View source for 9K35 Strela-10

{{Infobox weapon
| name               = 9K35 Strela-10 <br /><small>SA-13 Gopher</small>
| image              = 9A35 combat vehicle 9K35 Strela-10 - TankBiathlon14part2-37.jpg
| image_size         = 300
| caption            = 9K35 [[transporter erector launcher]] and radar (TELAR)
| origin             = Soviet Union
| type               = Vehicle-mounted [[Surface-to-air missile|SAM]] system
<!-- Type selection Please do not change.-->| is_vehicle         = yes
| is_missile         = 
| is_UK              = yes
<!-- Service history -->| service            = 1976–present
| used_by            = See list of [[#Operators|operators]]
| wars               = [[Angolan Civil War]]<br />[[Iran–Iraq War]]<br />[[Gulf War]]<br />[[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)]]<br/>[[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)]]<br/>[[Kosovo War]]<br />[[Syrian Civil War]]<br />[[Russo-Ukrainian War]]<br />[[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] <br />[[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]
<!-- Production history -->| designer           = [[KB Tochmash]] Design Bureau of Precision Engineering
| design_date        = 1969–1976
| manufacturer       = Saratovskiy Zenit Machine Plant (Muromteplovoz Joint Stock Company for the 9K35M3-K)
| unit_cost          = 
| production_date    = 1976–present
| number             = 
| variants           = Strela-10, Strela-10SV (Prototype),<ref name=Janes>{{cite web |url=http://www8.janes.com/Search/documentView.do?docId=/content1/janesdata/yb/jlad/jlad0111.htm |title=KB Tochmash 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 'Gopher') low-altitude surface-to-air missile system |access-date=2008-08-03 |date=2008-01-16 |publisher=Jane's }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Strela-10M, Strela-10M2, Strela-10M3, Strela-10M3-K, Strela-10M4
<!-- General specifications -->| spec_label         = 9K35 Strela-10M3<ref name=Janes />
| weight             = 12,300 kg
| length             = 6,600 mm
| part_length        = 
| width              = 2,850 mm
| height             = 2,300 mm (travelling), 3,800 mm (firing)
| diameter           = 
| crew               = 3 (commander, gunner and driver)
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->| armour             = 7 mm
| primary_armament   = 4 × 9M333 (or 9M37MD)
| secondary_armament = 1x [[PK machine gun|PKMB]] machine gun
| engine             = YaMZ-238 V diesel
| engine_power       = 240 hp
| pw_ratio           = 
| transmission       = 
| payload_capacity   = 
| suspension         = torsion bar
| clearance          = 0.5 m
| wingspan           = 
| propellant         = 
| fuel_capacity      = 450 litres
| vehicle_range      = 500 km
| ceiling            = 
| altitude           = 
| boost              = 
| speed              = 61.5 km/h (road)<br /> 6 km/h (water)
| guidance           = 
| steering           = 
| accuracy           = 
| launch_platform    = 
| transport          = 
}}

The '''9K35 ''Strela-10''''' ({{langx|ru|9К35 «Стрела-10»}}; {{langx|en|[[arrow]]}}) is a Soviet highly mobile, [[SHORAD|short-range]] [[surface-to-air missile]] system. It is visually aimed, and utilizes optical/[[infrared homing|infrared-guidance.]] The system is primarily intended to engage low-altitude threats, such as helicopters. "'''9K35'''" is its [[GRAU]] designation; its [[NATO reporting name]] is '''SA-13 "[[Gopher]]"'''.

==Development==
The 9K35 is the successor of the [[9K31 Strela-1]] and can also use the Strela-1's missiles in place of the 9M37.

Development of the 9K37 Strela-10SV system was initiated July 24, 1969. The decision to begin the development of a new non-all-weather system was taken despite the simultaneous development of an all-weather hybrid gun/missile system 2K22 "Tunguska" mainly as an economical measure. It was also seen as advantageous to have a system capable of fast reaction times and immunity to heavy radio-frequency jamming.<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/strela10/strela10_01.htm#ЗЕНИТНЫЙ |title=РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 9К35 "СТРЕЛА-10СВ": Боевые средства") |access-date=2010-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927155306/http://pvo.guns.ru/strela10/strela10_01.htm#ЗЕНИТНЫЙ |archive-date=2011-09-27 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Rather than being mounted on an amphibious but lightly armoured [[BRDM-2]] chassis like the 9K31, the 9K35 is mounted on a more mobile tracked, modified [[MT-LB]], with more room for equipment and missile reloads. Provision for amphibious capability is provided in some variants in the form of polyurethane-filled floats.

