View source for Acacia koa

{{Short description|Species of flowering tree endemic to the Hawaiian Islands}}
{{Redirect|Koa}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Young_koa.jpg
|image_caption = A young koa tree showing compound leaves and phyllodes
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref>Contu, S. 2012. ''Acacia koa''. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T19891713A19999145. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T19891713A19999145.en. Downloaded 8 May 2017.</ref>
|genus = Acacia
|species = koa
|authority = [[Asa Gray|A.Gray]]
|synonyms =
''[[Acacia heterophylla]]'' var. ''latifolia'' <small>[[George Bentham|Benth.]]</small><br />
''Acacia kauaiensis'' <small>[[William Hillebrand|Hillebr.]]</small><br />
''[[Racosperma]] koa'' <small>(A.Gray) [[Leslie Pedley|Pedley]]</small>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | access-date=2010-05-03}}</ref>
}}

'''''Acacia koa''''', commonly known as '''koa''',<ref name=HIHP/> is a species of [[Flowering plant|flowering]] [[tree]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Hawaiian Islands]],<ref name="GRIN"/> where it is the second most common tree.<ref name=TravisIdol>{{cite web |url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~idol/research.html |first=Travis |last=Idol |title=Environmental Controls Over Acacia koa Productivity |work= Travis Idol's Research Page |publisher=[[University of Hawaii at Manoa|University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |date=2008-04-16 |access-date=2009-01-31}}</ref> The highest populations are on [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], [[Maui]] and [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]].

==Name==
The name ''koa'' in the [[Hawaiian language]] ultimately comes from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]] *''teRas'' meaning "core" or "[[ironwood]]"; many names referring to certain ironwood or heartwood species in Southeast Asia and Oceania such as ''[[Vitex parviflora]]'' (''tugás'' in [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]), ''[[Eusideroxylon zwageri]]'' (''togas'' in [[Tombonuwo language|Tombonuwo]]), and ''[[Intsia bijuga]]'' (''dort'' in [[Palauan language|Palauan]]) descend from this root.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Blust |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Blust |last2=Trussel |first2=Stephen |date=2010 |title=*''teRas'': heartwood of a tree, hard, durable core of wood; ironwood tree |url=https://acd.clld.org/cognatesets/30880#3/-12.16/118.32 |access-date=27 December 2022 |website=Austronesian Comparative Dictionary |publisher=Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology}}</ref> The Hawaiian Acacia koa is closely related to a common tree in [[Taiwan]] called ''[[Acacia confusa]]''. The two species also share a very similar appearance.

''Koa'' also means brave, bold, fearless, or warrior.<ref name=HIHP>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6DjyNkRevskC |first=Angela Kay |last=Kepler |title=Hawaiian Heritage Plants |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8248-1994-1 |page=106}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Acacia Koa trees.jpg|thumb|left|Upper branches of a koa tree, showing the bark, sickle-shaped [[phyllode]]s, greenish rounded flower heads, and seedpods]]

Koa is a large [[tree]], typically attaining a height of {{convert|15|-|25|m|ft|abbr=off}} and a spread of {{convert|6|-|12|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="TradTree">{{cite journal |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Acacia-koa.pdf |title=Acacia koa (koa) and Acacia koaia (koaiʻa) |first=Craig R. |last=Elevitch |author2=Kim M. Wilkinson|author3=J. B. Friday|author4=C. Baron Porter |date=April 2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative |journal=Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry}}</ref> In deep [[volcanic ash]], a koa tree can reach a height of {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}}, a circumference of {{convert|6|m|ft|abbr=on}}, and a spread of {{convert|38|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=86X9ryA0NKUC |title=Life in a Rain Forest |first=Anne |last=Welsbacher |publisher=Twenty-First Century Books |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8225-4685-6 |page=30}}</ref> It is one of the fastest-growing Hawaiian trees, capable of reaching {{convert|6|-|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} in five years on a good site.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kim M. |last=Wilkinson |author2=Craig R. Elevitch |title=Growing Koa: A Hawaiian Legacy Tree |publisher=Permanent Agriculture Resources |location=[[Hōlualoa, Hawai'i]] |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-9702544-2-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0-uxZN9SVMC |page=13}}</ref>

