh Zuweid (close to the border with Gaza), killing its five occupants. This is the first attack of this type during the [[Sinai insurgency]], which has raged on the peninsula due to the security and political turmoil since the [[2011 Egyptian revolution|2011 revolution]]. The MANPADS is reported by [[United Nations]] to have come from former Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s large stocks, which have been widely proliferated after [[2011 Libyan civil war|Libya's civil war]] chaos and have become a concern to regional and world security.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/world/middleeast/militants-down-egyptian-helicopter-killing-5-soldiers.html?_r=0|title=Militants Down Egyptian Helicopter, Killing 5 Soldiers|newspaper=The New York Times|date=27 January 2014|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201171902/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/27/world/middleeast/militants-down-egyptian-helicopter-killing-5-soldiers.html?_r=0|archive-date=1 February 2017|url-status=live|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David D.}}</ref>

==== Syria ====
The Strela was deployed by [[Syrian occupation of Lebanon|Syrian forces occupying Lebanon]], along with other Soviet air-defence systems that challenged U.S., French and Israeli airpower in the aftermath of the [[1982 Lebanon war|1982 conflict]] and the deployment of the [[Multinational Force in Lebanon]] during that year. On 10 November 1983, an SA-7 was fired at a French [[Super Etendard]] near [[Bourj el-Barajneh]] while flying over [[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]] [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) positions. On 3 December, more Strelas and anti-aircraft artillery (AAA) were fired at [[United States Navy]] [[F-14 Tomcat]]s flying a reconnaissance mission.<ref name="acig.org" /><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/02/13/when-america-attacked-syria/|website=Politics, Power, and Preventive Action|title=When America Attacked Syria|publisher=Council on Foreign Relations|access-date=5 October 2014|author=[[Micah Zenko]]|date=13 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007022547/http://blogs.cfr.org/zenko/2012/02/13/when-america-attacked-syria/|archive-date=7 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Americans responded with a large strike package of 12 [[A-7 Corsair]]s and 16 [[A-6 Intruder]]s (supported by a single [[E-2C Hawkeye]], two [[EA-6B Prowlers]] and two F-14As) launched from the carriers {{USS|John F. Kennedy|CV-67}} and {{USS|Independence|CV-62}} sailing in the Mediterranean. The aircraft were to bomb Syrian installations, AAA sites and weapons depots near Falouga and [[Hammana]], some {{cvt|16|km|mi|0}} north of [[Beirut]]-[[Damascus]] highway, when they were received by a volley of (possibly up to 40) Syrian SAMs, one of which hit a Corsair (AE305 of the [[VFA-15|VA-15]]), forcing the pilot to eject over the sea before being rescued by a USN [[search and rescue]] mission.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

The attack formation broke, with each pilot attacking each objective on its own, leading to the downing of a second U.S. aircraft, an Intruder from VA-85, hit by either an SA-7 or an SA-9. The navigator, Lieutenant [[Bobby Goodman]] ejected near a village surrounded by Syrian positions. The pilot, Lt. Mark Lange, ejected too late and died from his wounds soon after being captured by Syrian soldiers and Lebanese civilians. Goodman was captured by the Syrians and taken to Damascus before being freed in January 1984.<ref name="acig.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_278.shtml |title=Disaster in Lebanon: US and French Operations in 1983 |publisher=Acig.org |date=26 September 2003 |author=Tom Cooper |author2=Eric L. Palmer |name-list-style=amp|access-date=2013-08-24 |url-status=usurped  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007221102/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_278.shtml |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="ejection-history.org.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1983.htm |title=2005 |publisher=Ejection-history.org.uk |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921120145/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/PROJECT/YEAR_Pages/1983.htm |archive-date=2013-09-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A second Corsair, searching for the downed Intruder crew, was later hit by an SA-7. The pilot, Cdr. Edward Andrews, managed to eject over the sea near Beirut and was rescued by a fisherman and his son who in turn handed him over to the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S Marines]].<ref name="acig.org" /><ref name="ejection-history.org.uk" />

During the [[Syrian civil war|civil war]], several Strelas have made their way to [[Syrian opposition to Bashar al-Assad|rebel hands]], and YouTube videos have shown them being fired. In 2013, ''[[Foreign Policy Magazine|Foreign Policy]]'', citing rebels sources, reported the shipment, with Qatari help, of some 120 SA-7s from Libya (with large stocks acquired by Gaddafi and proliferated after that country's civil war) through Turkey and with Turkish authorities' knowledge.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/the-risky-missile-systems-that-syrias-rebels-believe-they-need/?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first=C.J. |last=Chivers |title=The Risky Missile Systems That Syria's Rebels Believe They Need |date=24 July 2013 |access-date=22 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222175039/http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/07/24/the-risky-missile-systems-that-syrias-rebels-believe-they-need/?_r=0 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/africa/in-a-turnabout-syria-rebels-get-libyan-weapons.html?ref=world&_r=0 | work=The New York Times | first1=C. J. | last1=Chivers | first2=Eric | last2=Schmitt | first3=Mark | last3=Mazzetti | title=In Turnabout, Syria Rebels Get Libyan Weapons | date=21 June 2013 | access-date=4 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724184924/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/22/world/africa/in-a-turnabout-syria-rebels-get-libyan-weapons.html?ref=world&_r=0 | archive-date=24 July 2016 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Lebanon ====
On 24 June 1974, Palestinian guerrillas operating in southern Lebanon fired two SA-7s against invading [[Israel Air Force]] (IAF) aircraft, though no hits were scored.<ref name="Beirut7015">See US State Department Cable Beirut 7015, 20 June 1974.</ref>

The Lebanese [[Al-Mourabitoun]] militia received either from Syria or the PLO a number of SA-7s, which they employed against [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) [[fighter jets|fighter-bomber jets]] during the [[1982 Lebanon War]].<ref name="auto">Samer Kassis, ''Invasion of Lebanon 1982'', Abteilung 502, 2019, p. 196. {{ISBN|978-84-120935-1-3}}</ref>

During the 1983–84 [[Mountain War (Lebanon)|Mountain War]], the [[Druze in Lebanon|Druze]] [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)|People's Liberation Army]] (PLA) militia received from Syria a number of Strela missiles, which were used to bring down two [[Lebanese Air Force]] [[Hawker Hunter]] [[fighter jets]]<ref>Ken Guest, ''Lebanon'', in ''Flashpoint! At the Front Line of Today's Wars'', Arms and Armour Press, London 1994, p. 106. {{ISBN|1-85409-247-2}} This source reports on the loss of an American-made F-16, though the plane was actually an Israeli-made Kfir.</ref> and one Israeli [[IAI Kfir]] [[fighter-bomber aircraft]], on 20 November over the mountainous [[Chouf district]] southeast of [[Beirut]] (the pilot was rescued by the [[Lebanese Armed Forces|Lebanese Army]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jta.org/1983/11/21/archive/israeli-plane-shot-down-by-surface-to-air-missiles-over-lebanon|title=Israeli Plane Shot Down by Surface-to-air Missiles over Lebanon|date=21 November 1983}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1983/11/21/israelis-bomb-lebanese-sites-lose-one-plane/72852c73-52a8-4913-9901-3278bfdb9a7c/ |title=Israelis Bomb Lebanese Sites, Lose One Plane |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=1983-11-21 |accessdate=2021-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/21/world/israeli-jets-bomb-palestinian-bases-in-lebanon-hills.html |title=Israeli Jets Bomb Palestinian Bases In Lebanon Hills – The New York Times |work=[[The New York Times]] |date= 21 November 1983|accessdate=2021-11-20|last1=Friedman |first1=Thomas L. }}</ref> The [[Maronite Christianity in Lebanon|Christian Maronite]] [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces militia]] (LF) also received from Iraq a number of Strela missiles in 1988–89.<ref>Samer Kassis, ''30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon'', Beirut: Elite Group, 2003, p. 36. {{ISBN|9953-0-0705-5}}</ref>

The [[Shia Islam in Lebanon|Shiite]] [[Hezbollah]] guerrilla group also acquired some Strelas in the late 1980s and fired them against Israeli aircraft in November 1991.<ref>Nicolas Blanford (2011) ''Warriors of God: Inside Hezbollah's Thirty-Year Struggle Against Israel''. New York: Random House.</ref> Since then, they have fired many Strelas against Israeli aircraft, including two against Israeli warplanes on 12 June 2001 near [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], but have never scored a hit.<ref name="Terrorists known to possess SAMs">{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/11/28/missiles/index.html | work=CNN | title=Terrorists known to possess SAMs | date=2002-11-28 | access-date=2010-05-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322084549/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/africa/11/28/missiles/index.html | archive-date=2011-03-22 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Iraq ====
In the early dawn of 31 January 1991 during the [[Battle of Khafji]] in [[Operation Desert Storm]], an Iraqi soldier shot down an American [[AC-130H]] gunship with a Strela 2, killing all 14 crewmembers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.specialoperations.com/Memorial/spirit.html |title=Spirit 03 and the Battle for Khafji |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025094548/http://www.specialoperations.com/Memorial/spirit.html |archive-date=25 October 2008 }}</ref>

