View source for Accipitriformes

{{Short description|Order of birds}}
{{For|an explanation of similar terms|Accipitrimorphae}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]]-[[Holocene|present]], {{fossilrange|50|0}}<ref>Mayr G, Smith T. A diverse bird assemblage from the Ypresian of Belgium furthers knowledge of early Eocene avifaunas of the North Sea Basin. N Jb Geol Paläontol, Abh. 2019;291:253–281. doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2019/0801.</ref>
| image = דורסי-יום-01.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: [[Bald eagle]] (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), [[cinereous harrier]] (''Circus cinereus''), [[greater spotted eagle]] (''Clanga clanga''), [[harpy eagle]] (''Harpia harpyja''), [[secretarybird]] (''Sagittarius serpentarius''), [[osprey]] (''Pandion haliaetus''), [[slate-colored hawk]] (''Buteogallus schistaceus''), [[Galapagos hawk]] (''Buteo galapagoensis''), [[white-backed vulture]] (''Gyps africanus'') (center). All belong to Accipitriformes sensu stricto.
| image2 = Peru - Colca Canyon - Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) 01.jpg
| image2_caption = [[Andean condor]] (''Vultur gryphus'')
| taxon = Accipitriformes
| authority = [[Louis Pierre Vieillot|Vieillot]], 1816
| subdivision_ranks = Subdivisions
| subdivision = {{plainlist|
*{{extinct}}''[[Diatropornis]]''
*{{extinct}}''[[Parasarcoramphus]]''
*{{extinct}}[[Teratornithidae]]
*[[Cathartidae]]
*[[Sagittariidae]]
*[[Pandionidae]]
*[[Accipitridae]]
}}
| range_map = Diversity map of Accipitriformes.webp
| range_map_caption = Diversity map of Accipitriformes {{definition needed|This map might be for Accipitriformes sensu stricto. If so, this will need to be specified, as otherwise it's inaccurate, due to the subject of this article being Accipitriformes sensu lato.|date=December 2024}} (258 species). The colour gradient (from light to dark) indicates species richness.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagy |first1=Jenő  |title=Biologia Futura: rapid diversification and behavioural adaptation of birds in response to Oligocene–Miocene climatic conditions |journal=Biologia Futura |year=2020 |volume=71 |issue=1–2 |pages=109–121 |doi=10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9 |pmid=34554530 |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s42977-020-00013-9.pdf |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020BioFu..71..109N}}</ref>
| synonyms = Accipitrimorphae
}}

The '''Accipitriformes''' ({{IPAc-en|æ|k|ˌ|s|ɪ|p|ᵻ|t|r|ᵻ|ˈ|f|ɔr|m|iː|z}}; {{etymology|la|{{Wikt-lang|la|accipiter}}|hawk||{{Wikt-lang|la|formes}}|having the form of}}) are an [[order (biology)|order]] of birds that includes most of the [[diurnality|diurnal]] [[bird of prey|birds of prey]], including [[hawk]]s, [[eagle]]s,
[[vulture]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kites]], [[Pandion_(bird)|ospreys]] and [[Sagittariidae|secretary birds]], but not [[falcon]]s or [[Seriema|seriemas]]. The generally nocturnal [[Owl|owls]], also considered [[Bird of prey|birds of prey]], are a separate order from the accipitriformes.

For a long time, the majority view was to include them with the falcons in the [[Falconiformes]], but many authorities now recognize a separate order Accipitriformes.{{sfn|Voous|1973}}{{sfn|Cramp|1980|pp=3, 277}}{{sfn|Ferguson-Lees|Christie|2001|p=69}}{{sfn|Christidis|Boles|2008|pp=50–51}} A [[DNA]] study published in 2008 indicated that falcons are not closely related to the Accipitriformes, being instead more closely related to [[parrot]]s and [[passerine]]s.{{sfn|Hackett et al.|2008}} Since then, the [[lumpers and splitters|split]] and the placement of the falcons next to the parrots in taxonomic order has been adopted by the [[American Ornithological Society]]'s South American Classification Committee (SACC),{{sfn|Remsen|Cadena|Jaramillo|Nores}}{{sfn|Remsen|2008}}{{sfn|Nores|Barker|Remsen|2011}} its North American Classification Committee (NACC),{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2010}}{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2012}} and the International Ornithological Congress (IOC).{{sfn|Gill|Donsker}}{{sfn|Gill|Donsker|2014}} The British Ornithologists' Union already recognized the Accipitriformes,{{sfn|Dudley|Gee|Kehoe|Melling|2006}} and has adopted the move of Falconiformes.{{sfn|Sangster et al.|2013}} The DNA-based proposal and the NACC and IOC classifications include the [[New World vultures]] in the Accipitriformes,{{sfn|Hackett et al.|2008}}{{sfn|Chesser et al.|2010}} while the SACC classifies the New World vultures as a separate order, the [[Cathartiformes]]. When Cathartiformes is considered a separate order, sister to Accipitriformes, Accipitriformes sensu lato is called [[Accipitrimorphae]].

