View source for Abigail May Alcott Nieriker

{{Short description|American painter (1840–1879)}}
{{Infobox artist
| image            = Rose Peckham - Abigail May Alcott Nieriker (d. 1879).jpg<!---[[File:May Alcott Nieriker.jpg|250px]]--->
| caption          = Portrait of May Alcott Nieriker by Rose Peckman (detail)
| birth_name       = Abigail May Alcott
| birth_date       = {{Birth date|1840|7|26}}
| birth_place      = [[Concord, Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date       = {{Death date and age|1879|12|29|1840|7|26}}
| death_place      = [[Paris]], [[France]]
| resting_place    = [[Montrouge Cemetery]], France
| resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LON|type:landmark|display=inline,title}} -->
| spouse           = {{marriage|Ernest Nieriker|1878}}
| children         = Louisa May (Nieriker) Rasim (1879–1975)
| field            = Painting
| training         = [[School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston]], [[William Morris Hunt]], [[William Rimmer]], Krug, Vautier and Müller
| alma_mater       = 
| movement         = 
| works            = 
| patrons          = 
| awards           = 
| memorials        = 
| elected          = 
| website          = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} -->
| bgcolour         = 
| module           = 
}}

'''Abigail May Alcott Nieriker''' (July 26, 1840 – December 29, 1879) was an American artist and the youngest sister of [[Louisa May Alcott]]. She was the basis for the character Amy<ref name=Smith>Dinitia Smith. [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/27/books/from-alcott-a-parable-for-a-spirited-niece.html From Alcott, a Parable for a Spirited Niece."] The New York Times. March 27, 2002. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</ref> (an [[anagram]] of May) in her sister's [[Autobiographical novel|semi-autobiographical novel]] ''[[Little Women]]'' (1868). She was named after her mother, [[Abby May|Abigail May]], and first called Abba, then Abby, and finally May, which she asked to be called in November 1863 when in her twenties.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

== Early life ==
[[File:May Alcott Nieriker - Orchard House - watercolor - before 1879.jpg|thumb|May Alcott Nieriker, ''[[Orchard House]]'', watercolor of the Alcott family home, before 1879]]
{{Quote box
|title = 
|quote = Her temperament was elastic, susceptible. She had a lively fancy, a clear understanding... [I]ndependence was a marked trait.… She held her fortunes in her hands, and failure was a word unknown in her vocabulary of effort.
|source = Amos Bronson Alcott, her father<ref>Daniel Shealy, ed., [https://archive.today/20140303205357/http://www.questia.com/read/122426920 ''Little Women Abroad: The Alcott Sisters' Letters from Europe, 1870-1871.''] Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2008. p. lxix.</ref>
|align = right
|width = 250px
|border = 0px
|bgcolor = LightSteelBlue
|qstyle = 
|quoted = 1
|salign = right
}}
[[File:1868 LittleWomen byLMAlcott RobertsBros.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''But it was too late; the study-door flew open, and Beth ran straight into her father's arms.'' Illustration from ''Little Women'', published by [[Roberts Brothers (publishers)|Roberts Bros.]], 1868]][[File:May Alcott Nieriker - Westmister Abbey - By 1879.jpg|thumb|May Alcott Nieriker, ''[[Westminster Abbey]],'' watercolor, by 1879]]
[[File:May Alcott Nieriker - La Negresse - 1879.jpg|thumb|May Alcott Nieriker, ''La Négresse'', 1879. Exhibited at the 1879 Paris Salon]][[File:May Alcott Nieriker - Floral Panel- oil on panel - by 1879.jpg|thumb|May Alcott Nieriker, ''Floral Panel,'' oil on panel in Louisa's room in Orchard House, made by 1879]]
Abigail May Alcott was born July 26, 1840, in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], the youngest of the four daughters born to [[Amos Bronson Alcott]] and [[Abby May|Abigail May Alcott]].<ref name="Orchard House Museum">[http://www.louisamayalcott.org/maytext.html ''May Alcott Nieriker''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207205218/http://www.louisamayalcott.org/maytext.html |date=2016-12-07 }} Louisa May Alcott, Orchard House Museum. Retrieved February 25, 2014.</ref><ref name=Appletons>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Alcott, Amos Bronson|year=1900|notaref=|short= |noicon=}}</ref>

