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{{short description|Federation of American trade unions}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = AFL-CIO
| full_name                = American Federation of Labor and<br>Congress of Industrial Organizations
| logo                     = AFL-CIO-seal.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert
| logo_size                = 225px
| formation                = {{start date and age|1955|12|05}}
| merger                   = {{ubl | {{nowrap|[[American Federation of Labor]]}} | [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]]}}
| type                     = [[Trade union center]]
| headquarters             = [[Washington, D.C.]], US
| location_country         = United States
| membership               = 12,471,480<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2020-09-28_AFL-CIO">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-106|rptId=844060|rptForm=LM2Form|date=September 28, 2022}}</ref>
| membership_year          = 2022
| leader_title             = President
| leader_name              = [[Liz Shuler]]
| leader_title2            = Secretary-treasurer
| leader_name2             = [[Fred Redmond]]
| secessions               = [[Change to Win Federation]]
| affiliations             = [[International Trade Union Confederation]]
| website                  = {{official URL}}
}}
The '''American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations''' ('''AFL-CIO''') is a [[national trade union center]] that is the largest federation of [[Labor unions in the United States|unions]] in the United States. It is made up of 61 national and international unions, together representing nearly 15 million active and retired workers.<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2020-09-28_AFL-CIO"/><ref name=AFL-CIO>{{cite web|title=Our Unions and Allies|url=https://aflcio.org/about-us/our-unions-and-allies|access-date=17 January 2025|work=aflcio.org|publisher=AFL-CIO}}</ref> The AFL-CIO engages in substantial political spending and activism, typically in support of [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] and [[Labour movement|pro-labor]] policies.<ref>Timothy J. Minchin, ''Labor under Fire: A History of the AFL–CIO Since 1979'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2017).</ref>

The AFL-CIO was formed in 1955 when the [[American Federation of Labor]] and the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] merged after a long estrangement. Union membership in the US peaked in 1979, when the AFL-CIO's affiliated unions had nearly twenty million members.<ref name=jillson>{{cite book|last1=Jillson|first1=Cal|title=American Government: Political Change and Institutional Development|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0415960779|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLKfnwhdnPIC|date=July 2007}}</ref> From 1955 until 2005, the AFL-CIO's member unions represented nearly all unionized workers in the United States. Several large unions split away from AFL-CIO and formed the rival [[Change to Win Federation]] in 2005, although a number of those unions have since re-affiliated, and many locals of Change to Win are either part of or work with their local central labor councils. The largest unions currently in the AFL-CIO are the [[Service Employees International Union]] (SEIU), with 2 million members, [[American Federation of Teachers]] (AFT) with approximately 1.7 million members,<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2020-09-28_AFT">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-012|rptId=736385|rptForm=LM2Form|date=September 28, 2020}}</ref> [[American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees]] (AFSCME), with approximately 1.4 million members,<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2021-03-30_AFSCME">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-289|rptId=751062|rptForm=LM2Form|date=March 30, 2021}}</ref> and [[United Food and Commercial Workers]] with 1.2 million members.<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2021-03-25_UFCW">{{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-056|rptId=748016|rptForm=LM2Form|date=March 25, 2021}}</ref>

== Membership ==
{{Main|List of unions affiliated with the AFL-CIO}}

The AFL-CIO is a federation of international labor unions. As a voluntary federation, the AFL-CIO has little authority over the affairs of its member unions except in extremely limited cases (such as the ability to expel a member union for corruption<ref>Constitution Art. X, Sec. 17</ref> and enforce resolution of disagreements over jurisdiction or organizing). As of January 2025, the AFL-CIO had 61 member unions representing nearly 15 million members.<ref name="OLMS_LM-2_2020-09-28_AFL-CIO"/><ref name=AFL-CIO />

== Political activities ==
The AFL-CIO was a major component of the [[New Deal Coalition]] that dominated politics into the mid-1960s.<ref>Nelson Lichtenstein, ''State of the Union: A Century of American Labor'' (2nd ed. 2013)</ref> Although it has lost membership, finances, and political clout since 1970, it remains a major player on [[Liberalism in the United States|the liberal side of national politics]], with a great deal of activity in lobbying, [[grassroots]] organizing, coordinating with other liberal organizations, fund-raising, and recruiting and supporting candidates around the country.<ref>{{cite book|last=Holley|first=William|title=The Labor Relations Process|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FRQKAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|date= 2011|publisher=Cengage Learning|page=153ff|display-authors=etal|isbn=978-1133713623}}</ref>

