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The '''abolition of monarchy''' is a legislative or revolutionary movement to abolish [[monarchy|monarchical]] elements in government, usually hereditary. The abolition of an [[absolute monarchy]] in favour of [[limited government]] under a [[constitutional monarchy]] is a less radical form of [[Criticism of monarchy|anti-monarchism]] that has succeeded in some nations that still retain monarchs, such as Sweden, Spain, and Thailand.

Abolition has been carried out in various ways, including via [[abdication]] leading to the extinction of the monarchy, legislative reform, [[revolution]], [[coup d'état]], and [[decolonisation]]. Abolition became more frequent in the 20th century, with the number of monarchies in [[Europe]] falling from 22 to 12 between 1914 and 2015, and the number of [[republic]]s rising from 4 to 34. Decolonisation and independence have resulted in an abolition of monarchies in a number of former colonies such as those created by the United Kingdom.

Motivations for abolition include [[egalitarianism]] and anti-[[social class|class]] views, eliminating a rival system potentially opposed to another incoming system (as had occurred in [[Romania]] in 1947), opposition to undemocratic and hereditary institutions, perception of monarchy as anachronistic or outdated, and opposition to a particular monarch or [[dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/royal-family-abolish-wedding-queen-monarchy-sexist-institution-why-meghan-markle-a8357266.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519163012/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/royal-family-abolish-wedding-queen-monarchy-sexist-institution-why-meghan-markle-a8357266.html |archive-date=2018-05-19 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|newspaper=The Independent|date=19 May 2018|title=We need to abolish the monarchy – because it's not fair on anyone, including the royals|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/may/08/monarchy-is-corrupt-bring-down-house-of-windsor-royal-wedding|work=The Guardian|date=9 May 2018|title='Essentially, the monarchy is corrupt' – will republicanism survive Harry and Meghan?|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> In many colonies and former colonies, abolishing the influence of the monarchy of a colonising state is considered part of decolonisation. In many [[Commonwealth realms]], the monarchy may be viewed as a foreign institution running counter to the [[national identity]] or [[Sovereignty#Nation-states|national sovereignty]].

In the 21st century, some countries that are monarchies have significant [[republicanism|republican]] movements, such as [[Republicanism in Spain|Spain]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://qz.com/1281030/royal-families-the-countries-that-most-want-to-abolish-the-monarchy/|publisher=QZ|date=18 May 2018|title=Royal families: The countries that feel the strongest about abolishing their monarchies|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> and [[Republicanism in Australia|Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2020/01/11/does-the-monarchy-have-a-future|publisher=Dhaka Tribune|date=11 January 2020|title=Does the monarchy have a future?|access-date=12 January 2020}}</ref> Since the beginning of the 20th century, restorations of monarchies have been comparatively rare. Examples are the [[monarchy of Spain]], which since [[1947 Spanish law of succession referendum|1947]] had been nominally [[Francoist Spain|a regency with a vacant throne]] but the [[Spanish Bourbons|Bourbon dynasty]] was restored in 1975; the reinstatement in 1991 of the Emir of [[Kuwait]] following abolition in 1990 and the [[Gulf War]]; and a 1993 transition of [[Cambodia]] from a [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|Marxist-Leninist republic]] to an [[elective monarchy]].

== Ancient world ==

=== Classical Athens ===
{{Further|Classical Athens}}The city-state of Athens was ruled by monarchs in a period before the establishment of Athenian Democracy. Most of this is either mythical or semi-historical. The Athenian monarchy was abolished and replaced with lifetime archons around 1068 BC, whose power was reduced over many years.<ref>Aristotle, ''Constitution of Athens, 3''</ref>

=== Roman Kingdom/Republic ===
The [[Roman Republic]] was established after the overthrow of the seventh king of Rome, [[Lucius Tarquinius Superbus]], in 509 BC, after his disrespect for Roman customs and the Senate as well as his use of violence to control Rome.<ref>Matyszak 2003, p. 41.-42.</ref>

== Civil War and English Republic ==

Under the leadership of [[Oliver Cromwell]], in 1649, [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]] was tried for high treason, convicted and executed. This marked the conclusion of the [[English Civil War]] which resulted in the [[Parliament of England]] overthrowing the [[List of English monarchs|English monarchy]], and initiating [[Interregnum (1649–1660)|a period of an English republic]] (known as the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]]). After eleven years, in 1660, [[English Restoration|a limited monarchy was restored]] but moderated by an independent Parliament.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Restoration of a Limited Monarchy in England: Definition & History – Video & Lesson Transcript|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-restoration-of-a-limited-monarchy-in-england.html|access-date=2022-11-16|website=study.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>Haley, K.H.D. (1985), Politics in the Reign of Charles II, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, {{ISBN|0-631-13928-1}}</ref>

In the [[Kingdom of England]], the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688 furthered the constitutional monarchy, restricted by laws such as the [[Bill of Rights 1689]] and the [[Act of Settlement 1701]]. At the same time, in [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], the [[Convention of Estates (1689)|Convention of Estates]] enacted the [[Claim of Right Act 1689]], which placed similar limits on the Scottish monarchy.

== Atlantic and French Revolutions ==
{{Main|Atlantic Revolutions}}

=== American ===
{{Main|American Revolution|History of the United States}}
{{Further|American Revolutionary War|Patriot (American Revolution)|United States Declaration of Independence}}
[[File:Sprit of '76.2.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|''The Spirit of '76'', originally titled ''[[Yankee Doodle]]'', painted by [[Archibald Willard]] in 1875, is an iconic image representing the [[Spirit of '76 (sentiment)|patriotic sentiment]] surrounding the [[American Revolutionary War]].]]

Organized anti-monarchism in what is now the [[United States]] developed out of a gradual revolution that began in 1765, as colonists resisted a [[Stamp Act|stamp tax]] through boycott and condemnation of tax officials.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stamp Act crisis and significance|url=http://www.stamp-act-history.com/stamp-act/stamp-act-crisis-significance/|access-date=2022-11-16|language=en-US|website=University of Massachusetts History Club}}</ref> While they were subject to the authority of the [[Parliament of Great Britain]] (as the monarchy was a limited monarchy since 1660), the North American citizens increasingly clashed with the Parliament that did not provide seats for parliamentary representatives from North America. With the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] in 1776, anti-monarchical propaganda resulted in violent protests that systematically removed symbols of monarchy. For instance, an equestrian statue of [[George III]] in New York City was toppled. Parliamentary [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|loyalists]] were particularly affected by partisan attacks, with tens of thousands leaving for [[History of Canada (1763–1867)|British Canada]].<ref>{{Cite book |author= Maya Jasanoff |title= Liberty's Exiles: American Loyalists in the Revolutionary World |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uGKsn09oVwQC&pg=PA357 |year= 2012|publisher= Random House |page= 357 |isbn= 978-1-4000-7547-8 }}</ref> Property that remained was confiscated by each of thirteen newly created [[U.S. state|States]] through newly passed laws.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Mark |last=Boonshoft|title=Dispossessing Loyalists and Redistributing Property in Revolutionary New York|url=https://www.nypl.org/blog/2016/09/19/loyalist-property-confiscation|access-date=2022-11-16|website=The New York Public Library|language=en}}</ref> Artifacts from the colonial period depicting the British monarchy are seldom found in the United States. However, not all sentiment equated to anti-monarchism. A normality of a monarchy at the head of a polity remained, that some Americans saw a [[President of the United States|presidency]] in monarchical terms, a Caesar of the republic, was an early debate in the new republic.<ref>Note for example: {{Cite book
| last1                 = Breen
| first1                = Timothy H.
| author-link1          = T. H. Breen
| chapter               = 4: Voices of the People
| title                 = George Washington's Journey: The President Forges a New Nation
| year = 2016
| url                   = https://books.google.com/books?id=53vfDQAAQBAJ
| location              = New York
| publisher             = Simon and Schuster
| publication-date      = 2017
| page                  = 120
| isbn                  = 978-1-4516-7543-6
| access-date            = 2017-02-24
| quote                 = If most Americans saw the danger of addressing Washington as their American Caesar – he had absolutely no interest in becoming emperor – they nevertheless found it surprisingly appealing.
}}</ref>

=== French ===
{{Main|French First Republic|French Revolution}}
{{Further|French Revolutionary Wars|Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy|Revolutions of 1830|Revolutions of 1848}}
[[File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|thumb|right|250px|''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'', painted by [[Eugène Delacroix]] in 1830, featuring a depiction of the modern French [[national personification]] [[Marianne]]|alt=A bare-breasted woman leads a revolutionary army over a barricade, holding aloft a French flag]]

One of the most significant abolitions of monarchy in history—along with the [[Dutch Republic]] of 1581–1795—involved the ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' in 1792 during the [[French Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Everdell |first=William R. |year=2000 |title=The End of Kings: A History of Republics and Republicans |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-22482-1|location=Chicago |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/endofkingshistor00ever}}</ref> The [[List of French monarchs|French monarchy]] was later restored several times with differing levels of authority. [[Napoleon]], initially a hero of the Republican revolution, crowned himself emperor in 1804, only to be replaced by the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]] in 1815, which in turn was replaced by the more liberal [[July Monarchy]] in 1830.

