View source for Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani

{{Short description|Arab historian, writer, poet and musicologist (897–967)}}
{{other people|Al-Isfahani}}
{{Other people|Abu al-Faraj}}
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{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
| native_name       = أَبُو الْفَرَج الْأصْفَهَانِيّ
| native_name_lang  = ar
| image             = Kitab_al-Aghani_01_(cropped).jpg
| alt               = 
| caption           = Illustration from ''Kitab al-aghani'' (''Book of Songs''), 1216–20, by Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani, a collection of songs by famous musicians and Arab poets.
| birth_date        = {{start date|897}}
| birth_place       = [[Isfahan]], Abbasid Caliphate
| death_date        = {{death year and age|967|897}}{{efn|See the [[#Dates|section on Dates]]}}
| death_place       = [[Baghdad]]
| death_cause       = 
| resting_place     = 
| resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}-->
| other_names       = Ali ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham al-Umawī al-Marwānī
| residence         = 
| era               = [[Islamic golden age]] ([[Abbasid dynasty|Abbasid era]])
| fields            = History
| workplaces        = 
| patrons           = Sayf ad-Dawlah
| education         = 
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| known_for         = Book of Songs
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}}

'''Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Iṣfahānī''' ({{langx|ar|أبو الفرج الأصفهاني}}), also known as '''Abul-Faraj''', (full form: ''Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn al-Ḥaytham [[Umayyad dynasty|al-Umawī]] [[Banu Marwan|al-Marwānī]] [[Isfahan|al-Iṣfahānī]]''){{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=14}} (897–967[[Common Era|CE]] / 284–356[[Islamic calendar|AH]]) was a writer, historian, genealogist, poet, musicologist and scribe. He was of [[Arab]]-[[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] origin<ref>{{EI2|title=Abu 'l-Faradj al-Isbahani|author=M. Nallino|volume=1|page=118}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Bagley|first1=F. R. C.|title=ABU'L-FARAJ EṢFAHĀNĪ|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-faraj-esfahani-ali-b|publisher=Encyclopaedia Iranica|access-date=2 April 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116232841/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-faraj-esfahani-ali-b|archive-date=16 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> and mainly based in [[Baghdad]]. He is best known as the author of ''[[Kitab al-Aghani]]'' ("The Book of Songs"), which includes information about the earliest attested periods of [[Arabic music]] (from the seventh to the ninth centuries) and the lives of poets and musicians from the pre-Islamic period to al-Isfahani's time.<ref>{{Citation
  | last = Sawa
  | first = S.G.
  | title = The Status and Roles of the Secular Musicians in the Kitab al-Aghani (Book of Songs) of Abu al-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī
  | journal = Asian Music
  | volume = 17
  | issue = 1
  | pages = 68–82
  | year = 1985
  | doi = 10.2307/833741
  | jstor = 833741
  | publisher = Asian Music, Vol. 17, No. 1}}</ref> Given his contribution to the documentation of the history of Arabic music, al-Isfahani is characterised by George Sawa as "a true prophet of modern ethnomusicology".{{sfn|Sawa|1989|p=29}}

== Dates ==
The commonly accepted dates of al-Isfahani's birth and death are 897–898 and 967, based on the dates given by [[al-Khatib al-Baghdadi]] which itself based its information on the testimony of al-Isfahani's student, Muhammad ibn Abi al-Fawaris.{{sfn|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|loc=vol. 13, p. 338; vol. 2, p. 213 (On Ibn Abī al-Fawāris)}}{{Efn|Other dates of death are in the 360s/970s and 357/967–68, suggested respectively by Ibn al-Nadim (d. 385/995 or 388/998) and Abu Nu'aym al-Isfahani (336–430/948–1038){{sfn|ref=Akhbār|Abū Nuʿaym, ''Akhbār''|loc= vol. 2, p. 22}}{{sfn|ref=al-Fihrist|Ibn al-Nadīm, ''al-Fihrist''|p=128}}}} However, the credibility of these dates is to be treated with caution. No source places his death earlier than 967, but several place it later. These dates are at odds with a reference in the ''Kitab Adab al-ghuraba'' ("The Book of the Etiquettes of Strangers"), attributed to al-Isfahani, to his being in the prime of youth (''fi ayyam al-shabiba wa-l-siba'') in 967.{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 95–97}}{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Adab al-ghurabāʾ''|ref=al-ghurabā|p=83–86}}{{Efn|The attribution of ''Adab al-ghuraba'' to al-Isfahani is much disputed in current scholarship. The scholars who affirm al-Isfahani as the author of ''Adab al-ghuraba'' include:{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=733}}{{sfn|Günther|2007|p=}}{{sfn|al-Munajjid|1972|p=10–16}}{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2004|p=230–242}}{{sfn|Kilpatrick|1978|p=127–135}} On the opposite side are:{{sfn|Hoyland|2006|p=36–39}}{{sfn|Crone|Moreh|2000|p=128–143}}}} Calculation of the approximate dates of his birth and death through the life spans of his students and his direct informants suggests that he was born before 902 and died after 960.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=I-Wen|date=2020|title=Abū al-Faraj ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Iṣfahānī, the Author of the Kitāb al-Aghānī|url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Humanities/Ab%C5%AB_al-Faraj_%CA%BFAl%C4%AB_b._al-%E1%B8%A4usayn_al-I%E1%B9%A3fah%C4%81n%C4%AB,_the_Author_of_the_Kit%C4%81b_al-Agh%C4%81n%C4%AB|journal=WikiJournal of Humanities|volume=3|issue=1|pages=1|doi=10.15347/wjh/2020.001|doi-access=free}}  [[File:CC BY-SA icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported] license.</ref>

==Biography==
Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani was born in [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], Persia (present-day [[Iran]]) but spent his youth and undertook his early studies in [[Baghdad]] (present-day [[Iraq]]). He was a direct descendant of the last of the [[Umayyad]] [[caliph]]s, [[Marwan II]],{{efn|Al-Isfahani traced his descent to Marwan II as follows: Abu al-Faraj Ali ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn al-Haytham ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn Marwan ibn Abd Allah ibn Marwan II ibn [[Muhammad ibn Marwan|Muhammad]] ibn [[Marwan I]].<ref>{{cite book |last=De Slane |first=Mac Guckin |author-link=  William McGuckin de Slane |title=Ibn Khallikan's Biographical Dictionary, Volume 3 |date=1842 |publisher=Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland |location=Paris |page=300 |url={{Google Books|XccfAAAAMAAJ|plainurl=y}}}}</ref>}} and was thus connected with the Umayyad rulers in [[al-Andalus]], and seems to have kept up a correspondence with them and to have sent them some of his works. He became famous for his knowledge of early Arabian antiquities.<ref name="eb">{{EB1911|inline=1|wstitle=Abulfaraj|volume=1|page=79}}</ref>

His later life was spent in various parts of the Islamic world, including in [[Aleppo]] with its [[Hamdanid]] governor [[Sayf ad-Dawlah]] (to whom he dedicated the ''Book of Songs''), and in [[Ray, Iran|Ray]] with the [[Buwayhid]] [[vizier]] Ibn 'Abbad.

=== Family ===
The epithet, al-Isfahani,{{Efn|Another spelling, al-Isbahani, is also used in secondary literature. Although al-Isbahani is found in the oldest biographical sources and manuscripts, al-Isfahani will be used in this article.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=vii}}}} refers to the city, [[Isfahan (city)|Isfahan]], on the [[Iranian plateau]]. Instead of indicating al-Isfahani's birthplace,{{sfn|al-Ziriklī|2002|loc=vol. 4, p. 278}}{{sfn|Rotter|1977|p=7}}{{sfn|Amīn|2009|p=248–249}}{{sfn|Sallūm|1969|p=9}}{{efn|This misconception, according to Azarnoosh,{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=719}} was first disseminated by Ṭāshkubrīzādah (d. 968/1560) and was thereafter followed by modern scholars.}} this epithet seems to be common to al-Isfahani's family. Every reference al-Isfahani makes to his paternal relatives includes the attributive, al-Isfahani.{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=23–25}}{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=720}} According to [[Ibn Hazm]] (994–1064), some [[Banu Marwan|descendants]] of the last [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad caliph]], [[Marwan II|Marwan b. Muhammad]] (691–750), al-Isfahani's ancestor,{{Efn|While most of the sources agree that al-Isfahani was amongst the offspring of the last Umayyad caliph, Marwan b. Muhammad, Ibn al-Nadīm alone claimed that he was a descendant of Hishām b. ʿAbd al-Malik (72–125/691–743).{{sfn|ref=al-Fihrist|Ibn al-Nadīm, ''al-Fihrist''|p=127}} The majority opinion:{{sfn|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|loc=vol. 13, p. 337}}{{sfn|ref=Siyar|al-Dhahabī, ''Siyar''|p=2774}}{{sfn|ref=Inbāh|al-Qifṭī, ''Inbāh''|loc=vol. 2, p. 251}}}} settled in Isfahan.{{sfn|Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿarab''|ref=Jamharat|p=107}} However, it has to be borne in mind that the earliest information available regarding al-Isfahani's family history only dates to the generation of his great-grandfather, Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, who settled in [[Samarra]] sometime between 835–6 and 847.{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=421–422}}