In recent years the AFL-CIO has concentrated its political efforts on lobbying in Washington and the state capitals, and on "GOTV" (get-out-the-vote) campaigns in major elections. For example, in the 2010 midterm elections, it sent 28.6 million pieces of mail. Members received a "slate card" with a list of union endorsements matched to the member's congressional district, along with a "personalized" letter from President Obama emphasizing the importance of voting. In addition, 100,000 volunteers went door-to-door to promote endorsed candidates to 13 million union voters in 32 states.<ref>AFL–CIO, [https://aflcio.org/mediacenter/prsptm/pr10302006a.cfm "AFL–CIO Announces Huge 'FINAL FOUR' GOTV Push" "Press release" Oct. 30 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061201040050/http://www.aflcio.org/mediacenter/prsptm/pr10302006a.cfm |date=2006-12-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Walsh|first1=Deirdre|title=AFL–CIO steps up get-out-the-vote effort|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/10/25/union.vote.campaign/|access-date=4 February 2015|publisher=CNN|date=October 25, 2010|archive-date=February 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225231116/http://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/10/25/union.vote.campaign/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Governance ==
The AFL-CIO is governed by its members, who meet in a quadrennial convention. Each member union elects delegates, based on proportional representation. The AFL-CIO's state federations, central and local labor councils, constitutional departments, and constituent groups are also entitled to delegates. The delegates elect officers and vice presidents, debate and approve policy, and set dues.<ref>Ray M. Tillman and Michael S. Cummings, ''The Transformation of U.S. Unions: Voices, Visions, and Strategies from the Grassroots'' (1999) pp 49–60 explains in detail the governance structure of the AFL–CIO</ref>

=== Annual meetings ===
From 1951 to 1996, the Executive Council held its winter meeting in the resort town of [[Bal Harbour, Florida]].<ref name=Galvin1996>{{cite news|last=Galvin|first=Kevin|title=AFL-CIO saying goodbye to fun in sun as it fights decline|newspaper=Houston Chronicle|date=19 February 1996|page=5|quote=The Bal Harbour meeting dates to 1951, before the American Federation of Labor merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations.}}</ref> The meeting at the Bal Harbour Sheraton has been the object of frequent criticism, including over a labor dispute at the hotel itself.<ref name=Stieghorst1991>{{cite news|last=Stieghorst|first=Tom|title=AFL-CIO May Cancel Annual Trip Sheraton Bal Harbor Focus Of Labor Dispute|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1991-12-21-9102230054-story.html|access-date=2 August 2012|newspaper=Sun-Sentinel|date=21 December 1991|archive-date=September 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918161453/https://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-1991-12-21-9102230054-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sturr 2009">{{cite news|last=Sturr|first=Chris|title=The Staley Lockout (Thad Williamson)|url=http://dollarsandsense.org/blog/2009/09/the-staley-lockout-thad-williamson.html|access-date=2 August 2012|newspaper=Dollars & Sense|date=24 September 2009|quote=In of the book's most memorable scenes, Staley workers made a pilgrimage to AFL–CIO executive council meetings in Bal Harbour, Florida in February 1995, confronting stunned national leaders inside the luxurious Sheraton Hotel.|archive-date=May 23, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523225937/http://dollarsandsense.org/blog/2009/09/the-staley-lockout-thad-williamson.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Carmichael1986>{{cite news|last=Carmichael|first=Dan|title=Maverick strikers refused meeting|newspaper=United Press International|date=19 February 1986|quote=Renegade strikers at a Minnesota Hormel plant were refused entrance to an AFL–CIO Executive Council meeting Wednesday and they accused President Lane Kirkland and other labor leaders of being 'out of touch' with workers.}}</ref>

Citing image concerns, the council changed the meeting site to [[Los Angeles]].<ref name=PressRelease1997>{{cite web|title=Media Advisory for AFL–CIO Executive Council Meeting February 17–20|url=https://aflcio.org/Press-Room/Press-Releases/AFL-CIO-Executive-Council-Meeting|work=Press Releases|publisher=AFL-CIO|access-date=2 August 2012|quote=Top leaders of the AFL–CIO will meet for nearly a week at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles beginning Sunday, February 16th – the first time in more than 30 years that the winter executive council meeting has not been held in the resort town of Bal Harbour, Florida.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730103609/http://www.aflcio.org/Press-Room/Press-Releases/AFL-CIO-Executive-Council-Meeting|archive-date=30 July 2013|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=Hershey1996>{{cite news|last=Hershey|first=William|title=Union Meeting Heads for L.A.: After 70 Years of Flocking to Florida, AFL–CIO Will Go Where There's Work, Organizing to Be Done|newspaper=Akron Beacon Journal|date=23 February 1996|page=B8}}</ref> However, the meeting was moved back to Bal Harbour several years later.<ref name=Strope2004>{{cite news|last=Strope|first=Leigh|title=AFL-CIO President Says Bush AWOL on Jobs|newspaper=Associated Press Online|date=9 March 2004|quote=The decision to return to Bal Harbor, where room rates for the meeting start at $225 a night, was made a few years ago to avoid losing deposit money, Sweeney said.}}</ref>   The 2012 meeting was held in [[Orlando, Florida]].<ref name=Daraio2012>{{cite news|last=Daraio|first=Robert|title=The AFL–CIO Executive Council and the IATSE General Executive Board Endorses Obama for Second Term|url=http://broadcastunionnews.blogspot.com/2012/03/iatse-general-executive-board-endorses.html|access-date=2 August 2012|newspaper=Broadcast Union News|date=14 March 2012|archive-date=April 2, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162421/http://broadcastunionnews.blogspot.com/2012/03/iatse-general-executive-board-endorses.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== State and local bodies ===
The AFL-CIO constitution permits international unions to pay state federation and central labor council (CLC) dues directly, rather than have each local or state federation pay them. This relieves each union's state and local affiliates of the administrative duty of assessing, collecting and paying the dues. International unions assess the AFL-CIO dues themselves, and collect them on top of their own dues-generating mechanisms or simply pay them out of the dues the international collects. But not all international unions pay their required state federation and CLC dues.<ref>Michelle Amber, "SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute with AFL–CIO Over Dues," ''Daily Labor Report,'' March 2, 2006.</ref>