The [[1848 Revolution]] was a clearer anti-monarchic uprising that replaced the succession of royal leaders with the short-lived [[Second French Republic]]. [[Napoleon III|Louis Napoleon Bonaparte]] established the [[Second French Empire]] (1852–1870), retaining republican aspects while placing himself in the center of the state until the losses in the [[Franco-Prussian War]] led to his fall, resulting in the [[French Third Republic]] and the definitive end of the monarchy in France. [[Monarchism in France|Monarchism]], which had held a majority in the National Assembly after the [[1871 French legislative election|1871 election]], slowly fizzled out over the course of the rest of the century.<ref>Compare the 1871 election results with those of [[1898 French legislative election|the end of the century]], in which monarchist candidates barely attained any seats.</ref>

=== Haitian ===
{{Main|Haitian Revolution}}
{{Empty section|small=no|find=Haitian Revolution|date=April 2023}}

== 19th century ==

=== Africa ===

==== Madagascar ====
The monarchy of Madagascar, known as the [[Merina Kingdom]], came to an end in 1897 when France made it a colony and overthrew Queen [[Ranavalona III]].

==== Zimbabwe ====
In 1629, the [[Mwenemutapa]] attempted to throw out the Portuguese. He failed and in turn he himself was overthrown, leading to the Portuguese installation of [[Mavura Mhande Felipe]] on the throne. In 1917, [[Mambo Chioko]], the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese.

=== Americas ===

==== Mexico ====
The [[First Mexican Empire]] existed from the September 1821 [[Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire|Declaration of Independence]] until [[Agustin I of Mexico|the emperor]]'s abdication in March 1823. The [[Provisional Government of Mexico (1823–24)|Provisional Government]] took power and the [[First Mexican Republic]] was proclaimed in 1824. Due to [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French intervention]] under [[Napoleon III]], the [[Second Mexican Empire]] lasted from 1864 to 1867, when it collapsed and its Emperor, [[Maximilian I of Mexico]], was executed.

==== Brazil ====
In Brazil, the monarchy was formally established in 1815 through the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] (of which the [[Kingdom of Brazil]] was a constituent state), it evolved into the [[Empire of Brazil]] in 1822, and was abolished in 1889, when Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] was overthrown by a [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|republican military coup]] (the status of the republic was confirmed by [[1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum|a plebiscite in 1993 that resulted in 86% of the votes to the republican government]]).

=== Asia ===

==== Burma ====
The monarchy of Burma was abolished in 1885 when the last king, [[Thibaw Min]], lost his throne and the country was annexed by Britain.

==== South Asia ====
In 1858 the [[Mughal Empire]] came to an end after losing a war against Britain, and its Emperor, [[Bahadur Shah II]], lost his throne.

==== Bengal ====
British rule in Bengal began with the fall of [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] at the Battle of Plassey in 1757. And the [[Nawabs of Bengal|Bengal Nawabs]] came to an end.

=== Europe ===

==== Italy ====
Between 1859 and 1861, four monarchies in Southern Europe ceased to exist ([[Duchy of Parma|Parma]], [[Duchy of Modena and Reggio|Modena]], [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany|Tuscany]] and [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies|the Two Sicilies]]) when they all became part of the new [[Kingdom of Italy]].

==== Spain ====
In Spain monarchy was abolished from 1873 to 1874 by the [[First Spanish Republic]], but then restored until 1931.

=== Pacific ===

==== Hawaii ====
In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew Queen [[Liliʻuokalani]] of the [[Kingdom of Hawaii]]. They established a [[Republic of Hawaii|republic]], which was annexed by the United States in 1898.

==== Tahiti ====
The monarchy of Tahiti came to an end in 1880 when France made it a colony and overthrew King [[Pōmare V]].

==== Manuʻa ====
After ceding sovereignty of the [[Manuʻa Islands]] of modern-day American Samoa to the United States in 1904, the last [[Tui Manu'a|King of Manu'ʻa]], [[Tui Manuʻa Elisala]], died on 2 July 1909. All attempts to revive the position since his death have been met with opposition by the United States government.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tufele; Young v.|url=https://new.asbar.org/case-law/tufele-young-v/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=American Samoa Bar Associations|language=en-US}}</ref>

== 20th century ==

=== Nationalism ===

==== China ====

The [[monarchy of China]] ceased to exist in 1912 when the [[Xinhai Revolution]] led by [[Sun Yat-sen]] succeeded in overthrowing the young [[Puyi|Xuantong Emperor]]; this marked the end of the [[Qing dynasty]] and the start of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. In 1915, [[Yuan Shikai]] briefly proclaimed the [[Empire of China (1915–1916)|Empire of China]] with himself as the emperor; the regime failed to gain legitimacy and collapsed three months later. In 1917, the Qing loyalist [[Zhang Xun]] sought to revive the Qing dynasty and briefly reinstalled the Xuantong Emperor to the Chinese throne; this attempt is known as the "[[Manchu Restoration]]" in historiography. The monarchy in parts of China was restored through the Japanese-sponsored client state known as [[Manchukuo]] with the former Qing emperor as its leader until the final abolition in 1945.

The area of [[Tibet]] was ruled by the [[Ganden Phodrang]] government which continued through the [[annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China]] until the [[1959 Tibetan uprising|Tibetan rebellion]] in 1959 where the monarchy in Tibet was dissolved although it continued in exile as the [[Central Tibetan Administration]] in India.

During the Xinhai Revolution, [[Outer Mongolia]] declared independence from the Qing dynasty of China in the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911]]. The [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]] was subsequently proclaimed, although the Republic of China laid claims to Outer Mongolia and was widely recognized by the international community as having sovereignty over it. In 1924, the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] was established, bringing an end to the monarchy in Mongolia.

=== World War I and aftermath ===

World War I led to perhaps the greatest number of abolition of monarchies in history.

==== Russian Empire ====

The conditions inside the Russian Empire and the poor performance in the war gave rise to a [[February Revolution|revolution]] which toppled the entire institution of the monarchy, followed by a [[October Revolution|second revolution]] against that government in October of the same year that executed Tsar ([[Imperator#Post-Roman use|Imperator]] (Императоръ)) [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] and implemented a [[Marxist-Leninism|Marxist-Leninist]] government. The [[Russian Civil War]] saw various monarchist, Republican, anarchist, nationalist and socialist factions fight each other with [[Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War|bourgeois independence movements]] winning in the [[Baltic States]], Poland and Finland and the [[Bolsheviks]] winning everywhere else.

===={{anchor |de-at-tr-me}} Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Montenegro ====

The defeated [[German Empire|German]], [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires saw the abolition of their monarchies in the close aftermath of the war, ending the reigns of [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Wilhelm II]], [[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]] and [[Mehmed VI]] respectively. The monarchs of the constituent states within the German Empire, most importantly [[Ludwig III of Bavaria]], [[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony]] and [[William II of Württemberg|Wilhelm II of Württemberg]], soon abdicated. During the war, monarchies were planned for [[Poland]] ([[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Kingdom of Poland]]), the [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] (to have a [[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Finnish King]]), and [[Lithuania]] ([[Mindaugas II of Lithuania]]), with a [[protectorate]]-like [[suzerainty]] exercised by the [[German Empire]]. Both intended kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918. King [[Nicholas I of Montenegro]] lost his throne when the country became a part of Yugoslavia in 1918.

=== World War II and aftermath ===

World War II saw another increased number of abolition of monarchies.