Based on al-Isfahani's references in the ''Kitab al-Aghani'' (hereafter, the ''Aghani''), Ahmad b. al-Haytham seems to have led a privileged life in Sāmarrāʾ, while his sons were well-connected with the elite of the [[Abbasid]] capital at that time.{{Efn|A report in the ''Aghani'' mentions Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham's possession of slaves, which may indicate his being wealthy.{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=422–423}}}} His son, Abd al-Aziz b. Ahmad, was "one of the high ranking scribes in the days of [[al-Mutawakkil]] (r. 847–861) (''min kibār al-kuttāb fī ayyām al-Mutawakkil'')".{{sfn|Ibn Ḥazm, ''Jamharat ansāb al-ʿarab''|ref=Jamharat|p=107}} Another son, Muhammad b. Ahmad (''viz''. al-Isfahani's grandfather), was associated with Abbasid officials, the vizier [[Muhammad ibn al-Zayyat|Ibn al-Zayyāt]] (d. 847), the scribe Ibrahim b. al-Abbas al-Ṣūlī (792–857), and the vizier Ubaydallah b. Sulayman (d. 901), along with the [[Ṭālibid]] notables,{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=424–426}} including al-Husayn b. al-Husayn b. Zayd, who was the leader of the [[Banu Hashim]].{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil''|ref=Maqātil|p=547}} The close ties with the Abbasid court continued with Muhammad's sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn (al-Isfahani's father).{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=426–430}}

In various places in the ''Aghani'', al-Isfahani refers to Yahya b. Muhammad b. Thawaba (from the Al Thawaba) as his grandfather on his mother's side.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 12, p. 29; vol. 14, p. 113, 157; vol. 16, p. 317–318; vol. 19, p. 35, 49; vol. 20, p. 116}}{{Efn|For the identity of Yahya b. Muhammad b. Thawaba and other members of the Al Thawaba, see: {{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=52–58}}{{sfn|ref=al-Fihrist|Ibn al-Nadīm, ''al-Fihrist''|p=143–144}}}} It is often suggested that the family of Thawaba, being [[Shi'i]],{{Efn|The term, Shi'i, is used in its broadest sense in this article and comprises various still evolving groups, including Imami Shi'is, Zaydīs, Ghulāt, and mild or soft Shi'is (as per van Ess and Crone), as well as those who straddle several sectarian alignments. Such inclusiveness is necessitated by the lack of clear-cut sectarian delineation (as in the case of the Al Thawaba, discussed here) in the early period.{{sfn|van Ess|2017|loc=vol. 1, p. 236}}{{sfn|Crone|2005|p=72, 99}}}} bequeathed their sectarian inclination to al-Isfahani.{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=58}}{{Efn|Both Kilpatrick and Azarnoosh follow Khalafallāh's argument as to the Al Thawaba's impact upon al-Isfahani's Shi'i conviction.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=15}}{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=728}}}} However, the identification of the Thawaba family as Shi'is is only found in a late source, [[Yaqut al-Hamawi|Yaqut's]] (1178–1225) work.{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 4, p. 147–149}} While many elite families working under the Abbasid caliphate were Shi'i-inclined, indeed allied with Alids or their partisans,{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=433–441}} there is no evidence that members of the Thawaba family embraced an extreme form of Shi'ism.{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=431–432}}

In summary, al-Isfahani came from a family well-entrenched in the networks of the Abbasid elite, which included the officials and the [[Alids]]. Despite the epithet, al-Isfahani, it does not seem that the Isfahani family had a strong connection with the city of Isfahan. Rather, the family was mainly based in Sāmarrāʾ, from the generation of Ahmad b. al-Ḥaytham, and then Baghdad.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 23, p. 21}}

In the seats of the caliphate, a few members of the al-Isfahani family worked as scribes, while maintaining friendship or alliance with other scribes, viziers and notables.{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=421–432}} Like many of the court elite, al-Isfahani's family maintained an amicable relationship with the offspring of Ali and allied with families, such as the Thawaba family,{{Efn|Besides the Al Thawaba, one may count among the pro-Alid or Shi'i families the Banū Furāt and Banū Nawbakht.{{sfn|Su|2018a|p=429–430}}}} sharing their veneration of Ali and Alids. However, it is hard to pinpoint such a reverential attitude towards Alids in terms of sectarian alignment, given the scanty information about al-Isfahani's family and the fluidity of sectarian identities at the time.

=== Education and career ===
The Isfahani family's extensive network of contacts is reflected in al-Isfahani's sources. Among the direct informants whom al-Isfahani cites in his works, are members of his own family, who were further connected to other notable families,{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=41–51}} the Al Thawaba,{{Efn|Al-Isfahani's sources are al-Abbas b. Ahmad b. Thawaba and Yahya b. Muhammad b. Thawaba, al-Isfahani's grandfather from the maternal side, who is cited indirectly.{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=29, 133}}|name=fn19}} the Banū Munajjim,{{Efn|Al-Isfahani has three informants from the Banū Munajjim, whose members were associated with the Abbasid court as boon companions, scholars, or astrologists: Ahmad b. Yahya b. Ali (262–327/876–940); Ali b. Harun b. Ali (277–352/890–963); and Yahya b. Ali b. Yahya (241–300/855–912).{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=38, 40, 68–69}} About the Banu Munajjim; see:{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2012|p=}}|name=fn20}} the Yazīdīs,{{Efn|The Yazīdīs were famed for its members’ mastery of poetry, the Qurʾānic readings, the [[w:Hadith|''ḥadīth'']], and philology. Muhammad b. al-Abbas al-Yazīdī (d. ''c''. 228–310/842–922) was the tutor of the children of the caliph, al-Muqtadir (r. 295–320/908–932), and transmitted Abu Ubayda's ''Naqa'id'', Thaalab's ''Majalis'', and the works of his family; many of his narrations are preserved in the ''Aghani''.{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=54–56}}{{sfn|Sellheim|2012|p=}}|name=fn21}} the Ṣūlīs,{{Efn|The association with the Ṣūlīs likely began in the generation of al-Isfahani's grandfather, Muhammad b. Ahmad, who was close to Ibrahim b. al-Abbas al-Ṣūlī; see the [[#Family|section on Family]]. Al-Isfahani's direct sources from this family are the famous al-Ṣūlī, Muhammad b. Yahya (d. 335/946 or 336/947), who was the boon companion of a number of the caliphs and a phenomenal chess player; his son, Yahya b. Muhammad al-Ṣūlī; and al-Abbas b. Ali, known as Ibn Burd al-Khiyār. See:{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=32, 64–65}}{{sfn|ref=al-Aghānī|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|loc=vol. 9, p. 229}} See also:{{sfn|ref=al-Fihrist|Ibn al-Nadīm, ''al-Fihrist''|p=167}}{{sfn|Leder|2012|p=}}|name=fn22}} the Banū Ḥamdūn,{{Efn|The Banu Hamdun were known for their boon companionship at the Abbasid court in the ninth century; al-Isfahani's informant is Abdallāh b. Ahmad b. Ḥamdūn;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=30}} about the Banū Ḥamdūn; see:{{sfn|ref=al-Fihrist|Ibn al-Nadīm, ''al-Fihrist''|p=161}}{{sfn|Vadet|2012|p=}}|name=fn23}} the Ṭāhirids,{{Efn|Yahya b. Muhammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāhir, identified by al-Isfahani as the nephew of ʿUbaydallāh b. ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāhir (d. 300/913), is the son of Muhammad b. ʿAbdallāh b. Ṭāhir (d. 296/908–9), the governor of Khurāsān.{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=69}}{{sfn|ref=al-Aghānī|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|loc=vol. 21, p. 48}} See also:{{sfn|Zetterstéen|2012|p=}}{{sfn|Bosworth|Marín|Smith|2012|p=}}|name=fn24}} the Banū al-Marzubān{{Efn|Al-Isfahani mentions a conversation between his father and Muhammad b. Khalaf b. al-Marzubānī and notes the long-term friendship and marital tie between the two families; see:{{sfn|ref=al-Aghānī|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|loc=vol. 24, p. 37}} I owe this reference to: {{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=17}} Muhammad b. Khalaf b. al-Marzubān is a ubiquitous informant in the ''Aghānī''; see:{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=58–59}}|name=fn25}} and the Ṭālibids.{{Efn|The Ṭālibid informants of al-Isfahani comprise: Ali b. al-Husayn b. Ali b. Hamza; Ali b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad; Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far; Ja'far b. Muhammad b. Ja'far; Muhammad b. Ali b. Hamza; see: {{sfn|Günther|1991|p=140–141; 141–144; 150; 161–162; 190–191}}|name=fn26}}