=== Constitutional departments ===
One of the most well-known departments was the [[Industrial Union Department]] (IUD). It had been constitutionally mandated by the new AFL-CIO constitution created by the merger of the AFL and CIO in 1955,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Collection: AFL–CIO Office of the President, State and Local Central Bodies Merger records {{!}} Archival Collections|url=https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1473|access-date=2020-11-10|website=archives.lib.umd.edu|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130180154/https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1473|url-status=live}}</ref> as CIO unions felt that the AFL's commitment to industrial unionism was not strong enough to permit the department to survive without a constitutional mandate. For many years, the IUD was a ''[[de facto]]'' organizing department in the AFL-CIO. For example, it provided money to the near-destitute [[American Federation of Teachers]] (AFT) as it attempted to organize the [[United Federation of Teachers]] in 1961. The organizing money enabled the AFT to win the election and establish its first large collective bargaining affiliate. For many years, the IUD remained rather militant on a number of issues.

There are six AFL-CIO constitutionally mandated departments:
* [[North America's Building Trades Unions]]
* [[Maritime Trades Department, AFL–CIO|Maritime Trades Department, AFL-CIO]]
* Metal Trades Department, AFL-CIO
* [[Department for Professional Employees, AFL–CIO|Department for Professional Employees, AFL-CIO]]
* [[Transportation Trades Department, AFL–CIO|Transportation Trades Department, AFL-CIO]]
* [[Union Label Department, AFL–CIO|Union Label and Service Trades Department, AFL-CIO]]

== Constituency groups ==
Constituency groups are [[nonprofit]] organizations chartered and funded by the AFL-CIO as voter registration and mobilization bodies. These groups conduct research, host training and educational conferences, issue research reports and publications, lobby for legislation and build coalitions with local groups. Each constituency group has the right to sit in on AFL-CIO executive council meetings, and to exercise representational and voting rights at AFL-CIO conventions.

The AFL-CIO's seven constituency groups include the [[A. Philip Randolph Institute]], the AFL-CIO Union Veterans Council, the [[Asian Pacific American Labor Alliance]], the [[Coalition of Black Trade Unionists]], the [[Coalition of Labor Union Women]], the [[Labor Council for Latin American Advancement]] and [[Pride at Work]].

== Allied organizations ==
The Working for America Institute started out as a department of the AFL-CIO. Established in 1958, it was previously known as the Human Resources Development Institute (HRDI). John Sweeney renamed the department and spun it off as an independent organization in 1998 to act as a lobbying group to promote economic development, develop new economic policies, and lobby Congress on economic policy.<ref>Gilroy, Tom. "Labor to Stress Get-Out-the-Vote Among Members in Fall Elections". ''Labor Relations Week''. October 21, 1998.</ref> The [[American Center for International Labor Solidarity]] started out as the Free Trade Union Committee (FTUC), which internationally promoted free labor-unions.<ref>Under AFL–CIO president [[Lane Kirkland]], the Free Trade Union Committee had four units: the American Institute for Free Labor Development (AIFLD), which covered Latin America; the African-American Labor Center (AALC); the Asian-American Free Labor Institute (AAFLI); and the Free Trade Union Institute (FTUI), which was active Europe. These four units were merged into the [[American Center for International Labor Solidarity]] in 1997.</ref>

Other organizations that are allied with the AFL-CIO include:
* [[Alliance for Retired Americans]]
* [[Solidarity Center]]
* [[American Rights at Work]]
* [[International Labor Communications Association]]
* [[Jobs with Justice]]
* [[Labor Heritage Foundation]]
* [[Labor and Working-Class History Association]]
* [[National Day Laborer Organizing Network]]
* [[United Students Against Sweatshops]]
* [[Working America]]
* [[Working for America Institute]]
* [[Ohio Organizing Collaborative]]

== Programs ==
Programs are organizations established and controlled by the AFL-CIO to serve certain organizational goals. Programs of the AFL-CIO include the AFL-CIO Building Investment Trust, the [[AFL–CIO Employees Federal Credit Union|AFL-CIO Employees Federal Credit Union]], the AFL-CIO Housing Investment Trust, the [[National Labor College]] and Union Privilege.