Strela-2 missiles have been used against [[Turkish Army]] helicopters by the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party|PKK]] in northern [[Iraq]]. During [[Operation Hammer (1997)|Operation Hammer]]; on 18 May 1997, a Strela-2 missile was used to shoot down an [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1W Super Cobra]] attack helicopter. On 4 June 1997, another Strela was used to bring down a Turkish Army [[Eurocopter AS532 Cougar|AS-532UL Cougar]] transport helicopter in the [[Zakho]] area, killing the 11 soldiers on board.<ref name="friedenskooperative.de">{{cite web |url=http://www.friedenskooperative.de/themen/turkhg52.htm |title=Netzwerk Friedenskooperative – Themen – Türkei/Kurdistan-Invasion – turkhg52 |publisher=Friedenskooperative.de |date=1997-06-06 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514122206/http://www.friedenskooperative.de/themen/turkhg52.htm |archive-date=2013-05-14 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=75609 |title=ASN Aircraft accident 04-JUN-1997 Aérospatiale AS 532UL Cougar 140 |publisher=Aviation-safety.net |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120308/http://aviation-safety.net/wikibase/wiki.php?id=75609 |archive-date=2014-05-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/1997/06/07/p01.html |title=Sabah Politika Haber |publisher=Arsiv.sabah.com.tr |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023042230/http://arsiv.sabah.com.tr/1997/06/07/p01.html |archive-date=2011-10-23 |url-status=live }}</ref> The video of the first attack was used extensively for PKK propaganda and eventually released to the Internet. Greece and [[Serbia]]'s intelligence services, as well as Iran, Syria, Armenia, and Cyprus were traced as possible sources of the missiles.<ref name="friedenskooperative.de" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/12/black-market-missiles-turkey.html |title=Rebel Missiles Could End Up Being a Nightmare for Turkey – Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East |publisher=Al-Monitor |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517081239/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/security/01/12/black-market-missiles-turkey.html |archive-date=2013-05-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

A Strela-2 missile is said to have been used in April 2005, when members of the insurgents shot down an [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopter operated by [[Blackwater Worldwide|Blackwater]], killing all 11 crew members. The [[Islamic Army in Iraq]] took responsibility for the action and a video showing the downing was released on the Internet.<ref name="burn">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/23/international/middleeast/23iraq.html|author=John F. Burns|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=Video Appears to Show Insurgents Kill a Downed Pilot|date=23 April 2005 |access-date=2013-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517103619/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/23/international/middleeast/23iraq.html|archive-date=2013-05-17|url-status=live}}</ref> The missile launcher is not visible on the video, however, making it impossible to confirm the type of MANPADS used.

The spate of helicopter shoot-downs during 2006 and 2007 in Iraq has been partly attributed to the prevalence of the Strela amongst Sunni insurgent groups of that time;<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2007/02/19/why_are_us_helicopters_getting_shot_down_in_iraq |title=Why are U.S. helicopters getting shot down in Iraq? &#124; FP Passport |publisher=Blog.foreignpolicy.com |date=2007-02-19 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717073655/http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2007/02/19/why_are_us_helicopters_getting_shot_down_in_iraq |archive-date=2011-07-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> while [[al Qaeda]] is said to have produced an hour-long training video on how to use SA-7s.<ref name="Terrorists known to possess SAMs" />

==== Saudi Arabia ====
In late 2001, a Sudanese man with links to [[Al-Qaida]] fired an SA-7 at an American [[F-15 Eagle]] fighter taking off from [[Prince Sultan Air Base]] in Saudi Arabia. The missile missed the target and was not detected by the pilot or anyone at the base. Saudi police found the empty launcher in the desert in May 2002, and a suspect was arrested in [[Sudan]] a month later. He led police to a cache in the desert where a second missile was buried.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/14/us/traces-of-terror-the-dragnet-sudanese-says-he-fired-missile-at-us-warplane.html |title=Traces of Terror: The Dragnet; Sudanese Says He Fired Missile at U.S. Warplane |website=New York Times |date=14 June 2002 |access-date=19 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107141805/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/14/us/traces-of-terror-the-dragnet-sudanese-says-he-fired-missile-at-us-warplane.html |archive-date=7 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Gaza ====
During October 2012, militants in Gaza fired a Strela at an [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] helicopter.<ref name="haaretz.com">{{cite web |last=Harel |first=Amos |url=https://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/for-first-time-palestinians-in-gaza-fire-missile-at-iaf-helicopter.premium-1.470387 |title=For first time, Palestinians in Gaza fire missile at IAF helicopter Israel News Broadcast |publisher=Haaretz |date=2012-10-16 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815011305/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/for-first-time-palestinians-in-gaza-fire-missile-at-iaf-helicopter.premium-1.470387 |archive-date=2013-08-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> During [[Operation Pillar of Defense]], [[Hamas]] released a video purporting to be a Strela missile launch at an [[Israeli Air Force|IAF]] target.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/19/small_arms_big_problems |title=Small Arms, Big Problems – By Damien Spleeters |publisher=Foreign Policy |date=2012-11-19 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609222818/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/11/19/small_arms_big_problems |archive-date=2013-06-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> In March 2013, one was also reportedly fired  from Gaza at an IAF helicopter.<ref name="haaretz.com" />

In October 2023, Hamas claimed to have used these missiles to down an IAF helicopter during the [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Al-Qassam Brigades of Hamas are claiming to have Targeted and Struck an Israeli Helicopter operating to the East of the Al-Buriej Camp in Southern Gaza with a 9K32 "Strela-2" Man-Portable Air Defense System; so far there has been No Statement from the IDF on any such Incident.|url=https://twitter.com/sentdefender/status/1717421598230065461 |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref>

==== Yemen ====
[[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]] allegedly shot down a UAE Mirage fighter jet with a Strela during the [[Yemeni Civil War (2014–present)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-hls.com/2016/04/al-qaeda-brought-down-jet-with-surface-to-air-missile/|title=Al-Qaeda Brought Down Jet With Surface-to-Air Missile – iHLS Israel Homeland Security|first=|last=|website=i-hls.com|date=4 April 2016|access-date=12 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312202507/http://i-hls.com/2016/04/al-qaeda-brought-down-jet-with-surface-to-air-missile/|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Houthi]] rebels were seen carrying 9K32 Strela-2s.<ref name="jhfhjsda">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwlZvg-K9rk|title=YouTube|website=youtube.com|access-date=2017-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406174123/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CwlZvg-K9rk|archive-date=2017-04-06|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Southeast Asia ===
[[File:Holes caused by the SA-7 missile blast at the tail section of AC-130 gunship (left).jpg|thumb|right|Damage to an AC-130 gunship caused by an SA-7, May 1972]]
The Strela-2 system was also given to [[North Vietnam]], where along with the more advanced Strela-2M it achieved 204 hits out of 589 firings against US and [[South Vietnam]]ese aircraft between 1972 and 1975 according to Russian sources.<ref name="Arms-Expo.ru" /> (Some sources, such as Fiszer (2004),<ref name="Fiszer 2004" /> claim that it was used from 1968 onwards).

Roughly 95–120 kills and several dozen damaged are attributed to Strela-2/2M hits between April 1972 and the [[Fall of Saigon]] in April 1975, almost all against helicopters and propeller-driven aircraft. As in the War of Attrition, the missile's speed and range proved insufficient against fast jets and results were poor: only one U.S. [[A-4 Skyhawk]], one U.S. [[F-4 Phantom]] and three South Vietnamese [[F-5 Freedom Fighter]] are known to have been shot down with Strela-2s during the conflict.

