View source for Abortion in France

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[[Image:Births & Abortions (France).png|thumb|right|300px|[[Childbirth|Birth]]s, legal abortions, and clandestine abortions in [[France]] between 1968 and 2005]]

'''Abortion in France''' is legal upon request until 14 weeks after conception (16 weeks after the pregnant woman's last [[menstrual period]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-17 |title=Généralités sur l'IVG {{!}} ivg.gouv.fr |url=https://ivg.gouv.fr/generalites-sur-livg |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=ivg.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://europeabortionaccessproject.org/france-modifies-its-abortion-law-extends-gestational-age-limits-and-allows-midwives-to-perform-surgical-abortions/ | title=France modifies its abortion law, extends gestational age limits and allows midwives to perform surgical abortion – Europe Abortion Access Project }}</ref><ref name="Guardian rows">{{cite news|title=France extends abortion limit after year of parliamentary rows|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/23/france-extends-abortion-limit-after-year-of-parliamentary-rows|access-date=2022-02-24|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Chrisafis|first=Angelique|date=23 February 2022}}</ref> [[Abortion]]s at later stages of pregnancy up until birth are allowed if two physicians certify that the abortion will be done to prevent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman; a risk to the life of the pregnant woman; or that the child will suffer from a particularly severe illness recognized as incurable.<ref name="ippf">{{cite report |author=International Planned Parenthood Foundation European Network |date=January 2009 |title=Abortion Legislation in Europe |url=https://www.spdc.pt/files/publicacoes/Pub_AbortionlegislationinEuropeIPPFEN_Feb2009.pdf |pages=28–29 |access-date=29 January 2017 }}</ref><ref name="un2002-intro">{{cite book |title=Abortion Policies: A Global Review (Introduction) |url=http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/Intro.doc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031225142248/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/abortion/doc/Intro.doc |archive-date=2003-12-25 |access-date=29 August 2021 |year=2002 |publisher=[[United Nations Population Division]] |format=DOC}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |last=Boring |first=Nicolas |date=January 2015 |title=Abortion Legislation in Europe: France |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/abortion-legislation/europe.php#france |publisher=The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center |page=13 |access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref> The abortion law was liberalized by the [[Veil Act]] in 1975.

It is also known as induced abortion or voluntary termination of pregnancy, and refers to the deliberate termination of a pregnancy at the request of a pregnant woman who does not wish to continue the pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Code de la santé publique Partie législative (Articles L1110-1 à L6441-1) Deuxième partie : Santé sexuelle et reproductive, droits de la femme et protection de la santé de l'enfant, de l'adolescent et du jeune adulte (Articles L2111-1 à L2446-3) Livre II: Interruption volontaire de grossesse (Articles L2211-1 à L2223-2) |trans-title=Public Health Code Legislative Part (Articles L1110-1 to L6441-1) Part Two: Sexual and Reproductive Health, Women's Rights, and Child, Adolescent, and Young Adult Health Protection (Articles L2111-1 to L2446-3) Book II: Abortion (Articles L2211-1 to L2223-2) |url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/section_lc/LEGITEXT000006072665/LEGISCTA000006140611/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=legifrance.gouv.fr}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|History of abortion}}
[[File:Simone_Veil,_gymnase_Japy_2008_02_27_n5.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Simone Veil]], a key figure in the legalization of abortion in 1975]]
[[File:Bobigny_-_Passerelle_Marie-Claire.jpg|thumb|''Passerelle Marie-Claire'', in memory of a 1972 trial that ended with the acquittal of an "abortionist", and eventually led to the 1975 law which legalized the procedure]]
The [[French First Republic|First French Republic]] saw the act of [[abortion]] being changed from an act punishable by death to a felony with a sentence of up to 20 years in prison. When the [[French Penal Code of 1810|1810 Napoleonic Code]] was introduced as a revision of the [[French Penal Code of 1791]], as well as the [[Code of Offences and Penalties|Code of Offences and Penalties of 1795]], abortion retained its felony status. Alongside this, the new penal code made it more difficult for women to divorce their husbands.

In 1920, new abortion laws prohibited the act of abortion, as well as the use of [[contraception]], on the grounds of needing new babies to make up for the loss of population caused by [[World War I]] and to boost the birth rate of France that had been considerably lower than other European countries for over a century. The introduction of the Law of 27 March 1923 stated that whoever induced a miscarriage was punished with up to 5 years imprisonment, as well as a fine of up to 10,000 [[French franc|FF]], while the woman having the abortion could be imprisoned for up to 3 years.

Just a month before the [[invasion of Poland]], the [[French Penal Code of 1810|Penal Code]] was altered to permit abortions, but only in the instance where the mother's life was in danger. However, with the [[German occupation of France|German Occupation]] and the implementation of the [[Government of Vichy France|Vichy Government]], abortion was made a [[Capital punishment|capital crime]], punishable by death, in the Law of 15 February 1942. The last person to be executed for abortion was [[Marie-Louise Giraud]], a ''faiseuse d'anges'' (French slang; literally, "maker of angels") who performed abortions in the region of [[Cherbourg]]. For her assisted abortions, she was sentenced to death by [[guillotine]] on 30 July 1943.

Following the [[Liberation of Paris]] in 1944, the death penalty for abortion was abolished, but abortion continued to be prosecuted vigorously. Illegal abortion rates remained fairly high during the post-war period, and increasing numbers of women began to travel to the [[United Kingdom]] to procure abortions after the UK legalized abortion in 1967.

During the period of civil unrest during and after the events of [[May 68|May 1968]], a new civil rights movement was becoming prominent throughout the media, campaigning for more equal rights and opportunities for women. The ''[[Mouvement de libération des femmes|Mouvement de Libération des Femmes]]'s'' ("The Women's Liberation Front") main goal was to advocate for women's right of autonomy from their husbands, as well as rights that pertained to the use of contraception and legalization of abortion.

In 1971, the "[[Manifesto of the 343]]", an open letter and petition, was written by [[Simone de Beauvoir]] and published in {{Lang|fr|[[Le Nouvel observateur]]}}. It included the signatures of 343 women who admitted to having had an illegal abortion (punishable by up to 10 years in prison at the time). The petition included the names of many famous female personalities, including [[Jeanne Moreau]] and [[Catherine Deneuve]]. The manifesto aimed to highlight the prevalence of abortion in French society, despite its clandestine nature, as well as to call for abortion to be made legal, to provide more safe and hygienic spaces for women who want to have an abortion. Later the same year, lawyer [[Gisèle Halimi]], herself one of the 343 women, formed her own group, ''{{Lang|fr|Choisir}}'' ("To Choose"), which worked to protect those who had signed the petition.