Given that al-Isfahani and his family very likely settled in Baghdad around the beginning of the tenth century,{{Efn|al-Isfahani's uncle, al-Hasan b. Muhammad, mentioned in the ''Tarikh Madinat al-Salam'', either settled in Baghdad with him or at least active for some time there; see:{{sfn|ref=al-Aghānī|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|loc=vol. 23, p. 21}}{{sfn|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|loc=vol. 8, p. 440}}}} he interacted with a considerable number of the inhabitants of or visitors to that city, including: Jaḥẓa (d. 936),{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=34–35}} al-Khaffāf,{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=46–47}} Ali b. Sulaymān al-Akhfash (d. 927/8),{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=41–42}} and Muhammad b. Jarir al-Ṭabari (d. 922).{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=58}} Like other scholars of his time, al-Isfahani travelled in pursuit of knowledge. Although the details are insufficient to establish the dates of his journeys, based on the chains of transmission (''asānīd'', sing. ''isnād'') al-Isfahani cites consistently and meticulously in every report, it is certain that he transmitted from ʿAbd al-Malik b. Maslama and ʿĀṣim b. Muhammad in Antakya;{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 13, p. 25; vol. 14, p. 46–50}} ʿAbdallāh b. Muhammad b. Ishaq in [[Ahvaz|Ahwaz]];{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 17, p. 157}} and Yahya b. Aḥmad b. al-Jawn in [[Raqqa]].{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 24, p. 67}} If we accept the attribution of the ''Kitab Adab al-ghuraba'' to al-Isfahani, he once visited [[Baṣra]] as well as Ḥiṣn Mahdī, Mattūth, and Bājistrā.{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=721}}{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=18}} Yet, none of these cities seems to have left as much of an impact on al-Isfahani as [[Kūfa]] and Baghdad did. While al-Isfahani's Baghdadi informants were wide-ranging in their expertise as well as sectarian and theological tendencies, his Kūfan sources can be characterised as either Shi'i or keen on preserving and disseminating memories that favoured Ali and his family. For example, Ibn ʿUqda (d. 944), mentioned in both the ''Aghānī'' and the ''Maqātil,'' was invariably cited for the reports about the [[Alids]] and their merits.{{sfn|Günther|1991|p=127–131}}{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=36–37}}{{sfn|Su|2016|p=204–209}}{{efn|About Ibn ʿUqd, see also:{{sfn|Brown|2008|p=55–58}}}}

The journey in search for knowledge taken by al-Isfahani may not be particularly outstanding by the standard of his time,{{Efn|Compare, for instance, his teacher, al-Ṭabarī.{{sfn|Bosworth|2012|p=}}}} but the diversity of his sources' occupations and expertise is impressive. His informants can be assigned into one or more of the following categories:{{Efn|It has to be kept in mind that the categorisation is based on the attributives given by al-Isfahani. Just as al-Isfahani was not a local Isfahani, the subjects discussed here do not necessarily engage with the professions their ''nisbas'' indicate.}} philologists and grammarians;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=41–42 (al-Akhfash); 60–61 (Ibn Durayd); 32 (Ibn Rustam); 30 (ʿAbd al-Malik al-Ḍarīr)}} singers and musicians;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=42 (Dhukāʾ Wajh al-Ruzza); 34 (Jaḥẓa)}} booksellers and copyists (''sahhafun'' or ''warraqun'', sing. ''sahhaf'' or ''[[Warraq]]'');{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=52–53 (ʿĪsā b. al-Ḥusayn al-Warrāq); 40 (ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn al-Warrāq); 37 (Aḥmad b. Muḥammad al-Ṣaḥḥāf); 31 (ʿAbd al-Wahhāb b. ʿUbayd al-Ṣaḥḥāf); 65 (Muḥammad b. Zakariyyā al-Ṣaḥḥāf)}} friends;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=32 (Abū al-Qāsim al-Shīrbābakī)}}{{Efn|See also the footnotes above: {{Efn|name=fn20}}{{Efn|name=fn22}}{{Efn|name=fn23}}}} tutors (''muʾaddibūn'', sing. ''muʾaddib'');{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=32 (Aḥmad b. al-ʿAbbās al-Muʾaddib); 35 (Aḥmad b. ʿImrān al-Muʾaddib); 61–62 (Muḥammad b. al-Ḥusayn al-Muʾaddib); 62 (Muḥammad b. ʿImrān al-Muʾaddib)}} scribes (''kuttāb'', sing. [[Katib|''kātib'']]);{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=43–44 (Jaʿfar b. Qudāma al-Kātib); 50–51 (al-Ḥusayn b. al-Qāsim al-Kawkabī al-Kātib); 53 (Isḥāq b. al-Ḍaḥḥāk al-Kātib); 41 (ʿAlī b. Ṣāliḥ al-Kātib); 39 (ʿAlī b. al-ʿAbbās al-Ṭalḥī al-Kātib); 39–40 (ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al-Kātib); 49 (al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-Kātib); 57 (Muḥammad b. Baḥr al-Iṣfahānī al-Kātib)}} imams or preachers (''khuṭabāʾ'', sing. [[Khatib|''khaṭīb'']]); {{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=61 (Muḥammad b. Ḥusayn al-Kindī was al-Iṣfahānī’s tutor and the preacher at the congregational mosque in Qādisiyya); 40–41 (ʿAlī b. Muḥammad, an imam of a Kūfan mosque)}}{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 15, p. 255; vol. 19, p. 38; vol. 20, p. 163; vol. 21, p. 158}} religious scholars (of the ''ḥadīth'', the Qurʾānic recitations and exegeses, or jurisprudence) and judges;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=30 (ʿAbdallāh b. Abī Dāwūd al-Sijistānī); 36–37 (Ibn ʿUqda); 58 (Muḥammad b. Jarīr al-Ṭabarī); 59–60 (Muḥammad b. Khalaf Wakīʿ)}} poets;{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=42 (ʿĀṣim b. Muḥammad al-Shāʿir); 49 (al-Ḥasan b. Muḥammad al-Shāʿir)}} and ''akhbārīs'' (transmitters of reports of all sorts, including genealogical, historical, and anecdotal reports).{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=37 (Aḥmad b. Sulaymān al-Ṭūsī); 37–38 (Ibn ʿAmmār); 42–43 (Abū Khalīfa al-Jumaḥī); 45–46 (al-Ḥaramī b. Abī al-ʿAlāʾ)}} The variety of the narrators and their narrations enriched al-Iṣfahānī's literary output, which covers a wide range of topics from amusing tales to the accounts of the Alids' martyrdom.{{Efn|See [[#Legacy|Legacy]], below}} His erudition is best illustrated by Abu Ali al-Muhassin al-Tanukhi's (941–994) comment: "With his encyclopaedic knowledge of music, musicians, poetry, poets, genealogy, history, and other subjects, al-Iṣfahānī established himself as a learned scholar and teacher."{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 129–130}}{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=168–169}}{{sfn|al-Aṣmaʿī|1951|p=73–85}}{{sfn|ʿĀṣī|1993|p=24–30}}