U.S. fixed-wing losses are listed in the following table.<ref name="Hobson 2002">''Vietnam Air Losses'', Christopher Hobson, 2002</ref> The internet site Arms-expo.ru states 14 fixed-wing aircraft and 10 helicopters were shot down with 161 missile rounds used between 28 April and 14 July 1972.<ref name="Arms-Expo.ru" /> Between April 1972 and January 1973, 29 fixed-wing aircraft and 14 helicopters were shot down  (01 F-4, 7 O-1, 03 O-2, 04 [[OV-10]], 09 [[A-1 Skyraider|A-1]], 04 [[Cessna A-37 Dragonfly|A-37]], 01 [[CH-47]], 04 [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|AH-1]], 09 [[UH-1]])<ref>{{cite web|author=Dân Trí |url=https://dantri.com.vn/the-gioi/nguoi-nga-noi-that-ve-chien-tranh-viet-nam-1431204287.htm |title=Người Nga nói thật về Chiến tranh Việt Nam &#124; Báo Dân trí |publisher=Dantri.com.vn |date=2015-05-02 |accessdate=2022-03-08}}</ref> The difference in fixed-wing losses may be at least partly due to South Vietnamese aircraft shot down by the weapon.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Date
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Type
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Unit
! colspan=2 scope="col"|Altitude when hit
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Casualties
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Mission
! rowspan=2 scope="col"|Location
|-
! ft
! m
|-
| 1972-05-01
| O-2A
| 20th TASS
| <!--altitude-->
| <!--delete this row if adding altitude information-->
| 0
| FAC
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-05-01
| A-1H
| 1 SOS
| {{convert|3500|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 0
| SAR
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-05-02
| A-1E
| 1 SOS
| {{convert|5500|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 0
| SAR
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-05-02
| A-1G
| 1 SOS
| {{convert|6500|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1 WIA
| SAR
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-05-02
| UH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 5 KIA
| 
|Quang Tri<ref name=tien>{{cite web|url=https://tienphong.vn/strela-no-than-gay-khiep-dam-tren-chien-truong-viet-nam-post637143.tpo|title = Strela – 'Nỏ thần' gây khiếp đảm trên chiến trường Việt nam|date = 17 July 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 1972-05-11
| AH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|A Loc<ref name=tien/>
|-
| 1972-05-11
| O-2
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|A Loc<ref name=tien/>
|-
| 1972-05-11
| O-2
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|An Loc<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-05-14
| O-1
|
| {{convert|4000|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 0
| FAC
| An Loc
|-
| 1972-05-22
| F-4
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|
|-
| 1972-05-24
| UH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 4 KIA
| 
|Hue<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-05-24
| AH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|An Loc<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-05-25
| OV-10
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|Hue<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-05-26
| TA-4F
| H&MS-15
| {{convert|4500|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 0
| armed recce
| Hue
|-
| 1972-06-11
| OH-6
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|Hue<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-06-18
| AC-130A
| 16 SOS
| <!--altitude-->
| <!--delete this row if adding altitude information-->
| 12 KIA
| armed recce
| A Shau
|-
| 1972-06-20
| AH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 2 KIA
| 
|An Loc<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-06-21
| AH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|An Loc<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-06-29
| OV-10A
| 20 TASS
| {{convert|6500|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 1 KIA
| FAC
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-07-02
| O-1
|
| <!--altitude-->
| <!--delete this row if adding altitude information-->
| 0
| FAC
| Phum Long (Cambodia)
|-
| 1972-07-05
| A-37
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|Hue<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-07-11
| [[CH-53]]
|
| <!--altitude-->
| <!--delete this row if adding altitude information-->
| 46 KIA<ref>{{cite book |last1=Melson |first1=Charles D. |last2=Arnold |first2=Curtis G. |title=U.S. Marines in Vietnam, The war that would not end, 1971-1973 |date=1991 |publisher=History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps |url=https://www.usmcu.edu/Portals/218/U_S_%20Marines%20in%20Vietnam%20The%20war%20that%20would%20not%20end%201971-1973%20PCN%2019000311200.pdf |id=PCN 190 003112 00}}</ref>
| Transport
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1972-10-31
| CH-47
| 
| 
| 
| 15 KIA
| 
|Sai Gon<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-11-23
| O-2
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|An Loc<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1972-03-12
| AH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 0
| 
|
|-
| 1972-12-19
| OV-10A
| 20 TASS
| <!--altitude-->
| <!--delete this row if adding altitude information-->
| 1 KIA
| FAC
| Quang Tri
|-
| 1973-01-08
| UH-1
| 
| 
| 
| 6 KIA
| 
|Quang Tri<ref name=tien />
|-
| 1973-01-27
| OV-10A
| 23 TASS
| {{convert|6000|ft|m|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| 2 MIA
| FAC
| Quang Tri
|}

The table shows heavy losses particularly in the beginning of May, with especially lethal results on the 1st and 2nd, where the shootdown of the O-2 FAC led to further losses when a rescue operation was attempted. After these initial losses, changes in tactics and widespread introduction of decoy flares helped to counter the threat, but a steady flow of attrition {{Clarify|date=November 2010}} and necessity of minimizing time spent in the Strela's engagement envelope nonetheless continued to limit the effectiveness of US battlefield air operations until the end of US involvement in South-East Asia. The United States lost at least 10 AH-1 Cobras and several UH-1 Hueys to Strela-2/2M hits in South East Asia.

From 28 January 1973 to July 1973, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force lost 8 aircraft and helicopter with 22 missile rounds used (1 A-37, 3 A-1, 1 F-5, 2 UH-1, 1 CH-47)<ref name=tien /> From January 1973 to December 1974, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force lost at least 28 planes and helicopters to Strela-2s.{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=42}}

In [[1975 spring offensive]], a few dozen aircraft and helicopter were shot down by SA-7s. On 14 April, one F-5 was shot down<ref>{{cite web|author=Ý kiến của bạn |url=https://sknc.qdnd.vn/ky-niem-sau-sac/ha-guc-f-5-502197 |title=Hạ gục F-5 |publisher=Sknc.qdnd.vn |date= |accessdate=2022-03-08}}</ref> In [[Ho Chi Minh campaign]], PAVN claimed 34 aircraft and helicopter were shot down by SA-7s, including 9 on 29 April<ref>{{cite web|url=https://soha.vn/ngay-cuoi-bi-tham-cua-khong-quan-viet-nam-cong-hoa-20171123150210531.htm |title=Ngày cuối bi thảm của Không quân Việt Nam Cộng hòa |publisher=Soha.vn |date= 24 November 2017|accessdate=2022-03-08}}</ref>

Vietnam claims that throughout the war, PAVN gunner Hoàng Văn Quyết fired 30 missiles and shotdown 16 aircraft.<ref>{{cite web | url= https://danviet.vn/nguoi-giu-ky-luc-dinh-cao-suot-50-nam-nay-trong-lich-su-phong-khong-the-gioi-la-mot-nguoi-viet-nam-20210407091924391.htm | title=Kỷ lục đỉnh cao suốt 50 năm nay trong lịch sử phòng không thế giới| date=7 April 2021}}</ref>

In the late 1980s, Strela-2s were used against [[Royal Thai Air Force]] aircraft by Laotian and Vietnamese forces during numerous border clashes. An RTAF F-5E was damaged on 4 March 1987 and another F-5E was shot down on 4 February 1988 near the Thai-Cambodian border.

=== Western Asia ===
==== Afghanistan ====
[[File:Mujahid-MANPAD.JPEG|thumb|right|An Afghan [[Mujahid]] with a Strela 2]]

In 1977, the [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic of Afghanistan]] received the Strela-2M for use by the [[Afghan Army]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Volume XII, Afghanistan |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v12/d5 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> The Strela-2M was used also in Afghanistan during the [[Soviet–Afghan War]] by the Mujahiddeen. The missiles were obtained from various sources, some from Egypt and China (locally manufactured Sakr Eye and HN-5 versions of the SAM), and the CIA also assisted the guerrillas in finding missiles from other sources.

Results from combat use were not dissimilar from experiences with the Strela-2/2M from Vietnam: while 42 helicopters were shot down by various Strela-2 variants (including a few Mi-24s until exhaust shrouds made them next to invisible to the short-wavelength Strela-2 seeker) only five fixed-wing aircraft were destroyed with the weapon. Due to its poor kinematic performance and vulnerability to even the most primitive infra-red countermeasures, the guerrillas considered the Strela-2 suitable for use against helicopters and prop-driven transports, but not combat jets.

However, the recent studies and interviews after the Cold war say that most Strelas sold to the Mujahiddeen on the black market were broken/damaged or faulty. This is possibly another reason why the Soviet army in Afghanistan didn't expect working anti-aircraft missiles like the [[FIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] to be used.<ref>"Roads of terror", ep. 1 [[Planète (TV channel)|Planete]] documentary film</ref>

On 22 July 2007 the first reported attack of the [[Taliban]] against a [[International Security Assistance Force|coalition]] aircraft using MANPADS was reported. The weapon was reported to be an SA-7 allegedly smuggled from Iran to the Taliban. The missile failed after the crew of the USAF C-130, flying over the [[Nimroz province]], launched flares and made evasive manoeuvers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Coghlan |first=Tom |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/1558756/Taliban-in-first-heat-seeking-missile-attack.html |title=Taliban in first heat-seeking missile attack |website=Telegraph |date=2007-07-28 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315183223/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/majornews/1558756/Taliban-in-first-heat-seeking-missile-attack.html |archive-date=2014-03-15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

However, most of the Strelas operated by al-Qaeda in Afghanistan are probably inherited from fighters that used it during the Soviet invasion. Most are probably faulty, broken or in other ways not usable (even from the beginning) against military helicopters, with the intercepts of NATO aviation by Stingers (acquired also during 80s) or other missiles.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}

==== Chechnya ====
Chechen forces had access to old Soviet stockpiles of Strela-2M and Igla missiles, as well former Soviet Army personnel trained to operate them. In the [[First Chechen War]] Russian forces lost about 38 aircraft of which 15 were caused by MANPADS with another 10 probably caused by MANPADS, while the rest were caused by other anti-aircraft weapons. During the [[Second Chechen war]] the Russians lost 45 helicopters and 8 fixed-wing aircraft, the majority presumably caused by MANPADS.{{sfn|Zaloga|2023|page=74}}

==== Georgia ====
The SA-7 saw heavy usage by all sides during the [[Georgian Civil War]]. The first known loss to an SA-7 happened on 13 June 1993, when a GAF [[Su-25]] was shot down by a Strela over Shubara. On two later occasions, Georgian airliners (a Tu-134A and a Tu-134B) were shot down by SA-7s, killing a total of 110 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skywar.ru/oldussr.html|title=CIS region – Авиация в локальных конфликтах – www.skywar.ru|website=skywar.ru|access-date=2017-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419153207/http://www.skywar.ru/oldussr.html|archive-date=2018-04-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Africa ===
==== Guinea-Bissau ====
[[PAIGC]] rebels [[Guinea-Bissau War of Independence|fighting for independence from Portugal]] began to receive SA-7s in early 1973, a development that immediately became a threat to Portuguese air supremacy. On 23 March 1973, two [[Portuguese Air Force]] (FAP) [[Fiat G.91]]s were shot down by SA-7s, followed six weeks later by another Fiat, and a [[Dornier Do 27]].<ref name="jfdm4">[http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=220&Itemid=47 CMS] {{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