== International policy ==
The AFL-CIO is affiliated to the Brussels-based [[International Trade Union Confederation]], formed November 1, 2006. The new body incorporated the member organizations of the [[International Confederation of Free Trade Unions]], of which the AFL-CIO had long been part. The AFL-CIO had had a very active foreign policy in building and strengthening free trade unions. During the [[Cold War]], it vigorously opposed Communist unions in Latin America and Europe. In opposing Communism, it helped split the [[General Confederation of Labour (France)|CGT]] in France and helped create the anti-Communist [[Workers' Force|Force Ouvrière]].<ref>Robert Anthony Waters and Geert van Goethem, eds., ''American Labor's Global Ambassadors: The International History of the AFL–CIO During the Cold War'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 2014)</ref>

According to the cybersecurity firm Area 1, hackers working for the [[People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force]] compromised the networks of the AFL-CIO in order to gain information on negotiations for the [[Trans-Pacific Partnership]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Hacked European Cables Reveal a World of Anxiety About Trump, Russia and Iran |first1=David E. |last1=Sanger |first2=Steven |last2=Erlanger |date=December 18, 2018 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/us/politics/european-diplomats-cables-hacked.html |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |quote=The cyberintruders also infiltrated the networks of the United Nations, the A.F.L.-C.I.O., and ministries of foreign affairs and finance worldwide. The hack of the A.F.L.-C.I.O. focused on issues surrounding the negotiations over the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade deal that excluded Beijing. |access-date=May 29, 2019 |archive-date=December 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219163552/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/18/us/politics/european-diplomats-cables-hacked.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
{{For|the history of the AFL–CIO prior to and including the merger|American Federation of Labor|Congress of Industrial Organizations|Labor unions in the United States}}

=== Civil rights ===
[[File:AFL-CIO Headquarters (53844536891).jpg|thumb|300x300px|AFL-CIO headquarters in Washington, DC]]
The AFL-CIO has a long relationship with civil rights struggles. One of the major points of contention between the AFL and the CIO, particularly in the era immediately after the CIO split off, was the CIO's willingness to include black workers (excluded by the AFL in its focus on craft unionism).<ref name=Targ2010>{{cite news|last=Targ|first=Harry|title=Class and Race in the US Labor Movement: The Case of the Packinghouse Workers|url=http://www.politicalaffairs.net/class-and-race-in-the-us-labor-movement-the-case-of-the-packinghouse-workers/|access-date=2 August 2012|newspaper=Political Affairs|date=24 May 2010|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130221230916/http://www.politicalaffairs.net/class-and-race-in-the-us-labor-movement-the-case-of-the-packinghouse-workers/|archive-date=21 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Sustar2012>{{cite news|last=Sustar|first=Lee|title=Socialist Worker|url=http://socialistworker.org/2012/06/28/blacks-and-the-great-depression|access-date=2 August 2012|newspaper=Blacks and the Great Depression|date=28 June 2012|quote=But the well-entrenched bureaucrats of the AFL had long used racism to keep strict control over their membership, and could not countenance the threat of a racially united rank and file.|archive-date=July 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724181322/http://socialistworker.org/2012/06/28/blacks-and-the-great-depression|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Herman, Arthur. ''Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,'' p. 184, Random House, New York, NY. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6964-4}}.</ref> Later, black workers would also criticize the CIO for abandoning their interests, particularly after the merger with the AFL.<ref name=Hill1961>{{cite journal|last=Hill|first=Herbert|title=Racism Within Organized Labor: A Report of Five Years of the AFL–CIO, 1955- 1960|journal=The Journal of Negro Education|date=Spring 1961|volume=30|issue=2|pages=109–118|jstor=2294330|doi=10.2307/2294330}}</ref>