He was also a scribe and this is not surprising, given his families’ scribal connections, but the details of his ''kātib'' activities are rather opaque.{{Efn|For the few references by al-Isfahani to his administrative tasks, see:{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=18}}}} Although both al-Tanūkhī and al-Baghdādī refer to al-Isfahani with the attribute, ''kātib'', they mention nothing of where he worked or for whom.{{sfn|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|loc=vol. 13, p. 337}}{{sfn|al-Tanūkhī, ''al-Faraj''|ref=al-Faraj|loc=vol. 2, p. 334}}{{sfn|al-Tanūkhī, ''Nishwār''|ref=Nishwār|loc=vol. 1, p. 18}} The details of his occupation as a scribe only came later, with Yaqut, many of whose reports about al-Isfahani prove problematic. For instance, a report from Yaqut claims that al-Isfahani was the scribe of Rukn al-Dawla (d. 976) and mentions his resentment towards Abū al-Faḍl b. al-ʿAmīd (d. 970).{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 110–111}} However, the very same report was mentioned by Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī (active tenth century{{sfn|Stern|2012|p=}}) in his ''Akhlāq al-wazīrayn'', where the scribe of Rukn al-Dawla is identified as Abū al-Faraj Ḥamd b. Muhammad, not Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahani.{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=726–727}}{{sfn|al-Tawḥīdī, ''Akhlāq al‑wazīrayn''|ref=Akhlāq al‑wazīrayn|p=421–422}}{{Blockquote|Amongst the Shīʿī narrators whom we have seen, none has memorised poems, melodies, reports, traditions (''al-āthār''), ''al-aḥādīth al-musnada'' (narrations with chains of transmission, including the Prophetic ''ḥadīth''), and genealogy by heart like Abū al-Faraj al-Isfahani. Very proficient in these matters, he is also knowledgeable in the military campaigns and the biography of the Prophet (''al-maghāzī'' and ''al-sīra''), lexicography, grammar, legendary tales (''al-khurāfāt''), and the accomplishments required of courtiers (''ālat al-munādama''), like falconry (''al-jawāriḥ''), veterinary science (''al-bayṭara''), some notions of medicine (''nutafan min al-ṭibb''), astrology, drinks (''al-ashriba''), and other things.|author=Al-Khaṭīb{{sfn|ref=Wafayāt|Ibn Khallikān, ''Wafayāt''|loc=vol. 3, p. 307}}{{sfn|ref=Siyar|al-Dhahabī, ''Siyar''|p=2774}}{{sfn|ref=Inbāh|al-Qifṭī, ''Inbāh''|loc=vol. 2, p. 251}}{{efn|It is noteworthy that the first sentence of this quote is written differently from the works given here in al-Khaṭīb's ''Tārīkh''.{{sfn|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|loc=vol. 13, p. 339}}}}}} Thus, it is hard to know with certainty how and where al-Isfahani was engaged in his capacity as a ''kātib''. Nevertheless, al-Isfahani's association with the vizier, [[Abū Muḥammad al-Muhallabī]] (903–963), is well-documented. The friendship between the two began before al-Muhallabī's became vizier in 950.{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 105}}{{Efn|Among the frequently cited sources in the ''Aghānī'' is Ḥabīb b. Naṣr al-Muhallabī (d. 307/919), presumably from the Muhallabid family, but it is not clear how this informant relates to Abū Muhammad al-Muhallabī; see:{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=44}}}} The firm relationship between them is supported by al-Isfahani's poetry collected by al-Thaʿālibī (961–1038): half of the fourteen poems are panegyrics dedicated to al-Muhallabī.{{sfn|al-Thaʿālibī, ''Yatīmat''|ref=Yatīmat|loc=vol. 3, p. 127–131}} In addition, al-Isfahani's own work, ''al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir'' (“Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry”), is dedicated to the vizier, presumably, al-Muhallabī.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Imāʿ al-shawāʿir''|ref=al-shawāʿir|p=23}} His no longer surviving ''Manājīb al-khiṣyān'' (“The Noble Eunuchs”), which addresses two castrated male singers owned by al-Muhallabī, was composed for him.{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 100}} His ''magnum opus'', the ''Aghānī'', was very likely intended for al-Muhallabī, as well.{{Efn|See [[#Legacy|section on Legacy]]}} In return for his literary efforts, according to al-Tanūkhī, al-Isfahani frequently received rewards from the vizier.{{sfn|al-Tanūkhī, ''Nishwār''|ref=Nishwār|loc=vol. 1, p. 74}} Furthermore, for the sake of their long-term friendship and out of his respect for al-Isfahani's genius, al-Muhallabī exceptionally tolerated al-Isfahani's uncouth manners and poor personal hygiene.{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 101–103}} The sources say nothing about al-Isfahani's fate after al-Muhallabī's death. In his last years, according to his student, Muhammad b. Abī al-Fawāris, he suffered from senility (''khallaṭa'').{{sfn|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|loc=vol. 13, p. 340}}{{efn|See also: {{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=19}}}}

=== Personality, preferences, and beliefs ===
As a friend, al-Isfahani was unconventional in the sense that he did not seem to have been bothered to observe the social decorum of his time, as noted by a late biographical source: with his uncleanliness and gluttony, he presented a counterexample to elegance (''ẓarf''), as defined by one of his teachers, Abu al-Ṭayyib al-Washshāʾ (d. 937).{{Efn|Al-Washshāʾ says: “It is not permissible for the people of elegance and etiquette to wear dirty clothes with clean ones, or clean ones with new ones,” and they should eat with small morsels, while avoiding gluttony. Al-Isfahani never washed his clothes and shoes and only replaced them when they became too shabby to put on.{{sfn|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|loc=vol. 13, p. 101–102, 107–108}} <ref>al-Washshāʾ, ''al-Muwashshā'', p. 161 (quotation), 167.</ref>}} His unconformity to the social norms did not hinder him from being part of al-Muhallabī's entourage or participation in the literary assemblies, but, inevitably, it resulted in frictions with other scholars and detraction by his enemies.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=17–18}}{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=730–731}} Although al-Isfahani appeared eccentric to his human associates, he was a caring owner of his cat, named Yaqaq (white): he treated Yaqaq's [[colic]] (''qulanj'') with an [[enema]] (''al-ḥuqna'').{{sfn|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|loc=vol. 13, p. 104–105}}{{Efn|For the discussion of colic and its treatment by enema; see:{{sfn|Nezhad et al|2015|pp=29–40}}}}

In contrast to his personal habits, al-Isfahani's prose style is lucid, “in clear and simple language, with unusual sincerity and frankness”.{{sfn|Azarnoosh|1992|p=731}}{{efn|See also:{{sfn|Jabrī|1965|p=27–29}}{{sfn|Sallūm|1969|p=56–69}}}} Al-Isfahani's capacity as a writer is well illustrated by Abu Deeb, who depicts al-Isfahani as "one of the finest writers of Arabic prose in his time, with a remarkable ability to relate widely different types of ''aḵbār'' in a rich, lucid, rhythmic, and precise style, only occasionally exploiting such formal effects as ''saǰʿ'' (rhyming prose). He was also a fine poet with an opulent imagination. His poetry displays preoccupations similar to those of other urban poets of his time".{{sfn|Abū Deeb}} His pinpoint documentation of ''asānīd''{{efn|Al-Isfahani specifies not only his sources (the identities of his informants, or the titles of the written material used by him) but also the methods by which he acquired the reports. Now and then, he mentions the occasions on which he received the given information; see:{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=94–104}}}} and meticulous verification of information,{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=40–46, 60–63, 115–119}}{{sfn|Sallūm|1969|p=38–55, 101–118}} provided in all his works, embody a truly scholarly character. Usually, in his treatment of a subject or an event, al-Isfahani lets his sources speak, but, occasionally, he voices his evaluation of poems and songs, as well as their creators.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=46–47,66–69}} When dealing with conflicting reports, al-Isfahani either leaves his readers to decide or issues his judgement as to the most credible account.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=111–119}} Yet, he frankly condemns sources whom he holds to be unreliable, for instance, Ibn Khurdādhbih on musicological information and Ibn al-Kalbī on genealogy.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=112–113}}{{sfn|Sallūm|1969|p=85–89}} Indeed, al-Isfahani assesses his source material with a critical eye, while striving to present a more balanced view on his biographies, by focusing on their merits instead of elaborating on their flaws.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=46–47, 68–69, 114–115}}{{sfn|Jabrī|1965|p=19–20, 25–26}}

That said, al-Isfahani's personal preferences and sectarian partisanship are not absent from his works. In terms of music and songs, al-Isfahani favours [[Ishaq al-Mawsili|Ishaq b. Ibrahim al-Mawsili]] (772–850). In al-Isfahani's view, Ishaq b. Ibrahim was a multi-talented man, who excelled in a number of subjects, but, most importantly, music.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 5, p. 190}} Ishaq b. Ibrahim, as a collector of the reports about poets and singers, is an important source in his ''Aghānī''.{{sfn|Fleischhammer|2004|p=89–91}} Besides being a mine of information, Ishaq b. Ibrahim's terminology for the description of the melodic modes is preferred over that of his opponent, [[Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi]] (779–839), and adopted by al-Isfahani in his ''Aghani''.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 1, p. 15–16}}{{efn|See also:{{sfn|Sawa|2002|p=384–385}}}} Furthermore, al-Isfahani embarked on the compilation of the ''Aghānī'' because he was commissioned by his patron to reconstruct the list of the exquisite songs selected by Ishaq.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 1, p. 16}}{{efn|See the [[#Works|section on al-Iṣfahānī’s works]].}} In other words, the ''raison d’etre'' of the ''Aghānī''  is partly related to al-Isfahani's idol, Ishaq b. Ibrahim, and its information about singers, songs and performance owes a tremendous amount to him.{{sfn|Su|2018b|p=275–289}} Al-Isfahani's admiration for scholars or men of letters can be detected from time to time, usually in the passing comments in the chains of transmission.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=111–112}}{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=66–84}} Yet al-Isfahani outspokenly expresses his admiration, in some cases, such as that of Ibn al-Muʿtazz (862–909).{{sfn|Su|2016|p=175–179}}{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Kitāb al-Aghānī''|ref=al-Aghānī|loc=vol. 10, p. 228–229}}{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=83–84}}