===Leaves===
Initially, [[Leaf#Divisions of the lamina (blade)|bipinnately compound leaves]] with 12–24 pairs of [[leaflet (botany)|leaflets]] grow on the koa plant, much like other members of the [[Fabaceae|pea family]]. At about 6–9 months of age, however, thick sickle-shaped "leaves" that are not compound begin to grow. These are [[phyllode]]s, blades that develop as an expansion of the leaf [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]]. The vertically flattened orientation of the phyllodes allows sunlight to pass to lower levels of the tree. True leaves are entirely replaced by {{convert|7|–|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|0.5|–|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} wide phyllodes on an adult tree.<ref name="TradTree" />

===Flowers===
[[Flower]]s of the koa tree are pale-yellow [[Sphere|spherical]] [[raceme]]s with a diameter of {{convert|8|-|10|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="RNGR">{{cite web |url=http://www.rngr.net/publications/ttsm/species/Acacia%20koa.pdf/?searchterm=acacia%20koa |format=[[PDF]] |first=James A. |last=Allen |title=Acacia koa A. Gray |work=Tropical Tree Seed Manual |publisher=Reforestation, Nurseries & Genetics Resources |date=2003-01-01 |access-date=2009-02-23}}</ref> Flowering may be seasonal or year round depending on the location.<ref name="TradTree" />

===Fruit===
[[Fruit]] production start occurring when a koa tree is between 5 and 30 years old. The fruit are [[legume]]s, also called pods, with a length of {{convert|7.5|-|15|cm|abbr=on}} and a width of {{convert|1.5|-|2.5|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Each pod contains an average of 12 [[seed]]s. The {{convert|6|-|12|mm|abbr=on}} long, {{convert|4|-|7|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide seeds are flattened [[Ellipse|ellipsoid]]s and range from dark brown to black in color. The pods are mature and ready for propagation after turning from green to brown or black. Seeds are covered with a hard [[Seed#Seed structure|seed coat]], and this allows them to remain [[Seed#Seed dormancy and protection|dormant]] for up to 25 years. [[Scarification (botany)|Scarification]] is needed before ''A. koa'' seeds will [[Germination|germinate]].<ref name="RNGR" />

===Habitat===
Koa is [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Hawaiian Islands|islands]] of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawai{{okina}}i]], [[Molokai|Moloka{{okina}}i]], [[Maui]], [[Lanai|Lāna{{okina}}i]], [[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]], and [[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]], where it grows at elevations of {{convert|100|-|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It requires {{convert|850|–|5000|mm|in|abbr=on}} of annual rainfall. [[Acid]]ic to neutral [[soil]]s ([[Soil ph|pH]] of 4–7.4)<ref name="TradTree" /> that are either an [[Inceptisols|Inceptisol]] derived from [[volcanic ash]] or a well-drained [[histosol]] are preferred.<ref name="Silvics">{{Silvics |volume=2 |genus=Acacia |species=koa |first=Craig D |last=Whitesell |access-date=2009-02-17|url=http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acacia/koa.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120063950/http://na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/silvics_manual/volume_2/acacia/koa.htm | archive-date= 20 January 2009 | url-status= dead}}</ref> Its ability to [[Nitrogen fixation|fix nitrogen]] allows it to grow in very young volcanic soils.<ref name=TravisIdol /> Koa and {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua (''[[Metrosideros polymorpha]]'') dominate the [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] of Hawaiian [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Mixed mesic forests|mixed mesic forests]].<ref name="Ziegler">{{cite book |title=Hawaiian Natural History, Ecology, and Evolution |first=Alan C. |last=Ziegler |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8248-2190-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l56J_8teG58C |pages=175–176}}</ref> It is also common in [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forests]].<ref name="Sohmer">{{cite book |title=Plants and Flowers of Hawaiʻi |first=S. H. |last=Sohmer |author2=R. Gustafson |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8248-1096-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6roh_cQf1N0C |pages=45–52}}</ref>