In 1961, [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gave a speech titled "If the Negro Wins, Labor Wins" to the organization's convention in [[Bal Harbour, Florida]].<ref name=":0" /> King hoped for a coalition between civil rights and labor that would improve the situation for the entire working class by ending racial discrimination. However, King also criticized the AFL-CIO for its tolerance of unions that excluded black workers.<ref name=":0">{{cite book|last=Honey|first=Michael K.|title=Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign|year=2007|publisher=Norton|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-393-04339-6|chapter=Dr. King, Labor, and the Civil Rights Movement|page=47|quote=He optimistically projected a coalition in which registered blacks and organized labor would vote together to improve the conditions of all Americans. Yet King did not shirk from condemning union racism, nor did Randolph and the NAACP, leading to open conflict with AFL–CIO president George Meany.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEm-Vlb2HUC}}</ref> "I would be lacking in honesty," he told the delegates of the 1965 Illinois AFL-CIO Convention during his keynote address, "if I did not point out that the labor movement of thirty years ago did more in that period for civil rights than labor is doing today...Our combined strength is potentially enormous, but we have not used a fraction of it for our own good or the needs of society as a whole."<ref>Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018). [https://www.fortygavels.com/ ''Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL–CIO''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930163822/https://www.fortygavels.com/ |date=September 30, 2020 }} '''3'''. Peoria, IL: CWS Publishing. pp. 261-261. {{ISBN|978-0998257532}}.</ref> King and the AFL-CIO diverged further in 1967, when King announced his opposition to the [[Vietnam War]], which the AFL-CIO strongly supported.<ref>{{cite book|last=Honey|first=Michael K.|title=Going down Jericho Road the Memphis strike, Martin Luther King's last campaign|year=2007|publisher=Norton|location=New York [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-393-04339-6|chapter=Standing at the Crossroads|page=96|quote=King's antiwar position opened a huge gap between him and the AFL–CIO, its member unions, and its president, George Meany, who strongly supported the war.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jMEm-Vlb2HUC}}</ref> The AFL-CIO endorsed the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dubofsky|first1=Melvyn|title=The State & Labor in Modern America|date=1994|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=9780807844366|page=223|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjOPtMWwYnYC}}</ref>

====Police violence====

In the 21st century, the AFL-CIO has been criticized by campaigners against police violence for its affiliation with the [[International Union of Police Associations]] (IUPA).<ref name=Kelly2020>{{cite news|last=Kelly|first=Kim|title=No More Cop Unions|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/157918/no-cop-unions|access-date=1 June 2020|newspaper=The New Republic|date=29 May 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200530152143/https://newrepublic.com/article/157918/no-cop-unions|archive-date=30 May 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|author= <!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title= Denouncing Police Unions: A Letter to The AFL–CIO|url= https://www.blacklivesmatterchicago.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Denouncing-Police-Unions_-A-Letter-to-The-AFL-CIO.pdf|location= California|publisher= Black Lives Matter Chicago|agency= UAW Local 2865|date= December 2017|access-date= 2020-06-01|archive-date= June 17, 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200617040630/https://www.blacklivesmatterchicago.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Denouncing-Police-Unions_-A-Letter-to-The-AFL-CIO.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref> On May 31, 2020, the AFL-CIO offices in [[Washington, DC]], were set on fire during the [[George Floyd protests]] taking place in the city.<ref name=Gangitano2020>{{cite news|last=Gangitano|first=Alex|title=AFL-CIO: Attack on headquarters during night of protests 'disgraceful'|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/500411-afl-cio-attack-on-building-during-night-of-protests-disgraceful|access-date=2020-06-01|newspaper=The Hill|date=2020-06-01|archive-date=June 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607043751/https://thehill.com/homenews/500411-afl-cio-attack-on-building-during-night-of-protests-disgraceful|url-status=live}}</ref> In response, AFL-CIO president [[Richard Trumka]] condemned both the [[murder of George Floyd]] and the destruction of the offices, but did not address demands to end the organization's affiliation with the IUPA.<ref>{{cite press release|author=Richard Trumka|title=Trumka on AFL–CIO Building and Justice for George Floyd|url=https://aflcio.org/press/releases/trumka-afl-cio-building-and-justice-george-floyd|location=Washington|publisher=AFL–CIO|date=2020-06-01|access-date=2020-06-01|archive-date=June 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040609/https://aflcio.org/press/releases/trumka-afl-cio-building-and-justice-george-floyd|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Triumph and disaster: the politics of the 1960s and 70s===
After the smashing electoral victory of [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964]], the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for the widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE) was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the white backlash against civil rights. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true. The members were much more conservative. The younger ones were deeply concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had more conservative social views. Furthermore, a new issue—the War in Vietnam—was bitterly splitting the [[New Deal coalition]] into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice President [[Hubert Humphrey]]) and doves (led by Senators [[Eugene McCarthy]] and [[Robert Kennedy]]).<ref>Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections." ''Labor History'' 30.1 (1989): 76-92.</ref> The AFL-CIO continued to experience political defeats in the 1970s, particularly when it came to the Democratic nomination of George McGovern in 1972. The federation leaders were opposed to McGovern's stance on issues such as the Vietnam War.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Cowie |first=Jefferson |title=Stayin' Alive: The 1970s and the Last Days of the Working Class |publisher=New Press |year=2010 |location=New York |pages=87–105}}</ref> Although they attempted to stop the nomination at the Democratic National Convention of 1972, their attempts proved to be futile as they realized the chokehold they had on politics was giving way to a more diverse set of delegates. This marked a turning point in the political power they held as a federation in the U.S.<ref name=":1" />

=== New Unity Partnership ===
In 2003, the AFL-CIO began an intense internal debate over the future of the labor movement in the United States with the creation of the [[New Unity Partnership]] (NUP), a loose coalition of some of the AFL-CIO's largest unions. This debate intensified in 2004, after the defeat of labor-backed candidate [[John Kerry]] in the [[U.S. presidential election, 2004|November 2004 US presidential election]]. The NUP's program for reform of the federation included reduction of the central bureaucracy, more money spent on organizing new members rather than on electoral politics, and a restructuring of unions and locals, eliminating some smaller locals and focusing more along the lines of [[industrial unionism]].