The Strela-10SV system and its 9M37 missile were tested in Donguzkom range from 1973 to 1974, but the results were disappointing: the system was found deficient in terms of missile probability of kill, vehicle reliability, among other things. Acceptance to service was thus delayed until May 16, 1976, by which time improvements had been introduced to the system.<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" />

Development of the system continued throughout the years through Strela-10M, -10M2 and -10M3 variants introducing among other things improved radio communications and provision for better integration to the Soviet integrated air defence system air picture data.<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" /> Also improved missiles (9M37M and 9M333) have been developed and by September 2007 the 9K35M3-K Kolchan variant, mounted on a BTR-60 wheeled chassis, was displayed for the first time at the Moscow Air Show MAKS 2007.<ref name=Janes />

The Russian Armed Forces will receive 72 advanced mobile "night" short-range anti-aircraft missile complexes "Strela-10M4" by 2016. In 2014, the Russian Airborne Troops received the first batch of 18 "Strela-10M4" vehicles. This modernization is intended to extend the service life of the system for 3–5 years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://defencerussia.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/russias-armed-forces-to-get-advanced-strela-10m4-air-defense-systems/ |title=Russia's armed forces to get advanced "Strela-10M4" air defense systems &#124; defencerussia |website=Defencerussia.wordpress.com |date=2015-05-19 |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204216/https://defencerussia.wordpress.com/2015/05/19/russias-armed-forces-to-get-advanced-strela-10m4-air-defense-systems/ |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Strela-10M is expected to be replaced by the [[9M337 Sosna-R|Sosna]] anti-aircraft missile system. The system is based on the MT-LB chassis consisting of 12 Sosna-R 9M337 beam rider missiles with a range of 10&nbsp;km and altitude of 5&nbsp;km.<ref>[https://www.armyrecognition.com/army-2018_news_russia_online_show_daily/russian_sosna_air_defense_missile_system_unveiled_at_army-2018.html Russian Sosna air defense missile system unveiled at Army-2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822220806/https://armyrecognition.com/army-2018_news_russia_online_show_daily/russian_sosna_air_defense_missile_system_unveiled_at_army-2018.html |date=2018-08-22 }}. ''Army Recognition''. 21 August 2018.</ref>

==Description==
===Associated systems and vehicles===
The 9K35 is a SAM system with electro-optical guidance. It has the capability to use radars for target acquisition and range. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62&nbsp;mm machine gun in front of the forward hatch for local protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional support railings for the system on the rear deck. The following is a list of associated equipment:
* 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S86 (NATO designation "SNAP SHOT") range only radar located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the [[transporter erector launcher]] and radar (TELAR) (maximum radar range is 450 to 10,000 m).
* 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S16 (NATO designation "Flat Box-B") passive radar detection system that gives a 360° azimuth and minimum 40° elevation coverage
* 9F624 and 9F624M training simulator
* 9S482M7 Control Post.
* 9U111: a 1,950&nbsp;kg trailer-mounted 12&nbsp;kW generator unit, designed to feed power to up to four 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K or 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K launcher vehicles at a distance of up to 30 m by cable while conducting maintenance or training operations.
* 9V839M: system checkout vehicle
* 9V915M, 9V915M-1: technical maintenance vehicle
* MT-LBU with 9S80 (NATO designation "DOG EAR")  F/G-band target acquisition radar (maximum range 80&nbsp;km (50 miles))
* [[Ranzhir-M]] 9S737М ([[GRAU]] designation '''9S737'''); is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces,  such as the [[Tor missile system|Tor]], [[2K22 Tunguska|Tunguska]], '''Strela-10''', and [[9K38 Igla|Igla]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_9s737m.html |title=Унифицированный батарейный командный пункт 9С737М |website=RusArmy.com |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204610/http://rusarmy.com/pvo/pvo_vsk/su_9s737m.html |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Missiles===
{{Infobox weapon
|name=9M37
|image=
|caption=
|origin=Soviet Union
|type= [[Surface-to-air missile]]
<!-- Type selection -->
|is_ranged=
|is_bladed=
|is_explosive=
|is_artillery=
|is_vehicle=
|is_missile=yes
|is_UK=yes
<!-- Service history -->
|service=1976–present
|used_by=See [[#Operators|Operators]]
<!-- Production history -->
|designer=KB Tochmash Design Bureau
|design_date=1969–1976
|manufacturer=[[Degtyarev plant]]
|unit_cost=
|production_date=1976–present
|number=
|variants=9M37, 9M37M, 9M37MD, 9M333
<!-- General specifications -->
|spec_label=9M333<ref name=Janes />
|weight=41 kg
|length=2190 mm
|part_length=
|width=
|height=
|diameter=120 mm
|crew=
<!-- Explosive specifications -->
|filling= Frag-HE
|filling_weight= 5 kg
|detonation= contact and laser [[proximity fuze]]s
|yield=
<!-- Vehicle/missile specifications -->
|armour=
|primary_armament=
|secondary_armament=
|engine=
|engine_power=
|pw_ratio=
|transmission=
|payload_capacity=
|suspension=
|clearance=
|wingspan=360 mm
|propellant=single-stage solid propellant rocket motor
|fuel_capacity=
|vehicle_range={{convert|5|km|mi}}
|ceiling=
|altitude={{convert|3500|m|ft}}
|boost=
|speed=550 m/s
|guidance=dual-mode passive 'photocontrast'/IR seeker
|steering=
|accuracy=
|launch_platform=
|transport=
}}