==== Mozambique ====
[[FRELIMO]] fighters in [[Mozambique]] were also able to field some SA-7s with Chinese support, although the weapon is not known to have caused any losses to the FAP, even if it forced Portuguese pilots to change their tactics. In one case a [[Douglas DC-3]] carrying foreign military attaches and members of the senior Portuguese military command was hit by an SA-7 in one of the engines. The crippled plane managed to land safely and was later repaired.<ref name="bncccc">[http://s188567700.online.de/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=139&Itemid=47 CMS] {{dead link|date=August 2013}}</ref>

==== Angola ====
In Angola and Namibia, SA-7s were deployed against the [[South African Air Force]] with limited success. The SAAF lost [[Atlas Impala]]s to Strelas on 24 January 1980 and 10 October 1980. Another Impala was hit by an SA-7 on 23 December 1983, but the pilot was able to fly the aircraft back to Ondangwa AB.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111026224221/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_184.shtml Angola: Claims & Reality about SAAF Losses]}} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> [[UNITA]] also reportedly obtained 50 SA-7s that Israel had captured, via the [[CIA]]. The first one was fired at Cuban aircraft by a French mercenary on 13 March 1976, but the missile failed to hit the target. The individual missiles may have been in poor condition, as none scored a direct hit.<ref name="unit1961">{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20111026224215/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_181.shtml Angola since 1961]}} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> Additionally, it is claimed that UNITA used SA-7s to shoot down two [[Transafrik International]] [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|Lockheed L-100-30 Hercules]] flying UN charters, on 26 December 1998<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19981226-0 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119221653/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19981226-0 |date=2016-01-19 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> and 2 January 1999,<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990102-0 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121005915/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19990102-0 |date=2016-01-21 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> both near Huambo.<ref>[http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-1.pdf Man-Portable Air Defence Systems] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927082727/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-1.pdf |date=2011-09-27 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref>

==== Sudan ====
Using an SA-7, the [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]] shot down a [[Sudan Airways]] [[Fokker F27 Friendship|Fokker F-27 Friendship 400M]] taking off from [[Malakal]] on 16 August 1986, killing all 60 on board.<ref name=":0">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860816-0 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194142/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19860816-0 |date=2013-10-29 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> On 21 December 1989, an [[Aviation without Borders|Aviation Sans Frontières]] [[Britten-Norman Islander|Britten-Norman BN-2A-9 Islander]] (F-OGSM) was shot down by an SA-7 while taking off from [[Aweil]] Sudan, killing the four crew on board.<ref name=":0" />

==== Western Sahara ====
The [[Polisario Front]] used SA-7s against the [[Royal Moroccan Air Force]] and [[Military of Mauritania|Mauritanian Air Force]] during the [[Western Sahara War]] over the former Spanish colonies of the [[Spanish Sahara]]. The Mauritania Air Force lost a [[Britten-Norman Defender]] to a SA-7 fired by the Polisario on 29 December 1976.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120729081514/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_352.shtml Morocco, Mauritania & West Sahara since 1972]}} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> Between 1975 and 1991, the Royal Moroccan Air Force has lost several [[Northrop F-5]]A Freedom Fighters and [[Dassault Mirage F1]]s to SA-7s fired by the Polisario.<ref>[http://www.skywar.ru/afric.html Western Sahara war 1975–1991] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004200445/http://skywar.ru/afric.html |date=2011-10-04 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> In a case of mistaken identity, a [[Dornier 228]] owned by the [[Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research]] was shot down over the Western Sahara near [[Dakhla, Western Sahara|Dakhla]] on 24 February 1985. Two Dornier 228s named Polar 2 and [[Polar 3]] were on a return flight to Germany following a South Pole expedition. After having taken off from [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]], en route to [[Arrecife]], [[Canary Islands]], flying 5 minutes behind Polar 2 and at a lower altitude of {{cvt|9000|ft|m|order=flip}}, Polar 3 was shot down by a SA-7 fired by the Polisario.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19850224-0 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024041259/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19850224-0 |date=2012-10-24 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> The crew of three was killed. In another incident, on 8 December 1988, two [[Douglas DC-7]]CFs flying at {{cvt|11000|ft|m|order=flip}} from Dakar, Senegal to [[Agadir]], Morocco for a locust control mission there, had SA-7s fired at them by the Polisario. One aircraft, N284, was hit and lost one of its engines and part of a wing. This led to the aircraft crashing, killing the crew of five.<ref name=":1">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19881208-1 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203231234/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19881208-1 |date=2016-02-03 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> The other aircraft, N90804, also was hit and lost an engine along with suffering other damage, but it was able to land safely at [[Sidi Ifni]] Morocco.<ref name=":1" />

==== Airliner attacks ====
During the [[Rhodesian Bush War]], members of the military wing of the [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]] brought down two [[Vickers Viscount]] civilian airliners near [[Kariba, Zimbabwe|Kariba]]; the first in September 1978, the second in February 1979. There was great loss of life in both instances as the flights were returning from a well known tourist attraction.<ref name="Rhodesia">{{cite book | author = Anthony Trethowan| title = Delta Scout: Ground Coverage operator|edition= 2008|page= 184 | publisher = 30deg South Publishers| isbn= 978-1-920143-21-3| year = 2008}}</ref>
* Vickers Viscount, [[Air Rhodesia Flight 825|Flight RH825]], 3 September 1978 – downed by a Strela missile near Kariba Dam. After initial impact, the pilot was able to make an emergency landing in a nearby field but the aircraft broke up on impact. Eighteen of the fifty-six passengers in the tail section survived the crash. Ten of these survivors were shot dead at the crash-site by insurgents, who later looted the bodies and wreckage.<ref name="Rhodesia" />
* Vickers Viscount, [[Air Rhodesia Flight RH827|Flight RH827]], 12 February 1979 – shot by down Strela missile near Kariba Dam; all 59 people on board were killed.

UNITA claimed that they used one to shoot down a [[TAAG Angola Airlines|TAAG]] [[Boeing 737]]-2M2 taking off from [[Lubango]] on 8 November 1983.<ref name=":2">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19831108-0 Criminal Occurrence description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606102709/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19831108-0 |date=2011-06-06 }} Retrieved 4 October 2011.</ref> A [[Lignes Aériennes Congolaises]] [[Boeing 727]]-30 taking off from [[Kindu]] was shot down by an SA-7 fired by rebel forces in 1998, killing all 41 on board.<ref name=":2" /> Two missiles were fired at a [[Boeing 757]] during the [[2002 Mombasa attacks]] in [[Kenya]]. Neither missile struck its target.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtic/jtic030813_1_n.shtml |title=Proliferation of MANPADS and the threat to civil aviation |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080301103639/http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jtic/jtic030813_1_n.shtml |archive-date=1 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="ifri.org">{{cite web|last1=Bolkcom |last2=Elias |last3=Feickert |url=http://www.ifri.org/files/CFE/CFEbolkcom.pdf |title=MANPADs Threat to Commercial Aviation |publisher=[[Congressional Research Service]] |access-date=2013-08-24 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023145828/http://www.ifri.org/files/CFE/CFEbolkcom.pdf |archive-date=2012-10-23 }}</ref>

=== Latin America ===
==== Argentina ====
Strela-2M missiles were available to Argentinian troops in the Falkland Islands during the [[Falklands War]]. War Machine Encyclopedia shows no records of any launches, but several missiles were captured.<ref name="warrrrr">War Machine, Italian version printed by De Agostini, Novara, 1983, p.155</ref>

==== Nicaragua ====
The Strela-2 was used by both [[Sandinista Popular Army|Sandinista government forces]] and [[United States and state-sponsored terrorism#Nicaragua|US-backed]] [[Contras|''Contra'' insurgents]] during the [[Nicaraguan Revolution|1979–1990 civil war]].