In 2005, the NUP dissolved and the [[Change to Win Federation]] (CtW) formed, threatening to secede from the AFL-CIO if its demands for major reorganization were not met. As the AFL-CIO prepared for its 50th anniversary convention in late July, three of the federations' four largest unions announced their withdrawal from the federation: the [[Service Employees International Union]] (SEIU), the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] ("The Teamsters"),<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Top Unions Split From AFL–CIO, Others Are Expected To Follow Teamsters |first=Thomas B. |last=Edsall |author-link=Thomas B. Edsall |access-date=2009-08-12 |date=July 26, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/25/AR2005072500251.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826174612/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/25/AR2005072500251.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[United Food and Commercial Workers International Union]] (UFCW).<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/30/us/third-union-is-leaving-aflcio.html?scp=1 Greenhouse, Steven. "Third Union Is Leaving A.F.L.-C.I.O."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727125910/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/30/us/third-union-is-leaving-aflcio.html?scp=1 |date=July 27, 2018 }} ''New York Times''. July 30, 2005.</ref> [[UNITE HERE]] disaffiliated in mid-September 2005,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/national/15labor.html?scp=2&sq= Greenhouse, Steven. "4th Union Quits A.F.L.-C.I.O. in a Dispute Over Organizing."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150404034519/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/national/15labor.html?scp=2&sq= |date=April 4, 2015 }} ''New York Times''. September 15, 2005.</ref> the [[United Farm Workers]] left in January 2006,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/us/national-briefing-washington-united-farm-workers-quit-aflcio.html?scp=1 Greenhouse, Steven. "Washington: United Farm Workers Quit A.F.L.-C.I.O."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727131754/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/13/us/national-briefing-washington-united-farm-workers-quit-aflcio.html?scp=1 |date=July 27, 2018 }} ''New York Times''. January 13, 2006.</ref> and the Laborers' International Union of North America disaffiliated on June 1, 2006.<ref>"Laborers' Announce Official Split with AFL–CIO as of June 1." ''Engineering News-Record''. May 29, 2006; "Laborer's to Make AFL–CIO Break Official." ''[[Chicago Sun Times]]''. May 23, 2006.</ref>

Two unions later left CtW and rejoined the AFL-CIO. After a bitter internal leadership dispute that involved allegations of embezzlement and accusations that SEIU was attempting to raid the union,<ref name="LarrubiaEscalate">[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-07-na-unite7-story.html Larrubia, Evelyn. "UNITE HERE Faction Sets Vote on Leaving Union."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922181749/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-mar-07-na-unite7-story.html |date=September 22, 2020 }} ''Los Angeles Times''. March 7, 2009; [https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/31/unite-here-even-more-split/ Mishak, Michael. "UNITE HERE Even More Split as Co-Leader Resigns in Huff."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225154552/https://lasvegassun.com/news/2009/may/31/unite-here-even-more-split/ |date=February 25, 2021 }} ''Las Vegas Sun''. May 31, 2009; [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/business/09labor.html Greenhouse, Steven. "Infighting Distracts Unions at Crucial Time."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418025911/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/09/business/09labor.html |date=April 18, 2017 }} ''New York Times''. July 8, 2009.</ref> a substantial number of UNITE HERE members formed their own union ([[Workers United]]) while the remainder of UNITE HERE reaffiliated with the AFL-CIO on September 17, 2009.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/18/us/18brfs-UNIONREJOINI_BRF.html Greenhouse, Steve. "Union Rejoining A.F.L.-C.I.O."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106071904/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/18/us/18brfs-UNIONREJOINI_BRF.html |date=January 6, 2018 }} ''New York Times''. September 17, 2009; [http://www.lvrj.com/business/culinary-parent-unite-here-rejoins-afl-cio-ending-four-year-separation-59720837.html Stutz, Howard. "Culinary Parent UNITE HERE Rejoins AFL–CIO, Ending Four-Year Separation."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923024338/http://www.lvrj.com/business/culinary-parent-unite-here-rejoins-afl-cio-ending-four-year-separation-59720837.html |date=September 23, 2009 }} ''Las Vegas Review-Journal.'' September 18, 2009.</ref> The [[Laborers' International Union of North America]] said on August 13, 2010, that it would also leave Change to Win and rejoin the AFL-CIO in October 2010.<ref name="LIUNARejoin">[https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/business/15labor.html "Construction Workers' Union to Rejoin A.F.L.-C.I.O."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106070541/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/15/business/15labor.html |date=January 6, 2018 }} [[Associated Press]]. ''New York Times''. August 14, 2010.</ref> The [[Service Employees International Union]] (SEIU) also rejoined the AFL-CIO in January 2025.