[[File:9M37 surface-to-air missile of Strela-10 system.jpg|thumb|left|The 9M37 guided missile]]
The Strela-10 system was originally designed to use the 9M37 missile as its primary weapon, but its launch system was designed to be also backwards compatible with the 9M31M missile of the earlier [[9K31 Strela-1]].

Each 9M37 missile is 2,200&nbsp;mm (7.2&nbsp;ft) long, weighs 40&nbsp;kg (88 pounds) and carries a 3.5&nbsp;kg (7–15 pound) warhead. The maximum speed of the missile is near [[Mach number|Mach]] 2, engagement range is from 800 to 5000 m (0.3–3 miles) and engagement altitude is between 10 and 3500 m (33-11,500&nbsp;ft). (The ranges define the zone of target intercept, minimum and maximum launch distances are longer for approaching and shorter for receding targets, depending on the target's speed, altitude and flight direction.)

Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.

The 9M37 was quickly replaced with a slightly improved 9M37M (main improvement was in more efficient autopilot system for missile flight path control), and later the more significantly upgraded 9M333, which introduced:<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" />
* heavier warhead of improved expanding-rod design and larger HE content
* new proximity fuzing with 8-ray laser to improve probability of fuzing on near misses of very small targets such as cruise missiles or UAVs
* triple-channel guidance system for more robust countermeasure rejection
* improved engine to provide similar performance despite the slight increase in missile length and weight.

All missiles—9M31M, 9M37, 9M37M and 9M333—are equipped with optical homing heads utilizing reticle-based photocontrast and/or infrared homing. 9M333 is said to have particularly good countermeasures resistance due to its triple-channel homing head, while the photocontrast channel of 9M37/9M37M is described as back-up method to the IR channel.<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" />

All main variants—Strela-10SV, Strela-10M, Strela-10M2 and Strela-10M3—can use all aforementioned missile types.<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru">{{cite web |url=http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela10m/strela10m.shtml#Зенитный |title=ракетный комплекс 9К35М3 "Стрела-10М3" (9К35М "Стрела-10М") |access-date=2010-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212152213/http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/strela10m/strela10m.shtml#Зенитный |archive-date=2010-02-12 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The main characteristics of the missiles are listed in the table below, based on source number,<ref name="rbase.new-factoria.ru"/> unless otherwise noted. For comparison purposes data for nearest western equivalent, the somewhat larger and heavier [[MIM-72 Chaparral]], is also provided.

