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{{Short description|Ottoman caliph from 1922 to 1924}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Lead too short|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Abdülmecid II
| image        = Portrait Caliph Abdulmecid II.jpg
| caption      = Official portrait of Caliph Abdulmejid II
| title        = [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
| succession   = [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman caliph]]<br/>(''Halîfe-i Müslimîn'')<ref name=tdv1>{{TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi|title=Abdülmecid Efendi|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/abdulmecid-efendi}}</ref>
| reign        = 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924
| reign-type   = Tenure
| predecessor  = [[Mehmed VI]]
| successor    = ''[[Abolition of the Caliphate|Caliphate abolished]]''
| birth_date   = 29/30 May 1868<ref name=EB>{{cite encyclopedia |editor-first=Dale H. |editor-last=Hoiberg |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Abdümecid II |edition=15th |year=2010 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |volume=I: A-ak Bayes |location=Chicago, Illinois |isbn=978-1-59339-837-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/23 23] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/23 }}</ref><ref name=birth>There are sources that give the 29th as the day of his birth.</ref>
| birth_place  = [[Beşiktaş]], [[Istanbul]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1944|8|23|1868|5|30|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Paris]], [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|France]]
| burial_place = [[Al-Baqi Cemetery]], [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Şehsuvar Hanım]]|1896|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}}
* {{marriage|[[Hayrünnisa Hanım]]<br>|1902|1936|end=died}}<ref name="morali">{{cite book|first=Seniha Sami|last=Moralı|title=Meşrutiyet, Dolmabahçe Sarayı ve Ankara'nın İlk Günlerine Dair|year=1978|page=60}}</ref>
* {{marriage|[[Mehisti Hanım|Atiye Mehisti Hanım]]|1912|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}}
* {{marriage|[[Bihruz Hanım|Mihrimah Bihruz Hanım]]|1921|<!-- Omission per Template:Marriage instructions -->}}
}}
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = {{Unbulletedlist|[[Şehzade Ömer Faruk]]|[[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]]|}}
| full name    = Abdülmecid bin Abdülaziz Han
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Abdulaziz]]
| mother       = [[Hayranidil Kadın]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| succession1  = [[Osmanoğlu family|Head of the Osmanoğlu family]]
| reign1       = 16 May 1926 – 23 August 1944
| predecessor1 = Mehmed VI
| successor1   = [[Ahmed Nihad]]
}}

'''Abdülmecid II''' or '''Abdulmejid II''' ({{langx|ota|عبد المجید ثانی|ʿAbdü'l-Mecîd-i <u>s</u>ânî}}; {{langx|tr|II. Abdülmecid}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=II. Abdülmecid kimdir?|url=https://www.biyografi.info/kisi/ii-abdulmecid|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.biyografi.info|language=tr|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413075049/https://www.biyografi.info/kisi/ii-abdulmecid|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Keramet.|first=Nigar, Salih|title=Halife II. Abdülmecid : yurdundan nasıl sürüldü, sonra nerelerde yaşadı, ne zaman ve nerede öldü, ne zaman ve nerede gömüldü|date=1964|publisher=İnkılap ve Aka Kitabevleri|oclc=984425856}}</ref> 29 May 1868 &ndash; 23 August 1944), commonly known as '''Abdülmecid [[Effendi|Efendi]]''', was the last [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottoman caliph]], the only caliph of the [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]], and head of the [[Osmanoğlu family]] from 1926 to 1944. Unlike previous caliphs, he used the title ''Halîfe-i Müslimîn'' ("Caliph of the Muslims"), instead of ''[[Amir al-Mu'minin|Emîrü'l-Mü'minîn]]'' ("Commander of the Faithful").<ref name="tdv1" />

He was also a relatively famous [[artist]] and a Turkish [[Aesthetics|aesthete]], interested in art, mainly [[literature]], [[painting]], and [[music]], and ways to promote it in Turkey. After the [[Abolition of the Caliphate|abolition of the Ottoman caliphate]], he was succeeded for several months by [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]], the [[Sharif of Mecca|Sharif and Emir of Mecca]] and [[King of the Hejaz]],<ref name="Kayali 2023">{{cite book |last=Kayali |first=Hasan |year=2023 |orig-date=1997 |title=Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism, and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908–1918 |chapter=A Case Study in Centralization: The Hijaz under Young Turk Rule, 1908–1914 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOnQEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] and [[Los Angeles]] |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |pages=147–173 |isbn=9780520204461}}</ref> who was mostly recognized in the [[Arab world]].<ref name="Kayali 2023"/>

He died in [[Paris]] in 1944 and was buried as a caliph in [[Medina]].

