View source for Adamantios Korais

{{Short description|Greek humanist scholar (1748–1833)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Greek|topic=bio|date=December 2023}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2009}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox philosopher 
| region    = 
| era       = [[Age of Enlightenment]]
| image     = Adamantios Korais.jpg
| caption   = Adamantios Korais (1748–1833)
| name            = Adamantios Korais
| native_name     = {{lang|el|Ἀδαμάντιος Κοραῆς}}
| birth_date      = {{Birth date|df=yes|1748|4|27}}
| birth_place     = [[Smyrna]], [[Ottoman Empire]] (modern [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]])
| death_date      = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1833|4|6|1748|4|27}}
| death_place     = [[Paris]], [[July Monarchy|Kingdom of France]]
| education       = [[University of Montpellier]]<br>([[MBBS]], 1786; [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], 1787)
| school_tradition = [[Liberalism]], [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]]
| main_interests   = [[Political philosophy]], [[philology]], [[history]], [[freedom of religion]], [[separation of church and state]], [[Greek language]], [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Independence]]
| signature        = a-korais-signature-1815.svg
}}

'''Adamantios Korais'''  or '''Koraïs''' ({{langx|el|Ἀδαμάντιος Κοραῆς}} {{IPA|el|aðaˈmandi.os koraˈis|}}; {{langx|la|Adamantius Coraes}}; {{langx|fr|Adamance Coray}}; 27 April 1748{{snd}}6 April 1833) was a [[Greeks|Greek]] scholar credited with laying the foundations of [[modern Greek literature]] and a major figure in the [[Greek Enlightenment]]. His activities paved the way for the [[Greek War of Independence]] and the emergence of a purified form of the Greek language, known as [[Katharevousa]]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' asserts that "his influence on the modern Greek language and culture has been compared to that of [[Dante]] on Italian and [[Martin Luther]] on German".<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9046052/Adamantios-Korais|title=Adamantios Korais - biography - Greek scholar|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

==Life and views==
{{Liberalism sidebar}}
Korais was born in [[Smyrna]], in 1748. His father Ioannis, of [[Chios|Chian]] descent, was ''demogérontas'' in Smyrna; a seat similar to the [[kodjabashis|prokritoi]] of mainland Greece, but elected by the Greek community of the town and not imposed by the Ottomans.
[[File:A. Korais΄ house in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|180px|Residence of Korais in Amsterdam]]

He was exceptionally passionate about [[philosophy]], [[literacy]] and [[linguistics]] and studied greatly throughout his youth. He initially studied in his hometown, Smyrna, where he graduated from the [[Evangelical School of Smyrna|Evangelical Greek School]].<ref>{{cite book | last1= Trencsényi |first1=Balázs  |last2= Kopeček |first2=Michal | title=Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945): texts and commentaries |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=k5Vsjg508EYC&pg=PA141 | publisher=Central European University Press | year=2006 | isbn= 978-963-7326-52-3| page =141}}</ref>

After his school years, he lived for a while in [[Amsterdam]] as a merchant, but soon he decided that he wanted to study in a university. He studied also the Hebrew, Dutch, French and English languages, apart from his knowledge of [[classics|ancient Greek and Latin]].

Korais studied at the school of medicine of the [[University of Montpellier]] from 1782 to 1787. His 1786 [[diploma thesis]] was entitled ''Pyretologiae Synopsis'', while his 1787 [[doctoral thesis]] was entitled ''Medicus Hippocraticus''.<ref>Ioannis Taifakos, "Korais and Latin" in ''Proceedings of Korais Congress and Chios (Chios 11–15 May 1983)'', '''I''', Athens:  Omirion Pnevmatikon Kentron Chiou, 1984, pp. 67–89, esp. p. 70</ref>

He traveled to Paris where he would continue his enthusiasm for knowledge. There he decided to translate [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] authors and produced thirty volumes of those translations, being one of the first modern Greek philologists and publishers of [[ancient Greek literature]].

After 1788 he was to spend most of his life as an [[expatriate]] in Paris. As classical scholar, Korais was repelled by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] influence on Greek society and was a fierce critic of the lack of education amongst the clergy and their subservience to the [[Ottoman Empire]], although he conceded it was the Orthodox Church that preserved the national identity of Greeks.

Korais believed Western Europe was the heir of the ancient Greek civilization, which had to be transmitted to the modern Greeks through education. Additionally, he advocated the restoration and use of the term "Hellene" (Έλληνας) or "Graikos" (Γραικός) as an [[ethnonym]] for the Greeks, in the place of ''Romiós'', that was seen negatively by him.

While in Paris, he was witness to the [[French Revolution]]. He was influenced by the revolutionary and liberal sentiments of his age. He admired [[Thomas Jefferson]] and exchanged political and philosophical thoughts with the American statesman. A typical man of [[the Enlightenment]], Korais encouraged wealthy Greeks to open new libraries and schools throughout Greece. Korais believed that education would ensure not only the achievement of independence but also the establishment of a proper constitution for the new liberated Greek state. He envisioned a democratic Greece, recapturing the glory of the Golden Age of [[Pericles]].

