View source for Adrasteia

{{Short description|Greek nymph}}
{{Other uses|Adrasteia (mythology)|Adrasteia (Mysia)}}

In [[ancient Greek religion]] and [[Greek mythology|mythology]], '''Adrasteia''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|æ|d|r|ə|ˈ|s|t|iː|ə}}; {{Langx|grc|Ἀδράστεια}}, {{Langx|grc|Ἀδρήστεια|label=[[Ionic Greek]]}}), also spelled '''Adrastia''', '''Adrastea''', '''Adrestia''', '''Adrestea''', '''Adastreia''' or '''[[Adraste|Adrasta]]''', originally a [[Phrygia]]n mountain goddess, probably associated with [[Cybele]], was later a [[Crete|Cretan]] [[nymph]], and daughter of [[Melisseus]], who was charged by [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] with nurturing the infant [[Zeus]] in secret, to protect him from his father [[Cronus]]. By at latest the fifth century BC, she became identified with [[Nemesis]], the goddess of divine retribution.<ref>Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 pp. 246&ndash;247]; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 pp. 499&ndash;500]; Tripp, s.v. Adrasteia; Parada, s.v. Adrastia 1; Smith, s.vv. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-1 Adrasteia 1] (Cretan nymph), [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-2 Adrasteia 2] (epithet of Nemesis).</ref>

==Cult==
Adrasteia was the goddess of "inevitable fate",<ref>Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333].</ref> representing "pressing necessity", and the inescapability of punishment.<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 s.v. Adrastea] ("[Adrasteia] is understood as 'pressing necessity', as the demands of fate (Aesch. PV 936), as iron law (Pl. Phdr. 248cd), but above all as inescapable punishment"); Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333] ("Adrasteia ... represents the inescapability of justice, however administered. ... Adrasteia, the "Relentless One," was destiny or doom, the fate in store for all, for better or worse.").</ref> She had a cult at [[Cyzicus]] (with nearby temple), and on the [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Phrygian Mount Ida]].<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=McggyWzrvowC&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]. For Cyzicus see [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12.8.11 12.8.11], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13] (which reports "a temple of Adrasteia near Cyzicus"), for Mount Ida, see [[Aeschylus]], ''Niobe'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.167.xml fr. 158 Radt] [= [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12.8.21 12.8.21]].</ref> Adrasteia was also the object of public worship in Athens from at least as early as 429 BC.<ref>Parker, pp. 172, 195, 197; Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 p. 246].</ref> Her name appears in the "Accounts of the Treasurers of the Other Gods", associated with the [[Thrace|Thracian]] goddess [[Bendis]], with whom she seems to have shared a treasury or accounts, indicating that in Athens her cult was supported by public funds.<ref>Parker, p. 195; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; ''[[Inscriptiones Graecae]]'' I<sup>3</sup> [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/395?&bookid=4&location=7 383.142&ndash;143]; cf. I<sup>3</sup> [https://epigraphy.packhum.org/text/381?&bookid=4&location=7 369.67].</ref>

Adrasteia was also worshipped, together with Nemesis, at [[Kos]].<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=McggyWzrvowC&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; Paton and Hicks, [https://archive.org/details/inscriptionsofco00patouoft/page/52/mode/2up pp. 51&ndash;52, no. 29.9].</ref> The 2nd-century geographer [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] reports seeing a statue of Adrasteia in a temple of Apollo, Artemis, and Leto at [[Cirrha]], near [[Delphi]].<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.37.8 10.37.8].</ref>

==Mythology==
Adrasteia came to be associated with the birth of [[Zeus]].<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Tripp, s.v. Adrasteia, p. 13; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-1 s.v. Adrasteia 1]; Parada, s.v. Adrastia 1.</ref> In this context she was said to be a nymph of [[Mount Ida (Crete)|Cretan Mount Ida]]. The [[Titaness]] [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] gave her son, the infant Zeus, to the [[Korybantes|Curetes]] and the nymphs Adrasteia and Ida, daughters of [[Melisseus]], to nurse, and they fed Zeus on the milk of the goat [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75]; Gantz, pp. 2, 42, 743; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6&ndash;7]. Compare with [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 1'' (to Zeus) [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/40/mode/2up 44&ndash;48]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 p.&nbsp;158]); [[Plutarch]], ''Moralia, Table Talk'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-moralia_table_talk/1961/pb_LCL424.269.xml 3.9.2 (657e)]; Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/168/mode/2up 105], [https://archive.org/stream/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft#page/190/mode/2up 151] Kern. Tripp, s.v. Adrasteia, p. 13, suggests that Adrasteia might also have been supposed to have fed Zeus on 'honey as well, to judge from the fact her father's name means "Bee-Man"'.</ref> Adrasteia gave Zeus a  wondrous toy ball to play with, later used by [[Aphrodite]] to bribe her son [[Eros]].<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA197 p. 197]; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.227.xml 3.132&ndash;136].</ref>

In the Euripidean  ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'', Adrasteia is said to be the daughter of Zeus.<ref>Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 p. 247]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.391.xml 342&ndash;343]. Fries, on this line, says that "Our poet presumably created an ad hoc genealogy on the analogy of Dike, who fulfils a similar role as divinely authorised watcher over human affairs". Compare with [[Plutarch]], ''Moralia, On the Delays of the Divine Vengeance''  [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plutarch-delays_divine_vengeance/1959/pb_LCL405.279.xml 25 (546e)], which makes her the daughter of [[Ananke]] (Necessity) and Zeus.</ref>