==Uses==
[[File:Hawaiian Koa Micro Slab.jpg|thumb|left|A thinly sliced section of wide Hawaiian Koa lumber]]The koa's trunk was used by [[Ancient Hawaii|ancient]] [[Native Hawaiians|Hawaiians]] to build [[Waka (canoe)|''wa{{okina}}a'']] ([[Dugout (boat)|dugout]] [[outrigger canoe]]s)<ref>{{cite book |first=William Alanson |last=Bryan |title=Natural History of Hawaii, Being an Account of the Hawaiian People, the Geology and Geography of the Islands, and the Native and Introduced Plants and Animals of the Group |year=1915 |publisher=Hawaiian Gazette Co, Ltd |url=https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryh01bryagoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryh01bryagoog/page/n343 339] |isbn=978-1-4446-7820-8}}</ref> and ''papa he{{okina}}e nalu'' ([[surfboard]]s). Only ''paipo'' ([[Bodyboarding|bodyboards]]), ''kiko{{okina}}o'', and ''[[alaia]]'' surfboards were made from koa, however; ''olo'', the longest surfboards, were made from the lighter and more [[Buoyancy|buoyant]] ''[[wiliwili]]'' (''Erythrina sandwicensis'').<ref>{{cite book |first=Ben |last=Marcus |author2=Juliana Morais|author3=Jeff Divine|author4=Gary Linden |title=The Surfboard: Art, Style, Stoke |year=2007 |publisher=MBI Publishing Company |isbn=978-0-7603-2753-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EkflVp5yVwYC&pg=PA17 |pages=17–19}}</ref> The reddish wood is very similar in strength and weight to that of black walnut (''[[Juglans nigra]]''), with a specific gravity of 0.55,<ref name="RNGR" /> and is now sought for use in [[wood carving]] and [[furniture]].<ref name="TradTree" /> Koa is also a [[tonewood]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.guitarnation.com/articles/koa.htm |title=Koa: Beautiful Looking, Beautiful Sounding Tonewood |first=Norman L. |last=Beberman |publisher=GuitarNation.com |access-date=2009-02-23| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090207020423/http://www.guitarnation.com/articles/koa.htm| archive-date= 7 February 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> often used in the construction of [[ukulele]]s,<ref>{{cite book |title=Total Ukulele: D-Tuning Method for Beginners |author=Gernot Rödder |publisher=Mel Bay Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-8024-0446-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_wRCs2Sr3kgC&pg=PA93 |page=93}}</ref> [[acoustic guitar]]s,<ref>{{cite book |first=Teja |last=Gerken |title=Acoustic Guitar Owner's Manual: The Complete Guide |publisher=String Letter Publishing |isbn=978-1-890490-21-8 |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ7Lq1jk8cMC&pg=PA10 |page=10}}</ref> and [[Weissenborn]]-style Hawaiian [[steel guitar]]s.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Guitars |encyclopedia=Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World |volume=II: Performance and Production |first=John |last=Sheperd |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8264-6322-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJvzEzjahkQC&pg=PA283 |page=283}}</ref>
[[B.C. Rich]] used koa on some of their [[electric guitar]]s as well,<ref>{{cite book |title=The History and Development of the American Guitar |first=Ken |last=Achard |year=1989 |publisher=Bold Strummer Ltd |isbn=978-0-933224-18-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jytNSlng8g4C&pg=PA163 |page=163}}</ref> and still uses a koa-[[Wood veneer|veneered]] [[Tonewood#Topwoods (soundboard)|topwood]] on certain models.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Eric |last=Kirkland |title=Rich and Famous |journal=[[Guitar World]] |date=December 2006 |page=154}}</ref> Fender made limited edition koa wood models of the [[Telecaster]] and the [[Stratocaster]] in 2006. [[Trey Anastasio]], guitarist for the band [[Phish]], primarily uses a koa hollowbody [[Paul Languedoc|Languedoc]] guitar. Commercial [[silviculture]] of koa takes 20 to 25 years before a tree is of useful size.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lhwrp.org/?c=silviculture |title=Silviculture: Diversification of Rural Economy |publisher=Leeward Haleakalā Watershed Restoration Partnership |access-date=2009-02-01}}</ref> 

Taylor, Collings and Martin are few among the many other brands that use that tonewood for manufacturing acoustic guitars. <ref>{{cite web |url=https://bestguitarsnow.com/is-koa-wood-the-ultimate-choice-for-guitar-enthusiasts/ |title=Is Koa Wood The Ultimate Choice For Guitar Enthusiasts? |publisher=Best Guitars Now |access-date=2023-11-24 |archive-date=2023-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124214114/https://bestguitarsnow.com/is-koa-wood-the-ultimate-choice-for-guitar-enthusiasts/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Koa‛Umeke(Bowl)byMelBlair(1914–1995).jpg|thumb|right|'''''‛Umeke Lū‛au Pākākā '''''(Hawaiian: "low, broad feast bowl") hand-turned from Koa by master woodworker Millard Blair (1914–1995), owner of Blair's at Waikiki (1945–1986).]]