== Early life ==
Abdulmejid was born on 30 May 1868,<ref name=EB/><ref name=birth/> at [[Dolmabahçe Palace]] to Sultan [[Abdulaziz]] and his consort [[Hayranidil Kadın]]. He was the younger brother of [[Nazime Sultan]]. He spent his early years at the [[Feriye Palace]] complex, before moving to a palace in [[Çamlıca, Üsküdar|Çamlıca]].{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=180}} He received private education, but was proud of having joined artillery classes at the age of four.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=182}} He was about eight years old when his father died after the [[1876 Ottoman coup d'état|1876 coup d'état]], either by suicide or murder. He believed his father died from the latter cause, and took offense from those that believed he killed himself.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=180}} 

Abdulmejid enjoyed athletics and had a robust physique. He considered himself, Şerif Ali Haydar Bey, and his brother-in-law Halid Pasha the best horseback riders of Istanbul. He was one of the strongest of his siblings, and claimed to be able to hold people weighing 100kg on each arm. He often went hunting with his cousin, [[Mehmed Vahideddin|Şehzade Mehmed Vahdeddin]], in the hills of [[Çengelköy]], and when returning, they would listen to a [[fasıl]] orchestra into the night. Other hobbies of his included wrestling, [[mounted shooting]], swimming, and fencing -his sparring partner was an Austrian officer he happened to know.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=182}}

From a young age, he showed interest in the arts. His mansion was a kind of salon or academy for Constantinople's artists and musicians. He would compose<ref>{{Cite book |last=SOGANCI |first=ISMAIL OZGUR |url=https://www.perlego.com/fr/book/3308053/an-interdisciplinary-study-of-problematizing-a-curricular-muteness-figurative-representation-in-islam-and-turkish-art-education-pdf |title=An Interdisciplinary Study of Problematizing A Curricular Muteness: Figurative Representation In Islam And Turkish Art Education |date=2010-04-12 |publisher=LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing |isbn=978-3-8383-5682-2 |edition=1 |pages=120 |language=English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319110725/https://www.perlego.com/fr/book/3308053/an-interdisciplinary-study-of-problematizing-a-curricular-muteness-figurative-representation-in-islam-and-turkish-art-education-pdf |archive-date=19 March 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The time of Joseph Haydn: from Sultan Mahmud I to Mahmud II (r. 1730 - 1839) |date=2014 |publisher=Hollitzer |isbn=978-3-99012-070-5 |editor-last=Hüttler |editor-first=Michael |series=Ottoman Empire and European theatre / ed. by Michael Hüttler |location=Wien}}</ref> three or four movement chamber pieces to be played by his wives, ''[[kalfa]]''s, and apprentices. While officially confined to the palaces, he often skirted this restriction as he enjoyed talking with the people. He had an interest in [[painting]] as well, and was himself a painter, and developed [[Realism (art movement)|realist art]] in the Ottoman Empire. After the [[Young Turk Revolution]] he was free from confinement, and he was a benefactor to the Ottoman Artist's Society.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=181}} He was also a talented pianist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kupferschmidt |first=Uri M. |title=The Diffusion of "Small" Western Technologies in the Middle East: invention, use, and need in the 19th and 20th centuries |date=2023 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-077719-2 |edition=1st |series=Studies of Modern Orient |location=Boston}}</ref> He was interested in literature and founded the [[Pierre Loti]] Society in 1920 to promote the works of the author and translate them into Turkish.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Almas |first=Hacer |date=2021-11-26 |title=Reading Turcophilia: The Turkish Life of Pierre Loti in Aziyadé and Fantôme d'Orient |url=https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/litera/article/reading-turcophilia-the-turkish-life-of-pierre-loti-in-aziyade-and-fantome-dorient |url-status=live |journal=Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies / Litera: Dil, Edebiyat ve Kültür Araştırmaları Dergisi |language=tr |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=591 |doi=10.26650/LITERA2021-860740 |issn=2602-2117 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205073217/https://iupress.istanbul.edu.tr/en/journal/litera/article/reading-turcophilia-the-turkish-life-of-pierre-loti-in-aziyade-and-fantome-dorient |archive-date=5 February 2022 |access-date=19 March 2024 |hdl-access=free |hdl=11693/78178}}</ref>

According to testimonies, he agreed with marriages between cousins within the Ottoman dynasty to reduce tensions within the dynasty.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=İnan |first1=Süleyman |date=2014 |title=Political Marriage: The Sons-in-Law of the Ottoman Dynasty in the Late Ottoman State |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=61–73 |doi=10.1080/00263206.2013.849698 |jstor=24585595}}</ref>

== Crown Prince ==
On 4 July 1918, his first cousin [[Mehmed VI|Mehmed VI Vahdeddin]] became Sultan and Abdulmejid was named [[Wali al-Ahd|Veliahd]].<ref name="EB" /> 

British intelligence reported him to be a moderate man popular with the people with eloquent French. While his sympathies for the [[Turkish National Movement|Kemalists]] were well known, he was also an [[Anglophile]] who had hired an English tutor for his son and had a portrait of [[Lord Palmerston]] hanging in one of his rooms.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=194}} Though he sympathized with the [[Turkish National Movement|Turkish Nationalist Movement]], in an interview with ''[[The Morning Post]]'' he requested assistance from the international community lest [[Committee of Union and Progress|Unionist]] dictatorship return to the Ottoman Empire, even though most of the Turkish nationalists were ex-Unionists. He held a deep personal enmity with [[Damat Ferid Pasha]], whose appointments to the [[List of Ottoman grand viziers|Grand Vizierate]] was greatly affecting his once close relationship with his cousin the Sultan.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=181}}