On 3 October 1983, at about 10:00 am, Sandinista soldier Fausto Palacios used a Strela to shoot down a Contra-operated [[Douglas DC-3]] that had taken off from Catamacas airport in [[Honduras]], carrying supplies, over the area of Los Cedros, in the [[Nueva Segovia Department]]. One crewman died in the crash and four were captured by government forces. The pilot, Major Roberto Amador Alvarez, as well as his co-pilot Capt. Hugo Reinaldo Aguilar were former members of the extinct [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] of the former dictator [[Anastasio Somoza Debayle]].<ref name="skywar.ru">{{cite web|url=http://www.skywar.ru/sandinista.html|title=Nicaragua – Авиация в локальных конфликтах – www.skywar.ru|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228011852/http://www.skywar.ru/sandinista.html|archive-date=28 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsok.com/nicaragua-reports-shooting-down-rebel-dc-3-registered-in-oklahoma/article/2041813|title=Nicaragua Reports Shooting Down Rebel DC-3 Registered in Oklahoma|website=NewsOK.com|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100039/http://newsok.com/nicaragua-reports-shooting-down-rebel-dc-3-registered-in-oklahoma/article/2041813|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19840829&id=a_AaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UUcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4633,5731654|title=Daily News – Google News Archive Search|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312102049/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19840829&id=a_AaAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UUcEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4633,5731654|archive-date=12 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 27 August 1984, Sandinista soldier Fanor Medina Leyton shot down a Contra-operated [[Douglas C-47 Skytrain]] with a Strela. Sources differ over the attack and crash area: both a Russian source and Sandinista officials reported the [[Jinotega Department]], while the [[Aviation Safety Network]] reports the [[Quilalí]] area in the Nueva Segovia department. All eight occupants were killed. The pilot, José Luis Gutiérrez Lugo, was reported as a former pilot for the Somoza family. Sandinista and Contra forces subsequently battled for the control of six packages dropped from the plane.<ref name="skywar.ru" /><ref name=ASN270884>{{cite web |url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19840827-0 |title=Accident description |publisher=Aviation Safety Network |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102173017/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19840827-0 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/29/world/nicaragua-says-it-downed-a-rebel-supply-plane.html|title=Nicaragua says it downed a rebel supply plane|work=The New York Times |date=29 August 1984 |access-date=2017-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164124/http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/29/world/nicaragua-says-it-downed-a-rebel-supply-plane.html|archive-date=2016-03-06|url-status=live|last1=Kinzer |first1=Stephen }}</ref>

On 5 October 1986 a Corporate Air Services C-123 Provider (HPF821, previously N4410F and USAF 54-679, (c/n 20128))<ref>Omang, Joanne, and Wilson, George C., "Questions About Plane's Origins Grow", ''The Washington Post'', 9 October 1986, pages A-1, A-32.</ref> conducting a covert drop of arms to [[Contras|Contra]] fighters in [[Nicaragua]] was shot down by Sandinista soldier José Fernando Canales Alemán, using an SA-7. [[CIA]] pilots William J. Cooper and Wallace "Buzz" Sawyer as well as radio operator Freddy Vilches were killed in the crash. Loadmaster [[Eugene Hasenfus]] parachuted to safety and was taken prisoner. He was later released in December 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/ColdWar.html|title=Intrusions, Overflights, Shootdowns and Defections During the Cold War and Thereafter|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130514025909/http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/ColdWar.html|archive-date=14 May 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The flight had departed [[Ilopango Airport]], [[El Salvador]] loaded with 70 Soviet-made [[AK-47]] rifles and 100,000 rounds of ammunition, rocket grenades and other supplies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19861005-0|title=ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild C-123K Provider HPF821 San Carlos|date=5 October 1986|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006122530/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19861005-0|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 15 June 1987, a Contra-operated [[Beechcraft Baron]] 56TC (reg. N666PF, msn. TG-60) was hit by Sandinista anti-aircraft fire over the Nueva Segovia Department. The (formerly civilian) light [[utility aircraft]], which was removed from the US registry two years before,{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} and was reportedly modified to carry [[Rocket (weapon)|rockets]] for use in an [[air-to-ground]] light [[Attack aircraft|strike role]], was downed after an attack that reportedly included [[Airborne leaflet propaganda|dropping leaflets]] and, possibly, reconnaissance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Branigin |first=William |date=1987-06-25 |title=Contras Said to Break Up Sandinista Spy Network |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1987/06/25/contras-said-to-break-up-sandinista-spy-network/0ea367d3-5a7e-462c-a337-3c7fdad2e20a/ |access-date=2023-08-22 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyroler |first=Deborah |date=19 June 1987 |title=Contra Aircraft Downed By Sandinistas; Nicaraguan Government Identifies Three-man Crew |url=https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1709&context=noticen |access-date=7 August 2023 |website=University of New Mexico Digital Repository}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=Авиация Контрас - Авиация в локальных конфликтах - www.skywar.ru |url=http://www.skywar.ru/contras.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.skywar.ru}}</ref> The aircraft crashed {{cvt|6|km|mi|sigfig=1}} inside [[Honduras]], in an area known as ''Cerro El Tigre'' and its three occupants, all former military elements of the [[Somoza family|Somoza dictatorship]], were injured and captured after the crash landing and were treated in Honduras.<ref>Tyroler, 1987</ref> The pilot, Juan Gomez, a former colonel in Somoza's [[National Guard (Nicaragua)|National Guard]] was also reported to be the head of the Contra air force.<ref>Tyroler, 19 June 1987</ref> A [[Russia]]n source credits the Baron's downing to an Strela-2 fired from [[Murra, Nueva Segovia|Murra]] by Sandinista soldier Jose Manuel Rodriguez.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicaragua - Авиация в локальных конфликтах - www.skywar.ru |url=http://www.skywar.ru/sandinista.html |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=www.skywar.ru}}</ref>

==== El Salvador ====
[[FMLN]] rebels acquired SA-7 missiles around 1989 and employed them extensively in the closing years of the [[Salvadoran Civil War]], dramatically increasing the combat losses of [[Salvadoran Air Force]] aircraft. At least two [[O-2 Skymaster]]s (on 26 September and 19 November 1990), one [[A-37 Dragonfly]] (on 23 November 1990), two [[Hughes 500]] helicopters (2 February and 18 May 1990), and two [[UH-1H]]s were lost to SA-7s. One of the UH-1Hs (on 2 January 1991) was crewed by US Army personnel, while the other was operated by the [[Honduran Air Force]].<ref name="toooooooom">{{cite web|last=Cooper|first=Tom|title=El Salvador, 1980–1992|url=http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89&Itemid=47|publisher=ACIG.org|access-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116083135/http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=89&Itemid=47|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://fdra.blogspot.com/2011/10/conflictos-americanos-el-factor-aereo_28.html|title=Blog de las Fuerzas de Defensa de la República Argentina: Conflictos americanos: El factor aéreo en El Salvador, 1980–1992 (2/2)|publisher=Fdra.blogspot.com|access-date=2013-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116142646/http://fdra.blogspot.com/2011/10/conflictos-americanos-el-factor-aereo_28.html|archive-date=2014-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Colombia ====
In late December 2012, a video showing [[FARC]] rebels attempting to shoot down a [[Colombian Air Force]] [[UH-60 Black Hawk|Arpía]] helicopter with an SA-7 in the [[Cauca Department|Cauca]] raised the alarm in the Colombian military, though the missile failed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://analisis24.com/misiles-tierra-aire-sa-7-en-posesion-de-las-farc/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130407170536/http://analisis24.com/misiles-tierra-aire-sa-7-en-posesion-de-las-farc/|url-status=dead |title=Misiles tierra-aire SA-7 en posesión de las FARC – Analisis 24|date=7 April 2013|archive-date=7 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBnlqFU-aqU |title=Misiles Antiaéreos en Poder de las FARC. MANPAD SA-7 Strela |publisher=YouTube |date=2012-12-09 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920155108/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CBnlqFU-aqU |archive-date=2014-09-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> During that same month, a Strela was captured by the Colombian military. It is believed that they might came from Cuba, Nicaragua or Peru; the only Latin American operators of the type.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.webinfomil.com/2012/12/incautado-misil-antiaereo-en-el-cauca.html |title=Incautado Misil Antiaéreo SA-7 "Grail" a las FARC, en el Departamento del Cauca ~ WebInfomil |date=December 2012 |publisher=Webinfomil.com |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607043457/http://www.webinfomil.com/2012/12/incautado-misil-antiaereo-en-el-cauca.html |archive-date=2013-06-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Furthermore, the [[CIA]]'s motive to remove and destroy Chinese copies of the SA-7 (HN-5s) from Bolivia in 2005 was the fear of them reaching FARC rebels because, according to a US military magazine, "they used the HN-5 against Colombian-operated U.S-made helicopters".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20101206/revista-dice-que-misiles-chinos-eran-efectivos_102430_199541.html |title=Revista dice que misiles chinos eran efectivos |access-date=5 October 2014 |url-status=dead  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006110821/http://www.lostiempos.com/diario/actualidad/nacional/20101206/revista-dice-que-misiles-chinos-eran-efectivos_102430_199541.html |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> The [[Ecuadorian Army]] captured an HN-5 allegedly destined for the FARC in the border province of [[Sucumbíos Province|Sucumbíos]], near Colombia, in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webinfomil.com/2013/07/ejercito-ecuatoriano-incauta-misil.html|title=Ejercito Ecuatoriano incauta misil antiaéreo destinado a las FARC ~ Webinfomil|date=2 July 2013 |access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115330/http://www.webinfomil.com/2013/07/ejercito-ecuatoriano-incauta-misil.html|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YM3Dk3aZoo|title=Militares ecuatorianos descubren un misil cerca de la frontera con Colombia|website=YouTube|access-date=5 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624222150/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YM3Dk3aZoo|archive-date=24 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
==== Bosnia ====
The [[Army of Republika Srpska]], backed by the [[Armed Forces of Serbia and Montenegro]], used Strela-2M and upgraded Strela-2M/A missiles against Bosnian, Croatian, and NATO forces. On 3 September 1992, an [[Italian Air Force]] [[G.222]] transport was presumably shot down by an Strela-2M during a United Nations relief mission near Sarajevo. Serbian forces shot down a [[Croatian Air Force]] MiG-21 in September 1993 with a Strela-2M. On 17 December 1994, a [[French Navy]] [[Dassault Étendard IVP]] was hit by a Strela-2M, but managed to return to its carrier.{{sfn|Zaloga|2023|page=73}}