In 1975, [[Veil Act|La Loi Veil]] ("The Veil Act") was passed, decriminalizing abortion in France. The law was introduced by the presiding Health Minister [[Simone Veil]], under [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]. D'Estaing had promised to decriminalize abortion during his campaign; however, [[Jean Lecanuet]], then Minister of Justice, refused to defend the law on personal and ethical grounds, and so, it was up to Veil to prepare the law for vote. The debate that preceded the eventual passing of the vote was accompanied by violent attacks and demonstrations comparing Veil, a concentration camp survivor, with [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]]. In her speech before the National Assembly on 26 November 1974, Veil declared the need for the legalization of abortion, to bring equality in France, as well as explaining to the majority-male assembly that current French law did not protect women who were suffering from the [[social exclusion]] and shame as a result of illegal abortions, as well as the after-effects that led to illnesses (such as [[sepsis]]) and even death, calling for the law to offer them protection with a change of law to legalize abortions.

The Veil Act (Law 75–17 of 15 January 1975), permitted a woman to receive an abortion on request until the tenth week of pregnancy. This was a temporary law with a [[sunset clause]] after 5 years. The law was renewed permanently in December 1979.

Since 1982, much of the costs of abortions have been taken into charge by the [[Health care in France|French social security system]], which allows women in France to access abortion free of charge. France was the first country to legalize the use of [[Mifepristone]] as an [[abortifacient]] in 1988, allowing its use up to seven weeks of pregnancy under the supervision of a physician, while [[vacuum aspiration]] is used for up to 12 weeks.

==21st century liberalization==

[[File:Loi constitutionnelle 8 mars 2024 scellée.jpg|thumb|The 8 March 2024 amendment to the [[Constitution of France]] granting constitutional protection to the right to an abortion.]]

Several reforms took place in the 21st century, further liberalizing access to abortion. The ten-week limit was extended to the twelfth week in 2001,<ref>{{cite French law|number or usual name=n° 2001-588|date in French=4 juillet 2001|full name=relative à l'interruption volontaire de grossesse et à la contraception|article=1|URL=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000222631&categorieLien=id|language=French}}</ref> and it was extended to fourteen weeks in 2022.<ref name="Guardian rows"/> Also since 2001, minors no longer need mandatory parental consent. A pregnant girl under the age of 18 may ask for an abortion without consulting her parents first if she is accompanied to the clinic by an adult of her choice, who must not tell her parents or any third party about the abortion.<ref name="ippf"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Fiche pratique: Interruption volontaire de grossesse (IVG)|url=https://www.service-public.fr/particuliers/vosdroits/F1551|website=Service-Public.fr|date=7 June 2016|access-date=29 January 2017|language=fr|quote=Cependant, si vous souhaitez garder le secret, l'IVG est pratiquée à votre seule demande. Dans cette hypothèse, vous devrez vous faire accompagner dans votre démarche par une personne majeure de votre choix.}}</ref> Until 2015, the law imposed a seven-day "cool-off" period between the patient's first request for an abortion and a written statement confirming her decision (the delay could be reduced to two days if the patient was getting close to 12 weeks). That mandatory waiting period was abolished on 9 April 2015.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Béguin|first1=François|title=IVG: l'Assemblée vote la suppression du délai de réflexion de sept jours|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/sante/article/2015/04/09/ivg-l-assemblee-vote-la-suppression-du-delai-de-reflexion-de-sept-jours_4612101_1651302.html|access-date=29 January 2017|work=Le Monde|date=9 April 2015|language=fr}}</ref>

In reaction to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]'s ''[[Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization]]'' ruling, [[Mathilde Panot]], the leader of the [[La France insoumise]] group in the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], introduced a bill for an [[Constitutional amendments under the French Fifth Republic|amendment]] adding the right to a safe abortion to the [[Constitution of France|Constitution]]. It passed on a 337–32 vote on 24 November 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=France takes 1st step to add abortion right to constitution |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/health/france-debates-enshrining-abortion-rights-in-constitution/ |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=The Seattle Times |language=en-US}}</ref> However, a [[private member's bill]] for a constitutional amendment needs to be approved by [[Referendums in France|referendum]]; in order to avoid one, the government introduced a similar bill in December. It was passed 433–30 by the lower house in January and by the [[Senate (France)|Senate]] 267–50 in February.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Colliva |first=Claudia |last2=Szaniecki |first2=Maya |date=2024-01-30 |title=France on-track to constitutionalize abortion rights |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/01/30/europe/france-abortion-rights-vote-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-02-07 |work=[[CNN]] |language=en}}</ref>

The amendment, which takes the form of a one-line addition to article 34 (the list of matters on which Parliament may legislate), was given final approval in a [[Congress of the French Parliament|congress (joint session) of Parliament]] on 4 March 2024, in a 780 to 72 vote. It was signed into law by President [[Emmanuel Macron]] on 8 March ([[International Women's Day]]). This amendment made France, as of passage, the only nation to guarantee the right to an abortion in their constitution.<ref name="ap-abortion">{{cite news |last1=Surk |first1=Barbara |last2=Garriga |first2=Nicolas |title=France becomes the only country to explicitly guarantee abortion as a constitutional right |url=https://apnews.com/article/france-abortion-right-constitution-parliament-vote-versailles-d6ce4fb3a6a7288033f58235b65f570e |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=4 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The amendment describes abortion as a "guaranteed freedom";<ref name="nyt-abortion">{{cite news |last1=Porter |first1=Catherine |title=French Lawmakers Enshrine Access to Abortion in Constitution |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/04/world/europe/france-abortion-rights-constitution.html |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=4 March 2024}}</ref> while [[Yugoslavia]] included similar measures in 1974 guaranteeing the right to "decide on having children", the French amendment is the first to explicitly guarantee abortion.

== Medical techniques ==
Two types of medical methods exist for terminating a pregnancy: medication-based and surgical methods.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Guillaume |first1=Agnès |last2=Rossier |first2=Clémentine |date=October 10, 2018 |title=L'avortement dans le monde. État des lieux des législations, mesures, tendances et conséquences |trans-title=Abortion worldwide: an overview of legislation, measures, trends, and consequences |url=https://shs.cairn.info/revue-population-2018-2-page-225?lang=fr |journal=Population |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=225–322 |doi=10.3917/popu.1802.0225 |issn=0032-4663 |access-date=15 October 2025|hdl=20.500.12204/AWZUjFsDnmdPUuhzON1H |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The former does not require hospitalization but is limited to early pregnancies: for example, up to seven weeks of pregnancy under French law, equivalent to nine weeks of [[amenorrhea]]. Beyond this period and up to the legal limit for abortion, surgical methods must be used. Surgical abortion is legal up to 14 weeks of pregnancy, or a maximum of 16 weeks from the start of the last menstrual period.<ref name="guide ministériel">{{Cite web |title=Guide sur l'IVG |trans-title=Guide on Abortion |url=http://www.travail-solidarite.gouv.fr/espaces/femmes-egalite/grands-dossiers/interruption-volontaire-grossesse-ivg/IMG/pdf/guide_ivg.pdf |access-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=French Ministry of Health and Solidarity}}</ref>

=== Medication-based method ===
{{See also|Medical abortion}}

The medication-based method can be performed during the first trimester, with the duration depending on the applicable legislation.