As the photocontrast channel provides effective head-on engagement ability, firing range against an approaching target can be considerably longer than the maximum ranges listed above, likewise maximum firing range would be considerably less than the maximum range of target destruction against a receding target. Definition of range and effective ceiling for MIM-72 is unknown and the figures are therefore not directly comparable.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! System !! 9K31 Strela-1M !! 9K35 Strela-10 !! 9K35M Strela-10M3-K !! 9K35M Strela-10M4 !! MIM-72A Chaparral !! MIM-72G Chaparral
|-
! Missile !! 9M31M !! 9M37 !! 9M37M !! 9M333 !! MIM-72A !! MIM-72G
|-
| year of<br />introduction || 1971<ref name="pvoruStrela1M" /> || 1976 || 1981 || 1989 || 1967<ref name="redstoneMIM72">{{cite web|title=CHAPARRAL|url=http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/systems/CHAPP.html |access-date=July 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609055806/http://www.redstone.army.mil/history/systems/CHAPP.html |archive-date=June 9, 2010 }}</ref> || 1982/1990(*)
|-
| diameter [mm] || 120 || 120 || 120 || 120 || 127<ref name="dsysMIM72">{{cite web |url=http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-72.html |title=Ford MIM-72 Chaparral |website=Designation-systems.net |date=2002-02-20 |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120917143123/http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-72.html |archive-date=2012-09-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> || 127<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| length [mm] || 1803 || 2190 || 2190 || 2230 || 2900<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 2900<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| weight [kg] || 32 || 40 || 40 || 42 || 86<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 86<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| warhead (HE) [kg] || 2.6 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 11<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 12.6<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| fuze || impact and proximity || proximity + impact || proximity + impact || 8-ray laser proximity + impact || impact + radar proximity || impact + directional doppler radar proximity
|-
| seeker head || AM-modulated photocontrast (uncooled PbS detector element<ref name="pvoruStrela1M">{{cite web |url=http://pvo.guns.ru/strela1/strela1_02.htm |title=ЗРК "Стрела-1" |website=Pvo.guns.ru |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310015424/http://pvo.guns.ru/strela1/strela1_02.htm |archive-date=2016-03-10 |url-status=live }}</ref>) || Two-channel: <br />1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" />  PbS), <br />2) FM-modulated uncooled<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" /> IR ||  Two-channel: <br />1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" /> PbS), <br />2) FM-modulated uncooled<ref name="pvoruStrela10SV" /> IR || Three-channel: <br />1) photocontrast, <br />2) IR, <br />3) IRCCM channel || cooled IR of AIM-9D (limited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scramble.nl/wiki/index.php?title=Raytheon_AIM-9_Sidewinder#MIM-72_Chaparral.2FM48.2FRIM-72_Sea_Chaparral |title=Raytheon AIM-9 Sidewinder |website=scramble.nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724165145/http://wiki.scramble.nl/index.php?title=Raytheon_AIM-9_Sidewinder |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=July 16, 2010 }}</ref>/no<ref name="dsysMIM72" />  forward hemisphere capability) || two-channel:<br />1) cooled all-aspect IR,<br />2) UV (forward-hemisphere / long-range homing + IRCCM)<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| Min. range of target destruction [km] || 0.8 || 0.8|| 0.8|| 0.8 || ? || ?
|-
| Max. range of target destruction [km] || 4.2 || 5.0|| 5.0|| 5.0 || 6..9 (sources vary) || 6..9 (sources vary)
|-
| Min. intercept altitude [m] || 30 || 25 || 25 || 10 || 15<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 15<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| Max. intercept altitude [m] || 3000 || 3500 || 3500 || 3500 || 3000<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 3000<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| speed [m/s] || 420<ref name="pvoruStrela1M" /> || 517 || 517 || 517 || 515 (Mach 1.5)<ref name="dsysMIM72" /> || 515 (Mach 1.5)<ref name="dsysMIM72" />
|-
| target max speed [m/s]: approaching / receding  || ? || 415/310 || 415/310 || 415/310 || ? || ?
|}
(*) Contract for production of MIM-72G by retrofitting new components was awarded in late 1982, with all missile in US service upgraded by the late 1980s. New production of MIM-72G missiles started in 1990.