==== Italy, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Croatia ====

In 1922, Benito Mussolini's [[March on Rome]] led to King Victor Emmanuel III appointing Mussolini Prime Minister. In 1939 [[Italian invasion of Albania|Italy invaded Albania]] and removed the reigning self-proclaimed [[King Zog]] and instated their own King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] as its new monarch. [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], along with the eastern European monarchies of [[Tsar of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Hungary]] and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] were forced to join with [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] by their dictators in World War II against the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], the [[Western allies]] and the [[Soviet Union]].  When Yugoslavia fell in 1941 the [[Independent State of Croatia]] was established under a nominal monarchy, but it was in fact a [[one party state]] under [[Ante Pavelić]] and a [[puppet state]] of Nazi Germany. With the fall of [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] in July 1943, the monarchy in Croatia was abolished. As the [[Axis powers]] were defeated in the war, communist partisans in [[Yugoslavia#Yugoslavia during World War II|occupied Yugoslavia]] and [[Military history of Albania during World War II|occupied Albania]] seized power and ended the monarchies. Communists in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Romania removed their monarchies with strong backing by the Soviet Union, which had many troops and supporters placed there during the course of the war. Through this, [[Peter II of Yugoslavia]], [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II of Bulgaria]] and [[Michael of Romania|Michael I of Romania]] all lost their thrones. King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]] had remained King after the [[Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy]] but transferred most of his powers to [[Umberto II of Italy|his son]] after the [[Armistice of Cassibile]]. After Victor Emmanuel abdicated to save the monarchy, a narrow [[1946 Italian constitutional referendum|referendum in 1946]] ended the short reign of his son King [[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]] and the Italian monarchy ceased to exist.

=== Republicanism ===

==== Australia (monarchy kept after referendum) ====

In a [[1999 Australian republic referendum|1999 referendum]], the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to replace the constitutional monarchy with a republic with a president appointed by Parliament. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the [[Australian Capital Territory]] voting in favour. Though polling consistently showed a majority in favour of a republic, the result of the referendum was attributed to a split among republicans between those who supported the presented model and those who supported a directly elected president.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turnbull|first=Malcolm|title=Fighting for the Republic|location=South Yarra|publisher=Hardie Grant Books|year=1999|page=250}}</ref><ref name="Vizard">{{Cite book|title=Two Weeks in Lilliput: Bear Baiting and Backbiting at the Constitutional Convention|author=Steve Vizard|author-link=Steve Vizard|publisher=Penguin|location=Ringwood (Vic)|year=1998|isbn=0-14-027983-0}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Higley|first=John|author2=Case, Rhonda|title=Australia: The Politics of Becoming a Republic|journal=Journal of Democracy|volume=11|issue=3|date=July 2000|pages=136–150|issn=1045-5736|doi=10.1353/jod.2000.0058|s2cid=153786108}}</ref><ref name="Steketee">{{Cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/ten-years-after-the-referendum-we-are-no-closer-to-a-republic/story-e6frg6qo-1225792964973|title=Ten years after the referendum, we are no closer to a republic|last=Steketee|first=Mike|work=[[The Australian]]|date=31 October 2009|access-date=6 November 2009}}</ref>

==== Greece ====
In the [[modern history of Greece]], the monarchy was toppled in 1924, as a result of the [[National Schism]] and the [[Asia Minor Disaster]]. The resulting [[Second Hellenic Republic]] led a troubled existence, until a coup restored the monarchy in 1935. The subsequent dictatorial [[4th of August Regime]] was established with the support of King [[George II of Greece]], further delegitimizing the monarchy.{{cn|date=November 2025}}

During the [[Axis occupation of Greece]], George II nominally led the [[Greek government in exile]], but the post-war fate of the monarchy was a major dividing issue for Greeks, especially with the rise of the pro-communist [[National Liberation Front (Greece)|National Liberation Front]] (EAM) as the country's largest resistance movement. As a compromise, the issue was to be determined by a referendum after the war. In the end, the threat of a post-war communist takeover led the [[Venizelist]] republicans to ally with the monarchists; with the defeat of EAM in the ''[[Dekemvriana]]'', the subsequent [[White Terror (Greece)|White Terror]], and the outbreak of the [[Greek Civil War]] in 1946 resulted in a monarchist victory in the [[1946 Greek referendum|1946 referendum]] and the return of George II to the country.

The last king, [[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]], interfered in politics during the [[Iouliana]] of 1965. The resulting political crisis led to a [[1967 Greek coup d'état|military coup]] in April 1967. Constantine II reluctantly accepted the ''fait accompli'' and lent it legitimacy, but when he tried to stage a counter-coup later that year, he was defeated and forced into exile. Greece formally remained a monarchy until it was abolished by the military junta in June 1973, followed by [[1973 Greek republic referendum|a July referendum confirming that decision]]. The restoration of the monarchy was overwhelmingly defeated, after constitutional legality was restored, by a free [[1974 Greek republic referendum|referendum in 1974]].

==== Spain ====

In Spain, the monarchy was again abolished in 1931 by the [[Second Spanish Republic]] (1931–1939). In [[1947 Spanish law of succession referendum|1947]], [[Spain under Franco|Francisco Franco]] declared Spain a [[monarchy]] but kept himself as [[regent]] for life with the constitutional setup essentially unchanged. Per the right the 1947 law granted him to decide ''who'' would be the future Spanish monarch, he appointed [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos of Bourbon]] his successor in 1969. The "[[Prince of Spain]]" became king at Franco's death in 1975, and during the [[Spanish transition to democracy]], the [[Spanish constitution of 1978]] put the monarchy on a new constitutional basis. The existence of monarchy in Spain is an [[entrenched clause]] with much stricter rules for [[constitutional amendment]] than other constitutional provisions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.congreso.es/consti/constitucion/indice/titulos/articulos.jsp?ini=166&fin=169&tipo=2|title = Título X. De la reforma constitucional – Constitución Española}}</ref>

==== Portugal ====

The monarchy of Portugal was also [[5 October 1910 revolution|overthrown]] in 1910, two years after the [[Lisbon Regicide|assassination]] of King [[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]], ending the reign of [[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]], who died in exile in England in 1932 without issue.

=== Communism, socialism, and Islamism ===

==== Afghanistan ====

In 1973, the monarchy of King [[Mohammed Zahir Shah]] of Afghanistan was abolished after a socialist-supported [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|coup d'état]] led by [[Mohammad Daoud Khan]], from the same [[Musahiban]] royal family, who declared himself the first [[President of Afghanistan]].

==== Ethiopia ====

Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]] was overthrown in 1974 as a result of the [[Ethiopian Revolution]], ending almost three millennia of monarchical rule in Ethiopia.

==== Indochina ====

In 1945, during the [[August Revolution]], [[Bảo Đại]] abdicated under the pressure of the [[Việt Minh]] led by [[Ho Chi Minh]]. This marked the end of the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] and the Vietnamese monarchy. From 1949 to 1955, Bảo Đại served as the ''Quốc Trưởng'' ({{lit|Chief of State}}) of the [[State of Vietnam]] and did not receive the title of ''Hoàng Đế'' ({{lit|Emperor}}).

Political upheaval and Communist insurrection put an end to the monarchies of [[Indochina]] after World War II: a short-lived attempt to leave a monarchical form of government in post-colonial [[South Vietnam]] came to naught in a [[1955 State of Vietnam referendum|fraudulent 1955 referendum]], a [[1970 Cambodian coup|military coup]] overthrew the kingless monarchy in Cambodia in 1970 and a [[Taking of Vientiane|Communist takeover]] ended the monarchy in Laos in 1975. Cambodia's monarchy later saw an unexpected rebirth under an internationally mediated peace settlement with former king [[Norodom Sihanouk]] being restored as a figurehead in 1993.

==== Iran ====

The [[Pahlavi dynasty]]'s rule in Iran ended following the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979 overthrowing Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] and leading to the [[1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum|establishment of an Islamic republic]].

==== Arab countries ====
The monarchy of Egypt was abolished in 1953, a year after the [[1952 Egyptian revolution|military overthrow]] of King [[Farouk of Egypt|Farouk]], which caused him to abdicate in favour of his infant son [[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]. The monarchy of Iraq ended in 1958 when King [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] [[14 July Revolution|was killed and a republic proclaimed]]. The monarchy of Yemen was abolished in 1962 when King [[Muhammad al-Badr]] was overthrown in a coup, although he continued to resist his opponents until 1970. King [[Idris of Libya]] was overthrown by [[1969 Libyan revolution|a military coup]] led by [[Muammar Gaddafi]] in 1969.

=== Imperialism expansion and decolonisation ===

==== Commonwealth of Nations ====

Many monarchies were abolished in the middle of the 20th century or later as part of the process of decolonization. This included several [[Commonwealth realm]]s, which were sovereign states in [[personal union]] with the [[monarchy of the United Kingdom]].