Her sister was the novelist [[Louisa May Alcott]], who supported her studies in Europe and with whom she had a fond relationship, although Louisa May was, at times, jealous of her family life and her ability to get what she wanted and needed.<ref name="Alcott p. 12">Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PR12 The Journals of Louisa May Alcott]''. University of Georgia Press; 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1950-6}}. p. 12.</ref>

Artistic from an early age, she inspired the character of Amy, one of the sisters in Louisa May Alcott's ''[[Little Women]]'', whom Louisa described as follows: "She was never so happy as when copying flowers, designing fairies, or illustrating stories with queer specimens of art."<ref>Caroline Ticknor.''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Hlei_jkn6n0C&pg=PA314 May Alcott]''. Applewood Books; June 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4290-9312-5}}. p. 31.</ref>

== Public education ==
She studied teaching at the Bowdoin School, a [[Boston]] public school beginning in January, 1853.<ref>Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PA70 The Journals of Louisa May Alcott]''. University of Georgia Press; 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1950-6}}. p. 70.</ref> Taking over for Louisa in 1861, May taught at the first [[Kindergarten]] founded by [[Elizabeth Palmer Peabody]] for a month before returning to her own work.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} Beginning in December 1860, May was in [[Syracuse, New York|Syracuse]], [[New York (state)|New York]], where she taught an early form of [[art therapy]] at Dr. Wilbur's asylum ([[Syracuse State School]]).<ref>Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=JJ_HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PRxxiv Little Women Abroad: The Alcott Sisters' Letters from Europe, 1870-1871]''. University of Georgia Press; 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-3009-9}}. p. xxiv.</ref><ref name="Alcott Journals p. xx">{{cite book|author=Louisa May Alcott|title=The Journals of Louisa May Alcott|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PAxx|year=1997|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-1950-6|page=xx}}</ref> then returned home in August 1861<ref name="Alcott Journals p. xx" /> or 1862 to begin teaching art at the Concord school run by her father's friend [[Franklin Benjamin Sanborn]].<ref name="Stern1999">Madeleine B. Stern. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=R8HA-TMdWG8C&pg=PA104 Louisa May Alcott: A Biography]''. UPNE; 1999. {{ISBN|978-1-55553-417-2}}. p. 104.</ref>

== Art ==

=== 19th-century women artists ===
As educational opportunities expanded in the 19th century, women artists became part of professional enterprises, which included them founding their own art associations. Artwork created by women was considered to be inferior; women, in response to that stereotype, helped overcome it by becoming "increasingly vocal and confident" in promoting women's work, and thus became part of the emerging image of the educated, modern, and freer "[[New Woman]]".<ref>Laura R. Prieto. ''[https://archive.org/details/athomeinstudiopr00prie/page/145 At Home in the Studio: The Professionalization of Women Artists in America]''. Harvard University Press; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00486-3}}. pp. 145–146.</ref> Artists, then, "played crucial roles in representing the New Woman, both by drawing images of the icon and exemplifying this emerging type through their own lives."<ref>Laura R. Prieto. ''[https://archive.org/details/athomeinstudiopr00prie/page/160 At Home in the Studio: The Professionalization of Women Artists in America]''. Harvard University Press; 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00486-3}}. p. 160–161.</ref>

=== Education ===
Beginning in 1859, Alcott studied art at the [[School of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston]]. May Alcott visited Paris, studied at the [[Académie Julian]] in 1870<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/academiejulian/a/alcott-nieriker|title=Alcott-Nieriker - academie julian|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> and exhibited in both cities, as she also did later elsewhere in the US and in London.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://academic.oup.com/journals/pages/oxfordindex|title=Oxford Index|website=Oxford Academic|year=2011|doi=10.1093/benz/9780199773787.article.b00002466}}</ref> She painted flowers mainly, but also made excellent copies of works by [[J. M. W. Turner|J.M.W. Turner]]. She studied art anatomy with [[William Rimmer]] in Boston and also studied with [[William Morris Hunt]], Krug, Vautier, and Müller among others.<ref name=Appletons /><ref name="Cheney p. 255">Ednah D. Cheney. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=7isSoCYXwDAC&pg=PA255 The Life of Louisa May Alcott]''. Cosimo, Inc.; 1 January 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-61640-251-8}}. p. 255.</ref> She even taught art to the young [[Daniel Chester French]].<ref>Katherine Sherwood Bonner McDowell. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=PKnzjcs_2fAC&pg=PA40 A Sherwood Bonner Sampler, 1869-1884: What a Bright, Educated, Witty, Lively, Snappy Young Woman Can Say on a Variety of Topics]''. Univ. of Tennessee Press; 2000. {{ISBN|978-1-57233-067-2}}. p. 40.</ref>