==Combat use==
===Angolan Civil War===
On February 20, 1988, 31-year-old Major Edward Richard Every from [[1 Squadron SAAF|1 Squadron]] [[South African Air Force|SAAF]], was killed in action when his [[Dassault Mirage F1|Mirage F1AZ]] (serial 245) was shot down by a Cuban Strela-10 surface-to-air missile in Cuatir (near [[Menongue]]) while on an attack mission over Southern [[Angola]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lord|first1=Dick|title=From Fledgling to Eagle: The South African Air Force during the Border War|date=2008|publisher=30 Degrees South|location=Johannesburg|isbn=978-1-920143-30-5|pages=438–439}}</ref>

===Operation Desert Storm===
Iraq had several operational Strela-10 systems at the beginning of the 1991 operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation, most if not all of which were organized as part of the battlefield air defence systems of the Republican Guard divisions.

During the operation, 27 coalition aircraft are believed to have been hit by Iraqi IR-homing SAMs, resulting in 14 losses. Some of the losses were shot down on the spot, while others, such as OA-10A 77-0197, returned to base only to be lost in a crash landing.<ref name="A10loss">{{cite web|url=http://www.pats-world.com/gulfwar/a10_combat_losses.htm |title=Desert Storm A-10 Combat Losses |access-date=July 16, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515035736/http://www.pats-world.com/gulfwar/a10_combat_losses.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2010 }}</ref> Others landed safely, but were written off as total losses.{{Cn|date=December 2024}}

At least two losses are believed to have been due to Strela-10s: On February 15 an [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10A]] (78-0722) of 353rd TFS/354th TFW was hit by a SAM believed to be a Strela-10, some 100&nbsp;km north west of [[Kuwait City]], while attacking Republican Guard targets. Pilot Lt Robert Sweet ejected and was made a prisoner of war. While attempting to protect Sweet on the ground, his wingman Steven Phyllis flying an A-10A 79-0130 was also hit by what is believed to have been a Strela-10. Phyllis was killed in the incident.<ref name="A10loss" />

=== Kosovo War ===
During NATO bombing campaign against FR Yugoslavia, a Strela-10 managed to hit an A-10 of [[United States Air Force]] on 11 May 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-04 |title=Kojim raketnim sistemima zameniti Strele u Vojsci Srbije? |url=https://tangosix.rs/2021/04/01/sa-kojim-raketnim-sistemima-zameniti-strele-u-vojsci-srbije/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Tango Six |language=sr-RS}}</ref>

===Syrian Civil War===
On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces [[2018 bombing of Damascus and Homs|launched a barrage]] of 105 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. According to a Russian source, five Strela-10 missiles launched in response destroyed three incoming missiles,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |title=Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018) |access-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093246/http://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12171611@egNews |archive-date=2018-04-18 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the American Department of Defense stated in a daily press briefing that no Allied missiles were shot down.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|website=U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422115848/https://www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1493749/department-of-defense-press-briefing-by-pentagon-chief-spokesperson-dana-w-whit/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict===
The [[Armenian Air Defense]] employed Strela-10 missile systems during the [[2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict]]. During the opening days of the war, several videos released by the Azerbaijani military showed several Armenian [[9K33 Osa]] and Strela-10 vehicles destroyed by [[Bayraktar TB2]] armed drones.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globaldefensecorp.com/2020/09/27/azerbaijan-destroyed-twelve-9k33-osa-short-range-anti-aircraft-systems-of-armenia/|title=Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia|date=September 27, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/36777/everything-we-know-about-the-fighting-that-has-erupted-between-armenia-and-azerbaijan|title=Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan|first=Joseph Trevithick and Thomas|last=Newdick|website=The Drive|date=28 September 2020 }}</ref>