British intelligence were suspicious he was going to defect to the nationalists. Mustafa Kemal eventually attempted to recruit Abdulmejid to his cause, inviting him to lead the nationalist movement. Abdulmejid's prestige would increase the legitimacy of the nationalists' cause and decrease the pressure the nationalists faced by royalists. Initially, the crown prince was excited of the possibility to be the face of the nationalist movement. But after consulting trusted friends for a few days, including [[Ahmed Izzet Pasha|Ahmed İzzet Pasha]], he believed his defection would cause much bloodshed and instability in the Ottoman family.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=192–193}}[[File:Noul calif - Abdul Medjid, cu fiica sa Prinţesa Durri Chehvâr Sultana.jpg|thumb|Prince Abdülmecid and [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Dürrüşehvar]]]]On 7 September 1920, Ottoman police blockaded his residence of [[Dolmabahçe Palace]], cutting supplies and communication to the outside world. His daughter, six-year-old [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Princess Dürrüşehvar]] had whooping cough, but was not allowed medicine or a doctor. Grand Vizier [[Damat Ferid Pasha]] claimed the crown prince was going to escape to Anatolia on that day on his yacht, so under British pressure he was forced to cordon off his palace, but no order came from [[Occupation of Istanbul|Occupation authorities]] and the move surprised even the Allied powers. On 23 September, High Commissioner [[John de Robeck|De Robeck]] permitted Ferid to lift the siege, as they believed Abdulmejid was no longer interested in defecting. The siege continued for another month, only being lifted as a result of British shuttle diplomacy. Abdulmejid sent a scathing letter to his cousin Sultan Vahdeddin for putting such trust in Ferid Pasha and the British that was destroying the state. The Sultan's and the Crown Princes' once close relationship was effectively over, and mutual resentment would define their relationship from then on.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=194–198}}

== Caliphate ==
[[File:Caliph Abdülmecid on his rout to be enthroned.jpg|thumb|left|Abdülmecid Efendi on his rout to be enthroned as Caliph]]
Once his cousin was deposed on 1 November 1922, the [[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|Ottoman Sultanate was abolished]]. But on 19 November 1922, Abdülmecid was elected [[caliph]] by the [[Turkish National Assembly|Grand National Assembly]] at [[Ankara]].<ref name="EB" /> The caliph was nominally the supreme religious and political leader of all Muslims across the world, with the main goal to prevent extremism or protect the religion from corruption.{{sfn|Özcan|1997|pp=45–52}} He held his [[Bay'ah|''biat'']] ceremony in [[Topkapı Palace]], but the city's [[sharif]]s didn't attend.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=274}} A march was composed for him called the "Medhiye-i Hazret-i Hilâfetpenâhi" by Kemani Eyüplü Mustafa Bey. He established himself in Istanbul<ref>''The Encyclopædia Britannica'', Vol. 7, Edited by Hugh Chisholm, (1911), 3; ''Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire...''</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ea-bAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA966|title=Britannica Concise Encyclopedia|date=2008|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.|isbn=9781593394929|language=en|page=966}}</ref> on 24 November 1922.