Two options exist:

* [[Mifepristone]] (RU 486), which has an antiprogestogenic effect, and [[misoprostol]], a prostaglandin E1 analog, increase contractions and facilitate the expulsion of the embryo. Medically, this can be performed up to ten weeks of gestation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=MJ |last2=Creinin |first2=MD |date=July 2015 |title=Mifepristone With Buccal Misoprostol for Medical Abortion: A Systematic Review |url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |language=en |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=12–21 |doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000000897 |pmid=26241251 |s2cid=20800109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726105924/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2pw521h5 |archive-date=July 26, 2020 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=February 8, 2019 |title=Mifeprex (mifepristone) Information |url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/postmarket-drug-safety-information-patients-and-providers/mifeprex-mifepristone-information |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423032409/https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/ucm111323.htm |archive-date=April 23, 2019 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=fda.gov |language=en}}</ref> The protocol in France typically involves 600&nbsp;mg of mifepristone followed, 36 to 48 hours later, by 400&nbsp;µg of misoprostol.
* The use of [[methotrexate]] combined with a prostaglandin is effective up to seven weeks of gestation.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=J |last2=Zhou |first2=K |last3=Shan |first3=D |last4=Luo |first4=X |date=May 2022 |title=Medical methods for first trimester abortion |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=5 |article-number=CD002855 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002855.pub5 |pmc=9128719 |pmid=35608608}}</ref>

The combination of mifepristone and misoprostol results in complete expulsion of the embryo but appears slightly more effective when misoprostol is administered vaginally, achieving a success rate of nearly 95%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El-Refaey |first1=H |last2=Rajasekar |first2=D |last3=Abdalla |first3=M |last4=Calder |first4=L |last5=Templeton |first5=A |year=1995 |title=Induction of abortion with mifepristone (RU 486) and oral or vaginal misoprostol |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199504133321502#t=article |journal=N Engl J Med |language=en |volume=332 |pages=983–987 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> However, this finding is debated.<ref name="von Hertzen 2010">{{Cite journal |last1=von Hertzen |first1=H |last2=Huong |first2=NT |last3=Piaggio |first3=G |year=2010 |title=Misoprostol dose and route after mifepristone for early medical abortion: a randomised controlled non inferiority trial |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2010.02636.x/abstract |journal=BJOG |language=en |volume=117 |pages=1186–1196 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> The vaginal route is better tolerated.<ref name="von Hertzen 2010" />

The main side effects of these medications include significant genital bleeding and various digestive issues. This combination is contraindicated in cases of [[Acute kidney injury|acute]] or [[Chronic kidney disease|chronic renal failure]], [[Liver failure|hepatic failure]], [[adrenal insufficiency]], severe [[asthma]], [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], [[anemia]], [[Hemophilia|coagulation disorders]], [[Cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular history]], other contraindications to prostaglandins, [[allergy]] to mifepristone, or suspected [[ectopic pregnancy]]. Age over 35 or [[smoking]] increases cardiovascular risks.<ref name="CHU de Rouen">{{Cite web |title=Comment se déroule une I.V.G. ? |trans-title=How does an abortion proceed? |url=http://www3.chu-rouen.fr/Internet/votresante/planification/ivg/deroulement/ |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

This medication-based technique allows for an abortion to be performed at home and is widely used in the United States.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=WH |last2=Hassoun |first2=D |last3=Gemzell-Danielsson |first3=K |last4=Fiala |first4=C |last5=Winikoff |first5=B |year=2005 |title=Home use of two doses of misoprostol after mifepristone for medical abortion: a pilot study in Sweden and France |url=http://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13625180500284581 |journal=Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care |language=en |volume=10 |pages=184–191 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

Taking mifepristone as early as possible, followed 24–48 hours later by buccal or vaginal administration of misoprostol, is 98% effective in the first nine weeks of gestation; between nine and ten weeks, the effectiveness drops to 94%.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Fjerstad 2009b">{{Cite journal |last1=Fjerstad |first1=M |last2=Sivin |first2=I |last3=Lichtenberg |first3=ES |last4=Trussell |first4=J |last5=Cleland |first5=K |last6=Cullins |first6=V |date=September 2009 |title=Effectiveness of medical abortion with mifepristone and buccal misoprostol through 59 gestational days |journal=Contraception |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=282–286 |doi=10.1016/j.contraception.2009.03.010 |pmc=3766037 |pmid=19698822}}</ref> The regimen (200&nbsp;mg of mifepristone, followed 24–48 hours later by 800 mcg of vaginal misoprostol) previously used by [[Planned Parenthood]] clinics in the United States from 2001 to March 2006 was 98.5% effective through 63 days of gestation—with an ongoing pregnancy rate of about 0.5%, and an additional 1% of women requiring uterine evacuation for various reasons, including problematic bleeding, persistent gestational sac, clinician judgment, or a woman's request. The regimen (200&nbsp;mg of mifepristone, followed 24–48 hours later by 800 mcg of buccal misoprostol) currently used by Planned Parenthood clinics in the United States since April 2006 is 98% effective through 59 days of gestation.<ref name="Fjerstad 2009b" />

In case of failure of a medical abortion, a surgical abortion remains an option. However, if the patient chooses to continue the pregnancy after a failed medical abortion, there is a risk of fetal malformation.<ref name="CHU de Rouen" />

In France, any physician performing medical abortions must have an agreement with a healthcare facility authorized to perform abortions. A medical abortion requires at least five medical consultations: two preliminary consultations, one for the administration of mifepristone, one for misoprostol, and a follow-up visit 15 days later. The medication is administered in the presence of a physician, midwife, or nurse in an orthogenic center. An abortion must be performed in a healthcare facility if the pregnant woman wishes to remain anonymous.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holmquist |first1=S |title=Danforth's obstetrics and gynecology |last2=Gilliam |first2=M |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7817-6937-2 |editor=RS |editor-first=Gibbs |edition=10th |location=Philadelphia |pages=586–603 |chapter=Induced abortion |editor-last2=BY |editor-first2=Karlan |editor-last3=AF |editor-first3=Haney |editor-last4=I |editor-first4=Nygaard}}</ref>

=== Surgical method ===
[[File:Vacuum-aspiration_(single).svg|thumb|1-[[Amniotic sac]]2-[[Embryo|Human embryo]]

3-Uterine lining4-[[Speculum (medical)|Speculum]]5-[[Cannula|Vaginal cannula]]

6-Vaginal cannula connected to a suction pump]]
Abortion under [[local anesthesia]] is not painful, except for some women who may experience pain similar to menstrual cramps for a few minutes at the end of the aspiration.<ref name="ancic">{{Cite web |title=Méthode instrumentale |trans-title=Instrumental method |url=http://www.avortementancic.net/spip.php?article253 |access-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=National Association of Abortion and Contraception Centers}}</ref> However, patients generally prefer [[general anesthesia]] (75% versus 20% for local anesthesia in France) to avoid being conscious during the procedure.<ref name="ancic" /> Both types of anesthesia have equivalent safety, though their complications differ.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=DA |last2=Schulz |first2=K |last3=Cates |first3=W Jr |last4=Tyler |first4=CW Jr |year=1979 |title=Local versus general anesthesia: which is safer for performing suction curettage abortions? |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/517587?dopt=Abstract |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=135 |pages=1030–1035 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