The monarchy of Ireland was not abolished following the [[Irish war of independence]] in the 1920s. The [[Irish Free State]] was created as a separate state from the United Kingdom; it was nominally a monarchy but transitioned towards a more republican form of government throughout its existence. The [[Irish Constitution]] that [[Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland|came into force]] in 1937 [[Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949|left the question of Republic or monarchy vague]], but established a [[President of Ireland]], an office usually absent in monarchies. The monarchy was officially abolished by the [[Republic of Ireland Act]] of 1948, which came into force in 1949.

The monarchies of India, Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Tanganyika, Uganda, Guyana, and Malawi were abolished shortly after they became independent of the United Kingdom, whilst remaining within the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. Others waited longer before abolishing their monarchies, such as Pakistan, South Africa, The Gambia, Sierra Leone, Malta, Trinidad and Tobago, and Mauritius. The latest country to become a [[republic within the Commonwealth]] was [[Barbados]] in 2021.

With the exceptions of Ireland and India, in each case the deposed monarch was [[Elizabeth II]]. Most realms which abolished their monarchy did so by declaring a new constitution or amending it to remove references to [[the Crown]], with the exception of Fiji, whose monarchy was abolished in 1987 following a [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|series of coups d'état]].

==== Korea ====

In 1910 the last emperor of Korea, [[Emperor Sunjong of the Korean Empire|Sunjong]], lost his throne when the country was annexed by Japan. However, the Korean royal family was mediatized as a puppet family within the Japanese imperial family. Many of the Korean royals were forcibly re-educated in Japan and forced to marry Japanese royalty and aristocrats to meld the ruling families of the two empires. With the abolition of the Japanese aristocracy and cadet branches of the imperial family, the Korean royals officially lost their remaining status.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}

==== South Asia ====

The [[independence of India]] from the [[United Kingdom]] in 1947 posed a unique problem. From 1858, when the British government replaced [[Company Rule in India|Company rule]] with direct [[Crown rule in India|Crown rule]], it had been governed as a quasi-federation, with much of the country under the direct rule of the British monarch, who was styled as the [[Emperor of India]]. The remainder of the country, however, was under a form of indirect rule under him through its division into over 500 [[Constituent monarchies|subnational monarchies]], known as [[princely states]]; each was ruled by a prince who acknowledged the suzerainty of the Indian Emperor. The princely states ranged from powerful and largely independent principalities such as Hyderabad or Mysore, with a high level of autonomy, to tiny fiefdoms a few dozen acres (in the low tens of hectares) in size.

In 1947, it was agreed that India would be [[partition of India|partitioned]] into the independent British dominions of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]], with the princely states acceding to one nation or the other. The accession process proceeded smoothly, with the notable exception of four of the most influential principalities. The Muslim ruler of the Hindu-majority state of Junagadh acceded to Pakistan, but his decision was overruled by the Indian government, while Hyderabad chose to be independent, but was forcibly annexed to India in 1948. The Hindu ruler of Jammu and Kashmir, among the largest and most powerful of the principalities, but with a Muslim-majority population, initially held off on a decision. In the autumn of 1947, an invading force from Pakistan frightened the ruler into acceding to India. The ruler of Kalat, in Baluchistan, declared his independence in 1947, after which the state was forcibly merged with Pakistan, resulting in an insurgency persisting to this day. With the promulgation of the Indian constitution in 1950, India abolished its monarchy under the British crown and became a Republic within the Commonwealth of Nations, followed by Pakistan in 1956; as a result of both developments, the majority of the princes formally lost their sovereign rights. A few remaining principalities in Pakistan retained their autonomy until 1969 when they finally acceded to Pakistan. The Indian government formally derecognized its princely families in 1971, followed by Pakistan in 1972.

Finally, in 1975, King [[Palden Thondup Namgyal]] of [[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]] lost his throne when the country became a state of [[India]] following a [[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|referendum]].

=== New monarchies ===
The 20th century also saw the formation of a number of new monarchies that still exist to this day such as [[Bhutan]] (1907), [[Jordan]] (1921), [[Saudi Arabia]] (1932), and [[Malaysia]] (1957).

== 21st century ==
The [[Kingdom of Nepal]] was transformed into a republic by the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]] in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-40866|title = Why did Nepalese people abolish monarchy?|date = 13 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17576006|title = Nepal to Abolish Monarchy|website = NPR|date = 24 December 2007}}</ref> [[Barbados]] abolished its [[Monarchy of Barbados|monarchy]] and became a [[Republicanism in Barbados|republic]] on 30 November 2021 following a constitutional amendment by the [[Parliament of Barbados|Parliament]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Faulconbridge |first1=Guy |last2=Ellsworth |first2=Brian |date=30 November 2022 |title=Barbados ditches Britain's Queen Elizabeth to become a republic |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/prince-charles-travels-barbados-celebrate-creation-republic-2021-11-29/ |newspaper=Reuters}}</ref>

In addition, there were protests in favour of republicanism in [[Cambodia]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodal |first=Kate |date=2013-09-16 |title=Cambodian election protests grip Phnom Penh |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/16/cambodia-election-protests-phnom-penh |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2013, an alleged coup plot by [[Al Islah (United Arab Emirates)|Al Islah]] to overthrow the monarchy of the [[United Arab Emirates]] and establish an [[Islamic republic]] failed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE to try 94 nationals on alleged coup d'etat plans: official - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/90777/8110206.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref> Following the accession of [[Charles III]] in 2022, anti-monarchy protests also occurred in the United Kingdom; some protesters were arrested, but were later released without further action being taken.<ref>{{cite news |title=King's Coronation: 21 people arrested face no further action, Met says |work=BBC News |date=5 October 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67022199 |access-date=11 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Met Police arrest anti-monarchy protesters |work=BBC News |date=6 May 2023 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-65508383 |access-date=11 October 2023 }}</ref>

== Monarchism in former monarchies ==

In a [[1993 Brazilian constitutional referendum|referendum]] in Brazil in 1993, voters rejected an attempt to restore the country's monarchy. Unsuccessful efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. Former King [[Michael of Romania]] and [[Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia|Prince Alexander]] of Serbia had been allowed to return, gained some popularity, played largely apolitical public roles, but never came close to being restored to their ancestral thrones. However, in Bulgaria, [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]], who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005. The only formerly communist country to have held a referendum on the monarchy was Albania, where the claimant to his father's throne, the self-styled [[Leka, Crown Prince of Albania (born 1939)|Leka I]], lost by [[1997 Albanian monarchy referendum|a two-thirds majority]].

== Summary table since the 20th century ==

{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="2"|Country
! width=250px|Last monarch
! Year
! Notes
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1900s
|-
|
|[[Songhai Empire|Songhai]]
|[[Askia Malla]]
|rowspan="3"|1901
|Abolished by the [[French colonial empire|French]] and incorporated into [[French West Africa]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Rimatara 1856-1891.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Rimatara]]
|[[Tamaeva V]]
| rowspan="2" |Abolished by the French and incorporated into the [[French Polynesia|Establishments in Oceania]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nuku Hiva.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Nuku Hiva]]
|[[Laurent Piukeke Taupotini]]
|-
|
|[[Kingdom of Gumma|Gumma]]
|[[Firisa]]
||1902
| Annexed by the [[Ethiopian Empire]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Aceh Sultanate.png|31px|border]]
|[[Aceh Sultanate|Aceh]]
|[[Alauddin Muhammad Da'ud Syah II]]
||1903
| [[Aceh War]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ghezo of Dahomey.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Dahomey]]
|[[Agoli-agbo]]
|1904
|Incorporation into [[French Dahomey]].
|-
|
|[[Oyo Empire|Oyo]]
|[[Adeyemi I Alowolodu]]
|1905
|Last monarch died; the realm was incorporated into the [[British Empire|British]] [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]].
|-
|
|[[Habr Yunis Sultanate|Habr Yunis]]
|[[Nur Ahmed Aman]]
|1907
|Incorporation into [[British Somaliland]].
|-
|[[File:Old Flag of Bali.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Bali Kingdom|Bali]]
|[[Dewa Agung Jambe II]]
|1908
|Incorporation into [[Dutch East Indies]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Mwali Sultanate.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Mohéli|Mwali]]
|[[Salima Machamba]]
|1909
|Incorporation into the [[French Comoros]].
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1910s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Portugal (1830–1910).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]
|[[Manuel II of Portugal|Manuel II]]
|rowspan="3"|1910
|[[5 October 1910 revolution|Coup d'état]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Korea 1882.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Korean Empire|Korea]]
|[[Sunjong of Korea|Sunjong]]
|Native monarchy abolished; replaced by [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese rule]] through 1945.
|-
|
|[[Angoche Sultanate|Angoche]]
|[[Umar Farelay]]
|Incorporation into Portugal.
|-
|
|[[Kingdom of Nri|Nri]]
|[[Eze Nri Òbalíke]]
|rowspan="3"|1911
|Abolished by the [[British Empire|British]] and incorporated into [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate]].
|-
|
|[[Kasanje Kingdom|Kasanje]]
|[[Ngwangwa]]
|Incorporation into [[Portuguese West Africa]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Riau-Lingga Sultanate.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Riau-Lingga Sultanate|Riau-Lingga]]
|[[Abdul Rahman II]]
|Abolished by the [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Qing dynasty|China]]
|[[Puyi]]
|rowspan="4"|1912
|[[Xinhai Revolution]] – Emperor ousted by warlords and republicans. ([[Manchu Restoration|Briefly restored in 1917]])
|-
|
|[[Wadai Empire|Wadai]]
|[[Dud Murra of Wadai]]