=== ILWU disaffiliation ===
In August 2013, the [[International Longshore and Warehouse Union]] (ILWU) disaffiliated from the AFL-CIO. The ILWU said that members of other AFL-CIO unions were crossing its picket lines, and the AFL-CIO had done nothing to stop it. The ILWU also cited the AFL-CIO's willingness to compromise on key policies such as labor law reform, immigration reform, and health care reform. The longshoremen's union said it would become an independent union.<ref>[https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news//2021727991_aporlongshorelockout1stldwritethru.html?mbaseid=2021727991 "Longshore Union Pulls Out of National AFL–CIO." Associated Press. ''Seattle Times'', August 31, 2013.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413143055/http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021727991_aporlongshorelockout1stldwritethru.html |date=April 13, 2014}} Accessed 2013-08-31.</ref>

=== Norfolk Southern proxy fight ===
In 2024, AFL-CIO voiced its opposition to an investor-led plan at [[Norfolk Southern Railway]] to replace the company's top management and several board members. Organized labor is divided on the issue, which is the major sticking point of a proxy battle between NS management and investors ahead of a May 9, 2024 shareholder meeting. AFL-CIO came out and voiced its support for Norfolk's CEO [[Alan H. Shaw|Alan Shaw]], citing concerns about safety, service, and job losses. The union criticized the proposal to replace Shaw and implement a system known as [[precision railroading]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=John |date=2024-04-17 |title=AFL-CIO urges Norfolk Southern shareholders to vote against activist investor's proposals |url=https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/afl-cio-urges-norfolk-southern-shareholders-to-vote-against-activist-investors-proposals/ |access-date=2024-04-26 |website=Trains |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Leadership==

=== Presidents ===
* [[George Meany]] (1955–1979)
* [[Lane Kirkland]] (1979–1995)
* [[Thomas R. Donahue]] (1995)
* [[John Sweeney (labor leader)|John J. Sweeney]] (1995–2009)
* [[Richard Trumka]] (2009–2021)
* [[Liz Shuler]] (2021–present)

=== Secretary-treasurers ===
:1955: [[William F. Schnitzler]]
:1969: [[Lane Kirkland]]
:1979: [[Thomas R. Donahue]]
:1995: [[Barbara Easterling]]
:1995: [[Richard Trumka]]
:2009: [[Liz Shuler]]
:2021: [[Fred Redmond]]

===Executive vice presidents===
:1995–2007: [[Linda Chavez-Thompson]]
:2007–2013: [[Arlene Holt Baker]]
:2013–2022: [[Tefere Gebre]]

== See also ==
* [[Labor history of the United States]]
* [[Directly affiliated local union]]
* [[Labor unions in the United States]]
* [[List of labor unions in the United States]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Amber, Michelle. "SEIU Agrees to Pay Nearly $4 Million to Settle Dispute With AFL-CIO Over Dues." ''Daily Labor Report.'' March 2, 2006.
* Arnesen, Eric, ed. ''Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History'' (2006), 3 vol; 2064pp; 650 articles by experts {{ISBN|0415968267}}
* Draper, Alan. ''A rope of sand : the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Education, 1955-1967'' (1989) [https://archive.org/details/ropeofsandaflcio0000drap online], the main electioneering unit of the AFL-CIO was ineffective.
** Draper, Alan. "Labor and the 1966 Elections," Labor History. (1989) 30#1 pp 76–92. Massive defeat for the liberal Democrats; polls show many union members uninterested in liberal goals of AFL-CIO, especially regarding civil rights.
* Gilroy, Tom. "Labor to Stress Get-Out-the-Vote Among Members in Fall Elections." ''Labor Relations Week.'' October 21, 1998.
* Greenhouse, Steven. "For Chairwoman of Breakaway Labor Coalition, Deep Roots in the Movement." ''New York Times.'' October 10, 2005.
* Lichtenstein, Nelson. "Two Roads Forward for Labor: The AFL-CIO's New Agenda." ''Dissent'' 61.1 (2014): 54–58. [https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/two-roads-forward-for-labor-the-afl-cios-new-agenda Online]
* Lichtenstein, Nelson. ''State of the Union: A Century of American Labor'' (2nd ed. 2013)
* Minchin, Timothy J. ''Labor under Fire: A History of the AFL-CIO since 1979'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xvi, 414 pp.
* Mort, Jo-Ann, ed. ''Not Your Father's Union Movement: Inside the AFL-CIO'' (2002)
* Rosenfeld, Jake. ''What Unions No Longer Do.'' (Harvard University Press, 2014) {{ISBN|0674725115}}
* Tillman, Ray M. and Michael S. Cummings. ''The Transformation of U.S. Unions: Voices, Visions, and Strategies from the Grassroots'' (1999)
* Yates, Michael D. ''Why Unions Matter'' (2009)

=== Constitution ===
* [https://archive.today/20051023052849/http://www.afl-cio.org/aboutus/thisistheaflcio/constitution/ Constitution of the AFL-CIO, as amended at the Twenty-Fifth Constitutional Convention, July 25-28, 2005.] Accessed January 15, 2007.