As an Umayyad by ancestry, al-Isfahani's later biographers mention his Shi'i affiliation with surprise.{{efn|The earliest mention of the Umayyad-Shi'i combination in the biographical sources is perhaps:{{sfn|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|loc=vol. 13, p. 340}}{{sfn|ref=Inbāh|al-Qifṭī, ''Inbāh''|loc=vol. 2, p. 253}} This is then repeated in later sources; see {{sfn|ref=Siyar|al-Dhahabī, ''Siyar''|p=2774}}{{sfn|ref=Mīzān|al-Dhahabī, ''Mīzān''|loc=vol. 5, p. 151}}
{{sfn|ref=Lisān al-mīzān|Ibn Ḥajar, ''Lisān al-mīzān''|loc=vol. 5, p. 526}}{{sfn|Ibn al-ʿImād|1986|loc=vol. 4, p. 292}}{{sfn|ref=al‑Kāmil|Ibn Al‑Athīr, ''al‑Kāmil''|1987|loc=vol. 7, p. 302}}}} Yet, in the light of the history of the family's connections with the Abbasid elite of Shi'i inclination and the Ṭālibids, and of his learning experience in Kūfa, his Shi'i conviction is understandable. Al-Tusi (995–1067) is the only early source specifying the exact sect to which al-Isfahani belonged in the fluid Shi'i world: he was a [[Zaidiyyah|Zaydī]].{{sfn|al-Ṭūsī|1991|p=192}} Although al-Ṭūsī's view is widely accepted, its veracity is not beyond doubt.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=14–16}}{{sfn|Günther|2007|p=}}{{sfn|Haider|2011|p=197}}{{sfn|Haider|2008|loc=p. 459–475}}{{sfn|Crone|2005|p=100|loc=footnote 4}} Al-Isfahani does not seem to have been informed of the latest Zaydī movements in Yemen and Ṭabaristān during his life, while his association with the Kūfan Zaydī community, which to some degree became less distinguishable from the [[Sunnī]]s, is yet to be studied in depth.{{sfn|Madelung|1965|p=223–228}}{{sfn|Su|2016|p=72–90}} It is clear, based on examination of how al-Isfahani amended the reports at his disposal, that he honoured Ali, who played a far more prominent role in his works than the first three caliphs, and some of his descendants, including Zaydi Shi'ism's eponym, [[Zayd ibn Ali]] (694–740), by presenting them positively, while, in some cases, leaving their enemies’ rectitude in question.{{sfn|Su|2016|p=183–265}} In spite of that, al-Isfahani is neither keen to identify the imams in the past, nor discuss the qualities of an imam.{{sfn|Su|2016|p=253–260}}{{efn|The Zaydī writings in the late ninth and early tenth centuries more or less devote discussion to the role and qualities of imam; see, for example:
{{sfn|ref=Majmūʿ kutub|al-Qāsim, ''Majmūʿ kutub''|loc=vol. 2, p. 169–193}}{{sfn|ref=Majmūʿ Rasāʾil|Yaḥyā, ''Majmūʿ Rasāʾil''|p=431–432}} al-Ḥādī ilā al-Ḥaqq also singled out a line of the Zaydi imams up till his time in his ''Kitab al-Ahkam''; see:{{sfn|Strothmann|1990|p=360}}}} As a matter of fact, he hardly uses the word, not even applying it to Zayd b. Ali.{{sfn|Su|2016|p=253}} Furthermore, he does not unconditionally approve any Alid revolt and seems lukewarm towards the group he refers to as Zaydis.{{sfn|Su|2016|p=87–89}} Taken together, al-Isfahani's Shi'i conviction is better characterised as moderate love for [[Ali]] without impugning the dignity of the caliphs before him.

== Legacy ==
Al-Isfahani authored a number of works, but only a few survive. Three of them are preserved through quotations: ''al-Qiyan'' ("The Singing Girls Enslaved by Men"), ''al-Diyarat'' ("The Monasteries"), and ''Mujarrad al-aghani'' (“The Abridgement of the Book of Songs”).{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=24–25}} A fragment of the ''Mujarrad al-aghani'' is found in Ibn Abi Uṣaybi'a's ʿ''Uyun al-anba' fi tabaqat al-atibba''ʾ, which quotes a poem by the caliph, [[Al-Ma'mun|al-Maʾmūn]] (r. 813–833), which was arranged as a song by Mutayyam.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=25}} The first two have been reconstructed and published by al-ʿAtiyya, who collected and collateed the passages from later works that quote from al-Isfahani.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Qiyān''|ref=al-Qiyān}}{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Diyārāt''|ref=al-Diyārāt}} The former, ''al-Qiyān'', is a collection of the biographies of the enslaved singing girls. In it, al-Isfahani provided the basic information about the biographical subjects, the men who enslaved them, and their interaction with poets, notables such as caliphs, and their admirers, with illustration of their poetic and/or musical talents. The latter, ''al-Diyārāt'', provides information related to monasteries, with the indication of their geographical locations and, sometimes, history and topographical characteristics. However, it is questionable to what extent the reconstructed editions can represent the original texts, since the passages, which quote al-Isfahani as a source for the given subject and are thus included by the editor, seldom identify the titles of the works.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=25}}

Four works survive in manuscripts and have been edited and published: ''Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn'' ("The Ṭālibid Martyrs"), ''Kitab al-Aghani'' ("The Book of the Songs"), ''Adab al-ghuraba'' ("The Etiquettes of the Strangers"), and ''al-Ima al-shawair'' ("The Enslaved Women Who Composed Poetry").{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=25}} As noted above, al-Isfahani's authorship of the ''Adab al-ghurabaʾ'' is disputed.{{efn|See the [[#Dates|section on Dates]]}} The author, whoever he may have been, mentions in the preface his sufferings from the hardship of time and vicissitude of fate, and the solace which he seeks through the stories of bygone people.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Adab al-ghurabāʾ''|ref=al-ghurabā|p=20–21}} Hence, he collects in the ''Adab al-ghuraba'' the reports about the experiences of strangers; those away from their homes or their beloved ones. Some of the stories centre on the hardship which strangers, anonymous or not, encountered in their journey or exile, usually shown in the epigrams written on monuments, rocks, or walls. {{efn|For an example, see: {{sfn|ref=al-ghurabā|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Adab al-ghurabāʾ''|p= 25–26, 29–31}}}} Others relate excursions to the monasteries for drinking.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Adab al-ghurabāʾ''|ref=al-ghurabā|p=34–36}}

The ''al-Imāʾ al-shawāʿir'' was composed at the order of the vizier al-Muhallabī, al-Isfahani's patron, who demanded the collection of the reports about the enslaved women who composed poetry from the Umayyad to the Abbasid periods.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Imāʿ al-shawāʿir''|ref=al-shawāʿir|p=23}} Al-Isfahani confesses that he could not find any noteworthy poetess in the Umayyad period, because the people at that time were not impressed with verses featuring tenderness and softness. Thus, he only records the Abbasid poetesses, with mention of the relevant fine verses or the pleasant tales, and arranges them in chronological order.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''al-Imāʿ al-shawāʿir''|ref=al-shawāʿir|p=23}} There are 31 sections, addressing 32 poetesses, most of which are short and usually begin with al-Isfahani's summary of the subject.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=26}}

The ''Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn'' is a historical-biographical compilation concerning the descendants of Abu Talib, who died by being killed, poisoned to death in a treacherous way, on the run from the rulers’ persecution, or confined until death.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil''|ref=Maqātil|p=24}}{{sfn|Bahramian|1992|p=734–735}} The ''Maqātil'' literature was rather common, particularly amongst Shi'is, before al-Isfahani and he used many works of this genre as sources for the ''Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn''.{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=200–205}} Al-Isfahani does not explain the motivation behind this compilation nor mention to whom they were dedicated, but according to the preface of this work, he sets out as a condition to recount the reports about the Ṭālibids who were “praiseworthy in their conduct and rightly guided in their belief (''maḥmūd al-ṭarīqa wa-sadīd al-madhhab'')”.{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil''|ref=Maqātil|p=24–25}}

Like the ''al-Imāʾ'', the work is structured in chronological order, beginning with the first Ṭālibī martyr, Jaʿfar b. Abī Ṭālib, and ends in the year of its compilation, August 925 ([[Islamic calendar|Jumādā I]] 313).{{sfn|al-Iṣfahānī, ''Maqātil''|ref=Maqātil|p=24–25, 565}} For each biographical entry, al-Isfahani gives the full name, the lineage (sometimes adding the maternal side). Less often, he additionally gives the virtues and personal traits of the subject and other material he thinks noteworthy, for example the prophetic ''ḥadīth'' about, or transmitted by, the subject of the biography in question. Then, al-Isfahani gives the account of the death which, more often than not, constitutes the end of the entry. Sometimes poetry for or by the subject is attached.{{sfn|Günther|1994|p=205–206}}{{sfn|Bahramian|1992|p=734–735}} The ''Maqātil'' was used as a reliable source of information by many Shi'i and non-Shi'i compilers of the following centuries.{{sfn|Bahramian|1992|p=734–735}}{{sfn|Günther|2007|p=}}