In Hawaiʻi, the '''''‛umeke''''' (Hawaiian: “wooden bowl”) has been a highly perfected art form and considered a prized possession for well over a thousand years.  They were expertly handcrafted using rare and exotic hardwoods like ''Kou'', ''Milo,'' and ''Koa''. Prior to 1819, '''''‛umekes''''' were considered sacred and strictly reserved for '''''‛Ali‛i ''''' (Hawaiian: “Royalty”), and under penalty of death for a commoner to possess one. Today, '''''‛umekes '''''are highly collectible and have become known as a universal symbol of generosity and welcome.<ref>''American Woodturner --- Journal of the American Association of Woodturners''
volume 32, issue 5 – October, 2017, Feature Article, pgs. 45–51
''“‘UMEKE LA‘AU'': A RICH HAWAIIAN TRADITION”, Sharon Doughtie shares a well-researched account of the historical uses and nuances of Hawaiian bowls, or ''‘umeke la‘au.''
</ref>

The timber provides very high [[chatoyancy]], with an average value above 26 PZC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koa |url=https://www.chatometry.com/koa/ |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=PZC Chatometry |language=it-IT}}</ref>

==Relation to other species==
[[File:Acacia koaia3.jpg|thumb|right|Koai{{okina}}a seedpod, showing the end-to-end arrangement of seeds]]Among other [[Pacific Islands]] of [[Island#Oceanic islands|volcanic]] (non-[[Island#Continental islands|continental]]) origin, only [[Vanuatu]] has native ''Acacia'' species. ''[[Acacia heterophylla|A. heterophylla]]'', from distant [[Réunion]], is very similar and has been suggested to be the closest relative of koa.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_rp016/psw_rp016.pdf |title=Silvical Characteristics of Koa (''Acacia koa'' Gray) |first=Craig D |last=Whitesell |publisher=[[United States Forestry Service]] |year=1964}}</ref> Genetic sequence analysis results announced in 2014 confirmed this close relationship; the estimated time of divergence is about 1.4 million years ago.<ref name = "Marris2014">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/510320a| pmid = 24943937| title = Tree hitched a ride to island| journal = Nature| volume = 510| issue = 7505| pages = 320–321| date = 2014-06-19| last1 = Marris | first1 = E. | bibcode = 2014Natur.510..320M| doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name = "Le Roux2014">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/nph.12900| title = Relatedness defies biogeography: The tale of two island endemics (Acacia heterophyllaandA. Koa)| journal = New Phytologist| volume = 204| issue = 1| pages = 230–242| date = 2014-06-18| last1 = Le Roux | first1 = J. J. | last2 = Strasberg | first2 = D. | last3 = Rouget | first3 = M. | last4 = Morden | first4 = C. W. | last5 = Koordom | first5 = M. | last6 = Richardson | first6 = D. M. | pmid=24942529| doi-access = free | bibcode = 2014NewPh.204..230L}}</ref> ''A. heterophylla'' sequences nest within those of the more diverse ''A. koa'', making the latter [[paraphyletic]].<ref name = "Le Roux2014" /> Both species are thought to be descended from an ancestral species in Australia, presumably their [[sister species]], ''[[Acacia melanoxylon]]''. Dispersals most likely occurred via seed-carrying by birds such as [[petrel]]s.<ref name = "Le Roux2014" /> Both species have very similar [[ecological niche]]s, which differ from that of ''A. melanoxylon''.<ref name = "Le Roux2014" />