|French annexation of Wadai Empire.
|-
|
|[[Sultanate of Ndzuwani|Ndzuwani]]
|[[Saidi Mohamed bin Saidi Omar]]
|Incorporation into the French Comoros.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Principality of Samos (1834–1912).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Samos|Samos]]
|[[Grigorios Vegleris]]
|Incorporation into [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Kongo according to Giovanni Cavazzi da Montecuccolo.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Kongo|Kongo]]
|[[Manuel III of Kongo]]
|rowspan="2"|1914
| rowspan="2" |Position abolished by the Portuguese after an unsuccessful revolt.
|-
|
|[[Mbunda Kingdom|Mbunda]]
|[[Mwene Mbandu Kapova I of Mbunda]]
|-
|[[File:Late 19th Century Flag of Sulu.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]]
|[[Jamalul Kiram II|Sultan Jamalul-Kiram II]]
|rowspan="1"|1915
|Split into [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|American Insular Government over the Philippine islands]], [[British North Borneo]] and the [[Dutch East Indies]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Darfur.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Darfur|Darfur]]
|[[Ali Dinar]]
|rowspan="2"|1916
|Re-incorporation into [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]].
|-
|[[File:YuanFlag1.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Empire of China (1915–1916)|China]]
|[[Yuan Shikai]]
|Monarchy dropped, shortly after the outbreak of the [[National Protection War]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Russian Empire|Russia]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]]
|rowspan="2"|1917
|[[Russian Revolution]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]]
|[[Finnish Declaration of Independence]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Montenegro.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Montenegro|Montenegro]]
|[[Nicholas I of Montenegro|Nicholas I]]
|rowspan="33"|1918
|[[Podgorica Assembly|Referendum]] uniting Montenegro with Serbia.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the German Empire.svg|31px|border]]
|[[German Empire|Germany]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Wilhelm II]]
|rowspan="23"|All on account of German defeat in World War I and the subsequent [[German Revolution]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Prussia 1892-1918.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Bavaria (striped).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Bavaria|Bavaria]]
|[[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Königreich Württemberg.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Württemberg|Württemberg]]
|[[William II of Württemberg|William II]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Königreich Sachsen (1815-1918).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]]
|[[Frederick Augustus III of Saxony|Frederick Augustus III]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]
|[[Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse|Ernest Louis]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Großherzogtum Baden (1891-1918).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Baden|Baden]]
|[[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden|Frederick II]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Großherzogtum Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1897-1920).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach]]
|[[William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach|William Ernest]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin|Mecklenburg-Schwerin]]
|[[Frederick Francis IV]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Großherzogtümer Mecklenburg.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz|Mecklenburg-Strelitz]]
|[[Adolphus Frederick VI]]
|-
|[[File:Civil flag of Oldenburg.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Grand Duchy of Oldenburg|Oldenburg]]
|[[Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg|Frederick Augustus II]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Herzogtum Braunschweig.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Brunswick|Brunswick]]
|[[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Ernst Augustus]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Herzogtum Anhalt.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Anhalt|Anhalt]]
|[[Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt|Joachim Ernst]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha (1911-1920).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]
|[[Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Charles Edward]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen|Saxe-Meiningen]]
|[[Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen|Bernhard III]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Herzogtum Sachsen-Meiningen.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg|Saxe-Altenburg]]
|[[Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg|Ernst II]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Waldeck-Pyrmont|Waldeck-Pyrmont]]
|[[Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont|Friedrich]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Fürstentum Lippe.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Lippe|Lippe]]
|[[Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe|Leopold IV]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Fürstentum Schaumburg-Lippe.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe|Schaumburg-Lippe]]
|[[Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe|Adolf II]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Flagge Fürstentümer Schwarzburg.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg|Günther Victor]]
|-
|[[Principality of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen|Schwarzburg-Sondershausen]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Fürstentum Reuß ältere Linie.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Reuss Elder Line|Reuss Elder Line]]
|[[Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz|Heinrich XXIV]]
|-
|[[File:Flagge Fürstentum Reuß jüngere Linie.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Reuss Younger Line|Reuss Younger Line]]
|[[Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line|Heinrich XXVII]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Austrian Empire|Austria]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Charles I of Austria|Charles I]]
|Charles I "renounced participation" in state affairs, but did not abdicate. Monarchy officially abolished by the [[Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)|Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], on 10 September 1919.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1867-1918).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]]
|Monarchy restored in 1920, although the throne remained vacant with a [[Regent of Hungary|regent]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Finland 1918 (state).svg|31px|border]]
|''[[Kingdom of Finland (1918)|Finland]]''
|[[Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse|Frederick Charles I]]
|rowspan="5"|Monarchy never in effect.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Lithuania 1918-1940.svg|31px|border]]
|''[[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Lithuania]]''
|[[Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach|Mindaugas II]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|31px|border]]
|''[[Kingdom of Poland (1916–1918)|Poland]]''
|''Vacant'' (ruled by [[Regency Council (Poland)|Regency Council]])
|-
|[[File:United Baltic Duchy flag.svg|31px|border]]
|[[United Baltic Duchy]]
|[[Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Courland (state).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)|Courland and Semigallia]]
|''Vacant''
|-
|[[File:State Flag of Serbia (1882-1918).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]]
|[[Peter I of Serbia|Peter I]]
|Throne transferred to the newly created [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]], then [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Ukrainian State|Ukraine]]
|[[Pavlo Skoropadskyi]]
|Removed from power, following an [[Anti-Hetman Uprising|uprising]] led by [[Symon Petliura]] and the withdrawal of German forces from Kyiv.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1920s
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Emirate of Bukhara.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara <small>(Uzbekistan)</small>]]
|[[Mohammed Alim Khan]]
|rowspan=5|1920
|Monarchy deposed by an invasion by the Red Army ([[Bukhara operation (1920)|Bukhara operation]]).
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Khanate of Khiva.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva <small>(Uzbekistan)</small>]]
|[[Abdallah Khan of Khiva]]
|Monarchy deposed by a communist uprising aided by the Red Army ([[Khivan Revolution]]).
|-
|[[File:Flag of North Caucasian Emirate.svg|31px|border]]
|[[North Caucasian Emirate]]
|[[Uzun Hajji Saltinsky]]
|Abolished by the [[Bolsheviks]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Arab Kingdom of Syria|Syria]]
|[[Faisal I of Syria|Faisal I]]
|Monarchy deposed following the [[Siege of Damascus (1920)|Siege of Damascus]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Upper Asir.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sheikdom of Upper Asir|Upper Asir]]
|[[Al-Hasan Bin Ayad]]
|rowspan="2"|Incorporation into [[Sultanate of Nejd|Nejd]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Emirate of Ha'il.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Emirate of Jabal Shammar|Jabal Shammar]]
|[[Muhammad bin Talal Al Rashid]]
|1921
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1844–1922).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Ottoman Empire]]
|[[Mehmed VI]]
|rowspan="1"|1922
|[[Abolition of the Ottoman sultanate|Sultanate abolished]] in 1922.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Witu Protectorate (1893-1920).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Wituland]]
|[[Fumo 'Umar ibn Ahmad]]
|rowspan="1"|1923
|Sultanate abolished by the British and incorporated into the [[Kenya Colony]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
|[[George II of Greece|George II]]
|rowspan="2"|1924
|Restored in 1935 and abolished again in 1973 (see below).
|-
|[[File:Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia|Mongolia]]
|[[Bogd Khan]]
|Communist [[Mongolian People's Republic|People's Republic]] proclaimed after the Bogd Khan's death.
|-
|[[File:Albania 1914 Flag.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Albania|Albania]]
|[[William I, Prince of Albania|William I]]
|rowspan="4"|1925
|Monarchy restored in 1928 ([[Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)|Albanian Kingdom]]).
|-
|
|[[Mohammerah]]
|[[Khaz'al al-Ka'bi]]
|Sheikhdom abolished by [[Persia]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hejaz 1920.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Hejaz|Hejaz]]
|[[Ali bin Hussein, King of Hejaz]]
|[[Saudi conquest of Hejaz|Conquered]] by the [[Sultanate of Nejd|Nejd]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922-1924).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Kurdistan|Kurdistan]]
|[[Mahmud Barzanji]]
|Kingdom of Kurdistan reconquered by the British.
|-
|
|[[Kingdom of Orungu|Orungu]]
|[[Rogombé-Nwèntchandi]]
|rowspan="2"|1927
|Abolished by the French and incorporated into [[French Equatorial Africa]].
|-
|[[File:Majeerteen sultanate flag.jpg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Hobyo|Hobyo]]
|[[Ali Yusuf Kenadid]]
|Incorporation into [[Italian Somaliland]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1929).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)|Afghanistan]]
|[[Habibullāh Kalakāni]]
|1929
|After the fall of Kalakani on 13 October 1929, the Emirate ended, and was replaced by the revived [[Kingdom of Afghanistan]].
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1930s
|-
|
|[[Baidah Sultanate|Baidah]]
|
|rowspan="3"|1930
|Incorporation into the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1927-1930).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Idrisid Emirate of Asir|Asir]]
|[[Sayyid al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Idrisi al-Hasani]]
|Incorporation into [[Saudi Arabia]].
|-
|
|[[Kumul Khanate|Kumul]]
|[[Maqsud Shah]]
|Upon Maqsud Shah's death in March 1930 [[Jin Shuren]] replaced the Khanate with three normal provincial administrative districts Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. This set off the [[Kumul Rebellion]], in which [[Yulbars Khan|Yulbars]] Khan attempted to restore the heir Nasir to the throne.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]]
|[[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII]]
|1931
|Later restored (see below).
|-
|
|[[Kingdom of Jimma|Jimma]]
|[[Abba Jofir]]
|1932