=== Archives ===
In 2013, the AFL-CIO named the [[University of Maryland Libraries]] as their [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/classifications?q%5B%5D=%2A&op%5B%5D=OR&field%5B%5D=title&from_year%5B%5D=&to_year%5B%5D=&limit=pui_record_group&sort=identifier_sort%20asc,%20repo_sort%20asc,%20title_sort%20asc&page=1 official repository], succeeding the closed [[National Labor College]].&nbsp; The archival and library holdings were transferred in 2013, dating from the establishment of the AFL (1881), and offer almost complete records from the founding of the AFL-CIO (1955).&nbsp; Among the estimated 40 million documents are AFL-CIO Department records, trade department records, international union records, union programs, union organizations with allied or affiliate relationships with the AFL-CIO, and personal papers of union leaders. Extensive photo documentation of labor union activities from the 1940s to the present are in the photographic negative and digital collections.&nbsp; Additionally, collections of graphic images, over 10,000 audio tapes, several hundred films and videotapes, and over 2,000 artifacts are available for public research and study.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor History and Workplace Studies – Special Collections {{!}} UMD Libraries|url=https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/guides/labor|access-date=2021-01-13|website=lib.umd.edu|archive-date=August 29, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829172926/https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/guides/labor|url-status=live}}</ref>

* [http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/search/results.aspx?t=k&q=WAUAFL-CIORegion9_5189.xml AFL-CIO Region 9 Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918121716/http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/search/results.aspx?t=k&q=WAUAFL-CIORegion9_5189.xml |date=September 18, 2020 }}. circa 1955–2000. 14.00 cubic feet (14 boxes). At the [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections].
* [http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/search/results.aspx?t=k&q=WAUAFLCIOKingCountyLaborCouncilofWashingtonProvisionalTradesSection5404.xml Preliminary Guide to the AFL-CIO King County Labor Council of Washington Provisional Trades Section Records.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104805/http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/search/results.aspx?t=k&q=WAUAFLCIOKingCountyLaborCouncilofWashingtonProvisionalTradesSection5404.xml |date=September 18, 2020 }} 1935–1971. .42 cubic foot (1 box). At the [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.]
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv94338 AFL-CIO, Washington State Labor Council Records.] 1880–2010. 187.18 cubic feet. At the [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.]
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv95516 Washington State Federation of Labor Records.] 1881–1967. 45.44 cubic feet (including 2 microfilm reels, 1 package, and 1 vertical file). At the [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.]
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv03955 Antonia Bohan 1995 AFL-CIO Convention Delegate Collection.] 1995–1996. 0.39 cubic feet (1 box and 1 oversized folder). At [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/ University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.] Contains material collected by Bohan as a Service Employees International Union delegate to the AFL-CIO convention that elected John Sweeney president in 1995.
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv95590 Jackie Boschok Papers.] 1979–2013. 16.32 cubic feet (22 boxes). At [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/ University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.] Contains records from AFL-CIO National Community Services Documents, AFL-CIO Resources, and AFL-CIO Working Women Working Together Conference Records.
* [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv28463 Phil Lelli Papers.] 1933–2004. 10.45 cubic feet (11 boxes and 1 vertical file). At [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/ University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections.] Contains "Principles of Autonomy & Jurisdictional Intergrity within the AFL-CIO".
* [https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/collections/afl-cio George Meany Memorial AFL-CIO Archive]. Approximately 40 million documents. At [https://www.lib.umd.edu/special/home University of Maryland Libraries, Special Collections and University Archives]. Contains material that will help researchers better understand pivotal social movements in this country, including those to gain rights for women, children and minorities.
* [https://archives.lib.umd.edu/repositories/2/resources/1468 AFL and AFL-CIO International Affairs Department, AFL Advisors to the United Nations Economic and Social Council records], at the [[University of Maryland Libraries|University of Maryland libraries]]. Contains correspondence between AFL advisors and the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
*[[hdl:1903.1/42473|AFL-CIO Merger Oral History Project collection]], at the University of Maryland Libraries. Contains staff oral histories that explores the history of the 1955 merger: its challenges and successes.
{{Section references}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.opensecrets.org/orgs/summary.php?id=D000000088 AFL-CIO] at [[OpenSecrets]]
* [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/one-hat-labor/ One Hat for Labor?] by David Moberg, ''[[The Nation]]'', April 29, 2009.
* [https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/labors-cold-war/# Labor's Cold War] by Tim Shorrock. ''The Nation'', May 19, 2003.
*[[hdl:1903.1/42449|AFL-CIO Organization and Field Services Department, International and National Union Charter Files]] at the [[University of Maryland Libraries]]

{{AFL-CIO}}
{{Portal bar|Organized labor}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:AFL-CIO| ]]
[[Category:1955 establishments in the United States]]
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[[Category:Trade Union Confederation of the Americas]]