The choice of Abdulmejid as caliph was not evident for all Muslims, and there was significant criticism from within and outside the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li̇VaoğLu Mengüç |first=Hilal |date=2018-12-20 |title=Ottoman Caliphate in the Egyptian Press: Examples from Al-Ahram, Al-Muqa??am and Al-Manar |url=http://www.historystudies.net/dergi//ottoman-caliphate-in-the-egyptian-press-examples-from-al-ahr-257m-al-muqa-7789-7789am-and-al-man-257r20181283b765d.pdf |journal=History Studies: International Journal of History |language=en |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=186 |doi=10.9737/hist.2018.681 |issn=1309-4688 |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205135445/https://www.historystudies.net/dergi/ottoman-caliphate-in-the-egyptian-press-examples-from-al-ahr-257m-al-muqa-7789-7789am-and-al-man-257r20181283b765d.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Qureshi |first=M. Naeem |title=Decline of the Movement |date=1999-01-01 |work=Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics |pages=317–362 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004491748/B9789004491748_s010.xml |access-date=2024-03-19 |publisher=Brill |language=en |isbn=978-90-04-49174-8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kassam |first1=Zain R. |title=Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism |last2=Greenberg |first2=Yudit Kornberg |last3=Bagli |first3=Jehan |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-024-1266-6 |series=Encyclopedia of Indian religions |location=Dordrecht}}</ref> There was indeed a conflict among Muslims, especially in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], over whether to pledge allegiance to [[Hussein, King of Hejaz|King Hussein]]'s [[Sharifian Caliphate]] or the much shaken [[Ottoman Caliphate]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |title=European cultural diplomacy and Arab Christians in Palestine, 1918-1948: between contention and connection |date=2021 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-3-030-55539-9 |editor-last=Sanchez-Summerer |editor-first=Karène |location=Cham |pages=442 |editor-last2=Zananiri |editor-first2=Sary}}</ref> Western colonial powers, such as France or the United Kingdom, were very attentive to these developments.<ref name=":4" /> Noteworthy critics of Abdul Mejid included [[Rashid Rida|Muhammad Rashid Rida]], who claimed that he lacked some of the qualities needed to be the caliph, and the exiled [[List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire|Sheikh-ul-Islam]] [[Mustafa Sabri|Mustafa Sabri Efendi]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Arooj |title=The Pious Rebel: Analyzing The Impact of 'Ali 'Abd Al-Raziq's Work And Legacy |url=https://www.academia.edu/35837930 |journal=CUNY Graduate Center, United States |access-date=19 March 2024 |archive-date=30 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430181557/https://www.academia.edu/35837930/The_Pious_Rebel_Analyzing_The_Impact_of_Ali_Abd_Al_Raziqs_Work_And_Legacy |url-status=live }}</ref> The vast majority of Muslims seem to have chosen to recognize him, especially in [[British Raj|British India]].{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=275}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Faiz |title=Afghanistan rising: Islamic law and statecraft between the Ottoman and British empires |date=2017 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-97194-3 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England |pages=240}}</ref>
[[File:Caliph Abdülmecid dethronment.jpg|thumb|Abdülmecid Efendi being informed of his deposition as Caliph]]
As Caliph Abdulmejid was unhappy about the transfer of certain responsibilities from [[Istanbul]] to [[Ankara]]; for instance, he was angry about the relocation of a [[military band]] unit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wozniak |first=Audrey M. |date=2023-09-06 |title=Orienting a Nation: The Turkish National Anthem Controversies |url=https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/mp/article/id/4573/ |url-status=live |journal=Music & Politics |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.3998/mp.4573 |issn=1938-7687 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201133023/https://journals.publishing.umich.edu/mp/article/id/4573/ |archive-date=1 December 2023 |access-date=19 March 2024 |doi-access=free}}</ref> He soon requested a raise in his allowance, making his position a political issue. He received support from the conservatives in the parliament, and in December 1923, an open letter authored by the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] and [[Syed Ameer Ali|Ameer Ali]] was published in the press requesting support for the Caliphate, else an Islamic world without a Caliphate would create discord.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=333}} Prime Minister [[İsmet İnönü]] did not have a chance to review the petition before its publication in the newspapers and the government attacked Abdulmejid's supporters as promoting foreign interests. [[Kemalism|Kemalist]] propaganda used the fact that he occupied the infamous [[Yıldız Palace]] in Istanbul, and he was subsequently portrayed as having unjustly claimed it for himself.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karamursel |first=Ceyda |date=2019 |title=Shiny Things and Sovereign Legalities: Expropriation of Dynastic Property in the Late Ottoman Empire and Early Turkish Republic |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0020743819000382/type/journal_article |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=445–463 |doi=10.1017/S0020743819000382 |issn=0020-7438|url-access=subscription }}</ref> 

In the last session of the budget negotiations on 3 March 1924, [[Urfa]] Deputy Sheikh Saffet Efendi and his 53 peers demanded the [[Abolition of the Caliphate|abolition of the caliphate]], arguing it was not necessary any more. This was approved by majority of the votes and Law 431 was established. With the same law, it was decided to expel all members of the [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman family]], and confiscate their property.{{sfn|Özoğlu|2011|p=5}}<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9cTHyUQoTyUC&pg=PA546|title= Osman's Dream: The History of the Ottoman Empire|first= Caroline|last= Finkel|author-link= Caroline Finkel|publisher= [[Basic Books]]|year= 2007|isbn= 9780465008506|page= 546}}</ref> Princesses were allowed 10 days to leave the country, princes 24 hours, and Abdulmejid was informed he was to leave immediately. For the second time, he had to deal with his residence being cordoned and communications cut by the government. When he was informed of the decision he said the following: "I am not a traitor. I will not leave here even if I die. How can they forcibly remove me from these lands that my ancestor [[Mehmed II|Fatih]] conquered?"{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=334}}

[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], however, offered the caliphate to [[Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi]], on the condition that he reside outside Turkey; Senussi declined the offer and confirmed his support for Abdulmejid.{{sfn|Özoğlu|2011|p=5; Özoğlu quotes 867.00/1801: [[Mark Lambert Bristol]] on 19 August 1924}} He was succeeded by [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Hussein bin Ali]] in the Arab world, with the support of his cousin, [[Mehmed VI]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Al-Momani |first1=Nidal Daoud Mohammad |date=2014 |title=Al-Sharif, Al-Hussein Bin Ali between the Zionists and the Palestinians in 1924 A decisive year in the political history of Al-Hussein |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331156352 |journal=Journal of Human Sciences |volume=2014 |issue=2 |pages=312–335 |doi=10.12785/jhs/20140213 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=British Secret Service |title=Jeddah Report 1-29 Mars 1924 |date=29 March 1924 |publisher=British Secret Service |location=Jeddah |page=FO 371/100CWE 3356 |language=en}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator -->.</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite book |last=نضال داود المومني |url=http://archive.org/details/Shareef_Hussain_Ali_Khilafah |title=الشريف الحسين بن علي والخلافة |date=1996}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name=":6">{{cite web |last1=الوطن |first1=جريدة |last2=webmaster |date=2020-05-05 |title="مملكة الحجاز".. وقــصـــة الـغــزو المـســلّـــح |url=https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516230552/https://www.al-watan.com/article/230610/NEWS/%C2%AB%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B2%C2%BB-%D9%88%D9%82%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B5%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%80%D8%BA%D9%80%D9%80%D8%B2%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%80%D8%B3%D9%80%D9%80%D9%84%D9%91%D9%80%D9%80%D9%80%D8%AD |archive-date=2023-05-16 |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=جريدة الوطن |language=ar}}<!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --></ref><ref name=":122">{{cite news |date=22 March 1924 |title=Central File: Decimal File 867.9111, Internal Affairs Of States, Public Press., Newspapers., Turkey, Clippings And Items., March 22, 1924 - March 12, 1925 |work=Turkey: Records of the U.S. Department of State, 1802-1949 |id={{Gale|C5111548903}}}}</ref> but that attempt ended fast as well.<ref name=":42">{{cite journal |last1=Bar |first1=Shmuel |date=January 2016 |title=The implications of the Caliphate |journal=Comparative Strategy |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1080/01495933.2016.1133994 |s2cid=157012525}}</ref>