The ''Kitab al-Aghani'', al-Isfahanis best known work, is an immense compilation, including songs provided with musical indications (melodic modes and meters of songs), the biographies of poets and musicians of different periods in addition to historical material. As noted above, al-Isfahani embarks on compiling the ''Aghani'' first under the command of a patron, whom he calls [[Rais|''ra'is'']] (chief), to reconstruct the list of one hundred fine songs, selected by Ishaq b. Ibrahim.{{efn|See the [[#Personality,_preferences,_and_beliefs|section on Personalities, preferences and beliefs]].}} Due to an obscure report in Yaqut's ''Mu'jam'', this ''raʾīs'' is often assumed to be [[Sayf ad-Dawlah|Sayf al-Dawla al-Ḥamdānī]] (r. 945–967),{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=101, 105–110}}{{efn|The misconception that al-Isfahani gave his ''Aghani'' to Sayf al-Dawla came from a misreading of the text in ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''; the original initially mentioned that Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn b. Ali al-Maghribi made an abridgement of the ''Aghani'' and gave it to Sayf al-Dawla Abu al-Hasan Sadaqa Fakhr al-Din b. Baha al-Dawla, whom Yaqut mistook for the Hamdanid, Sayf al-Dawla. This account is then followed by a comment from al-Ṣāḥib b. ʿAbbād and a dialogue between al-Muhallabī and al-Isfahani and then returns to the words of Abu al-Qasim, who states that he only made one copy of this work in his life and that that is the one given to Sayf al-Dawla. See also:{{sfn|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|al-Hamawī, ''Muʿjam al-udabāʾ''|loc=vol. 13, p. 97–98}} Although Khalafallah admits that his reading is conjectural, he rightly points out the obscurities in this text.}} but recent studies suggest that a more plausible candidate for the dedication of the ''Aghani'' is the vizier al-Muhallabī.{{sfn|Khalafallāh|1962|p=101–110}}{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=19–20}}

The ''Aghani'' is divided into three parts: first, The Hundred Songs (''al-mi'a al-ṣawt  al-mukhtara'') and other song collections; second, the songs of the caliphs and of their children and grandchildren (''aghani al-khulafa wa-awladihim wa-awlad awladihim''); and third, al-Isfahanis selection of songs. The articles in each part are arranged based on different patterns, but it is mostly the song which introduces the articles on biographies or events.{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=259–267}} The ''Kitab al-Aghani'' is not the first book or collection of songs in Arabic, but it can be asserted that it is the most important one, for it "is a unique mine of information not only on hundreds of song texts with their modes and meters, but also on the lives of their poets and composers, and on the social context of music making in early Islam and at the courts of the caliphs in Damascus and Baghdad".{{sfn|Sawa|2002|p=399}} Because of al-Isfahani's pedantic documentation of his sources, the ''Kitab al-Aghani'' can also be used to reconstruct earlier books of songs or biographical dictionaries on musicians that are otherwise lost.{{sfn|Sawa|2002|p=399}}

As for the works that did not survive, based on their contents, as implied by their titles, they can be divided into the following categories:{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=23–24}}

The genealogical works: ''Nasab Bani Abd Shams'' ("The Genealogy of the Banu Abd Shams"), ''Jamharat al-nasab'' ("The Compendium of Genealogies"), ''Nasab Bani Shayban'' ("The Genealogy of the Banu Shayban"), and ''Nasab al-Mahaliba'' ("The Genealogy of the Muhallabids"), this last probably dedicated to his patron, the vizier al-Muhallabi.

The reports about specified or unspecified topics, such as ''Kitab al-Khammarin wa-l-khammarat'' ("The Book of Tavern-Keepers, Male and Female"), ''Akhbar al-tufayliyin'' ("Reports about Party Crashers"), ''al-Akhbar wa-l-nawadir'' ("The Reports and Rare Tales"), and ''Ayyam al-arab'' ("The Battle-Days of the Arabs"), which mentions 1700 days of the pre-Islamic tribal battles and was in circulation only in Andalusia.{{efn|This and the ''Nasab Abd Shams'' seem to have been only available in the Iberian Peninsula; see:{{sfn|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī, ''Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām''|loc=vol. 13, p.338}}}}

The reports about music, musicians and singers: the aforementioned ''Manajib al-khisyan'' ("The Noble Eunuchs"), ''Akhbzr Jahza al-Barmaki'' ("The Reports concerning Jahza al-Barmaki"), ''al-Mamalik al-shu'ara'' ("The Slave Poets"), ''Adab al-samz'' ("The Etiquettes of Listening to Music"), and ''Risala fi 'ilal al-nagham'' ("The Treatise on the Rules of Tones").

There are two works, only mentioned by al-Tusi: ''Kitab ma nazala min al-Qur'an fi amir al-mu'minīn wa-ahl baytih 'alayhim al-salam'' ("The Book about the Qur'anic Verses Revealed regarding the Commander of the Faithful and the People of His Family, Peace upon Them") and ''Kitab fihi kalam Fatima alayha al-salam fi Fadak'' ("The Book concerning the Statements of Fāṭima, Peace upon Her, regarding Fadak").{{sfn|Kilpatrick|2003|p=23}} Should the attribution of these two works to al-Isfahani be correct, together with the ''Maqatil al-Talibiyin'', they reveal al-Isfahani's Shi'i partisanship.

===Works===
Al-Isfahani is best known as the author of ''[[Kitab al-Aghani]]'' ("The Book of Songs"), an encyclopaedia of over 20 volumes and editions. However, he additionally wrote [[poetry]], an anthology of verses on the [[monastery|monasteries]] of [[Mesopotamia]] and [[Egypt]], and a genealogical work.<ref name="eb" />
*''[[Kitab al-Aghani|Kitāb al-Aġānī]]'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب الأغاني}}) 'Book of Songs', a collection of Arabic chants rich in information on Arab and Persian poets, singers and other musicians from the 7th to the 10th centuries of major cities such as [[Mecca]], [[Damascus]], [[Isfahan]], [[Rey, Iran|Rey]], [[Baghdad|Baghdād]] and [[Basra|Baṣrah]]. The Book of Songs contains details of the ancient Arab tribes and courtly life of the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyads]] and provides a complete overview of the Arab civilization from the pre-Islamic [[Jahiliyya]] era, up to his own time.<!--{{sfn|Al-A'zami|p=192}}--><ref>''[[Chambers Biographical Dictionary]]'', {{ISBN|0-550-18022-2}}, page 5</ref> Abu ‘l-Faraj employs the classical Arabic genealogical device, or ''[[isnad]]'', (chain of transmission), to relate the biographical accounts of the authors and composers.<!--{{sfn|Al-A'zami|p=192}}-->{{citation needed|date=August 2021}} Although originally the poems were put to music, the musical signs are no longer legible.  Abu ‘l-Faraj spent in total 50 years creating this work, which remains an important historical source.
The first printed edition, published in 1868, contained 20 volumes. In 1888 [[Rudolf Ernst Brünnow]] published a 21st volume being a collection of biographies not contained in the Bulāq edition, edited from manuscripts in the Royal Library of [[Munich]].{{sfn|al-Isfahani|1888}}

*''Maqātil aṭ-Ṭālibīyīn'' ({{lang|ar|مقاتل الطالبيين}}), Tālibid Fights, a collection of more than 200 biographies of the descendants of [[Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib]], from the time of [[Muhammad]] to the writing of the book in 925/6, who died in an unnatural way.{{sfn|Günther|2007|p=13}} As Abul-Faraj said in the foreword to his work, he included only those [[Alī|Tālibids]] who rebelled against the government and were killed, slaughtered, executed or poisoned, lived underground, fled or died in captivity. {{sfn|Günther|2007|p=14}} The work is a major source for the [[Umayyad]] and [[Abbasid|Abbāsid]] [[Alid]] [[Alid revolt of 762–763|uprisings]] and the main source for the [[Hashimites|Hashimite]] meeting that took place after the assassination of the Umayyad Caliph [[Al-Walid II|al-Walīd II]] in the village of [[al-Abwa|al-Abwā]]' between [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. At this meeting, al-'Abdallah made the Hashimites pledge an oath of allegiance to his son [[Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya]] as the new [[Mahdi]]. {{sfn|Nagel|1970|pp=258–262}}
*''Kitāb al-Imā'āš-šawā'ir'' ({{lang|ar|كتاب الإماء الشواعر}}) 'The Book of the Poet-slaves', a collection of accounts of poetic slaves of the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] period.

==See also==
*[[List of Arab scientists and scholars]]
*[[List of Iranian scientists and scholars]]

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" responsive="1"></references>
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Academic peer reviewed|Q=Q99527624|doi-access=free}}
{{reflist}}