Korais died in Paris aged 84 soon after publishing the first volume of his autobiography. In 1877, his remains were sent to Greece, to be buried there.

==Publications==
[[File:Salpisma Polemisterion - Hellas.jpg|thumb|200px|Cover from his "Salpisma Polemistirion" (1801)]]

Korais's most lasting contributions were literary. Those who were instrumental in publishing, and presenting his work to the public were merchants from [[Chios]]. He felt eternally grateful to these merchants, since without them, it would have been financially impossible for him to publish his works. These works included [[Strabo]] in Greek, another on [[Marcus Aurelius]], his translation of [[Herodotus]], the translation of the ''[[Iliad]]'', and his main literary work, the seventeen volumes of the "Library of Greek Literature".

His political writing begins with the publication at the opening of the nineteenth century of ''[[Asma Polemistirion]]'' ("War Chant") and ''[[Salpisma Polemistirion]]'' ("Military Bugal Call"), celebrating the presence of Greek troops [[French invasion of Egypt (1798)|fighting alongside the French]] in Egypt. Earlier he had confronted with his ''[[Adelphiki Didaskalia]]'' the Orthodox [[Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem|Patriarch of Jerusalem]] for urging the Sultan's Christian subjects (with the religious brochure ''Patriki Didaskalia'') to support the Ottomans in the war against the "atheistic" French. On contrary, he made a call to the Greeks to fight beside the French, "who have the military virtue of the ancient Greeks", against the Ottoman tyranny.

Korais went on to publish in 1803 his ''Report on the Present State of Civilization in Greece'', based on a series of lectures he had given in Paris, extolling the link between the rise of a new Greek mercantile class and the advance of the [[Modern Greek Enlightenment]].  In ''What should we Greeks do in the Present Circumstances?'', a work of 1805, he tried to win his compatriots over to [[Napoleon]] and away from the cause of their Russian co-religionists.  In later years, though, his enthusiasm for the French Emperor diminished, and he ended by referring to him as the 'tyrant of tyrants.'

Away from contemporary politics, Korais did much to revive the idea of Greece with the creation of the [[Hellenic Library]], devoted to new editions of some of the classic texts, starting with [[Homer]] in 1805. Over the following twenty years many others appeared, with lengthy prefaces by Korais entitled 'Impromptu Reflections', with his views on political, educational and linguistic matters.  Although the broad mass of the Greek people was beyond his reach, he played an important part in the shaping of a new consciousness among the [[intelligentsia]], which was to play a part in the creation of a new national movement.

With the breakout of the [[Greek Revolution]] in 1821, he was too old to join the struggle. However his house in Paris became a centre for informations, meetings among the Parisian Greeks and financial aid. He wrote also many letters advising the revolutionaries. Initially a supporter of [[Ioannis Kapodistrias|Kapodistrias]], finally he opposed his policies.

==On religion==
Korais was a Greek Orthodox but also a critic of many practices of the Orthodox church. He was a fierce critic of the [[Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople]], considering it  a useful tool in the hands of the [[Ottoman empire|Ottomans]] against the Greek independence. So, later, he was one of the supporters of the new established [[Church of Greece]].

He was also critic of the [[monasticism]], the lack of education in the clergy, and practices like that of the "[[Holy Fire]]". He was a supporter of [[Freedom of religion|religious freedom]], empiricism, rationalism and tolerance. He set himself in opposition to some metaphysical ideals of Greek custom and sought to mould Greek Orthodoxy towards a more syncretic religious basis, in order to bring it under the auspices of liberal thought and government.

==On Greek language==
[[File:Cénotaphe Adamántios Koraïs, Cimetière du Montparnasse.jpg|thumb|180px|Cenotaph of Korais; [[Montparnasse Cemetery]].]]

One of his most significant accomplishments was his contribution to the standardisation of the modern [[Greek language]]. During his lifetime, the Greeks were widely dispersed around the Mediterranean and throughout Europe, and the language they spoke contained many foreign elements, depending on the region and local traditions. Korais proposed a standard language purged of many such foreign elements (especially Turkish, but also Western words and phrases). Moreover, there was a variety of idioms spoken by Greeks in everyday life and no common agreement on which dialect should serve as the basis for [[Standard Modern Greek]]. Finally, people involved in the [[Greek language question]] were also divided between "archaists" and proponents of a simpler standard language.

Korais's solution was to take a middle path regarding all these issues. He cleansed his proposed standard language from elements that he considered too foreign or too vulgar. Moreover, he proposed the creation of a "[[katharevousa]]" (a "purified" version of modern Greek), based on the ecclesiastical language used by the [[Greek Orthodox Church]], close to the [[Koine Greek]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2023}} This standard was eventually adopted by scholars and the Greek state.