She studied in [[Paris]], [[London]], and [[Rome]] during three European trips in 1870, 1873 and 1877, which the 1868 publication of her sister Louisa's book ''[[Little Women]]'' made possible.<ref name="Orchard House Museum" /><ref name="Cheney p. 255" /> She traveled on at least one of the trips with Alice Bartlett and her sister Louisa May,{{#tag:ref|After the death of [[Anna Alcott Pratt|Anna Alcott]]'s husband John Pratt in 1871, Louisa returned to Concord, while May stayed in Europe to begin serious study.
{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}|group="nb"}} where she "came into her own as an artist." She studied sculpture, sketching and painting.<ref name=Maloni /> In the meantime, she found that women had greater educational opportunities in Europe than in the United States, but the art academies did not allow women to paint live nude models. For that, she studied under Krug, who enabled both male and female students to paint live models.<ref name="Barker p. 222">Deborah Barker, [https://archive.today/20140303205437/http://www.questia.com/read/119482644 ''Aesthetics and Gender in American Literature: Portraits of the Woman Artist.''] Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2000. p. 222</ref>

Alcott had illustrated the first edition of ''Little Women'', to a negative critical reception. The early illustrations were made before her trips to and studies in Europe.

=== Career ===
After studying in Paris, she divided her time between Boston, London and Paris. Her strength was as a copyist and as a painter of still life, either in oils or watercolors.<ref name="BDA1906" /> Her success as a copyist of Turner was such as to command the praise of Mr. [[John Ruskin]] and secure the adoption of some of her work for the pupils to copy at the South Kensington schools in London.<ref name=Appletons /><ref name="BDA1906" /><ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Alcott, May|short= |noicon=}}</ref>

She published ''Concord Sketches'' with a preface by her sister Louisa May (Boston, 1869).<ref name=Appletons /><ref name="BDA1906" /><ref>{{Cite NIE|wstitle=Alcott, May|year=1905}}</ref> After having studied in Europe, she had become "an accomplished artist" by the 1870s, and her works during that time showed marked improvement compared to the earlier illustrations for ''Little Women'' and the "quirky" depiction of [[Walden Pond]] in ''Concord Sketches.'' Her works after her European studies and exposure to great works of art reflected "a surer hand, a clearer focus, and a broader vision as the world".<ref name=Maloni />

She created the plan and outfitted a studio in 1875 for a [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]] art center to support and promote emerging artists.<ref>Deborah Barker, [https://archive.today/20140303205437/http://www.questia.com/read/119482644 ''Aesthetics and Gender in American Literature: Portraits of the Woman Artist.''] Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2000. pp. 220-221</ref>

In 1877, her [[still life]] was the only painting by an American woman{{citation needed|date=February 2014}} to be exhibited in the [[Paris Salon]],<ref name="Orchard House Museum" /> selected over the work of [[Mary Cassatt]]. She made portraits and paintings of exterior scenes, some with an oriental flair. [[John Ruskin]] praised her copies of J.M.W. Turner, having called her "the foremost copyist of Turner of her time."<ref name=Smith /> Her strength was as a copyist and as a painter of still life, in oils and watercolors, and she painted many panels featuring flowers on a black background. A panel of [[goldenrod]] given to neighbor and mentor [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]] still hangs in his study. Several can also be seen at the [[Orchard House]] in Concord.{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}