==Works cited==
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*{{cite book|language=ar|last=al-Aṣmaʿī|first=Muḥammad ʿA.|title=Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī wa-kitābuhu al-Aghānī: dirāsa wa-taḥlīl li-azhā al-ʿuṣūr al-islāmiyya|location=Cairo|publisher=Dār al-Maʿārif|date=1951}}
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*{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Jonathan|date=2008|title=Crossing Sectarian Boundaries in the 4th/10th Century: Ibn 'Uqda, a Man for All Seasons,'|url=http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/id/2414790|journal=Al-Usur Al-Wusta|volume=20|issue=2|pages=55–58}}
*{{citation|first=Abu’l Faraj|last=al-Isfahani|editor-link=Rudolf Ernst Brünnow|editor-last=Brünnow|editor-first=Rudolf-Ernst|title=The Twenty-First Volume of Kitāb al-Aġānī; a Collection of Biographies not contained in the edition of Bulāq, Edited from Manuscripts in the Royal Library of Munich | publisher=Lidin Matba' Bril| place=Toronto| year=1888| url=https://archive.org/details/aljuzalhadiwaali00abuauoft}}
*{{Cite book|first=Patricia|last=Crone|title=Medieval Islamic Political Thought|location=Edinburgh|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|date=2005}}
*{{Cite book|first1=Patricia|last1=Crone|first2=Shmuel|last2=Moreh|title="The Authorship of the Ghurabāʾ" in The Book of Stranger: Medieval Arabic Graffiti on the Theme of Nostalgia, ''by al-Iṣfahānī''|location=Princeton|publisher= Markus Wiener Publishers|date=2000}}
*{{Cite book|last=Abū Deeb|first=K|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-faraj-esfahani-ali-b|chapter=Abū’l-Faraj Eṣfahānī|title=Encyclopaedia Iranica|edition=online|access-date=2019-07-23}}
*{{cite book|ref=Mīzān|language=ar|last=al-Dhahabī|first=Muḥammad b. Aḥmad|date=1995|title=Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl|editor-last=Muʿawwaḍ|editor-first=ʿAlī M.|editor2-last=ʿAbd al-Mawjūd|editor2-first=ʿĀdil A.|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya}}
*{{cite book|ref=Siyar|language=ar|last=al-Dhahabī|first=Muḥammad b. Aḥmad|date=2004|title=Siyar aʿlām al-nubalāʾ|editor-last=ʿAbd al-Mannān|editor-first=Ḥassān|location=Beirut|publisher=Bayt al-Afkār al-Dawliyya|oclc=962974446}}
*{{Cite book|title=Theology and Society in the Second and Third Centuries of the Hijra : a History of Religious Thought in Early Islam|last=van Ess|first=Josef |publisher=Brill|translator-last=O’Kane|translator-first=John|year=2017|isbn=978-90-04-32317-9|location=Leiden|doi=10.1163/9789004323384|oclc=962853051}}
*{{Cite book|language=de|title=Die Quellen des "Kitāb al-Aġānī"|last=Fleischhammer|first=Manfred|date=2004|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=9783447050791|oclc=57010704}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Fleischhammer|first=Manfred|chapter=Munad̲j̲d̲j̲im|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5501|chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5501|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite book|language=de|first=Sebastian|last=Günther|title=Quellenuntersuchungen zu den "Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn" des Abū-l-Farağ al-Iṣfahānī (gest. 356/967): Ein Beitrag zur Problematik der mündlichen und schriftlichen Überlieferung in der mittelalterlichen arabischen Literatur|location=Hildesheim|publisher=Georg Olms Verlag|date=1991|oclc=27707486|isbn=9783487094298}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Günther|first=Sebastian|date=1994|title=''Maqâtil'' Literature in Medieval Islam|url=http://doi.org/10.1163/157006494x00103|journal=Journal of Arabic Literature|volume=25|issue=3|pages=192–212|doi=10.1163/157006494x00103|issn=0085-2376|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Gudrun|editor1-last=Krämer|editor2-first=Denis|editor2-last=Matringe|editor3-first=John|editor3-last=Nawas|editor4-first=Everett|editor4-last=Rowson|date=2007|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=3|issn=1873-9830|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=145927975
|last=Günther|first=Sebastian|chapter=Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī|journal=The Encyclopaedia of Islam Three|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0105|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_0105|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Haider|first=Najam|date=2008|title=The Community Divided: A Textual Analysis of the Murders of Idrīs b. ʿAbd Allāh (d. 175/791)|url=https://philpapers.org/rec/HAITCD|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=128|issue=3|pages=459–475}}
*{{Cite book|date=2011|url=http://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511862618.002|title=The Origin of the Shīʿa: Identity, Ritual, and Sacred Space in Eighth-Century Kūfa|last=Haider|first=Najam|isbn=9780511862618|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|doi=10.1017/cbo9780511862618.002}}
*{{cite book|ref=Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|language=ar|first=Yāqūt|last=al-Ḥamawī|title= Muʿjam al-udabāʾ|editor-first=Aḥmad F.|editor-last=Rifāʿī |location=Cairo|publisher=Maṭbūʿāt al-Maʾmūn|date=1922|oclc=15154883|url=https://archive.org/details/waq45344}}
*{{Cite book|ref=Lisān al-mīzān|language=ar|last=Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿAsqalānī|title=Lisān al-mīzān|editor-first=ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ |editor-last=Abū Ghadda|editor2-first=Sulaymān ʿA.|editor2-last=Abū Ghadda|location=Beirut|publisher=Maktabat al-Muṭbūʿāt al-Islāmiyya|date=2002}}
*{{cite book|ref=Jamharat|language=ar|last=Ibn Hazm|first=ʿAlī b. Aḥmad|date=1962|title=Jamharat ansāb al-ʿarab|editor-last=Hārūn|editor-first=ʿAbd al-Salām M. ʿA.|edition=5|location=Cairo|publisher=Dār al-Maʿārif|oclc=652121877}}
*{{Cite book|first=Robert G|last=Hoyland|chapter=History, Fiction and Authorship in the First Centuries of Islam|title=Writing and Representation in Medieval Islam: Muslim Horizons|editor-first=Julia|editor-last=Bray|location=London|publisher=Routledge|date=2006}}
*{{Cite book|ref=Majmūʿ Rasāʾil|language=ar|last=b. al-Ḥusayn al-Ḥādī ilā al-Ḥaqq|first=Yaḥyā|title=Majmūʿ Rasāʾil al-Imām al-Hādī ilā al-Ḥaqq al-Qawīm Yaḥyā b. al-Ḥusayn b. al-Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm|editor-first=ʿAbdallāh M.|editor-last=al-Shādhilī|location=Ṣaʿda|publisher=Muʾassasat al-Imām Zayd b. ʿAlī al-Thaqāfiyya|date=2001}}
*{{Cite book|language=ar|last=Ibn al-ʿImād|title=Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahaba|editor-first=ʿAbd al-Qādir |editor-last=al-Arnāʾūṭ |editor2-first=Maḥmūd |editor2-last=al-Arnāʾūṭ|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār Ibn Kathīr|date=1986}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-ghurabā|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=Adab al-ghurabāʾ|editor-last=al-Munajjid|editor-first=Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn|edition=2|publisher=Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd|location=Beirut|year=1972|oclc=976619435}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-shawāʿir|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=al-Imāʿ al-shawāʿir|editor-last=al-ʿAṭiyya|editor-first=Jalīl|edition=2|publisher=Dār al-Niḍāl|location=Beirut|year=1984|oclc=957353410}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-Qiyān|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=al-Qiyān|editor-last=al-ʿAṭiyya|editor-first=Jalīl|publisher=Riad El-Rayyes|location=London|year=1989}}
*{{cite book|ref=Maqātil|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=Maqātil al-Ṭālibīyīn|editor-last=Ṣaqr|editor-first=Aḥmad|edition=2|publisher=Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī|location=Qom|year=1991|oclc=54095298}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-Diyārāt|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=al-Diyārāt|editor-last=al-ʿAṭiyya|editor-first=Jalīl|publisher=Riad El-Rayyes|location=London|year=1991}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-Aghānī|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū al-Faraj|title=Kitāb al-Aghānī|editor-last=al-Baqāʿī|editor-first=Yūsuf|editor2-last=al-Shaykh|editor2-first=Gharīd |edition=2|publisher=Muʾassasat al-Aʿlamī|location=Beirut|year=2000}}
*{{cite book|ref=Akhbār|language=ar|last=al-Iṣfahānī|first=Abū Nuʿaym|title=Akhbār Aṣbahān|editor-first=Sayyid Kasrawī|editor-last=Ḥasan|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Kitāb al-Islāmī|date=1990|oclc=903519445}}
*{{Cite book|language=ar|date=1965|title=Abū al-Faraj al-Aṣbahānī|first=Shafīq|last=Jabrī|location=Cairo|publisher=Dār al-Maʿārif|oclc=976576024}}
*{{Cite book|language=ar|date=1962|title=Ṣāḥib al-Aghānī: Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī al-Rāwiya|last=Khalafallāh|first=Muḥammad A.|edition=2|location=Cairo|publisher=Maktabat al-Anjalū al-Miṣriyya|oclc=22143620}}
*{{cite book|ref=Wafayāt|language=ar|last=Ibn Khallikān|first=Aḥmad b. Muḥammad|title=Wafayāt al-aʿyān wa-anbāʾ abnāʾ al-zamān|editor-first=Iḥsān |editor-last=ʿAbbās |location=Beirut|publisher=Dār Ṣādir|date=1972}}
*{{cite book|ref=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|language=ar|date=2001|last=al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī|title=Tārīkh Madīnat al-Salām|editor-last=Maʿrūf|editor-first=Bashshār ʿA.|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī|url=https://archive.org/details/tabazm|oclc=15747200}}