===Russian invasion of Ukraine===
A Strela-10 from the Ukrainian Armed Forces was recorded running over a civilian car in the opening weeks of the war. The driver of the car was uninjured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observers.france24.com/en/europe/20220301-video-debunked-russian-tank-crush-civilian-car-kyiv|title=Ukraine: These videos do not show a Russian tank running over a civilian in Kyiv|date=28 February 2022|work=[[France 24]]|quote=In several videos, the Ukrainian soldiers nearby do not attack the armored vehicle after it runs over the car, nor does the vehicle flee. This is why several journalists claim that the driver of the Strela-10 was not one of these saboteurs, but rather a Ukrainian soldier who was thrown off by the shooting that had taken place nearby. They said the collision between the car and the Ukrainian armored vehicle was accidental and caused by the fighting.}}</ref> A Russian Strela-10M guarding [[Snake Island (Ukraine)|Snake Island]] was destroyed by a [[Baykar Bayraktar TB2|Bayraktar TB2]] on 30 April 2022.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1521234811641372678|user=UAWeapons|title=#Ukraine: Some more footage made its way to us from Snake Island- another Ukrainian Bayraktar TB-2 drone strike.T…|date=2 May 2022}}</ref> A Ukrainian Strela-10M system was reported destroyed by the Russian Air Force near Lisichansk on 17 June 2022.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1537670526415544322|user=yamphoto|title=#Ukraine: In #Lysychansk the threat is from above. Remnant of an anti-aircraft armored vehicle, no longer guarding the skies.|date=17 June 2022}}</ref> A Russian source claimed in September 2023 that Russia uses the 9M333 missile in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/0904/082575063/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / / ВС России начали применять в зоне СВО зенитные ракеты 9М333, обходящие тепловые ловушки }}</ref>

=== Wagner Group rebellion ===
A video of a Strela-10 targeting and almost hitting a Russian Army [[Kamov Ka-50|Ka-52]] helicopter near [[Voronezh]] has been published.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/CalibreObscura/status/1672553102526889985 |website=Twitter |access-date=24 June 2023|quote=It seems the mystery of how the fuel depot went up in #Voronezh is solved- a Wagner operated Strela-10 fired on a VKS Ka-52, but the likely 9M37-series missile missed and hit the depot. Explains why the Ka-52 wasn't seen firing rockets, just dropping flares.|title=Tweet|author=Cᴀʟɪʙʀᴇ Oʙsᴄᴜʀᴀ}}</ref> The missile was decoyed by flares.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Ka-52 came back from the dead by dropping anti-missile decoys|first= Alexey |last= Lenkov  |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2023/06/25/ka-52-came-back-from-the-dead-by-dropping-anti-missile-decoys/ |website=Bulgarian Military |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023 }}</ref>

==Operators==
[[File:9K35 operators.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Operators {{legend|#0b60d4|Current}}{{legend|#dc0023|Former}}]]

===Current operators===
* {{ANG}}<ref name=IISS>{{cite book |last=[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]|date=2021|title=The Military Balance|page=449|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781032012278}}</ref>
* {{ARM}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|172}}
* {{AZE}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|173}}
* {{BLR}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|175}}
* {{CUB}}: 200 in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|394}}
* {{CRO}}: 3 9K35 Strela-10M3 and 6 9K35 Strela-10CRO in service in 2024.<ref name="IISS2022_p2613">[[International Institute for Strategic Studies]]: The Military Balance 2024</ref>
* {{CZE}}: 9 in service in 2024.<ref name="IISS2022_p2613" />
* {{GEO}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|177}}
* {{IND}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|249}}
* {{JOR}}: 92 in service in 2023<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|334}}
* {{KAZ}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|180}}
* {{KGZ}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|181}}
* {{LAO}}: In service as of January 2019.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gibson |first1=Neil |last2=Fediushko |first2=Dmitry |title=Laotian military parades Russian- and Chinese-made equipment |url=https://www.janes.com/article/85876/laotian-military-parades-russian-and-chinese-made-equipment/ |website=Jane's 360 |access-date=24 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223848/https://www.janes.com/article/85876/laotian-military-parades-russian-and-chinese-made-equipment/ |archive-date=23 January 2019 |location=London, Moscow |date=22 January 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{MNG}}
* {{PRK}} manufactured domestically under designation 1976 model year self propelled missile launcher Type 10.<ref>https://www.jajusibo.com/20137</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.airwar.ru/history/af/kndr/kndr.html |title=История ВВС КНДР |website=Airwar.ru |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224062335/http://www.airwar.ru/history/af/kndr/kndr.html |archive-date=2016-02-24 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{MKD}}: 8 launchers<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|113}}
* {{RUS}}: 350. In production the 9M333 missile (2024).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1239353|title=Kalashnikov begins serial production of new missile for Strela-10M air defense system|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1329483|title=Russia's top brass signs a host of deals on advanced weapons delivery to Russian troops|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/defense/1363097|title=Defense firm delivers latest missiles for Strela air defense system to Russian troops|website=TASS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2023/1010/125075749/detail.shtml | title=ЦАМТО / / «Калашников» досрочно выполнил гособоронзаказ по ЗУР 9М333 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=«Концерн «Калашников» успешно отгрузил крупную партию зенитных управляемых ракет (ЗУР) 9М333 | website=Сделано у нас | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://sdelanounas.ru/blogs/159927/ | language=ru | ref={{sfnref | Сделано у нас | 2024}} | access-date=2024-05-25}}</ref> 100 Strela-10MNs in 2012–2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vpk-news.ru/news/28351 |title=Шаманов: Оснащение ВДВ отдельными видами новейшего вооружения идет с опережением сроков &#124; Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер" |language=ru |website=Vpk-news.ru |access-date=2016-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108105355/https://vpk-news.ru/news/28351 |archive-date=2017-11-08 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |title=Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ |language=ru |access-date=2017-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107222249/http://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2017/1107/142043988/detail.shtml |archive-date=2017-11-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2020/1204/121560733/detail.shtml|title=ЦАМТО / Новости / На вооружение мотострелкового соединения ЮВО поступили ПЗРК "Верба" и ЗРК "Стрела-10МН"|website=armstrade.org}}</ref>
* {{SRB}}: 18<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=a5d46cc0-0335-102c-8859-e480d5acdc4a|title=Војска Србије – Наоружање Копнене војске – Средства за противваздухопловна дејства – Ракетни систем ПВД СТРЕЛА-10М|access-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141126132331/http://www.vs.rs/index.php?content=a5d46cc0-0335-102c-8859-e480d5acdc4a|archive-date=2014-11-26|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{SYR}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|355}}
* {{TKM}}: 13 in service as of 2023<ref name="IISS2023"/>{{rp|200}}
* {{UKR}}: Unknown amount in service in 2023.<ref name="IISS2023">{{cite book |last1=International Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The Military Balance 2023 |date=15 February 2023 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1032508955 |edition=1st |author1-link=International Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>{{rp|202}}
* {{VIE}}: 20