The primary surgical method involves aspirating the embryo using a [[cannula]] inserted into the uterus after dilation of the [[cervix]] and administration of anesthesia, which may be local or general.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Les méthodes de l'interruption de grossesse |trans-title=Methods of pregnancy termination |url=http://www.svss-uspda.ch/fr/facts/methodes.htm |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> The success rate of this surgical method is 99.7%.<ref name="guide ministériel" />

A simpler aspiration method, requiring neither anesthesia nor cervical dilation, is the Karman method, developed around 1970. This method is safer and faster than curettage or aspiration after dilation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Militer, avorter, légaliser (1972-1975) - Ép. 4/4 - La fabrique des corps |trans-title=Advocacy, abortion, legalization (1972-1975) - Ep. 4/4 - The making of bodies |url=https://www.franceculture.fr/emissions/la-fabrique-de-lhistoire/la-fabrique-des-corps-44-militer-avorter-legaliser-1972-1975 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=France Culture |language=fr}}</ref>

[[Curettage]] (specifically "dilation and curettage") is another surgical method that uses a [[curette]] instead of a suction device. This technique, which emerged in the mid-19th century, is increasingly being replaced in developed countries by the safer and more comfortable embryo aspiration method.<ref name="NAF">{{Cite web |title=prochoice.org/education/resour… |url=http://www.prochoice.org/education/resources/surg_history_overview.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430000000/http://www.prochoice.org/education/resources/surg_history_overview.html |archive-date=April 30, 2023 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> However, it remains widely used in developing countries and can lead to serious complications (hemorrhages, uterine perforations, infections), sometimes causing infertility or death.<ref name="NAF" />

The use of [[antibiotics]] ([[doxycycline]]) is standard practice,<ref name="Templeton 2011">{{Cite journal |last1=Templeton |first1=A |last2=Grimes |first2=DA |year=2011 |title=A request for abortion |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1103639 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=365 |pages=2198–2204 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> reducing infectious complications from curettage.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sawaya |first1=GF |last2=Grady |first2=D |last3=Kerlikowske |first3=K |last4=Grimes |first4=DA |year=1996 |title=Antibiotics at the time of induced abortion: the case for universal prophylaxis based on a meta-analysis |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8677129?dopt=Abstract |journal=Obstet Gynecol |volume=87 |pages=884–890 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

The concurrent use of mifepristone or misoprostol softens the cervix and facilitates its dilation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kapp |first1=N |last2=Lohr |first2=PA |last3=Ngo |first3=TD |last4=Hayes |first4=JL |year=2010 |title=Cervical preparation for first trimester surgical abortion |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007207.pub2/abstract |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=2 |pages=CD007207 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

From the 7th to the 16th week of amenorrhea, abortion can be performed surgically. This method is conducted in a single day and involves aspirating the uterine contents under general anesthesia.<ref name=":02" /> At 14 weeks of amenorrhea, the size of the fetus and the solidification of its head make aspiration impossible. It becomes necessary to dismember the fetus and reduce its head in utero.<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 7, 2020 |title=Délai pour avorter: « Effectuer une IVG à quatorze semaines de grossesse n'a rien d'anodin » |trans-title=Abortion deadline: "Performing an abortion at fourteen weeks of pregnancy is not trivial" |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2020/10/07/delai-pour-avorter-effectuer-une-ivg-a-quatorze-semaines-de-grossesse-n-a-rien-d-anodin_6055158_3224.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |work=Le Monde.fr}}</ref>

For example, in Canada, the procedure takes approximately 15 to 30 minutes, followed by about one hour of rest at the clinic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=À propos des services d'avortement |trans-title=About abortion services |url=https://www.quebec.ca/sante/systeme-et-services-de-sante/organisation-des-services/avortement-services/description |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241203084519/https://www.quebec.ca/sante/systeme-et-services-de-sante/organisation-des-services/avortement-services/description |archive-date=December 3, 2024 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Government of Quebec |language=fr}}</ref>

=== Risks and medical follow-up ===
Regardless of the chosen technique, there are risks that the patient must be informed about. In the case of clandestine abortions, the risks are more numerous and often have more severe consequences. In a favorable context, medical follow-up is also in place to address potential physical risks. For medical abortion, risks include hemorrhage, infection, failure, and side effects of the medications (pain, nausea, vomiting). For surgical abortion, there are risks inherent to any surgical procedure, including a 1% chance of uterine perforation with the risk of intestinal perforation, hemorrhage, failure, infection, and risks to future fertility. No increased risk of [[infertility]], miscarriages, or [[ectopic pregnancy]] has been demonstrated in women who have undergone abortion.<ref name="Templeton 2011" />

It is recommended that the practitioner discuss contraception options with the patient immediately following an abortion. The immediate insertion of an [[intrauterine device]] can be done safely.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=D |last2=Schulz |first2=K |last3=Van Vliet |first3=H |last4=Stanwood |first4=N |year=2003 |title=Immediate postabortal insertion of intrauterine devices |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003036/abstract |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |issue=1 |pages=CD003036 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> Various emotions may be experienced following an abortion. In most cases, women feel relief, but in others, feelings such as regret or sadness may arise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What are the Side Effects of In-Clinic Abortions? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/abortion/in-clinic-abortion-procedures/what-can-i-expect-after-having-an-in-clinic-abortion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=plannedparenthood.org |language=en}}</ref>

=== Medication and psychology ===
In France, the healthcare system is accustomed to receiving women seeking abortion anonymously. However, in {{date|December 2009|MMMM YYYY}}, the French Ministry of Health published a report by the Directorate for Research, Studies, Evaluation, and Statistics (DREES), stating that psychological support for women requesting an abortion is too often neglected.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rapport sur l'accompagnement psychologique des IVG |trans-title=Report on psychological support for abortion |url=http://www.sante.gouv.fr/drees/etude-resultat/er-pdf/er712.pdf |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Clandestine abortions ===
Typically performed under poor sanitary conditions, clandestine abortions<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mexique: avorter en sécurité, une revendication indigène |trans-title=Mexico: safe abortion, an indigenous demand |url=http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1160 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Risal |language=fr |quote=In Latin America, 4.2 million clandestine abortions are performed annually under dangerous conditions. Only Cuba has decriminalized abortion.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Avortement: une revendication toujours actuelle en Europe |trans-title=Abortion: a still-relevant demand in Europe |url=http://www.newropeans-magazine.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3961&Itemid=88 |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=fr |quote=Thus, approximately 20,000 clandestine abortions take place in Portugal each year. Following these illegal abortions, often performed under unsanitary, highly dangerous, and traumatic conditions for women, about 5,000 women require emergency hospital transport, and over the past 20 years, around a hundred of these women have died. By comparison, a Portuguese woman is 150 times more likely to die from an abortion than a Dutch woman. Legalizing abortion also means removing its taboo status, allowing discussion, and enabling competent personnel to inform and educate the public.}}</ref> are a cause<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chiennes de garde |trans-title=Guard Bitches: Abortion mortality rates |url=http://www.chiennesdegarde.org/article.php3?id_article=333 |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=fr |quote=Prohibiting abortion dramatically increases the mortality rate from clandestine abortions: where abortion is illegal, the mortality rate averages 330 per 100,000 abortions. Where abortion is legal, the mortality rate ranges between 0.2 and 1.2 per 100,000 abortions.}}</ref> of severe complications and high female mortality in many countries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'avortement clandestin en Afrique ; Un drame silencieux qui tue 300,000 femmes tous les ans |trans-title=Clandestine abortion in Africa: a silent tragedy killing 300,000 women annually |url=https://www.afrik.com/l-avortement-clandestin-en-afrique |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=afrik.com |language=fr |quote=According to the World Health Organization, 4.2 million unsafe abortions occur annually in Africa, resulting in nearly 300,000 deaths. Globally, 44% of women who die from complications due to unsafe abortions are African. In Uganda and Ghana, it is one of the leading causes of mortality.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=/REPETITION CORRIGEE*/SANTE-GABON: Recrudescence des avortements clandestins, pouvoirs publics impuissants |trans-title=HEALTH-GABON: Resurgence of clandestine abortions, authorities powerless |url=http://ipsnews.net/fr/interna.asp?idnews=2534 |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=fr |quote=In 2001, abortion was the leading cause of maternal mortality in Gabon, according to Patricia Makaya, director of maternal and child health in Gabon.}}</ref>