*{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Kilpatrick|chapter=On the Difficulty of Knowing Mediaeval Arabic Authors: The Case of Abū l-Faraj and Pseudo-Iṣfahānī|title=Islamic Reflections, Arabic Musings. Studies in Honour of Professor Alan Jones from His Students|editor-first=Robert G.|editor-last=Hoyland|location=Oxford|publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust|date=2004}}
*{{Cite book|language=fr|first=Hilary|last=Kilpatrick|chapter=The ''Kitāb adab al-ghurabāʾ'' of Abū l-Farağ al-Iṣbahānī|title=La signification du bas Moyen Age dans l'histoire et la culture du monde musulman. Actes du 8me Congrès de l'Union Européenne des Arabisants et Islamisants Aix-en-Provence 1976|date=1978|location=Aix-en-Provence|publisher=Édisud}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kilpatrick |first=Hilary |date=2003 |title=Making the Great Book of Songs: Compilation and the Author's Craft in Abū l-Faraj al-Iṣbahānī's Kitāb al-Aghānī|publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=9780700717019|oclc=50810677}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Leder|first=Stefan|chapter=al-Ṣūlī|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7177|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_7177|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{cite book|language=de|first=Wilferd|last=Madelung|title=Der Imam al-Qāsim ibn Ibrāhīm und die Glaubenslehre der Zaiditen|location=Berlin|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|date=1965}}
*{{Cite book|title=Muqaddima of Kitāb adab al-ghurabāʾ, by Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī|language=ar|first=Salāḥ al-Dīn|last=al-Munajjid|editor-last=al-Munajjid|editor-first=Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Kitāb al-Jadīd|date=1972}}
*{{Cite book|ref=al-Fihrist|language=ar|date=1988|title=al-Fihrist|last=Ibn al-Nadīm|editor-first=Riḍā|editor-last=Tajaddud|location=Tehran|publisher=Dār al-Masīra|oclc=37734135}}
*{{cite journal|author-link=Tilman Nagel|last=Nagel|first=Tilman|title=Ein früher Bericht über den Aufstand von Muḥammad b. ʿAbdallāh im Jahr 145 h| series= Der Islam|edition=46|year=1970|language=de}}
*{{Cite journal|last1=Nezhad|first1=Golnoush S. M.|last2=Dalfardi|first2=Behnam|last3=Ghanizadeh|first3=Ahmad|last4=Golzari|first4=Samad E. J.|date=2015|title=Insights into Avicenna's Knowledge of Gastrointestinal Medicine and His Account of An Enema Device|url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/152936|journal=Acta medico-historica Adriatica|volume=13|issue=2|pages=29–40|issn=1334-4366 |ref={{sfnRef|Nezhad et al|2015}} }}
*{{Cite book|ref=Majmūʿ kutub|language=ar|last=al-Rassī|first=al-Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm|title=Majmūʿ kutub wa-rasāʾil li-l-Imām al-Qāsim b. Ibrāhīm al-Rassī|editor-first=ʿAbd al-Karīm A. |editor-last=Jadabān|location=Sana’a|publisher=Dār al-Ḥikma al-Yamāniyya|date=2001}}
*{{cite book|ref=Inbāh|language=ar|last=al-Qifṭī|first=ʿAlī b. Yūsuf|title=Inbāh al-ruwāt ʿalā anbāh al-nuḥāt|editor-last= Ibrāhīm |editor-first=Muḥammad A.|location=Cairo|publisher=Dār al-Fikr al-ʿArabī|date=1986}}
*{{Cite book|language=de|first=Gernot|last=Rotter|title=Und der Kalif beschenkte ihn reichlich: Auszüge aus dem Buch der Lieder|publisher= Horst Erdmann Verlag|location=Tübingen|date= 1977}}
*{{Cite book|language=ar|last=Sallūm|first=Dāwūd|title=Dirāsat Kitāb al-Aghānī wa-minhaj muʾallifihi|date=1969|publisher=ʿĀlam al-Kutub|location=Baghdad|oclc=20657313}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sawa|first=George D.|date=1989|title=Music Performance Practice in the Early Abbasid era 132–320 AH/750–932 AD|publisher=Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies|isbn=0-88844-092-8|location=Toronto|oclc=18637666}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sawa|first=George D.|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
|editor1-first=Virginia |editor1-last=Danielson|editor2-first=Scott |editor2-last=Marcus|editor3-first=Dwight |editor3-last=Reynolds|isbn=0824060350|location=New York|oclc=36407898|date=2002|chapter=The ''Kitāb al-aghānī''}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Sellheim|first=Rudolf|chapter=al-Yazīdī|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_1365|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_com_1365|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Stern|first=S.M.|chapter=Abū Ḥayyān al-Tawḥīdī|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_0202|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_0202|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite journal|language=de|last=Strothmann|first=Rudolf|date=1990|title=Die Literatur der Zaiditen.|pages=354–368|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/islm.1910.1.issue-3-4/islm.1910.1.3-4.354/islm.1910.1.3-4.354.xml|journal=Der Islam|volume=1|issue=3–4|doi=10.1515/islm.1910.1.3-4.354|s2cid=202160694|issn=0021-1818|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite thesis|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/25958|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016001059/https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/25958|archive-date=2019-10-16|title=''The Shīʿī Past in Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī's ''Kitāb al-Aghānī'': A Literary and Historical Analysis''|last=Su|first=I-Wen|date=2016|publisher=University of Edinburgh|hdl=1842/25958|access-date=2020-09-26|url-status=bot: unknown}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Su|first=I-Wen|date=2018a|title=The Family History of Abū al-Faraj al-Iṣfahānī: the Ninth-Century ʿAbbasid Political Elite and the Ṭālibids in Samarra|url=https://academic.oup.com/jis/article/29/3/417/4837133|journal=Journal of Islamic Studies|volume=29|issue=3|pages=417–448|doi=10.1093/jis/ety001|issn=0955-2340|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|first=I-Wen|last=Su|date=2018b|title=al-Iṣfahānī's Fandom in the ''Kitāb al-Aġānī'' (The Book of Songs): An Analysis of the Biography of Ibn Surayǧ|url=http://ejournals.ukm.my/jhadhari/article/view/28742|journal=Jurnal Hadhari|volume=10|issue=2|pages=275–289|issn=1985-6830}}
*{{cite book|ref=al-Faraj|language=ar|last=al-Tanūkhī|first=Abū ʿAlī al-Muḥassin|title=al-Faraj baʿda al-shidda|editor-first=ʿAbbūd|editor-last=al-Shālijī|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār Ṣādir|date=1978|oclc=12104833}}
*{{cite book|ref=Nishwār|language=ar|last=al-Tanūkhī|first=Abū ʿAlī al-Muḥassin|title=Nishwār al-muḥāḍara wa-akhbār al-mudhākara|editor-first=ʿAbbūd|editor-last=al-Shālijī|edition=2|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār Ṣādir|date=1995|oclc=22693866}}
*{{Cite book|ref=Akhlāq al‑wazīrayn|language=ar|first=Abū Ḥayyān|last=al-Tawḥīdī|title=Akhlāq al‑wazīrayn|editor1-first=Muḥammad T. |editor1-last=al-Ṭanjī|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār Ṣādir|date= 1992}}
*{{Cite book|ref=Yatīmat|language=ar|last=al-Thaʿālibī|title=Yatīmat al-dahr fī maḥāsin ahl al-ʿaṣr|editor1-first=Mufīd M. |editor1-last=Qamīḥa|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya|date=1983}}
*{{cite book|language=ar|last=al-Ṭūsī|title=al-Fihrist|year=1991|editor-last=Ṣādiq |editor-first=Muḥammad|publisher=Manshūrāt al-Sharīf al-Raḍī|location=Qom}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Vadet|first=Jean-Claude|chapter=Ibn Ḥamdūn|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3187|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3187|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite book|editor1-first=Peri|editor1-last=Bearman|editor2-first=Thierry|editor2-last=Bianquis|editor3-first=Clifford|editor3-last=Bosworth|editor4-first=Wolfhart|editor4-last=van Donzel|editor5-last=Heinrichs|date=2012|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam|edition=2|issn=2214-9945|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/browse/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|oclc=846873166
|last=Zetterstéen|first= Karl V.|chapter=Muḥammad b. Ṭāhir|journal=Encyclopedia of Islam New Edition Online|doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5367|chapter-url=http://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_5367|access-date=2018-07-24}}
*{{Cite book|language=ar|first=Khayr al-Dīn|last=al-Ziriklī|title=al-Aʿlām|location=Beirut|publisher=Dār al-ʿIlm li-l-Malāyīn|date= 2002}}

{{Arabic literature}}
{{Medieval Perso-Arab music}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Faraj Al-Isfahani, Abu Al-}}
[[Category:897 births]]
[[Category:967 deaths]]
[[Category:10th-century Arabic-language writers]]
[[Category:10th-century biographers]]
[[Category:10th-century historians from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Arab historians]]
[[Category:10th-century Arabic-language poets]]
[[Category:Encyclopedists of the medieval Islamic world]]
[[Category:Iraqi genealogists]]
[[Category:Writers from Isfahan]]
[[Category:Poets from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:People from the Hamdanid emirate of Aleppo]]
[[Category:Sayf al-Dawla]]
[[Category:Zaydis]]
[[Category:Umayyad dynasty]]
[[Category:Musicians from the Abbasid Caliphate]]
[[Category:Buyid-period poets]]
[[Category:Historians under the Buyid dynasty]]
[[Category:10th-century Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Arabic-language Iranian poets]]
[[Category:Poets of the medieval Islamic world]]