During [[Operation Deliberate Force]], NATO pilots were instructed to fly in medium altitudes to avoid Bosnian Serb MANPADS, such as the Strela-2 and the more modern Igla, although on 30 August 1995 a [[French Air Force]] [[Mirage 2000N]] was shot down by a Bosnian Serb MANPADS and its crew captured, the only aircraft lost during the campaign due hostile fire.{{sfn|Zaloga|2023|page=73}}

==== Northern Ireland ====
The [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) acquired some missiles from Libya. One was reported to have been fired at a [[British Army Air Corps]] [[Westland Lynx|Lynx]] helicopter in July 1991 in [[County Armagh|South Armagh]]; however, it missed its target.<ref>Jackson, Brian A., et al. ''Aptitude for Destruction, Volume 2: Case Studies of Organizational Learning in Five Terrorist Groups, Volume 2'' Rand Corporation, 5 May 2005, pg. 110.</ref> To counter the new threat, the British helicopters flew in pairs below 15 meters (50 feet) or above 150 meters (500 feet).<!--just a friendly question... How does flying in pairs protect against the missile?-->

==== Spain ====
In 2001, the Basque separatist group [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] tried on three occasions (29 April, 4 and 11 May) to use Strela&nbsp;2 missiles to shoot down the [[Dassault Falcon 900]] aircraft with the then-Spanish Prime Minister [[Jose Maria Aznar]] on board. The attempts, which were made near the [[San Sebastián Airport|Fuenterrabía]] and [[Foronda]] airports, were unsuccessful as each time the missiles failed to launch. In 2004, several systems were captured by the [[Civil Guard (Spain)|Civil Guard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.revistatenea.es/RevistaAtenea/REVISTA/articulos/GestionNoticias_1454_ESP.asp|title=ETA quiso atentar con misiles contra Aznar en 2001|access-date=5 October 2014|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218224634/http://www.revistatenea.es/RevistaAtenea/REVISTA/articulos/GestionNoticias_1454_ESP.asp|archive-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> Some Strela&nbsp;2 missiles were bought from the IRA in 1999, while Libya was tracked as the original source used by the IRA.<ref>{{cite web |last=Govan |first=Fiona |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7018862/Spanish-PM-saved-by-faulty-IRA-missile.html |title=Spanish PM 'saved' by faulty IRA missile |publisher=Telegraph |date=2010-01-18 |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004115456/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7018862/Spanish-PM-saved-by-faulty-IRA-missile.html |archive-date=2013-10-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Ukraine ====
During the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Germany reversed its ban on weapon sales to provide Ukraine with military support.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany reverses ban on weapon sales to Ukraine — as it happened|url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-reverses-ban-on-weapon-sales-to-ukraine-as-it-happened/a-60924798 |publisher=DW |date=2022-02-26}}</ref> On 23 March 2022, German Foreign Minister [[Annalena Baerbock]] confirmed the delivery of 500 Strela-2 missiles which were part of former [[East German]] arsenals.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deutschland sendet weitere »Strela«-Raketenwerfer in die Ukraine|url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/annalena-baerbock-deutschland-sendet-weitere-strela-raketenwerfen-in-die-ukraine-a-81694c51-3b22-4393-818c-00bcbf3d2762 |publisher=Spiegel |date=2022-03-23}}</ref>

== Versions ==
* '''9K32M Strela-2M''': "SA-7b Grail"
* '''Fasta-4M''': [[East German]] variant consisting 4 Strela-2Ms mounted to a fully rotating turret. used by the NVA and Volksmarine
* '''Strela 2M/A''': Yugoslav upgraded version with larger warhead
* '''[[:de:CA-94 (Flugabwehrrakete)|CA-94]]''' and '''CA-94M''': Romanian license-built versions of the 9K32 and 9K32M, respectively
* '''[[HN-5]]''': Chinese unlicensed copy
* '''[[Anza-2|Anza Mk-I]]''': Pakistani version based on SA-7.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/pakistan_pakistani_army_missile_systems_vehicles_u/anza_mk-i_mk-ii_mk-iii_man-portable_air_defense_missile_system_technical_data_sheet_specifications.html|title=Anza Mk-I Mk-II Mk-III Man- Portable air defense missile system|website=armyrecognition.com|date=8 May 2018 |access-date=2 April 2023}}</ref>
* '''Ayn al Saqr''' (عين الصقر; "Hawk Eye"): Egyptian copy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoieng/military/rockets/sakr_eye.html |title=ÇáäŮÇă ÇáŐÇŃćÎě Úíä ŐŢŃ |publisher=Aoi.com.eg |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216223700/http://www.aoi.com.eg/aoieng/military/rockets/sakr_eye.html |archive-date=2014-02-16 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Hwasung-Chong''': North Korean license-built copy of Egyptian Ayn al Saqr system<ref name="2013a" />

== Operators ==
<!--READ FIRST: This section is for cited entries only. Please do not add entries into this list without a citation from a reliable source. All entries without a citation will be removed. Thank you.-->[[File:9K32 operators.png|thumb|center|upright=1.8|Operators {{legend|#0360d5|Current}}{{legend|#dd001e|Former}}]]