|Deposed and incorporated into the [[Ethiopian Empire]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Principality of Najran.png|31px|border]]
|[[Principality of Najran|Najran]]
|[[Ali II ibn Muhsin ibn Husayn]]
|1934
|Incorporation into Saudi Arabia.
|-
|[[File:Flag Kingdom Of Albania.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Albania (1928–39)|Albania]]
|[[Zog I of Albania|Zog I]]
|1939
|Throne usurped by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]], after [[Italian invasion of Albania|Italian invasion]].
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1940s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
|[[George II of Greece|George II]]
|1941
|The end of the monarchy was announced by [[Georgios Tsolakoglou]] after taking over as prime minister of the [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Hellenic State]], which was collaborating with the [[Third Reich]] and not recognized by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Albania (1939).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)|Albania]]
|[[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]
|rowspan="2"|1943
|Relinquished throne after [[Armistice with Italy|Italian armistice]] in 1943.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Croatia Ustasa.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]]
|[[Aimone Roberto, Duke of Aosta|Tomislav II]]
|Abdicated after withdrawal of Italian support in 1943.
|-
|[[File:Light Blue Flag of Iceland.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Iceland|Iceland]]
|[[Christian X of Denmark|Christian X]]
|rowspan="2"|1944
|[[1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 99.5% in favour of termination of personal union with Denmark, 98.5% in favour of new republican constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Montenegro (1905-1918 & 1941-1944).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Montenegro (1941–1944)|Montenegro]]
|''Vacant'' (ruled by a governor)
|Monarchy abolished after takeover by [[Yugoslav Partisans]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]
|[[Peter II of Yugoslavia|Peter II]]
|rowspan="5"|1945
|Monarchy abolished by the Communist regime of [[Josip Broz Tito]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Manchukuo.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Manchukuo]]
|[[Puyi]]
|Monarchy abolished after the [[surrender of Japan]]. Territories returned to the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Sultanate of Gowa.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Gowa|Gowa]]
|[[Muhammad Tahur Muhibuddin]]
|Sultanate abolished.
|-
|[[File:Old Flag Of Vietnam.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Empire of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
|[[Bảo Đại]]
|Monarchy abolished after the surrender of Japan.
|-
|[[File:Romani bicolor (reported, 1930s).svg|31px|border]]
|[[King of the Gypsies|Gypsy]]
|[[King of the Gypsies#Kwiek family|Janos I]]
|The king abdicated and no successor was elected.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Hungary (1920–1946).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]]
|[[Miklós Horthy]] (as [[Regent of Hungary|regent]])
|rowspan="8"|1946
|Decision of the parliament without a referendum.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Italy (1861-1946).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]]
|[[Umberto II of Italy|Umberto II]]
|[[1946 Italian institutional referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 54.3% in favour of republic.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]
|[[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]]
|[[1946 Bulgarian republic referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 95% in favour of republic. Tsar Simeon II was exiled by the Communist [[Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)|Fatherland Front]] regime. Simeon later served as [[Prime Minister of Bulgaria]] from 2001 to 2005.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Sarawak (1870).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Sarawak|Sarawak]]
|[[Charles Vyner Brooke]]
|[[White Rajahs]] ceded Sarawak to the British Crown, which created the [[Colony of Sarawak]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Sultanate of Deli.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Deli|Deli]]
|[[Amaluddin Al Sani Perkasa Alamsyah]]
|rowspan="4"|Acts of violence against the nobility reached their peak during the bloody incident known as the [[Social Revolution]] in 1946. Many kings and members of royal families in North Sumatra were murdered and robbed of property and belongings, including [[Tengku Amir Hamzah]], the Indonesian poet who was beheaded in Kuala Begumit. The family of the Sultanate of Deli and Serdang survived thanks to the protection of the Allied soldiers who were there to accept the surrender of the Japanese.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Asahan.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Asahan Sultanate|Asahan]]
|[[Shaibun Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sultanate of Langkat.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Langkat|Langkat]]
|[[Mahmud Abdul Jalil Rahmad Shah]]
|-
|[[File:Royal Malay Banner (Yellow).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Serdang|Serdang]]
|[[Sulaiman Syariful Alam Shah]]
|-
|
|[[List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)|Princely States]]
|
|1947–1974
|[[Political integration of India]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]
|[[Michael I of Romania|Michael I]]
|1947
|Forced to abdicate and exiled by the Communists.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
|[[George VI]]
|rowspan="4"|1949
|Abolished the last "[[monarchy of Ireland]]" under the terms of the [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]] as from 18 April 1949, which also saw Ireland become a republic outside the British Commonwealth. Ten days later, the [[London Declaration]] was enacted to allow republics and native monarchies to become members of the newly renamed [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mangkunegaran.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Mangkunegaran]]
|[[Mangkunegara VII]]
|Integration with Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura|Siak]]
|[[Kasim Abdul Jalil Syaifudin I]]
|The Sultan also handed over his property for the struggle of independence of the Republic of Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sunanate of Surakarta.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Surakarta Sunanate]]
|[[Pakubuwono XII]]
|During the [[Indonesian National Revolution]], the Surakarta Sunanate and Mangkunegaran Princedom sent a letter of confidence to [[Sukarno]] to demonstrate their support for the newly declared Republic of Indonesia. They were subsequently awarded the status of Daerah Istimewa ([[Special regions of Indonesia|Special Region]], similar to today's [[Yogyakarta Sultanate]]) within the Indonesian state. However, because of political agitation and opposition from Indonesian communists that led to an anti-monarchy movement and rebellion in early 1946, both monarchies had their Special Region status revoked and were then merged into the province of [[Central Java]].
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1950s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Pontianak Sultanate.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Pontianak Sultanate|Pontianak]]
|[[Syarif Hamid II of Pontianak]]
|rowspan="5"|1950
|rowspan="2"|Integration with Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Kingdom of Kotawaringin.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kotawaringin]]
|
|-
|[[File:Flag of India.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Dominion of India|India]]
|George VI
|Abolished [[Dominion of India|its monarchy]] after adopting [[Constitution of India|a new republican constitution]]. India became the first [[republic in the Commonwealth of Nations]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Jaisalmer.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
|[[Giridhar Singh Bhati]]
| rowspan="2" |Merged with the [[Republic of India]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mysore.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]
|[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tibet.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]]
|[[14th Dalai Lama|Tenzin Gyatso]]
|1951
|[[Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China|Annexed]] by the [[China|People's Republic of China]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Egypt 1922.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]]
|[[Fuad II of Egypt|Fuad II]]
|1953
|Republic proclaimed the year after the [[1952 Egyptian revolution]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
|[[Elizabeth II]]
|1956
|Abolished [[Monarchy of Pakistan|its monarchy]] after adopting [[Constitution of Pakistan of 1956|a new republican constitution]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Tunisia|Tunisia]]
|[[Muhammad VIII al-Amin|Muhammad VIII]]
|1957
|Ordered by parliament.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ashanti.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Ashanti Empire|Ashanti]]
|[[Prempeh II]]
|1957
|Entered into state union with [[Ghana]] after independence from the [[United Kingdom]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Iraq (1924–1959).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Iraq|Iraq]]
|[[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]]
|rowspan="2"|1958
|[[14 July Revolution|Coup d'état]]
|-
|[[File:Bendera Kesultanan Bima.png|31px|border]]
|[[Bima Sultanate|Bima]]
|[[Muhammad Salahuddin]]
|In 1958, the Sumbawan principalities were abolished by the Indonesian republic and replaced by a modern bureaucratic structure
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1960s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Lordship of Butung (Buton).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Buton|Buton]]
|[[Falihi of Buton]]
|rowspan="2"|1960
|Integration with Indonesia.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ghana.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Ghana#Independence|Ghana]]
|rowspan="2"|Elizabeth II
|Abolished [[Queen of Ghana|its monarchy]] pursuant to a [[1960 Ghanaian constitutional referendum|referendum]]; official result: 88% in favour of republic.
|-
|[[File:Flag of South Africa 1928-1994.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Union of South Africa|South Africa]]
|rowspan="2"|1961
|Abolished [[Monarchy of South Africa|its monarchy]] pursuant to a [[1960 South African republic referendum|referendum]]; official result: 53% in favour of republic. South Africa also withdrew from the Commonwealth, but was readmitted on 1 June 1994.
|-
|[[File:Flag Rwanda 1959.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Rwanda|Rwanda]]
|[[Kigeli V]]
|coup d'état, followed by [[1961 Rwandan monarchy referendum|referendum]]; official result: 80% in favour of abolishing monarchy.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Tanganyika (1961–1964).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]
|Elizabeth II
|rowspan="3"|1962
|Abolished [[Queen of Tanganyika|its monarchy]] after adopting a new republican constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen|Yemen]]
|[[Muhammad al-Badr]]
|coup d'état
|-
|[[File:Flag of South Kasai.svg|31px|border]]
|[[South Kasai]]
|[[Albert Kalonji]]
|Status of the head of state was complicated, Albert Kalonji used the title of Mulopwe (God-king/Emperor).
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Nigeria (1960–1979)|Nigeria]]
|rowspan="3"|Elizabeth II
|rowspan="2"|1963
|Abolished [[Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)|its monarchy]] after amending its constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Uganda.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Early independent Uganda|Uganda]]
|Abolished [[Queen of Uganda|its monarchy]] after amending its constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kenya.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Kenya#Independent Kenya|Kenya]]
|rowspan="2"|1964
|Abolished [[Queen of Kenya|its monarchy]] after amending its constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Sultanate of Zanzibar (1963).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]
|[[Jamshid bin Abdullah]]
|[[Zanzibar Revolution]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Burundi (1962–1966).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Burundian monarchy|Burundi]]
|[[Ntare V]]
|rowspan="2"|1966
|[[November 1966 Burundian coup d'état|Coup d'état]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Malawi 1964-2010.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Malawi#Independence|Malawi]]
|Elizabeth II