In 2003, 48% of abortions worldwide were performed under unsafe conditions,<ref name="Lancet 1">{{Cite journal |last1=Sedgh |first1=G |last2=Henshaw |first2=S |last3=Singh |first3=S |last4=Åhman |first4=E |last5=Shah |first5=IH |year=2007 |title=Induced abortion: estimated rates and trends worldwide |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS014067360761575X/abstract |journal=Lancet |language=en |volume=370 |pages=1338–1345 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> and over 97% of these unsafe abortions occurred in developing countries.<ref name="Lancet 1" /><ref name="Lancet 2">{{Cite journal |last1=Grimes |first1=DA |last2=Benson |first2=J |last3=Singh |first3=S |year=2006 |title=Unsafe abortion: the preventable pandemic |url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140673606694816/abstract |journal=Lancet |language=en |volume=368 |pages=1908–1919 |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> A comprehensive study shows that between 2010 and 2014, 87.5% of abortions in developed countries were safe, compared to only 50.5% in developing countries. The rate of unsafe abortions rises to 76.4% in Latin America and 75.6% in Africa.<ref name=":1" />

Approximately 20 million abortions are performed annually outside appropriate facilities or by practitioners lacking the necessary skills, or self-administered by women.<ref name="Lancet 2" /><ref name="Guttmacher">{{Cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Susheela |last2=Wulf |first2=Deirdre |last3=Hussain |first3=Rubina |last4=Bankole |first4=Akinrinola |last5=Sedgh |first5=Gilda |title=Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress |url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AWWfullreport.pdf |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=en}}</ref> An estimated 68,000 women die each year from these procedures, often due to [[hemorrhage]], [[sepsis]], or [[poisoning]], with millions more suffering long-term consequences,<ref name="Lancet 2" /> sometimes including secondary infertility.<ref name=":1" />

In 2020, the [[World Health Organization]] emphasized in its framework for preventing unsafe abortions:<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=Prévention des avortements à risque |trans-title=Preventing unsafe abortion |url=https://www.who.int/fr/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=who.int |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref>{{Blockquote|Virtually all deaths and disabilities from abortions could be prevented through sexual education, the use of effective contraception, access to legal and medically safe induced abortion, and timely care for complications.}}

== Specific motivations ==

=== Sex-selective abortion ===
In several countries (India, China, Nepal, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, etc.), where abortion has been legal since the 1970s, it is sometimes misused to select the sex of children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Revision: Asia now lacks 163 million women |trans-title=Révision: il manque désormais 163 millions de femmes en Asie |url=http://www.lesquotidiennes.com/droits/r%C3%A9vision-il-manque-d%C3%A9sormais-163-millions-de-femmes-en-asie.html |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> Cultural preferences in these countries favor male births due to issues of honor, family heritage, or religious practices. Despite prohibitions in these countries against using abortion for sex selection (e.g., in South Korea, until 2009, gynecologists were barred from revealing the baby's sex), millions of female fetuses are terminated annually. This has led to a surplus of male births in Asia for over two decades, resulting in a significant shortage of women.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Isabelle Attané |title=Une Chine sans femmes ? |publisher=Perrin |year=2002 |location=Paris |trans-title=A China without women?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Bénédicte Manier |title=Quand les femmes auront disparu ; L'élimination des filles en Inde et en Asie |publisher=La Découverte poche |year=2008 |location=Paris |trans-title=When women disappear: The elimination of girls in India and Asia}}</ref> Asia is the only continent to have become predominantly male, leaving millions of men unable to find partners.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Amartya Sen |year=1990 |title=More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing |journal=New York Review of Books |language=en}}</ref>

=== Trafficking of abortion products ===
In {{date|April 2005|MMMM YYYY}}, ''[[The Observer]]'' reported an illegal trafficking of fetuses, including those over 12 weeks, from [[Ukraine]] to [[Russia]], where their cells are used in beauty salons for illegal, scientifically dubious, and dangerous cosmetic treatments aimed at wealthy clients seeking rejuvenation. The newspaper alleges that traffickers pay Ukrainian women £100 to consent to abortions and allow the use of their fetuses by public research institutes. However, according to Ukrainian police, these institutes, plagued by corruption, resell the fetuses for £5,000 to private clinics, particularly in Moscow, where these treatments are performed. Some doctors reportedly pay women or deceive them into delaying their abortions, as later-term fetuses are particularly valued. According to the Russian Ministry of Health, 37 out of 41 Moscow clinics offering stem cell treatments were operating illegally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 17, 2005 |title=Beauty salons fuel trade in aborted babies |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/2005/apr/17/ukraine.russia |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fobserver.guardian.co.uk%2Finternational%2Fstory%2F0%2C6903%2C1461654%2C00.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=23 February 2011 |access-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Ethical debate ==
{{Main|Pro-choice|Pro-life}}
[[File:Slogan_IVG_Corbières.jpg|thumb|Slogans written along a country road (2010, France).]]
Abortion, beyond being a physiological phenomenon concerning pregnant women, is a social issue. The struggle for abortion rights is a significant part of the [[feminist]] movement, advocating for a woman's [[Self-ownership|right to bodily autonomy]], against the inalienability of the human body and the [[right to life]] of the embryo.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Abortion |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/abortion?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Joint UN statement calling for sexual and reproductive health and rights for all |url=https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/statement/2024/07/joint-un-statement-calling-for-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights-for-all?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=UN Women}}</ref>