=== Current operators ===
<!--Do not include operators of Chinese HN-5 unlicensed copy-->
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Al-Nasser_Salah_al-Deen_Brigades.svg}} [[Al-Nasser Salah al-Deen Brigades]]<ref name="longwarjournal.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/09/number_of_gaza_terro.php|title=Number of Gaza terror groups possess Strela 2 MANPADS|date=25 September 2013|publisher=FDD's Long War Journal|access-date=19 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719233553/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2013/09/number_of_gaza_terro.php|archive-date=19 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula]]<ref name="2013b">{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-31.pdf|title=Armed Actor Research Notes: ''Armed Groups' Holding of Guided Light Weapons''. Number 31, June 2013|publisher=Small Arms Survey|access-date=2018-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313111528/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-31.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al-Shabaab]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{ALG}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* Alliance for National Resistance<ref>{{cite web | url=https://reuters.com/article/chad-rebels-say-destroyed-army-helicopter-gunship-idUSL19594781/ | title=Chad rebels say destroyed army helicopter gunship | work=Reuters | date=19 January 2008 }}</ref>
* {{ANG}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Azerbaijan}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{BEN}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Boko Haram]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{BOT}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{BUL}}<ref name="2018b"/> license-built<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{BUR}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Burundi}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{CAM}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flag|Cape Verde}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{flag|Chad}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{CUB}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{CZE}}<ref name="2018b">{{cite journal| author=International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS)| author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies| title=The Military Balance 2018| journal=The Military Balance| volume=118| date=14 February 2018| language=en}}</ref> 
* {{flagicon image|Flagge FDLR.svg}} [[Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda]]: 2 systems<ref name = 'FDLR'>{{cite book|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf|chapter-url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Chapter-07-EN.pdf|chapter=Waning Cohesion: The Rise and Fall of the FDLR–FOCA|title=Small Arms Survey 2015: weapons and the world|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2015|author=[[Small Arms Survey]]|ref={{harvid|Small Arms Survey 2015}}|page=203|access-date=2018-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128065841/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/A-Yearbook/2015/eng/Small-Arms-Survey-2015-Highlights-EN.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-28|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flaglist|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Ecuador}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{EGY}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{ESA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-Land-Based-Air-Defence/El-Salvador-El-Salvador.html |title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's &#124; IHS |publisher=Janes.com |access-date=2013-08-24}}</ref>
* {{flag|Eritrea}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{ETH}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[File:Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg|25px]] [[Free Syrian Army]]<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{GEO}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{GHA}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{GUI}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{GNB}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{GUY}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} [[Hamas]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Popular Resistance Committees]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hezbollah]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Hizbul Mujahideen]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flaglist|Houthis}}<ref name="jhfhjsda"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/oryxspioenkop/status/801871645484912641|title=Oryx on Twitter|access-date=2018-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315051903/https://twitter.com/oryxspioenkop/status/801871645484912641|archive-date=2017-03-15|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{IND}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{IDN}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tnial.mil.id/berita/11382/KESATRIA-ELANG-PERKASA-GELAR-LATIHAN-PERTAHAN-UDARA-KOMPOSIT/ |title=KESATRIA ELANG PERKASA GELAR LATIHAN PERTAHAN UDARA KOMPOSIT |website=tnial.mil.id |date=4 September 2020 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=ID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indomiliter.com/strela-si-pengejar-panas-andalan-parchim-korps-marinir/ |title=Strela – Rudal Pemburu Panas Andalan Korvet Parchim dan Arhanud Korps Marinir |website=indomiliter.com |date=4 July 2011 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=ID}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indomiliter.com/al-1m-wujud-reinkarnasi-rudal-strela-dengan-proximity-fuse/ |title=AL-1M: Wujud Reinkarnasi Rudal Strela dengan Proximity Fuse |website=indomiliter.com |date=2 October 2016 |access-date=9 September 2025 |language=ID}}</ref>
* {{IRN}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Islamic State]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flag|Ivory Coast}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[Jaish al-Islam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MENASTREAM/status/957032740653694976|title=MENASTREAM on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{KUR}}<ref>{{cite book|title=The Military Balance 2016|date=February 2016|volume=116|isbn=9781857438352|publisher=Routledge |author=International Institute for Strategic Studies|author-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies |page=492}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan Workers' Party.svg}} [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (PKK)<ref name="friedenskooperative.de"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/TyrannosurusRex/status/792620395060920320|title=Turan Oguz on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* {{KUW}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{LAO}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{LBN}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{LBY}}<ref name="2002a">Thomas W. Zarzecki, (2002). Arms Diffusion: The Spread of Military Innovations in the International System. Routledge {{ISBN|0415935148}}</ref>
* [[Lord's Resistance Army]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{MLI}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* [[File:M23 Logo.png|23px]] [[March 23 Movement]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rusi.org/explore-our-research/publications/commentary/un-intervention-brigade-force-change-dr-congo | title=The UN Intervention Brigade: A Force for Change in DR Congo? }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.radiookapi.net/revue-de-presse/2013/04/18/lavenir-kigali-dote-le-m23-de-450-combattants-de-trois-missiles-sam-7/ | title=L'Avenir : «Kigali dote le M23 de 450 combattants et de trois missiles SAM 7» | date=18 April 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flag|Mauritania}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Mauritius}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{flag|Moldova}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{flag|Mongolia}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/world_armies/4661885566/in/album-72157624060720081/|title=Mongolian Army|date=2 June 2010}}</ref><ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flag|Morocco}}<ref name="2002a"/>
* {{MOZ}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flag|Namibia}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Infoboxnpa.png}} [[New People's Army]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* {{NIC}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Nigeria}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{PRK}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Oman}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxPIJ.svg}} [[Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine|Palestinian Islamic Jihad]]<ref name="2013b"/> (also known as al-Quds Brigades)
* {{PER}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[Popular Defense Forces]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://asylumresearchcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/sudan-country-report-2015.pdf |title=Sudan Country Report 2015 |publisher=Asylum Research Centre |date=2015 |format=PDF |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|PFLP-GC Flag.svg}} [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine - General Command]]<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic]] (FPRC)<ref>{{cite letter |author=Aurélien Llorca, Mélanie De Groof, Paul-Simon Handy, Ruben de Koning, and Reyes Aragón |last= |recipient=President of the Security Council |subject= |date=21 December 2015 |url= https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/s_2015_936.pdf|title=Letter dated 21 December 2015 from the Panel of Experts on the Central African Republic extended pursuant to Security Council resolution 2196 (2015) addressed to the President of the Security Council |author-mask= |language= }}</ref>
* [[Popular Mobilization Units]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1453862017ENGLISH.PDF|title=Iraq: Turning a blind eye: The arming of the Popular Mobilization Units|date=5 January 2017|publisher=Amnesty International|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313161058/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/MDE1453862017ENGLISH.PDF|archive-date=13 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Qatar}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[Rally of Democratic Forces (rebel group)|Rally of Democratic Forces]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Rapid Support Forces.png}} [[Rapid Support Forces]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2023/wagner-group-supplies-air-defense-missiles-to-sudan-s-rapid-support-forces | title=Wagner Group supplies air defense missiles to Sudan's Rapid Support Fo | date=30 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>https://x.com/HammerOfWar5/status/1881083584234295360?mx=2 {{Better source needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://uploads.guim.co.uk/2024/04/12/Un_Sudan_Panel_Final_2023.pdf |title=UN Sudan Panel Final Report 2023 |publisher=United Nations |date=2023 |format=PDF |access-date=2025-06-09 |via=The Guardian}}</ref>
* {{ROM}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{RUS}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Rwanda}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=Desert Storm: Listing The Polisario's Inventory of AFVs |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2021/12/desert-storm-listing-polisarios.html |website=Oryx |date=15 December 2021}}</ref>
* {{SRB}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Seychelles.svg}} [[Seychelles]]<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{SLE}}<ref name="2002a"/>
* {{SVK}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{SOM}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Somaliland.svg}} [[Somaliland]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flag|South Sudan}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of SSLM.svg}} [[South Sudan Liberation Movement]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{SUD}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Sudan Revolutionary Front.svg}} [[Sudan Revolutionary Front]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{SYR}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Tajikistan}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{TAN}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Tunisia}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{flag|Uganda}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{UKR}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{UAE}}<ref name="2002a"/>
* {{flagicon image|United Wa State Army flag.png}} [[United Wa State Army]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{VIE}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{YEM}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{ZAM}}<ref name="2018b"/>
* {{ZIM}}<ref name="2018b"/>
{{Div col end}}