== Exile and death ==
[[File:Halife Abdülmecid Efendi ve kızı Dürrüşehvar Sultan.jpg|thumb|Abdülmecid II and [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Dürrüşehvar]] in [[Promenade des Anglais]], Nice, France]]
Although Abdulmejid and his family were upset about this decision, they did not want the people to revolt, so with his wives [[Şehsuvar Hanım|Şehsuvar]], [[Hayrünnisa Hanım|Hayrünisa]], and [[Mehisti Hanım|Mehistî]], and his son [[Şehzade Ömer Faruk|Ömer Faruk]], and daughter [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Dürrüşehvar]],{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=334}} they secretly went to [[Çatalca]] by car from the Dolmabahçe Palace at 5:00 the next morning. Here, after being hosted by the head of the Rumeli Railways Company for a while, they were put on the [[Orient Express|Simplon Express]].<ref name="yucel2">{{cite web |last1=Yücel |first1=İdris |title=İdris Yücel, Fransız Belgelerinde Son Halife Abdülmecid ve Türkiye'de Hilafetin Kaldırılması, ''Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Sayı 61, Güz 2017'' |url=https://www.academia.edu/38112051 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204125047/http://www.academia.edu/38112051/FRANSIZ_BELGELER%C4%B0NDE_SON_HAL%C4%B0FE_ABD%C3%9CLMEC%C4%B0D_VE_T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0YE_DE_H%C4%B0LAFET%C4%B0N_KALDIRILMASI |archive-date=4 February 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> When he left Turkey, he traveled to [[Switzerland]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Gammal |first=Blanche El |date=2017 |title=D'une Guerre À L'autre: L'orient-Express, Témoin, Victime, Enjeu Et Instrument Des Conflits Européens (1883-1945) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44955865 |journal=Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains |issue=265 |pages=147 |jstor=44955865 |issn=0984-2292}}</ref> However, contrary to expectations, he was not greeted by a delegation or ceremony but simply as an ordinary traveler.<ref name=":1" /> When Abdulmejid II arrived in Switzerland, he was detained at the border for a while, but was admitted to the country after a delay.<ref>Lord Kinross, ''The Rebirth of a Nation'', Kasım 1966, Sayfa 386, Amerikan Neşriyatı Bürosu için özel basım (ISBN bilgisi yoktur).</ref> In Switzerland, he said multiple times that the abolition of the caliphate was contrary to Sharia and illegitimate since it was abolished without the consent of all Muslims, and that this would bring chaos to the Islamic world and a rise of extremism.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=336}} But after the Turkish government put pressure on the Swiss government, Abdulmejid was never allowed to give such speeches in Switzerland again.<ref name="ayse">{{cite web |date=7 March 2010 |title=Ayşe Hür, Evvel Zaman İçinde Halifelik Vardı, ''Taraf gazetesi, 07.03.2010'' |url=https://www.haksozhaber.net/evvel-zaman-icinde-halifelik-vardi-15148yy.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921062128/http://www.haksozhaber.net/evvel-zaman-icinde-halifelik-vardi-15148yy.htm |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> After staying in Switzerland for a while, he moved to [[Nice]], France in October 1924.<ref name="butundunya">{{cite web |title=Cengiz Özakıncı, Haremde Beethoven, Sarayda Goethe: Son Halife Abdülmecid Efendi, ''Bütün Dünya dergisi, Şubat 2011'' |url=http://www.butundunya.com/pdfs/2011/02/077-084.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195452/http://www.butundunya.com/pdfs/2011/02/077-084.pdf |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=5 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
[[File:Caliph Abdulmecid II of the Ottoman Empire.jpg|thumb|Princess [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]], Princess of [[Berar Division|Berar]]; Caliph Abdülmecid II of the [[Ottoman dynasty]], and [[Azam Jah|Nawab Azam Jah]], Prince of [[Berar Division|Berar]], 1931]]
Abdulmejid and his family lived a quiet life in Nice.<ref name="tdv">{{cite web |title=Cevdet Küçük, Abdülmecid Efendi, ''Türk Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi'' |url=http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c01/c010313.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402232429/http://www.islamansiklopedisi.info/dia/pdf/c01/c010313.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=6 March 2015}}</ref> They chose not to reside with Mehmed VI who had already established himself in [[Sanremo]]. Abdulmejid believed he alone should hold power of attorney to recover lost family properties in post Ottoman countries, especially in [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]]. Mehmed VI objected to Abdulmejid's use of the title Caliph because he never renounced the title for himself, and believed he should have power of attorney. This feud ended upon Mehmed's death in 1926, and in a conference of the royal family, Abdulmejid was effectively declared the familial patriarch. He believed in this conference that Mustafa Kemal's regime was soon to collapse, and a restoration of the monarchy was imminent, though this never happened.{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=400–401}}