A closely related species, koai{{okina}}a or koai{{okina}}e (''[[Acacia koaia|A. koaia]]''), is found in dry areas. It is most easily distinguished by having smaller seeds that are arranged end-to-end in the pod, rather than side by side. The [[Petiole (botany)|phyllodes]] are also usually straighter, though this character is variable in both species. The wood is denser, harder, and more finely [[Wood grain|grained]] than koa wood.<ref name="TradTree" /> Koai{{okina}}a has been much more heavily impacted by [[cattle]] and is now rare, but can be seen on [[ranch]] land in [[Kohala, Hawaii|North Kohala]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Conservation==
The koa population has suffered from grazing and [[logging]]. Many [[Hawaiian tropical rainforests#Wet forests|wet forest]] areas, where the largest koa grow, have been logged out, and it now comes largely from dead or dying trees or farms on private lands. Although formerly used for [[outrigger canoe]]s, there are few koa remaining which are both large and straight enough to do so today.<ref name="TradTree" /> In areas where [[cattle]] are present, koa regeneration is almost completely suppressed. However, if the cattle are removed, koa are among the few native Hawaiian plants able to [[Germination|germinate]] in grassland, and can be instrumental in restoring native [[forest]]. It is often possible to begin [[reforestation]] in a [[pasture]] by disk [[Harrow (tool)|harrowing]] the soil, as this [[Scarification (botany)|scarifies]] seeds in the soil and encourages large numbers of koa to germinate.<ref name="Silvics"/> Experiments at the [[Hakalau Forest National Wildlife Refuge]] have shown that {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua (''[[Metrosideros polymorpha]]'') survives best in pasture when planted under koa. This is because koa trees reduce [[radiative cooling]], preventing [[frost]] damage to {{okina}}ōhi{{okina}}a lehua seedlings.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.agroforestry.net/tti/Metrosideros-ohia.pdf |title=Metrosideros polymorpha ('ōhi'a lehua) |first=J. B. |last=Friday |author2=Darrell A. Herbert |date=April 2006 |publisher=The Traditional Tree Initiative |page=21}}</ref>

==Ecology==
Koa is the preferred [[Host (biology)|host]] plant for the [[caterpillar]]s of the green Hawaiian blue (''[[Udara blackburni]]''), which eat the flowers and fruits.<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oa5m8gZcGjMC |title=The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide |first=James A. |last=Scott |publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-8047-2013-7 |page=399}}</ref> Adults drink [[nectar]] from the flowers. Koa [[Plant sap|sap]] is eaten by the adult Kamehameha butterfly (''[[Kamehameha butterfly|Vanessa tameamea]]'').<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/plantsanimalsofh00scot |url-access=registration |title=Plants and Animals of Hawaii |first=Susan |last=Scott |publisher=Bess Press |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-935848-93-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/plantsanimalsofh00scot/page/78 78]}}</ref> The koa bug (''[[Coleotichus blackburniae]]'') uses its rostrum to suck the contents out of koa seeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhh.hawaii.edu/affiliates/prism/documents/KoaBugLesson.pdf|title=Koa Bug Investigation|website=Uhh.hawaii.edu|access-date=15 March 2022}}</ref> Koa is vulnerable to infection by [[koa wilt]].

==Gallery==
{{Cleanup gallery|date=September 2023}}
<gallery mode=packed>
File:Starr 070205 4082 acacia koa2.jpg
File:Starr 060325-6745 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 041127-1178 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 051122-5287 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 060312-6710 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 041214-1500 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 040220-0316 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 040723-0533 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 030405-0136 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 041113-0733 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 051211-5686 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Starr 030405-0092 Acacia koa.jpg
File:Acacia koa with phyllode between the branch and the compound leaves.JPG|''Acacia koa'' with [[Petiole (botany)|phyllode]] between the branch and the [[Leaf#Divisions of the lamina (blade)|compound leaves]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|italic=1}}
* {{Wikispecies-inline|Acacia koa|''Acacia koa''}}
* [http://www.hear.org/starr/hiplants/images/thumbnails/html/acacia_koa.htm Photos of Acacia koa] at Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194225/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/MEMBGNewsletter/Volume1number3/Nativehawaiianplants.html UCLA botanical garden and home]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070510220548/http://www.nalu-music.com/about-acacia-koa-hawaiian-mahogany Historic photos and descriptions of ''Acacia koa'']

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1777801}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Acacia|koa]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Trees of Hawaii]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of Oceania]]
[[Category:Least concern flora of the United States]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1854]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Asa Gray]]