In countries where abortion is not legalized, mobilizations occur to secure this right. In countries where abortion is legal, particularly in the [[United States]], [[Italy]], and [[Spain]], the right to abortion is sometimes contested by [[pro-life]] movements, which are often inspired by [[religion]] or [[conservatism]].<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DOBBS, STATE HEALTH OFFICER OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, ET AL. v. JACKSON WOMEN'S HEALTH ORGANIZATION ET AL. |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/21pdf/19-1392_6j37.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Supreme Court of the United States}}</ref>

However, opponents of abortion, whether based on religious or non-religious grounds, argue that it is primarily an ethical issue concerning the defense of the dignity of the [[Person (law)|person]] from the moment of conception. This raises significant [[Moral philosophy|philosophical]] debates about the status of the human person and when such status applies—whether at conception, the development of an [[embryo]], or birth. In [[French law]] and [[Canadian law]], only a born child has the legal status of a person. However, certain [[Philosophy|philosophical]], [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]], or [[Theology|theological]] perspectives trace the existence of a being to before birth. In contemporary discourse, these perspectives often emphasize that, from conception, the [[embryo]] possesses the complete [[genetic information]] of an adult person.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le catholicisme pour les Nuls |language=fr |trans-title=Catholicism for Dummies |quote=Abortion involves ending a human life before birth. Regardless of the circumstances of its conception, once a human life is conceived, it has value. A philosopher said it already in antiquity (Tertullian, Apologétique, IX, 8): "He is already a man, the one who will be."}}</ref>

Abortion is a subject of debate in most modern societies. It was traditionally prohibited for various reasons:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Abortion |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/global/abortion?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Guttmacher}}</ref>

* Preservation of family rituals: In many societies, children care for the spirits of their ancestors after death, particularly in Chinese tradition, where abortion was never illegal but was a family or social decision in which the woman had no say and merely endured.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2010 |title=Abortion in Late Imperial China:  Routine Birth Control or Crisis Intervention? |url=https://www.buffalo.edu/content/dam/www/genderin/Sommer%2C%202010%2C%20Abortion%20in%20Late%20Imperial%20China.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |journal=The Johns Hopkins University Press |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=97–165}}</ref>
* Demographic concerns: Governments believed that allowing abortion reduced birth rates, and population size was a measure of power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lataianu |first=Manuela |title=THE 1966 LAW CONCERNING PROHIBITION OF ABORTION IN ROMANIA AND ITS CONSEQUENCES. THE FATE OF ONE GENERATION |url=https://www.demogr.mpg.de/papers/workshops/010623_paper25.pdf |journal=Graduate School for Social Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw}}</ref>
* Religious reasons: Most major religious traditions prohibit abortion, considering it an attack on human life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Respect for human life |url=https://www.vatican.va/content/catechism/en/part_three/section_two/chapter_two/article_5/i_respect_for_human_life.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Vatican.va}}</ref>
* Gender inequality: Men often had primacy in deciding whether to have a child, denying women the right to choose abortion.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2024 |title=Documenting reproductive violence |url=https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/research-paper-documenting-reproductive-violence-en.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |journal=UN Women}}</ref>

Social changes—such as the declining influence of religion and the sanctification of procreation, the reduced importance of population size relative to well-being, medical advancements, earlier sexual activity among youth in Western countries and later in others, poor information on contraception, weakening traditions, and gender equality—have gradually reduced prohibitions and led to broader legalization (expanded conditions, extended legal periods, etc.).<ref name=":4" />

The challenge for legislators is to balance competing positions to set a legal abortion limit, which inevitably dissatisfies some groups. With both sides invoking non-negotiable values (the dignity of life versus personal freedom), abortion has been a persistent source of controversy for decades. Moreover, an ethical solution cannot ignore the profound dilemma posed by choosing one way or the other, given the intense social pressures surrounding the issue. Legally, the status of a person is tied to sufficient embryonic development (a variable limit), permitting abortion before this point and potentially penalizing it afterward. With varying and evolving legislation worldwide, no universal definition of what constitutes an embryo or a full person has been established, as science alone cannot provide an answer.<ref name=":3" />

== Religions ==

=== Judaism ===
{{Main|Judaism and abortion}}

The [[Torah]] states: "There shall be no woman in your land who miscarries or is barren. I will fulfill the number of your days" ([[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 23:26). However, certain provisions address fetal life directly or indirectly. The strictest prohibition relates to the ban on killing. This prohibition is explicit when the [[Halakha]] considers the fetus a living being, though [[Talmud]]ic sources are neither unanimous nor clear on this (e.g., [[Rashi]] suggests that a fetus is not necessarily a human being). Other provisions, such as the general respect owed to human life (evident in the prohibition against harming or destroying human seed), also argue against abortion. Consequently, abortion is generally considered "against the law" and disapproved of. However, the [[Talmud]] holds that a fetus is not formed until after 41 days, so an abortion before this period is treated less severely.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |author=Georges Hansel |url=http://ghansel.free.fr/ivg.html |title=De l'interruption de grossesse |publisher=Éditions Odile Jacob |year=1996 |isbn=978-2-7381-0578-3 |language=fr |trans-title=Termination of pregnancy}}</ref>

Jewish [[Judaism|law]] permits abortion if the fetus poses a direct threat to the pregnant woman's life. The boundaries of this threat are widely debated. The [[Mishnah]] explicitly states that the fetus must be sacrificed to save the mother, as the mother's life takes precedence over that of an unborn child. Consequently, most rabbinic authorities allow abortion in cases of a life-threatening risk to the woman, while others extend this to risks of worsening physical or mental health conditions.<ref name=":5" />

With the exception of Rabbi [[Eliezer Waldenberg]], the vast majority of Jewish authorities do not recognize fetal abnormalities as grounds for abortion. Rabbi and [[posek]] [[Moshe Feinstein]] prohibited prenatal diagnoses leading to abortion requests, stating: "In recent years, there has been a growing number of abortions performed. It is forbidden for doctors who respect the Torah to participate in an abortion in any way, whether the patient is Jewish or not. The prohibition of abortion is a universal prohibition and applies equally to non-Jews and Jews." However, Rabbi and posek Shaul Israeli permits abortion in certain cases of fetal illness, considering it part of the [[Mitzvah]] to love one's neighbor.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Moshe Feinstein]] |title=Responsa of Rav Moshe Feinstein: Translation and Commentary: Care of the Critically Ill |author2=[[Moshe David Tendler]] |page=52}}</ref>

=== Buddhism ===
The [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] tradition marks the start of human life, [[bhava]], at the first signs of [[consciousness]]: the ability to feel pleasure or pain and react to it.<ref name="AjahnBrahm">{{Cite web |author=American College of Pediatricians |date=2017 |title=When Human Life Begins |trans-title= |url=https://acpeds.org/when-human-life-begins/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |language= |format=}}</ref> This is when a being inherits past [[karma]]. According to [[Ajahn Brahm]], this can be associated with the emergence of the nervous system, the capacity to feel suffering, and the manifestation of will; an embryo outside the maternal womb (e.g., for research or in vitro fertilization) "is not recognized as human life, and thus ethical considerations specific to humans do not apply."<ref name="AjahnBrahm" />