He was also in a difficult financial situation, one third of his income came from the [[Amanullah Khan|emir of Afghanistan]] and an Indian maharaja.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Meanings of Bandung: postcolonial orders and decolonial visions |date=2016 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield International |isbn=978-1-78348-566-6 |editor-last=Phạm |editor-first=Quỳnh N. |series=Kilombo : International Relations and Colonial Questions |location=London; New York |pages=90 |editor-last2=Shilliam |editor-first2=Robbie}}</ref>{{Sfn|Bardakçı|1998|p=400}} In 1930 and 31 his daughter [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan]] and his niece [[Princess Niloufer|Nilüfer Hanım Sultan]] married the sons of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], one of the richest people in the world; thanks to this, his financial situation improved. As he did not get the anticipated support from the Islamic world for the restoration of the caliphate, he started to focus more on worship, painting, and music.<ref name="tdv" />

Abdulmejid, who later settled in Paris, used to perform Friday prayers at the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]] with other Muslims in the region. After the departure of his very fond grandchildren and son, who left France to marry the Kavala princes of Egypt, he spent painful days alone. He wrote a 12-volume book of memoirs, preserved by his daughter Dürrüşehvar Sultan.

On 23 August 1944, Abdulmejid II died at his house in the 15th Avenue du Maréchal Mounoury, [[Paris]], due to a heart attack.<ref name="lale">{{cite web |last1=Uçan |first1=Lale |title=Son Halife Abdülmecid Efendi'nin Hayatı- Şehzâdelik, Veliahtlık ve Halifelik Yılları |url=http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/60731.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127062256/http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/60731.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 January 2021 |publisher=İstanbul Üniversitsi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü doktora tezi, İstanbul 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brookes |first=Douglas Scott |title=The concubine, the princess, and the teacher: voices from the Ottoman harem |date=2010 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-0-292-72149-4 |location=Austin, Tex |pages=278}}</ref> His death coincided with the [[Liberation of Paris]] from the [[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|German occupation]]. Despite the efforts of Dürrüşehvar Sultan, the Turkish government did not permit his funeral to be held in Turkey. Subsequently, his remains were preserved at the [[Grand Mosque of Paris]] for ten years. Finally, when the mosque could no longer maintain his body, his body was subsequently moved to [[Medina]], where he was then buried. His predecessor, Mehmed VI, was buried in [[Damascus]], by [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]].<ref name=":2">{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1985562940}} |last1=Karpat |first1=Kemal H |title=Inside the Seraglio: Private Lives of the Sultans in İstanbul |journal=International Journal of Turkish Studies |volume=23 |issue=1/2 |date=2017 |pages=102–104 }}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal |id={{ProQuest|1985569314}} |last1=Peirce |first1=Leslie |title=Ottoman Women in Public Space |journal=International Journal of Turkish Studies |volume=23 |issue=1/2 |date=2017 |pages=104–108 }}</ref> This is explained by the prohibition imposed by the [[Kemalism|Kemalists]], [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] and then [[İsmet İnönü|İnönü]], who prohibited the former caliph from being buried in Turkey.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

His daughter had hoped to bury him in her in-laws' princely state of [[Aurangabad]], India. However, due to circumstances arising from World War II, transporting his remains proved difficult. He was eventually laid to rest in [[Jannat al-Baqi]]. Dürrüşehvar Sultan remained deeply resentful that the Turkish Republic did not allow her father to be laid to rest on Turkish soil, and towards the end of her life, she expressed her wishes not to be buried in Turkey.

== As artist ==
Abdulmejid was given the title of General in the [[Ottoman Army]], but did not have strong military inclinations. He had a more significant role as Chairman of the Ottoman Artists' Society and was a personal friend of some Western painters, such as [[Fausto Zonaro]], who was influential in art in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seker |first=Cinla |date=2016 |title=The Formal and Contextual Analysis of Soldier Painters' Artworks in the Westernization Era of Turkish Painting during Ottoman Period in Asia Minor |url=https://ijaah.thebrpi.org/vol-4-no-1-june-2016-abstract-3-ijaah |journal=International Journal of Art and Art History |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=33 |doi=10.15640/ijaah.v4n1a3 |doi-broken-date=11 July 2025 }}</ref> He was also connected to the French artist Adolphe Thalasso, who dedicated some works to him.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bauhn |first1=Per |title=Osman Hamdi Bey – an Ottoman Orientalist or a Humanist Ottoman? |journal=Iconographisk Post |date=2023 |issue=3–4 |pages=7–37 |doi=10.69945/ico.vi3-4.25310 |url=https://journals.lub.lu.se/ico/article/view/25310 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

He is considered one of the most important painters of [[Ottoman art#Later periods|late period Ottoman art]]. His paintings of the [[Harem]], showing a modern musical gathering, and of his wife, [[Şehsuvar Hanım]], reading [[Goethe]]'s novel [[Goethe's Faust|''Faust'']], express the influence of western Europe in his elite circle.<ref name="The Economist">{{cite news|title=The Ottoman caliphate: Worldly, pluralist, hedonistic – and Muslim, too|url=https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds|access-date=26 December 2015|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=19 December 2015|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808195245/https://www.economist.com/news/christmas-specials/21683981-worldly-pluralist-hedonisticand-muslim-too-straddling-two-worlds|url-status=live}}</ref> These were displayed at a 1917 exhibition of Turkish art in [[Vienna]]. His personal self-portrait can be seen at [[Istanbul Modern]].