|Abolished [[Queen of Malawi|its monarchy]] after adopting a new republican constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Sultanate of Fadhli.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Fadhli Sultanate|Fadhli]]
|[[Nasser bin Abdullah bin Hussein bin Ahmed Alfadhli]]
|rowspan="30"|1967
|rowspan="28"|Incorporation into the newly created [[People's Republic of South Yemen]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Qu'aiti Sultanate from 1939 until 1967.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Qu'aiti]]
|[[Ghalib II al-Qu'aiti]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the State of Upper Yafa.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Sultanate of Upper Yafa|Upper Yafa]]
|[[Muhammad ibn Salih Harharah]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Lower Yafa.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Sultanate of Lower Yafa|Lower Yafa]]
|[[Mahmud ibn Aidrus Al Afifi]]
|-
|
|[[Muflahi Sheikhdom|Muflahi]]
|[[al Qasim ibn Abd ar Rahman]]
|-
|
|[[Audhali Sultanate|Audhali]]
|[[Salih ibn al Husayn ibn Jabil Al Audhali]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Beihan.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Emirate of Beihan|Beihan]]
|[[Saleh al Hussein Al Habieli]]
|-
|
|[[Dathina Sheikhdom|Dathina]]
|[[Abd al-Qadir ibn Shaya]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Dhala.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Emirate of Dhala|Dhala]]
|[[Shafaul ibn Ali Shaif Al Amiri]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Wahidi Balhaf.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf|Wahidi Balhaf]]
|[[Nasir ibn Abd Allah al-Wahidi]]
|-
|
|[[Sheikhdom of Shaib|Shaib]]
|[[Yahya ibn Mutahhar al-Saqladi]]
|-
|
|[[Alawi (sheikhdom)|Alawi]]
|[[Salih ibn Sayil Al Alawi]]
|-
|
|[[Aqrabi Sheikhdom|Aqrabi]]
|[[Mahmud ibn Muhammad Al Aqrabi]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Wahidi Haban.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Wahidi Sultanate of Haban|Wahidi Haban]]
|[[Husayn ibn Abd Allah Al Wahidi]]
|-
|
|[[Qutaibi Sheikhdom|Qutaibi]]
|
|-
|
|[[Hadrami Sheikhdom|Hadrami]]
|[[Abd al-Qawi ibn Muhammad al-Hadrami]]
|-
|
|[[Mawsata|Mausatta]]
|
|-
|
|[[Al-Busi|Busi]]
|
|-
|
|[[Al-Dhubi|Dhabi]]
|[[Abd al-Rahman ibn Salih]]
|-
|
|[[Haushabi Sultanate|Haushabi]]
|[[Faisal bin Surur Al Haushabi]]
|-
|[[File:Kathiri flag.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Kathiri]]
|[[Al Husayn ibn Ali]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Mahra Sultanate.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Mahra Sultanate|Mahra]]
|[[Isa ibn Ali ibn Salim Afrar al-Mahri]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Sultanate of Lahej.svg|border|31px]]
|[[Sultanate of Lahej|Lahej]]
|[[Ali bin Abd al Karim al Abdali]]
|-
|
|[[Sheikhdom of al-Hawra|Al-Hawra]]
|[[Awad ibn Salih Ba Shahid]]
|-
|
|[[Sheikhdom of al-`Irqa|Al-`Irqa]]
|[[Ahmad ibn Abd Allah ibn Abd Allah ibn Awad Ba Das]]
|-
|
|[[Lower Aulaqi Sultanate|Lower Aulaqi]]
|[[Nasir ibn Aidrus Al Awlaqi]]
|-
|
|[[Upper Aulaqi Sultanate|Upper Aulaqi]]
|[[Awad ibn Salih Al Awlaqi]]
|-
|
|[[Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom|Upper Aulaqi]]
|[[Amir Abd Allah ibn Muhsin al Yaslami Al Aulaqi]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ankole.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Ankole]]
|[[Gasiyonga II]]
|Abolished by the government of President [[Milton Obote]]. It remains officially inexistant, as President [[Yoweri Museveni]] has opposed the kingdom's restoration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-02 |title=FACT CHECKER: Museveni on Ankole Kingdom |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/elections/fact-checker-museveni-on-ankole-kingdom-1637800 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Ankole monarchists blame Museveni for sabotage |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/ankole-monarchists-blame-museveni-for-sabotage-1596872 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Monitor |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Sultanate of Tidore|Tidore]]
|[[Zainal Abidin Syah]]
|Sultanate abolished.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of the Maldives#Independence|Maldives]]
|[[Muhammad Fareed Didi]]
|1968
|[[1968 Maldivian constitutional referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 81.23% in favour of republic.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Libya (1951).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Libya|Libya]]
|[[Idris I of Libya|Idris I]]
|rowspan="3"|1969
|Deposed in a [[1969 Libyan revolution|coup d'état]] led by Colonel [[Muammar Gaddafi]].
|-
|
|[[Saloum]]
|[[Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof]]
|rowspan="2"|Last monarchs died; the realms were incorporated into the newly independent [[Republic of Senegal]].
|-
|
|[[Kingdom of Sine|Sine]]
|[[Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof]]
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1970s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Guyana.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Guyana#Independence and the Burnham era|Guyana]]
|Elizabeth II
| rowspan="4" |1970
|Abolished [[Queen of Guyana|its monarchy]] after adopting a resolution establishing a republic.<ref>{{cite web |date=29 August 1969 |title=Resolution No. 26 of 1969 |url=https://parliament.gov.gy/chamber-business/resolutions/resolution-no.-26-of-1969 |access-date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Parliament of the Co-operative Republic of Guyana}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Cambodia]]
|[[Norodom Sihanouk]]
|[[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|Coup d'état]]; later restored (see below).
|-
|[[File:Flag of Rhodesia (1968–1979).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Rhodesia]]
| rowspan="4" |Elizabeth II
|Abolished [[Queen of Rhodesia|its unrecognised monarchy]]. An unrecognised government of the British colony of [[Southern Rhodesia]] had [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] as Rhodesia in 1965, proclaiming Elizabeth II as Queen, but she did not accept the title, nor was it recognised by any other state. Following a [[1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum|referendum in 1969]], in which 81% voted to abolish the monarchy, a republic was declared in 1970. Rhodesia continued to be internationally recognised as a British colony through 1979, when [[Lancaster House Agreement|it was disestablished]] and the independent republic of [[Zimbabwe]] was founded in 1980, which was a member of the Commonwealth until December 2003.
|-
|[[File:Flag of The Gambia.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of the Gambia|The Gambia]]
|Abolished [[Queen of the Gambia|its monarchy]] pursuant to a [[1970 Gambian republic referendum|referendum]]; official result: 70.45% in favour of republic.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Sierra Leone#Stevens government and one-party state (1968–1985)|Sierra Leone]]
|1971
|Abolished [[Queen of Sierra Leone|its monarchy]] after adopting a new republican constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Sri Lanka#Independence|Ceylon]]
|1972
|Abolished [[Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)|its monarchy]] after adopting [[Sri Lankan Constitution of 1972|a new republican constitution]]; country renamed to "Sri Lanka".
|-
|[[File:Flag of Afghanistan 1930.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]
|[[Mohammed Zahir Shah]]
|1973
|[[1973 Afghan coup d'état|Coup d'état]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg|border|31px]]
|[[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]]
|[[Constantine II of Greece|Constantine II]]
|rowspan="2"|1974
|[[1974 Greek republic referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 69.18% against monarchy. [[1973 Greek republic referendum|A prior referendum]] had been organised by the [[Greek junta|military junta]] with 78.57% in favour of a republic, but was annulled after the junta was overthrown earlier in 1974.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Independence Day (Malta)|Malta]]
|Elizabeth II
|Abolished [[Queen of Malta|its monarchy]] after amending its constitution.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]
|[[Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia|Haile Selassie I]] / [[Amha Selassie]]
|rowspan="3"|1975
|Abolished the monarchy following a [[1974 Ethiopian coup d'état|coup d'état in 1974]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Sikkim (1967-1975).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Sikkim|Sikkim]]
|[[Palden Thondup Namgyal]]
|[[1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum|Referendum]]; official result: 97% to become a [[Sikkim|state of India]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Laos (1952-1975).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]
|[[Savang Vatthana]]
|Communist takeover by the [[Pathet Lao]].
|-
|[[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|31px|border]]
|[[History of Trinidad and Tobago#20th-century political development|Trinidad and Tobago]]
|Elizabeth II
|1976
|Abolished [[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago|its monarchy]] after adopting a new republican constitution.
|-
|[[File:State Flag of Iran (1964).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]]
|[[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]]
|rowspan="2"|1979
|[[Iranian Revolution]]
|-
|[[File:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Central African Empire|Central Africa]]
|[[Bokassa I of Central Africa|Bokassa I]]
|Deposed in the French-led [[Operation Caban]] which restored his predecessor as president to power.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1980s
|-
|[[File:Rwenzururu Flag (1962–1982).svg|31px|border]]
|[[Kingdom of Rwenzururu|Rwenzururu]]
|[[Charles Mumbere]]
|1982
|Forced to abdicate by the government of Uganda; declaration of independence of Rwenzururu was annulled.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Fiji.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Fiji]]
|Elizabeth II
|1987
|Abolished [[Monarchy of Fiji|its monarchy]] as a result of the [[1987 Fijian coups d'état#September coup|September 1987 coup d'état]] by [[Sitiveni Rabuka]]. [[Elizabeth II]] remained recognized as [[Monarchy of Fiji|Paramount Chief]] by the [[Great Council of Chiefs]] until the council's de-establishment on 14 March 2012 by [[Frank Bainimarama]]. Additionally, the Queen's portrait continued to feature on Fijian coins and banknotes until 2013.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |1990s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Republic of Kuwait|Kuwait]]
|[[Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah]]
|1990
|Dethroned due to the [[Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]]. Restored in 1991 (see below).
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mauritius.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Mauritius]]
|Elizabeth II
|1992
|Abolished [[Queen of Mauritius|its monarchy]] after amending its constitution.
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |2000s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Samoa.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Samoa]]
|[[Malietoa Tanumafili II]]
||2007
|[[Death and state funeral of Malietoa Tanumafili II|Died in office]] after serving for a [[life tenure]], triggering a constitutionally-mandated transition to the [[O le Ao o le Malo|head of state]] being elected for five-year terms.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Nepal.svg|21px]]
|[[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]]
|[[Gyanendra of Nepal|Gyanendra]]
|rowspan="2"|2008
|Establishment of a federal republic approved by the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2008 |title=Nepal votes to abolish monarchy |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7424302.stm |access-date=2011-07-21 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag of Mustang.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Upper Mustang|Lo]]
|[[Jigme Dorje Palbar Bista]]
|Abolished by order of the republican [[government of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-04 |title=Nepali deputy PM asks district "king" to step down |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/08/content_10167598.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304064713/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-10/08/content_10167598.htm |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=2022-11-16 |agency=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="5" style="background:#eeeeaa;" |2020s
|-
|[[File:Flag of Barbados.svg|31px|border]]
|[[Barbados]]
|Elizabeth II
|2021
|Abolished [[Monarchy of Barbados|its monarchy]] after adopting the [[Constitution (Amendment) (No. 2) Act, 2021]], which replaced the monarchy with the office of the [[President of Barbados]].
|}