She was living in London and studying landscape art when she met Ernest Nieriker. The couple married on March 22, 1878, in London. Authors Eiselein and Phillips claimed that the marriage occurred despite her family's reluctance.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" /> In contrast, Louisa Alcott called the day a "happy event" and described Ernest as a handsome, cultivated and successful "tender friend". Further, she declared that "May is old enough to choose for herself, and seems so happy in the new relation that we have nothing to say against it."<ref name="Alcott p. 209">Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PR209 The Journals of Louisa May Alcott]''. University of Georgia Press; 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1950-6}}. p. 209.</ref> May was 38 years old and Ernest Nieriker was a 22-year-old Swiss tobacco merchant<ref name="Orchard House Museum" /><ref name=Stone>Judy Stone. [https://archive.today/20140303205350/http://articles.philly.com/1995-01-15/entertainment/25715027_1_alcott-foibles-louisa-may-s-march-sisters "A Look At Another Branch of the Louisa May Alcott Family Tree."] Philadelphia: ''The Inquirer''. January 15, 1995. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</ref> and violinist.<ref name="Alcott p. 209" /> Ernest supported May's artistic career and had helped her through the death of her mother on November 25, 1877, becoming engaged in February 1878.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" /><ref name="Alcott p. xxiv">Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PRxxiv The Journals of Louisa May Alcott]''. University of Georgia Press; 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1950-6}}. p. xxiv.</ref> The couple honeymooned in [[Le Havre]]<ref name="Alcott p. 209" /> and then lived in [[Meudon, France|Meudon]], a Parisian suburb, where she lived primarily after her marriage.<ref name="Orchard House Museum" /><ref name=Appletons />{{#tag:ref|Louisa May Alcott depicted the couple in the novel, ''Diana and Persis'' that she wrote about art in Boston's Bellevue Hotel. Persis was based upon May and August on Ernest.<ref>Gregory Eiselein; Anne K. Phillips. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sPMBb1Ql_9UC&pg=PA232 The Louisa May Alcott Encyclopedia]''. Greenwood Publishing Group; 1 January 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30896-3}}. pp. 79, 232-233.</ref> In it, "Alcott sets out to prove Avis in the wrong about a woman's ability to combine art, matrimony, and motherhood."<ref>Deborah Barker, [https://archive.today/20140303205437/http://www.questia.com/read/119482644 ''Aesthetics and Gender in American Literature: Portraits of the Woman Artist.''] Lewisburg, PA: Bucknell University Press, 2000. p. 94</ref>|group="nb"}}

The following year, she made the painting ''La Négresse'', which was exhibited at the Paris Salon, "what might be judged her masterpiece" of her career.<ref name=Maloni>Conni Maloni. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100527030531/http://www.concordma.com/magazine/autumn08/mayalcottartist.html "Lessons, sketching and her dreams: May Alcott as Artist."]}} Massachusetts: Concord Magazine. Autumn 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</ref> It is a realistic painting of a black woman that portrays her unique individuality without being romantic or erotic.<ref name="Barker p. 222" />

In her letters to family members, May expressed her happiness of married life as an artist in Paris.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" />

In her book ''Studying Art Abroad, and How to do it Cheaply'' (Boston 1879) she advised:<blockquote>"There is no art world like Paris, no painters like the French, and no incentive to good work equal to that found in a Paris atelier."<ref>Betty Alice Fowler; Lucy M. Stanton; Georgia Museum of Art. ''The art of Lucy May Stanton''. Georgia Museum of Art, University of Georgia; November 2002. {{ISBN|978-0-915977-42-0}}. p. 17.</ref></blockquote>

== Childbirth and death ==
On November 8, 1879, in Paris, May gave birth to a daughter, Louisa May "Lulu." Seven weeks later on December 29, 1879, May died, possibly of [[Postpartum infections|childbed fever]].<ref name=Maloni /><ref name="Alcott p. 219">Louisa May Alcott. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jbw1z1HoAAIC&pg=PR219 The Journals of Louisa May Alcott]''. University of Georgia Press; 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-8203-1950-6}}. p. 219.</ref>{{#tag:ref|Her cause of death may have been unrelated to childbirth.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001">Gregory Eiselein; Anne K. Phillips. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=sPMBb1Ql_9UC&pg=PA232 The Louisa May Alcott Encyclopedia]''. Greenwood Publishing Group; 1 January 2001. {{ISBN|978-0-313-30896-3}}. pp. 232-233.</ref>|group="nb"}} By her wish and because Ernest traveled often for work, May's sister Louisa May brought up Lulu{{#tag:ref|Lulu crossed the Atlantic and was brought to Boston, Massachusetts, in the United States by her father's sister, Sophie Nieriker, and a nurse sent by Louisa May Alcott in September 1880.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" />|group="nb"}} until her death in 1888. Then Ernest Nieriker, May’s widower and Lulu’s father, raised Lulu in Zurich, Switzerland.<ref name="Orchard House Museum" /><ref name=Stone />{{#tag:ref|Lulu's library represents the stories that her aunt Louisa wrote for her niece,<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" /> and Louisa's last story, ''Lu Sing'', was a [[parable]] written about Lulu, set in China. The story is included in a modern book ''The Uncollected Works of Louisa May Alcott'' which is illustrated by May's paintings and drawings. The proceeds of the book helped to fund the restoration of the Alcott family house, [[Orchard House]].<ref name=Smith /> During her childhood, Lulu had an easy life in Concord, in the care of her aunt Louisa who considered her a "precious legacy" of her sister's life and warmly rose to the role of caretaker, comforter, storyteller, and supporter.<ref name="Alcott p. 12" /> Upon her aunt Louisa's death eight years later, she lived with her father, his sister Alice and niece Hanny in Zurich. She had difficulty adjusting to the German language and strict lifestyle of her father's family.<ref name="EiseleinPhillips2001" />|group="nb"}}