Buddhism prohibits abortion when it ends a life, as the first precept of [[Buddhist ethics]] is not to kill (an act of killing is constituted when there is intent to kill, effort to kill, and the death of the victim). According to the monastic code of [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], the [[Vinaya]], a monk who recommends or facilitates an abortion commits a grave offense (parajika) and faces immediate expulsion from the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|Sangha]]. In [[Tibetan Buddhism]], the [[Dalai Lama]] acknowledges situations that justify abortion ([[Therapeutic abortion|medical termination of pregnancy]]). The precise delineation of these situations is generally recognized as a social issue beyond the scope of [[Buddhist philosophy]]. From a moral perspective, only compassion, [[Karuṇā|Karuna]], can justify such an action.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moneyya |first=Bhikkhu |title=A Buddhist Perspective on Abortion |url=https://www.buddhasasana.net/bhikkhu-moneyya/texts/abortion.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Buddhasasana}}</ref>

=== Christianity ===
{{Main|Christianity and abortion}}

The vast majority of Christian churches oppose abortion.

==== Catholicism ====
The [[Catholic Church]] reaffirms its condemnation of direct abortion in the encyclical ''[[Evangelium Vitae]]''. According to Pope [[John Paul II]], "The one who is eliminated is a human being at the very beginning of life, the most innocent being imaginable: it could never be considered an aggressor, let alone an unjust aggressor! It is weak, defenseless, to the point of being deprived even of the smallest means of defense, that of the imploring cries and tears of a newborn." The Church has not formally pronounced on the exact moment of ensoulment but, per [[Donum Vitae]], calls for respect for life from conception.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Donum Vitae sur le respect de la vie humaine naissance et la dignité de la procréation |trans-title=Donum Vitae on the respect for human life at birth and the dignity of procreation |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_fr.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=vatican.va |language=fr}}</ref>

In magisterial texts and the [[Catechism of the Catholic Church]], direct abortion is considered, if performed with full knowledge and consent, an extremely grave [[sin]]: it falls under the category of [[mortal sins]], which destroy charity in the human heart.<ref>{{Cite book |title=[[Catechism of the Catholic Church]] |section=1855–1861, 2270 and following}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congrégation pour la doctrine de la foi - Déclaration ''questio de abortu'' sur l'avortement provoqué, 1974 |trans-title=Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith - Declaration ''questio de abortu'' on induced abortion, 1974 |url=http://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19741118_declaration-abortion_fr.html |access-date=15 October 2025 |language=fr}}</ref> According to canon law, it incurs an automatic ([[latae sententiae]]) [[excommunication]] for anyone over 16 who is fully aware of the act, including the woman undergoing the procedure and the medical or paramedical staff involved. However, indirect abortion, where the fetus's death is an unintended consequence of treatment provided to the mother, is not condemned.<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Église admet des cas d'avortement thérapeutique |trans-title=The Church accepts cases of therapeutic abortion |url=https://www.la-croix.com/Religion/Actualite/L-Eglise-admet-des-cas-d-avortement-therapeutique-_NG_-2009-03-22-532878 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=La Croix |language=fr}}</ref>

However, some individuals and groups claiming to be Catholic contest the Magisterium's teaching on abortion (and other issues), as evidenced by the 1984 document "''A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion''" published in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and signed by numerous American theologians. The association [[Catholics for Choice]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2000 |title=US-based Catholic group, feminists oppose Vatican position at UN |trans-title= |url=http://www.seechange.org/media/AFP,%20March%2015,%202000.htm |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seechange.org%2Fmedia%2FAFP%2C%2520March%252015%2C%25202000.htm#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=14 July 2023 |access-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=Agence France-Presse |language=}}</ref> primarily active in the [[United States]], argues that abortion can be a morally acceptable choice in certain cases; however, the episcopal conferences of the United States and Canada state that it cannot claim to represent Catholicism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comment by the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops Regarding a group calling itself 'Catholics for a Free Choice' |trans-title= |url=http://www.cccb.ca/site/eng/media-room/archives/public-statements/2010/2774-comment-by-the-canadian-conference-of-catholic-bishops-regarding-a-group-calling-itself-catholics-for-a-free-choice |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cccb.ca%2Fsite%2Feng%2Fmedia-room%2Farchives%2Fpublic-statements%2F2010%2F2774-comment-by-the-canadian-conference-of-catholic-bishops-regarding-a-group-calling-itself-catholics-for-a-free-choice#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url |archive-date=1 September 2011 |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops |language=en}}</ref> The Christian feminist collective L'autre Parole, many of whose members are of Catholic tradition,<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Marie Josée Riendeau |url=https://archipel.uqam.ca/8927/1/M14478.pdf |title=De la production à la transmission |publisher=[[Université du Québec à Montréal]] |year=2016 |location=Montréal |page=148 |language=fr-CA |trans-title=From production to transmission |type=Master's thesis in Religious Studies |access-date=15 October 2025}}</ref> identifies as "pro-life and pro-choice."<ref>{{Cite web |author=L'autre Parole |date=April 17, 2010 |title=Avortement |trans-title=Abortion |url=https://www.lautreparole.org/avortement/ |access-date=15 October 2025 |website=L'autre Parole |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

==== Orthodox Church ====
The [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Church]]'s moral stance aligns with that of Catholicism, but under the principle of preserving life, it may permit abortion if a bishop or priest discerns that continuing the pregnancy would lead to the death of both the unborn child and mother.<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Sacredness of Human Life and its Untimely Termination |url=https://www.assemblyofbishops.org/news/2022/human-life-sacredness?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops}}</ref>

==== Evangelical Christianity ====
The majority of [[Evangelicalism|evangelical Christian]] churches oppose abortion and support recourse to [[adoption]] agencies and social support agencies for mothers who wish to keep their babies.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Robert Woods |title=Evangelical Christians and Popular Culture: Pop Goes the Gospel, Volume 1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2013 |location=United States |page=44}}</ref>

=== Islam ===
{{Main|Abortion in Islam}}

The [[Quran]] does not directly address abortion, so interpretations rely on scholarly opinions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abortion – an Islamic perspective |url=https://www.jbima.com/article/abortion-an-islamic-perspective/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=BIMA Journal of the British Islamic Medical Association}}</ref>

The ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' (book of hadiths) indicates that the soul is infused into the [[fetus]] after 120 days of gestation. Consequently, some Hanafi scholars permit abortion before the end of this 120-day period, though others teach that abortion within this period is [[makruh]] (disapproved, i.e., discouraged). The Maliki school holds that "the fetus is endowed with a soul from conception." Thus, "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, considering that the hand of God actively forms the fetus at every stage of its development." However, all Islamic schools of thought agree on the legality of abortion when the mother's life is in danger, as the mother's life takes precedence.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=When is Having an Abortion Permitted? |url=https://seekersguidance.org/answers/hanafi-fiqh/when-is-having-an-abortion-permitted/?utm_source=chatgpt.com |website=Seekers Guidance}}</ref>