===Former operators===
* {{AFG}}: 16+ launchers prior to the [[Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)|1992–1996 Afghan Civil War]].<ref name="JanesDefense">{{cite book |last1=Cullen |first1=Tony |last2=Foss |first2=C.F. |title=Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 |date=1 March 1992 |publisher=Jane's Information Group |isbn=978-0710609793 |pages=257–261 |edition=5}}</ref>
* {{BGR}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Withdrawn from service.
* {{CSK}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Passed on successor states.
* {{GDR}} Retired after reunification
* {{HUN}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Withdrawn from service.
* {{Flag|Iraq|1991}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Some destroyed in combat, all remaining units were written off after the Iraq War in 2003.
* {{Flag|Libya|1977}}: 60+ launchers in 1992,<ref name="JanesDefense"/> unknown number operational prior to the [[2011 Libyan civil war]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Institute for Strategic Studies |title=The military balance, 2011 |date=4 March 2011 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1857436068 |page=321 |author1-link=Institute for Strategic Studies }}</ref>
* {{POL}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> 4, probably withdrawn in 2001–2002.
* {{SVK}}: Withdrawn from service.
* {{USSR}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Passed on successor states.
* {{YUG}}:<ref name="JanesDefense"/> Passed on successor states<ref>{{cite magazine|first1=Iztok |last1=Kočevar|title=Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide|trans-title=The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War|magazine=Batailles et Blindés|language=fr|date=August 2014|publisher=Caraktère|issn=1765-0828|issue=62|pages=66–79}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed  heights="150" caption="Strela-10 of Russian 4th Guards Tank Division.">
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (3).jpg
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (4).jpg
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (5).jpg
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (6).jpg
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (7).jpg
File:9A34 Strela-10 - 4th Separate Tank Brigade (8).jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[9K31 Strela-1]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-13.htm Federation of American Scientists page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721193649/http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/missile/row/sa-13.htm |date=2014-07-21 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050209213408/http://astronautix.com/lvs/strela10.htm Asronautix.com]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Igll0Dh2EFY Video on the arc-lamp proximity fuze]
{{Russian SAM systems}}{{Russian and Soviet missiles|SAM}}
{{PostWWIISovietAFVS}}

[[Category:Cold War surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapons of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Surface-to-air missiles of the Soviet Union|9K35]]
[[Category:KB Tochmash products]]
[[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s]]