=== Former operators ===
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{AFG}}<ref name="2013a">{{cite web|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/160759/BICC_brief_47.pdf|title=MANPADS: A Terrorist Threat to Civilian Aviation?|date=February 2013|publisher=Bonn International Center of Conversion (BICC) – Internationales Konversionszentrum Bonn GmbH|author1=Dr. Michael Ashkenazi|author2=Princess Mawuena Amuzu|author3=Jan Grebe|author4=Christof Kögler|author5=Marc Kösling|access-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821031811/https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/160759/BICC_brief_47.pdf|archive-date=2018-08-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Jihad.svg|23px]] [[Afghan Mujahideen]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |page=153 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the African National Congress.svg}} [[African National Congress]]<ref name="2000a">{{cite web|url=http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|title=Trade Register|publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414022558/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php|archive-date=2010-04-14|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Ahlu Sunnah Waljamaca.svg|23px]] [[Ahlu Sunna Waljama'a]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Islam.svg}} [[Jabhat Ansar al-Islam|Ansar al-Islam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-manpads-rebels-war-russia-609832353|title=Syria war: Rebel group supplied with anti-air missiles|publisher=Middle East Eye|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720225654/http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/syria-manpads-rebels-war-russia-609832353|archive-date=2018-07-20|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Ansar al-Sharia (Libya).svg}} [[Ansar al-Sharia (Libya)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AlexMello02/status/494853817414868992|title=Alex Mello on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* {{ARG}}<ref name="warrrrr"/>
* [[Armed Forces Revolutionary Council]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon|Republika Srpska}} [[Army of Republika Srpska]]{{sfn|Zaloga|2023|page=73}}<ref name="IISS2004" />
* {{flagicon image|State Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg}} [[Army of the Republic of Serb Krajina]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Bosnia Country Handbook: Peace Implementation Force (IFOR). |date=1995 |publisher=Department of Defense |pages=13–9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTVcRqIbY6EC |access-date=1 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{Flagicon image|Flag of Mourabitoun.svg|size=23px}} [[Al-Mourabitoun]]<ref name="auto"/>
* {{BLR}}: Phased out from active service. 29 disposed of<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arms-expo.ru/049057052048124053055049056.html |title=Белоруссия полностью утилизировала ПЗРК "Стрела-2М" — ОРУЖИЕ РОССИИ, Информационное агентство |publisher=Arms-expo.ru |access-date=2013-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413141632/http://www.arms-expo.ru/049057052048124053055049056.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Black September Organization]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan |series=HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST|title=Historical Dictionary of Terrorism|publisher = The Scarecrow Press, Inc.|date=2009|page=86}}</ref>
* {{BIH}}<ref name="IISS2004">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |editor1-last=Langton |editor1-first=Christopher |title=The Military Balance 2004/2005 |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-856622-9 |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yklvGwAACAAJ |language=en |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Caucasian Emirate.svg|23px]] [[Caucasus Emirate]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* [[Union of Forces for Democracy and Development|Chadian Union of Forces for Democracy and Development]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}}{{sfn|Zaloga|2023|page=74}}
* {{flagicon|Mali}} [[National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State|CNRDR]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Bandera Resistencia Nicaragüense..jpg}} [[Contras]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000402760018-7.pdf |title=Struggle for Nicaragua: escalation |date=10 December 1985 |access-date=2018-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123033856/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00965R000402760018-7.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{CRO}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* {{CYP}}<ref name="2002a"/>
* {{CZS}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{DDR}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flagicon image|Logo of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna.png}} [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Armed Forces of the North|FAN]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* {{flagicon image|Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional.svg}} [[Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front]] (FMLN)<ref name="toooooooom"/>
* [[File:Flag of the FARC-EP.svg|23px]] [[FARC]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{FIN}}: Strela-2M operated under designation 'ItO-78'<ref name="2000a"/>
* [[File:Flag of FRELIMO (1997-2004).svg|22px|Flag of FRELIMO (1997–2004)]] [[Frelimo]]<ref name="bncccc"/>
* {{flag|Germany}}: Former East German stocks. 2,700 Strela-2s were donated to Ukraine in response to the 2022 Russian invasion<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany to ship anti-aircraft missiles to Ukraine – DW – 03/03/2022 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-ship-anti-aircraft-missiles-to-ukraine-reports/a-60995325 |website=Deutsche Welle |access-date=2 July 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=German minister says further Strela missiles are on way to Ukraine |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/german-minister-says-further-strela-missiles-are-way-ukraine-2022-03-23/ |website=Reuters |access-date=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=23 March 2022}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Harkat-ul-Mujahideen.svg}} [[Harkat-ul-Mujahideen|Harkat ul-Ansar]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{HUN}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{Flag|Iraq|1991}}<ref name="2013b"/>
* [[Islamic Army in Iraq]]<ref name="burn"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Islamic Courts Union.svg}} [[Islamic Courts Union]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya|Islamic State in Libya]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Oded121351/status/965556769236897792|title=Oded Berkowitz on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|AQMI Flag asymmetric.svg}} [[Islamic State – Sinai Province]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MENASTREAM/status/830528280008720385|title=MENASTREAM on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Jaish al-Haramoun]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Paradoxy13/status/610908726212464640|title=Sami on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of Jamiat-e Islami.svg|22px]] [[Jamiat-e Islami]]<ref name="guid">{{cite web|url=http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/Armed%20groups'%20guided%20missiles%20-%20March%20update.pdf|title=Guided light weapons reportedly held by non-state armed groups 1998–2013|publisher=Small Arms Survey.|date=March 2013|access-date=2018-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818055508/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/M-files/Armed%20groups'%20guided%20missiles%20-%20March%20update.pdf|archive-date=2014-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Jordan}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* [[National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan|Jumbish-e-Mili]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Justice and Equality Movement]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Sudan%20S%202008%20647.pdf |title=Report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1591 (2005) concerning the Sudan |author=United Nations Security Council |date=11 November 2008 |publisher=United Nations |format=PDF |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/147786/HSBA-SWP-28-Forgotten-Darfur.pdf |title=Forgotten Darfur: Old Tactics and New Players |author1=Claudio Gramizzi |author2=Jérôme Tubiana |date=July 2012 |publisher=Small Arms Survey |series=HSBA Working Paper 28 |format=PDF |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Khmer Republic}} [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* {{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* [[File:UCK KLA.svg|20px]] [[Kosovo Liberation Army]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]]
* {{KUW}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mitzer |first1=Stijn |last2=Oliemans |first2=Joost |title=The Forgotten Deterrent: Kuwait's Luna-M 'FROG-7' Artillery Rockets |url=https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2020/03/kuwaits-little-known-9k52-luna-m-frog-7.html |website=Oryx Blog |date=22 December 2020}}</ref>
* {{LAT}}: 5 Strela 2M in 2008<ref name=IISS2008>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance. 2008 |date=5 February 2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1857434613 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|136}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Lebanese Forces.svg|border}} [[Lebanese Forces (militia)|Lebanese Forces]]<ref>Samer Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon, Beirut: Elite Group, 2003. {{ISBN|9953-0-0705-5}} p. 36.</ref>
* {{flagdeco|Tamil Eelam|LTTE era}} [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy]]<ref name="guid"/> 
* {{flagicon image|MNLF_flag.svg}} [[Moro National Liberation Front]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag_of_RENAMO.svg}} [[Mozambique National Resistance]]{{sfn|Cullen|Foss|1992|page=43}}
* {{flagicon image|ShababFlag.svg}} [[Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna|Mujahideen Shura Council of Derna]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/MENASTREAM/status/799401584501334016|title=MENASTREAM on Twitter|accessdate=11 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[File:Flag of CNDP.svg|22px]] [[National Congress for the Defence of the People|National Congress for the Defense of the Congolese People]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Uck Nla logo.svg}} [[National Liberation Army (Macedonia)]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Albanian National Liberation Movement.svg}} [[National Liberation Movement (Albania)]]<ref>{{cite court |opinion=Case No. IT-04-82-T |url=https://www.icty.org/x/cases/boskoski_tarculovski/tjug/en/080710.pdf 
|litigants=PROSECUTOR v. LJUBE BO&#352;KOSKI JOHAN TAR&#268;ULOVSKI 
|court=United Nations International Tribunal for the  Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of  International Humanitarian Law Committed in the Territory of the Former Yugoslavia since 1991 |date=10 July 2008 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
* [[National Redemption Front]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/22/world/africa/sudans-plan-for-darfur-involves-its-own-force-not-the-uns.html |title=Sudan's Plan for Darfur Involves Its Own Force, Not the U.N.'s |newspaper=The New York Times |date=22 August 2006 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250128061251/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/22/world/africa/sudans-plan-for-darfur-involves-its-own-force-not-the-uns.html |archive-date=28 January 2025 |access-date=2025-06-09}}</ref>
* [[Niger Movement for Justice]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{MKD}}: 54 in 2008<ref name="IISS2008" />{{rp|179}}
* {{flagicon image|Flag of North Vietnam.svg}} [[North Vietnam]]<ref name="Arms-Expo.ru" />
* {{flagicon image|MNLA flag.svg}} [[National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Yemen Arab Republic.svg}} [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]]<ref name="2000a"/>
* [[File:Flag of PAIGC.svg|22px]] [[PAIGC]]<ref name="jfdm4"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Palestine.svg}} [[Palestinian Authority]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{Flagicon|Palestine}} [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] factions in [[Lebanon]];<ref name="Beirut7015"/> likely [[As-Sa'iqa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78S01932A000100230107-5.pdf|date=April 27, 1974|author = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] |title=Palestinians in Lebanon Reportedly receive SA-7s |access-date=2018-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123000644/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP78S01932A000100230107-5.pdf |archive-date=2017-01-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Angola.svg}} [[People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola]]<ref name=Jaster>{{cite book|last=Jaster|first=Robert Scott|title=The Defence of White Power: South African Foreign Policy under Pressure|year=1997|pages=66–68, 93–103|publisher=Palgrave-Macmillan|location=Basingstoke|isbn=978-0333454558}}</ref>
* [[File:People's Liberation Army (Lebanon).jpg|22px]] [[People's Liberation Army (Lebanon)]]<ref name="acig.org" />
* {{flagicon image|Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola (bandeira).svg}} [[MPLA|People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola]]<ref>Geraint Hughes, My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Sussex Academic Press, 2014. p. 73.</ref>
* {{POL}}: Used until 2018<ref>{{citation| url=https://www.magnum-x.pl/artykul/dwie-dekady-w-nato-modernizacja-techniczna-sil-zbrojnych-rp-3| title=Dwie dekady w NATO. Modernizacja techniczna Sił Zbrojnych RP [3]| trans-title=Two decades in NATO. Technical modernization of Polish Armed Forces [3]| first=Tomasz| last=Dmitruk| date=2018| website=www.magnum-x.pl| language=pl| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616223927/https://www.magnum-x.pl/artykul/dwie-dekady-w-nato-modernizacja-techniczna-sil-zbrojnych-rp-3| archive-date=2021-06-16| url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf.svg}} [[Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Jeapes|first=Tony|author-link=Tony Jeapes|title=SAS Operation Oman|publisher=William Kimber|location=London|year=1980|isbn=978-0-7183-0018-0|page=227}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Ireland.svg}} [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flag|Republic of the Congo}}<ref name="ohio">{{cite book |isbn=9781938187025|last1=Schroeder|first1=Matt |url=https://uploads.fas.org/2013/10/The_MANPADS_Threat.pdf|title=The MANPADS Threat and International Efforts to Address It: Ten Years after Mombasa|date=31 August 2013 | publisher=Federation of American Scientists}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Revolutionary United Front.png}} [[Revolutionary United Front]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the FSLN.svg}} [[Sandinista National Liberation Front]]<ref name="skywar.ru"/>
* {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}<ref name="ohio"/>
* [[File:Shan State Army flag.png|23px]] [[Shan State Army]]<ref name="2013b"/>
* {{SLO}}<ref name="2013a"/>
* [[Somali National Alliance]]<ref name="guid"/>
* [[United Somali Congress|Somali Salvation Alliance]]<ref name="guid"/>
* {{flag|South Africa}}<ref name="2002a"/>
* {{flag|South Yemen}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flagcountry|USSR}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance, 1989-1990 |date=1989 |publisher=Brassey's |location=London |isbn=978-0080375694 |page=34 |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of the SPLA (2011 to present).svg}} [[Sudan People's Liberation Army]]:<ref name="guid"/> Incorporated into the South Sudan government
* {{flagicon image|InfoboxHTS.svg}} [[Tahrir al-Sham]]<ref name="2018b"/>
* [[File:Flag of UNITA.svg|22px|UNITA logo]] [[UNITA]]<ref name="unit1961"/>
* {{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} [[Viet Cong]]<ref name="2000a"/>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Zaire (1971–1997).svg}} White [[mercenaries]] in the Congo<ref>S. Boyne, "The White Legion: Mercenaries in Zaire", ''Jane's Intelligence Review'', London. June 1997, p. 279.</ref>
* {{YUG}}<ref name="2000a"/>
* [[File:Zimbabwe African People's Union flag.svg|22px]] [[Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army]]<ref name="Rhodesia"/>
{{Div col end}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Cullen |editor1-first=Tony |editor2-last=Foss |editor2-first=Christopher F. |title=Jane's Land-Based Air Defence 1992–93 |year=1992 |edition=5th |location=Coulsdon, UK |publisher=Jane's Data Division |isbn=0-7106-0979-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zaloga |first1=Steven J. |title=Infantry Antiaircraft Missiles: Man-Portable Air Defense Systems |date=19 January 2023 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4728-5345-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJaiEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070614174323/http://www.army.cz/acr/video/strelby/03.avi Training of Czech Air defence units – video]
{{Russian SAM systems}}{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:KB Mashinostroyeniya products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s]]
[[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1964]]