Abdulmejid was also an avid [[Insect collecting|collector]] of [[butterflies]], an activity that he pursued during the last 20 years of his life. His favourite magazine was ''[[Revue des deux Mondes]]''.<ref name="The Economist" />

=== Paintings ===
<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Haremde Goethe.JPG|''[[Haremde Goethe]]'', 1898/1917, [[State Art and Sculpture Museum]]
File:Haremde beethoven.jpg|''[[Haremde Beethoven]]'', 1915, [[İstanbul State Art and Sculpture Museum]]
File:Abdulmecid-camikapisi.JPG|''[[Cami Kapısı]]'', 1920, [[Sakıp Sabancı Museum]]
File:Abdülmecit Efendi'nin imzaladığı Abdülhak Hâmit Tarhan resmi.png|Painting of [[Abdülhak Hâmid Tarhan|Abdülhak Hamit Tarhan]], with the text in [[Ottoman Turkish]] saying, "made with the heart".
</gallery>

== Personality ==
Murat Bardakçı described Abdulmejid as someone with a large ego, who often had a chip on his shoulder. His son [[Şehzade Ömer Faruk]] married the daughter of his cousin [[Sabiha Sultan|Rukiye Sabiha Sultana]]. 

Abdulmejid and Vahdeddin would argue over the names of their grandchildren, Vahdeddin proposing simple and austere against Abdulmejid's august and elaborate suggestions. Abdulmejid wished for his first granddaughter to be named Neslişah where as with Vahdeddin wished Fatma, so [[Neslişah Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)|she]] received both names. This argument and compromise would repeat with the namings of [[Hanzade Sultan (daughter of Şehzade Ömer Faruk)|Zehra Hanzade Sultana]] and [[Necla Sultan|Necla Hibetullah Sultana]].

==Honours and arms==

=== Ottoman honours ===
* [[Order of House of Osman|Order of House of Osman, Jeweled]]<ref name="Öztuna1978">{{cite book|author=Yılmaz Öztuna|title=Başlangıcından zamanımıza kadar büyük Türkiye tarihi: Türkiye'nin siyasî, medenî, kültür, teşkilât ve san'at tarihi|year=1978|publisher=Ötüken Yayınevi|page=164}}</ref><ref name="alp">{{cite book|first=Ruhat|last=Alp|title=Osmanlı Devleti'nde Veliahtlık Kurumu (1908–1922)|year=2018|pages=324}}</ref>
* [[Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)|Order of Glory, Jeweled]]<ref name="Öztuna1978"/><ref name="alp"/>
* [[Imtiyaz Medal|Imtiyaz Medal, Jeweled]]<ref name="Öztuna1978"/><ref name="alp"/>
* [[Order of Osmanieh|Order of Osmanieh, Jeweled]]<ref name="Öztuna1978"/><ref name="alp"/>
* [[Order of the Medjidie|Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled]]<ref name="Öztuna1978"/><ref name="alp"/>
* [[Iftikhar Sanayi Medal]]<ref name="Öztuna1978"/><ref name="alp"/>
* Imtiyaz War Medal in Gold<ref name="alp"/>
* Outstanding Navy Medal in Gold<ref name="alp"/>

=== Foreign honours ===
*{{Flagcountry|Austria-Hungary}}: Grand-Cross [[Order of Leopold (Austria)|Order of Leopold]], ''6 June 1918''{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=59}}
*{{flagcountry|Qajar dynasty}}: [[Order of the Crown (Iran)|Order of the Crown, 2nd Class]], ''23 August 1919''{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=83–84}}

=== Arms ===
<gallery class="center">
File:Coat of Arms of Abdulmejid II, the last Ottoman Caliph.svg|Coat of Arms of the Caliph
</gallery>