==Influence on the Greek constitutional and legal system==
[[File:Adamantios Korais statue Athens.jpg|thumb|160px|Statue of Korais in Athens (work of [[Ioannis Kossos]]).]]
[[File:Atenas, Primer Cementerio 05.jpg|thumb|His grave at the [[First Cemetery of Athens]]]]

Unknown to most, Korais held passionate views on how the legal system should function in a democracy (views which of course, were greatly influenced by the French Enlightenment, closer to [[Montesquieu]] than to [[Rousseau]]) and managed to have a great, albeit indirect, impact on the Constitutions of the Greek Revolution, but also, primarily, on the [[Constitution]] or Syntagma created after the end of the Greek Revolution. This element holds significant importance if one takes into consideration the fact that these meta-Revolution Constitutions still, to the present day, form the basis of the Greek Constitution and the philosophy on which the guiding principles of the Greek legal and judicial system are rooted in.

This influence Korais exercised on Greek Law, was due to a personal relationship the intellectual formed with another Greek intellectual, the legal scholar of international repute [[Nikolaos Saripolos|N. I. Saripolos]], who, after the Greek Revolution, became the founding father of Greek Law and the "author" of the Greek Constitution. Proof of this relationship and of the strong and progressive views Korais held on how the legal system of the new Greek state should be formed, is based on correspondence exchanged between the two men, during a long period of time, beginning before the Greek Revolution. These letters which manifest the influence the older intellectual (Korais) had on the then aspiring lawmaker Saripolos, are in the possession of the archives of the Greek National Library, were discovered and brought to academic light, in 1996, by a Law School student, researching a project sponsored by the Faculty of Law of the University of Athens and the National Academy for Constitutional Research and Public Law (adjacent to the University of Athens). The ensuing thesis was published.<ref>Aμαλία Νεγρεπόντη, [http://www.efdimdik.gr/arxeio/1_1996.html "Ν.Ι. Σαρίπολου "Περί της Δικαστικής Εξουσίας""] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124023103/http://www.efdimdik.gr/arxeio/1_1996.html |date=24 November 2011 }}, "Εφαρμογές Δημοσίου Δικαίου", Τεύχος1/1996</ref>

==Legacy==
Korais was declared ''Pater Patriae'' ("Pateras tis Patridos") by the revolutionaries at the [[Third National Assembly at Troezen]]. Korais' portrait was depicted on the [[Obverse and reverse|reverse]] of the Greek [[Modern drachma|₯]]100 banknote of 1978–2001.<ref>[http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en Bank of Greece] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328051044/http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en |date=28 March 2009 }}. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: [http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/Banknotes/banknote_selection.asp?Value=100 100 drachmas]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071005003602/http://www.bankofgreece.gr/en/Banknotes/banknote_selection.asp?Value=100 |date=5 October 2007 }}. – Retrieved 27 March 2009.</ref> Many streets all over Greece are named after him, while his archive can be found in Korais Library in [[Chios (town)]]. 

"Adamantios Korais" is also the name of the ferry connecting [[Alexandroupoli]], [[Samothrace]], and [[Lemnos]]. The vessel, built in 1987 in Onomichi Japan, was previously operated by [[Zante Ferries]] and is now operated by [[Fast Ferries (Greece)|Fast Ferries]].<ref>{{cite web | title=ADAMANTIOS KORAIS – RO-RO &#124; IMO 8613607, Built 1987 | url=https://www.marinepublic.com/vessels/imo/8613607 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* Chaconas, Stephen George. ''Adamantios Korais; A Study in Greek Nationalism''. Studies in history, economics and public law, no. 490. New York: Columbia University Press, 1942.
* [http://www.snhell.gr/testimonies/content.asp?id=104&author_id=68 Βίος Αδαμαντίου Κοραή συγγραφείς παρά του ιδίου (in Greek, Korais' autobiography)]
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{EB1911 poster|Coraës, Adamantios}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120628233402/http://www.koraeslibrary.gr/frontoffice/portal.asp?cpage=NODE&cnode=1 Koraes Library in Chios, Greece, webpage ] 
* [http://www.koraeslibrarychios.blogspot.gr/ Koraes Library in Chios, blog]

{{Age of Enlightenment}}
{{Modern Greek Enlightenment}}
{{Greek War of Independence|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korais, Adamantios}}
[[Category:1748 births]]
[[Category:1833 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century scholars from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Smyrniote Greeks]]
[[Category:Greek philologists]]
[[Category:Greek political writers]]
[[Category:Greek essayists]]
[[Category:Greek scholars]]
[[Category:18th-century Greek physicians]]
[[Category:Greek nationalists]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece]]
[[Category:19th-century Greek philosophers]]
[[Category:Modern Greek-language writers]]
[[Category:People from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Immigrants to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Immigrants to France]]
[[Category:People of the Modern Greek Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Burials at the First Cemetery of Athens]]
[[Category:Language reformers]]
[[Category:Enlightenment philosophers]]
[[Category:Age of Enlightenment]]
[[Category:Criticism of Eastern Orthodox Church]]
[[Category:Greek independence activists]]
[[Category:19th-century scholars from the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Greek republicans]]