Though Louisa placed a stone with her initials at the family plot at [[Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)|Sleepy Hollow Cemetery]], May is buried in Paris<ref>Reisen, Harriet. ''Louisa May Alcott: The Woman Behind Little Women''. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 2009: 300. {{ISBN|978-0-8050-8299-9}}</ref> at [[Montrouge]].<ref name="Alcott p. 219" />

In 2002, an exhibition of her work and life, "Lessons, sketching, and her dreams: May Alcott as Artist", was the first major show of her work.<ref name=Maloni />

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:May Alcott Nieriker - Amos Bronson Alcott in his study - by 1879.jpg|May Alcott Nieriker, ''[[Amos Bronson Alcott]] in his study'', by 1879
File:Ernest Nieriker.jpg|Ernest Nieriker, May Alcott's husband
</gallery>

== Publication ==
*{{cite book|last=Nieriker|first=May Alcott|title=Studying Art Abroad: And How to Do It Cheaply|url=https://archive.org/details/studyingartabroa00nier|date=1879|publisher=Roberts Brothers|place=Boston|oclc=8699580|ol=6929381M}}
::Reprinted (2015) Fb &C Limited {{ISBN|978-1-330-70442-4}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group="nb"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist |30em |refs=<ref name="BDA1906">{{BDA1906 |inline=y |wstitle=Alcott, May |volume=1 |page=69}}</ref>}}

==Further reading==
* Julia Dabbs, ''May Alcott Nieriker: Author and Advocate. Travel Writing and Transformation in the Late Nineteenth Century'' (Anthem Press, 2022). ISBN 1-78527-864-9
* ''The Forgotten Alcott: Essays on the Artistic Legacy and Literary Life of May Alcott Nieriker'', eds. Azelina Flint and Lauren Hehmeyer (Routledge, 2022) ISBN 978-0-367-69159-2
* Julia K. Dabbs, "Empowering American Women Artists:  The Travel Writings of May Alcott Nieriker," [http://www.19thc-artworldwide.org/autumn16/dabbs-on-the-travel-writings-of-may-alcott-nieriker Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide] (2016)
* Erica E. Hirshler, ''A Studio of Her Own: Women Artists in Boston 1870-1940'' {{ISBN|0-87846-482-4}}
* ''The Uncollected Works of Louisa May Alcott'' {{ISBN|0-9655309-9-X}}
* Caroline Ticknor, ''May Alcott: A Memoir (Little, Brown, 1928)''
* ''Selected Letters of Louisa May Alcott''

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Abigail May Alcott Nieriker |birth=1840 |death=1879}}

{{New Woman (late 19th century)}}
{{Louisa May Alcott}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Painting|United States}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nieriker, Abigail May Alcott}}
[[Category:Alcott family|Abigail May]]
[[Category:American botanical illustrators]]
[[Category:Painters from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Concord, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:19th-century American painters]]
[[Category:19th-century American women painters]]
[[Category:American women illustrators]]
[[Category:Académie Julian alumni]]
[[Category:Art copyists]]
[[Category:American expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Sewall family]]
[[Category:Quincy family]]
[[Category:May family|Abigail]]
[[Category:Deaths in childbirth]]
[[Category:Burials at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery (Concord, Massachusetts)]]