==Family==
===Consorts===
Abdülmecid II had four consorts:<ref name="adra">{{cite book|first=Jamil|last=Adra|title=Genealogy of the Imperial Ottoman Family 2005|url=https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/GenealogyOfTheImperialOttomanFamily2005/page/n43 37–38]}}</ref>{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=xvi}}{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=261}}
* [[Şehsuvar Hanım]] (2 May 1881 – 1945). They married on 22 December 1896 and had a son.{{sfn|Uçan|2019|pp=256–261}} 
* [[Hayrünnisa Hanım]] (2 March 1876 – 3 September 1936). She was born in [[Bandırma|Bandirma]], Turkey. They married on 18 June 1902 in Ortakoy Palace. She died in Nice. Hayrünisa was extremely well educated and a cello virtuoso. She was portrayed by her husband while playing.{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=259}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Murat|last=Bardakçı|title=Neslishah: The Last Ottoman Princess|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|page=110|isbn=978-9-774-16837-6}}</ref>  
* [[Mehisti Hanım|Atiye Mehisti Hanım]] (27 January 1892 – 1964). She was born in [[Adapazarı|Adapadari]]. They married on 16 April 1912 in Bağlarbaşı Palace and had a daughter. She died in London.{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=258-267}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Necdet|last=Sakaoğlu|title=Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları: Vâlide Sultanlar, Hâtunlar, Hasekiler, Kandınefendiler, Sultanefendiler|publisher=Oğlak Yayıncılık|year=2008|page=713|isbn=978-6-051-71079-2}}</ref>
* [[Bihruz Hanım|Mihrimah Bihruz Hanım]] (24 May 1903 – 1955). She was born in [[İzmit]]. They married on 21 March 1921 in Çamlıca Palace. She died in Istanbul.<ref>{{cite book|first=Necdet|last=Sakaoğlu|title=Bu Mülkün Kadın Sultanları: Vâlide Sultanlar, Hâtunlar, Hasekiler, Kandınefendiler, Sultanefendiler|publisher=Oğlak Yayıncılık|year=2008|page=713|isbn=978-6-051-71079-2}}</ref>

===Issue===
Abdülmecid II had a son and a daughter:<ref name="adra"/>{{sfn|Bardakçı|2017|p=xiv}}{{sfn|Uçan|2019|p=267}}
* [[Şehzade Ömer Faruk]] (27 February 1898 - 28 March 1969) - with Şehsuvar Hanım. Married twice with two his cousins and had three daughters by his first marriage.
* [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Hatice Hayriye Ayşe Dürrüşehvar Sultan]] (26 January 1914 - 7 February 2006) - with Mehisti Hanım. She married an Indian prince and had two sons. 

<gallery widths="200" heights="120">
File:Abdül Mecid II.jpg|Prince Abdülmecid
File:Durrusehvar.jpg|Abdülmecid with his daughter [[Dürrüşehvar Sultan|Dürrüşehvar]] and fourth wife [[Mehisti Hanım]]
File:Portrait of Abdülmecid II in Topkapı Saray Museum.jpg|Portrait of Prince Abdülmecid in [[Topkapı Palace]] Museum
File:AbdulmecidII.jpg|Caliph Abdülmecid II
File:The chief Eunuch of the Caliph. Formerly this man was the most dangerous in the Kingdom and could order the execution of the unfaithful or jealous wives. To-day his job is less important as the wives LCCN2011649924.jpg|''Top:'' The [[Kizlar Agha|Chief Eunuch]] of the Caliph<br />''Bottom:'' The Caliph enters his Royal Barge
File:Caliph Abdülmecid walking with entourage of soldiers, officials and a brass band as women watch LCCN2011649919 (cropped).tif|The Caliph walking with entourage of soldiers, officials and a brass band as women watch
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Osmanoğlu family]]
* [[Line of succession to the former Ottoman throne]]
* [[List of burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last=Bardakçı |first=Murat |author-link=Murat Bardakçı |title=Şahbaba: Osmanoğulları'nın Son Hükümdarı Vahdettin'in Hayatı, Hatıraları ve Özel Mektupları |publisher=Pan Yayıncılık-İnkılâp Kitabevi |year=1998 |isbn=9751024536}}
* {{cite book|last=Özcan|first=Azmi|title=Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain, 1877–1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s04pus5jBNwC&pg=PA49|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10632-4}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAhcJj-ij28C&pg=PA6|title=From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic|last=Özoğlu|first=Hakan|date=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313379567|language=en}}
*{{cite thesis|last=Uçan|first=Lâle|title=Son Halife Abdülmecid Efendi'nin Hayatı – Şehzâlik, Veliahtlık ve Halifelik Yılları |url=http://nek.istanbul.edu.tr:4444/ekos/TEZ/60731.pdf |publisher=Istanbul University Institute of Social Sciences |type=PhD Thesis |year=2019}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|b=no|v=no|n=no|c=Category:Abdül Mecid II|s=Author:Abdul Mejid II|d=Q203768|q=no|wikt=no}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/000036}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||29 May 1868||23 August 1944}}
{{s-rel|su}}
{{s-bef
| rows = 3
| before = [[Mehmed VI]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = Last [[List of Caliphs|Caliph of the Ottoman Caliphate]]
| years = 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924
}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Abolition of the Caliphate]]<br /><small>([[Sharifian Caliphate|Briefly claimed]] by [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]])</small>}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
| years = 19 November 1922 – 3 March 1924
}}
{{s-vac|reason=[[Abolition of the Caliphate]]|next=[[Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]]}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Osmanoğlu family|Head of the Osmanoğlu family]]
| years = 16 May 1926 – 23 August 1944
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[Ahmed Nihad]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Caliphs}}{{Ottoman claimants}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulmejid II}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1944 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century people from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Exiles from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:20th-century painters from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Turks from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:People from Beşiktaş]]
[[Category:Muslims from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Turkish expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Heads of the Osmanoğlu family]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:Ottoman caliphs]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]
[[Category:Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques]]
[[Category:People of the Turkish War of Independence]]
[[Category:Exiled royalty]]