In [[Shia Islam]], abortion is "prohibited after the implantation of the fertilized ovum." The leader of the [[Iranian Revolution]], [[Ruhollah Khomeini|Ayatollah Khomeini]], declared that [[Sharia]] prohibits abortion without reason "even at the earliest possible stage." This position is shared by other Shia scholars.<ref name=":6" />

== Timeline of abortion laws, events, and enactments in French history ==
{{more citations needed section|date=March 2024}}
* 1920: The prohibition of contraception and abortions, a crime punishable by the Assize Court (3 months to 6 years in prison). "Propaganda in favor of abortion" is forbidden.
* 1939: Family Law. The creation of police brigades charged with tracking down {{Lang|fr|faiseuses d'anges}} ("angel makers").
* 1941: People suspected of having participated in an abortion can be referred before the Tribunal State.
* 1942: Law of 15 February: Abortion becomes a capital crime, punishable by death. A {{Lang|fr|faiseuse d'ange}}, [[Marie-Louise Giraud]], is killed by guillotine the following year.
* 1955: Therapeutic abortion is legalized. Focus on the contraceptive pill in the United States.
* 1956: The foundation of "Maternité heureuse" ("Happy Motherhood") by Mari-Andrée Lagroua Weill-Hallé and Évelyne Sullerot, which becomes "Planning familal" ("Family Planning") in 1960
* 1967 (28 December): The Neuwirth Act legalizes contraception, but publicity in its favor is still forbidden.
* 1971: The Manifesto of the 343 is signed by 343 women, declaring that they have had an illegal abortion.
* 1972: The creation of planning centers and information establishments. The Bobigny Trail takes place regarding the actions of [[Marie-Claire Chevalier]].
* 1973: The introduction of sex education in high schools and colleges.
* 1974: Contraception is reimbursed by health insurance; anonymous and free of charge for minors and those without insurance from planning centers. Feminist mobilization for the right to an abortion
* 1975: The Veil Act legalizes ''IVG (''{{Lang|fr|l'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse}}, "The Voluntary Interruption of Pregnancy"). Legalized until 10 weeks of pregnancy.
* 1979: The definitive vote to legalize abortion
* 1981: The Lahache Ruling: The woman is the sole judge of the need for an abortion.
* 1982: Reimbursement of abortion by health insurance.
* 1990: France law legalizes the use of medical abortion (using [[Mifepristone]]) in a hospital setting.
* 1993: The decriminalization of the offence of "self-abortion" and creation of the Offence of Obstructing Abortion.
* 2000: Authorization of dispensing emergency contraception with a prescription; for minors, it is free in pharmacies; student nurses and<!--requires revision-->authorized to administer emergency contraception in cases of distress.
* 2001: Law from 14 July legalizes the termination of pregnancy until the 12th week of pregnancy.
* 2004: Medical abortion is legalized in primary care.
* 2007: Medical abortions are now available to be performed in Family Planning and Education Centers ({{Lang|fr|Les Centres de planifications et d'éducation familiale}}).
* 2013: Abortion is entirely reimbursed by Social Security, and the cost of medical treatment has been raised to increase the number of practitioners.
* 2013: A government site dedicated to providing information about abortion is launched by Najat Vallaud-Belkacem.<ref>https://ivg.gouv.fr/ ivg.gouv.fr</ref>
* 2014: The Vallaud-Belkacem law from 4 August removes the condition of "proven distress" that the 1975 law required for entitlement to an abortion.
* 2016: The enactment of the extension of the offence of obstructing abortion (''un delit d'entrave)'' to digital platforms.
* 2022: The legal deadline for abortion changes from 12 weeks to 14 weeks.
* 2024: The right to an abortion is enshrined in the French Constitution.

==Prevalence==

{{as of|2009}}, the abortion rate was 17.4 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44,<ref name="un2013">{{cite web |year=2013 |title=World Abortion Policies 2013 |url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/policy/WorldAbortionPolicies2013/WorldAbortionPolicies2013_WallChart.pdf |access-date=3 March 2014 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> a slight increase over the 2002 rate of 16.9 abortions per 1,000 women aged 15–44.<ref name="un2007">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=World Abortion Policies 2007 |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/content/world-abortion-policies-2007 |access-date=29 January 2017 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

===Total number of abortions===
[[File:Percentage of conceptions leading to abortion in France.svg|thumb|Percentage of conceptions leading to abortion in France]]
The following tables cover metropolitan France only and do not include the [[Overseas departments of France]] ([[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] and [[Réunion]]).
{|
| width="10" |&nbsp;
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Abortions<ref name="fr">{{cite news|title=Historical abortion statistics, France|url=
https://www.johnstonsarchive.net/policy/abortion/ab-france.html|newspaper=Johnston's Archive|access-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 1975 || 33,454 
|-
| 1976 || 134,173
|-
| 1977 || 150,931
|-
| 1978 || 150,417 
|-
| 1979 || 156,810 
|-
| 1980 || 171,218 
|-
| 1981 || 180,695 
|-
| 1982 || 181,122 
|-
| 1983 || 182,862
|-
| 1984 || 180,789 
|-
| 1985 || 173,335
|-
| 1986 || 166,797 
|-
| 1987 || 162,352 
|-
| 1988 || 166,540 
|-
| 1989 || 165,199
|-
| 1990 || 201,171 
|-
| 1991 || 205,048
|-
| 1992 || 197,554 
|-
| 1993 || 197,040 
|-
| 1994 || 191,879 
|-
| 1995 || 181,781
|-
| 1996 || 189,760
|-
| 1997 || 191,431
|-
| 1998 || 198,875 
|-
|}
| width="30" |&nbsp;
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Abortions<ref name="fr"/>
|-
| 1999 || 199,742 
|-
| 2000 || 198,700 
|-
| 2001 || 207,228 
|-
| 2002 || 211,898
|-
| 2003 || 208,759 
|-
| 2004 || 210,664 
|-
| 2005 || 206,311
|-
| 2006 || 215,390
|-
| 2007 || 213,382
|-
| 2008 || 208,242
|-
| 2009 || 208,939
|-
| 2010 || 211,985 
|-
| 2011 || 209,291 
|-
| 2012 || 207,120 
|-
| 2013 || 216,697
|-
| 2014 || 211,764
|-
| 2015 || 203,463
|-
| 2016 || 197,777
|-
| 2017 || 202,919 
|-
| 2018 || 209,522 
|-
| 2019 || 217,536 
|-
| 2020 || 207,497 
|-
| 2021 || 208,248
|-
|2022
|218,441
|}

|}

==See also==
* [[Abortion law]] ([[Veil Act]])
* [[Abortion debate]]
* [[Abortion-rights movements]]
* [[Birth control in France]]
* [[Catholic Church and abortion]]
* [[Feminism in France]]
* [[March for Life (Paris)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Abortion in Europe}}
{{Abortion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:France, Abortion in}}
[[Category:Abortion in France| ]]
[[Category:Law of France]]
[[Category:1975 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1975 in law]]
[[Category:Abortion by country]]