== Monarchies that were abolished, restored, and continue to exist today ==

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2"|Country
! Year abolished
! Notes
! Year restored
! Years of republic
|-
| [[File:Flag of England.svg| 31px|border]] [[File:St Patrick's saltire.svg| 31px|border]]
| [[Kingdom of England|England]]
| 1649
| [[Commonwealth of England]] established, then Parliament reversed itself and invited the [[Stuart Restoration|return of the monarchy]].
| 1660
| 11
|-
| [[File:Flag of Scotland (1542-2003).svg|31px]]
| Scotland
| 1652
| [[Scotland under the Commonwealth|Commonwealth]]
| 1660
| 8
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Flag of Spain.svg| 31px|border]]
| rowspan="2"| Spain
| 1873
| [[First Spanish Republic]] established.
| 1874
| 1
|-
| 1931
| [[Second Spanish Republic]] established; [[Law of Succession to the Headship of the State|restored]] ([[de jure]]) under the regency of [[Francisco Franco]].
| [[De jure]]: 1947<br />[[De facto]]: 1975
| [[De jure]]: 16<br />[[De facto]]: 44
|-
| [[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg| 31px|border]]
| [[Kuwait]]
| 1990
| [[Republic of Kuwait]] proclaimed prior to [[Kuwait Governorate|annexation]] by [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]]; restored in the [[Gulf War]].
| 1991
| 1
|-
| [[File:Flag of Cambodia.svg| 31px|border]]
| [[Cambodia (1953–1970)|Cambodia]]
| 1970
| The [[Khmer Republic]] established; restored as an [[elective monarchy]].
| 1993
| 23
|}

Many other [[List of current monarchies|monarchies continue to exist]] in the 21st century, never having been abolished.

== See also ==
*[[Alliance of European Republican Movements]]
*[[Criticism of monarchy]]
*[[Democratization]]
*[[List of countries by date of transition to a republican system of government]]
*[[List of last scions]]
*[[List of monarchy referendums]]
*[[List of monarchs who lost their thrones before the 17th century]]
*[[List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 17th century]]
*[[List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 18th century]]
*[[List of monarchs who lost their thrones in the 19th century]]
*[[Debate on the monarchy in Canada]]
*[[2009 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines constitutional referendum]]
*[[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Clear}}
{{Republicanism}}
{{Former Monarchies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abolished Monarchy}}
[[Category:Abolition of monarchy| ]]