== Characteristics ==
The Accipitriformes are known from the Middle [[Eocene]]{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} and typically have a sharply hooked [[beak]] with a soft [[cere]] housing the [[nostril]]s. Their [[wing]]s are long and fairly broad, suitable for soaring flight, with the outer four to six  primary feathers emarginated.

They have strong legs and feet with raptorial [[claw]]s and opposable hind claws. Almost all Accipitriformes are [[carnivore|carnivorous]], hunting by sight during the day or at twilight. They are exceptionally long-lived, and most have low [[Reproduction|reproductive]] rates.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

The young have a long, very fast-growing fledgling stage, followed by 3–8 weeks of nest care after first flight, and 1 to 3 years as [[sexual maturity|sexually immature]] adults. The sexes have conspicuously different sizes and sometimes a female is more than twice as heavy as her mate. This [[sexual dimorphism]] is sometimes most extreme in specialized bird-eaters, such as the ''[[Accipiter]]'' hawks. [[Monogamy in animals|Monogamy]] is the general rule, although an alternative mate is often selected if one dies.

== Taxonomy ==
Accipitriformes, currently with 262 species and 75 genera in 4 extant families and possibly 1 extinct family, is the largest diurnal raptor order. DNA sequence analyses suggest that divergences within Accipitriformes began around the Eocene/Oligocene boundary about 34 mya, with the split of the group including genera ''Elanus'' and ''Gampsonyx'' from the other Accipitriformes genera.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mindell |first1=David |last2=Fuchs |first2=Jerome |last3=Johnson |first3=Jeff |editor1-last=Sarasola |editor1-first=José Hernán |editor2-last=Grande |editor2-first=Juan Manuel |editor3-last=Negro |editor3-first=Juan José |title=Birds of Prey Biology and conservation in the XXI century |date=2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-73744-7 |pages=3–32 |chapter=Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Geographic Diversity of Diurnal Raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes.|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-73745-4 |s2cid=49622660 }}</ref>

The order includes the following families:
'''Order Accipitriformes'''
* [[Accipitridae]] ([[eagle]]s, [[Harrier (bird)|harriers]], [[Ern (bird)|ern]]s, [[hawk]]s, [[Kite (bird)|kite]]s, [[Old World vulture]]s)
* [[Pandionidae]] (ospreys) (1 or 2 species)
* [[Cathartidae]] ([[New World vulture]]s)
* [[Sagittariidae]] (secretarybird)
* {{extinct}}[[Teratornithidae]] (including [[Argentavis]])

And the following extinct genera:
* ''[[Diatropornis]]''
* ''[[Parasarcoramphus]]''

For a complete list of species, see [[list of Accipitriformes species]].

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:90%
|label1='''Accipitriformes'''
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Cathartiformes]]*
   |1={{clade
      |1={{extinct}}''[[Diatropornis]]''
      |2={{extinct}}''[[Parasarcoramphus]]''
      |3={{extinct}}[[Teratornithidae]]
      |4=[[Cathartidae]]
      }}
   |label2='''Accipitriformes''' sensu stricto
   |2={{clade
      |1=[[Sagittariidae]]
      |label2=
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Pandionidae]]
         |2=[[Accipitridae]]
         }}
      }} 
   }}
}}
<nowiki>*</nowiki> Sometimes considered a separate order

Phylogeny of Accipitriformes sensu stricto based on Nagy, J. & Tökölyi, J. (2014).<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.2478/orhu-2014-0008 | title=Phylogeny, Historical Biogeography and the Evolution of Migration in Accipitrid Birds of Prey (Aves: Accipitriformes) | year=2014 | last1=Nagy | first1=Jenő | last2=Tökölyi | first2=Jácint | journal=Ornis Hungarica | volume=22 | pages=15–35 | s2cid=46321534 | doi-access=free | hdl=2437/197470 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources cited ===
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* {{cite web
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* {{cite web
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* {{cite web
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}}
* {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/ibi.12091| title = Taxonomic recommendations for Western Palearctic birds: Ninth report| journal = Ibis| volume = 155| issue = 4| pages = 898| year = 2013| last1 = Sangster | first1 = G. | last2 = Collinson | first2 = J. M. | last3 = Crochet | first3 = P. A. | last4 = Knox | first4 = A. G. | last5 = Parkin | first5 = D. T. | last6 = Votier | first6 = S. C. | ref={{sfnRef|Sangster et al.|2013}} | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal| last = Voous | first = K. H.| author-link = Karel Voous| year = 1973| title = List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species Non-Passerines| journal = Ibis| volume = 115| issue = 4| pages = 612–638| doi = 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1973.tb02004.x}}
{{ref end}}

{{Birds}}
{{Accipitrimorphae|A.|state=collapsed}}
{{Accipitriformes}}
{{Portal bar|Birds|Animals|Biology}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q21736}}
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[[Category:Accipitriformes| ]]
[[Category:Extant Lutetian first appearances]]
[[Category:Bird orders]]
[[Category:Eocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Oligocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Miocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pliocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Pleistocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Holocene taxonomic orders]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Louis Pierre Vieillot]]