==Associations with other goddesses==
===Cybele===
Adrasteia seems to have originally been a Phrygian mountain goddess, probably associated with [[Cybele]], the mountain mother goddess of [[Anatolia]].<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"] ("Goddess related to the mountain mother of Asia Minor, Cybele"); Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=McggyWzrvowC&pg=PA220 p. 220], ("Adrasteia has since Marquardt's time been generally acknowledged as a form of Cybele"); Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 pp. 499&ndash;500] ("There is no doubt that [Adrasteia] was a cult-name and probably a local title of Cybele detached at an early period"); Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 p. 246] ("Originally a Phrygian mountain goddess"). See also Munn's discussion of Adrasteia, pp. 332&ndash;336, as one of the "Names of the Mother". However, note Leaf, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 p. 78], which says that: "It is commonly assumed ... that Adresteia was originally a form of the Great Mother of Asia Minor transported to Greece. The grounds for such an idea are very feeble."</ref> [[Priapus]], [[Cyzicus]], and the [[Troad]], where Adrasteia's cult was established, were also areas where Cybele was especially worshipped.<ref>Golann, p. 44; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499].</ref> The two earliest mentions of Adrasteia both suggest an association with Cybele. Adrasteia's description, in a fragment from the lost epic poem [[Phoronis (epic poem)|''Phoronis'']] as a Phrygian mountain goddess served by the [[Idaean Dactyls]], is hardly distinguishable from Cybele herself,<ref>Golann, p. 44; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 pp. 499&ndash;500]; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=McggyWzrvowC&pg=PA221 p. 221]. For the Idaean Dactyls as servants of the "Mother", see Fowler, [https://books.google.com/books?id=scd8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43 p. 43]; [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.22 10.3.22] (which says that of the various sources which describe the Idaean Dactyls, "all have assumed that they were ... attendants of the Mother of the gods"); [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.93.xml 1.1125&ndash;1127]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17A*.html#7 17.7.5].</ref> while [[Aeschylus]]  locates Adrasteia in the "Berecynthan land", also the home of the "Mother of the Gods" (i.e. Cybele).<ref>Munn, pp. 2, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 333]; [[Aeschylus]], ''Niobe'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.167.xml fr. 158 Radt] [= [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12.8.21 12.8.21]]. For the association of the "Mother of the Gods" with the "Berecynthan land", see   [[Pseudo-Plutarch]] ''De Fluviis'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/Pseudo-P%20Revised.pdf 10.4-5] [= [[Agatharchides]] ''[[FGrHist]]'' 284 F 3].</ref>

===Nemesis===
Although apparently of independent origin, Adrasteia also came to be associated with [[Nemesis]], the goddess of divine retribution.<ref>Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; Golann, pp. 43&ndash;44; Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]; Fries, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 246]&ndash;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247], on lines 342&ndash;3; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-2 s.v. Adrasteia 2].</ref> Nemesis and Adrasteia were worshipped together at [[Kos]].<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=McggyWzrvowC&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; Paton and Hicks, [https://archive.org/details/inscriptionsofco00patouoft/page/50/mode/2up pp. 51&ndash;52, no. 29.9].</ref> In the fifth century BC the two goddesses were often identified, with Adrasteia becoming merely an epithet of Nemesis.<ref>West, p. 195 ("In the fifth century Adrastea is equivalent to Nemesis"); Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]; Golann, p. 43; Smyth, ''Prometheus Bound'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:907-943  936, n. 2]; Murray, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg019.perseus-eng2:342-350 note to ''Rhesus'' 342]; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-2 s.v. Adrasteia 2].</ref> The explicit identification of the two goddesses is first found in the writings of the late fifth-century BC poet and grammarian [[Antimachus]] of [[Colophon (city)|Colophon]].<ref>Fries, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 246]&ndash;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247], on lines 342&ndash;3; Golann, p. 43; Hornum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-innYh2yO48C&pg=PA7 p. 7]; [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13] [= [[Antimachus]], fr. 131 Matthews = 53 Wyss]. Compare with [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-grc1:907-943 936]; [[Euripides]], ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.391.xml 342&ndash;343], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.401.xml 468&ndash;473]; [[Plato]], ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-republic/2013/pb_LCL237.451.xml 451a]; [[Demosthenes]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/demosthenes-orations_xxv_aristogeiton_i/1935/pb_LCL299.537 25.37]; [[Menander]], ''Perikeiromene'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/menander_comic_poet-perikeiromene_girl_her_hair_cut_short/1997/pb_LCL459.403.xml 304]; ''[[Greek Anthology]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_9/1917/pb_LCL084.225.xml 9.405], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_anthology_12/1918/pb_LCL085.365.xml 12.300]; [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''History'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/amminanus_marcellinus-history/1939/pb_LCL300.103.xml 14.11.25].</ref>

===Artemis===
Adrasteia, like Nemesis, was also associated with [[Artemis]].<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; For the association of Nemesis with Artemis see, Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n77 pp. 487&ndash;493]; Hornum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H-l5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7 p. 7]. According to Farnell, "We need not look further than [Adrasteia's association with Nemesis] for an explanation of the statement in Harpocration that Demetrius of Scepsis identified Adrasteia with Artemis, and for the presence of the statue of the former in the temple of Artemis Lerto and Apollo at Cirrha, the divinities who brought down due 'nemesis' on the Cirrhaeans." While according to Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220 p. 220 n. 1], "Demetrius of Scepsis' identification of Adrasteia with Artemis only shows the essential identity of the Asiatic, Artemis and the Mother."</ref> The land of the Berecyntians, where a fragment of [[Aeschylus]]' lost play ''Niobe'' locates the cult of Adrasteia, was also the home of Ephesian Artemis.<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]; [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 3, to Artemis'' [https://archive.org/details/callimachuslycop00calluoft/page/80/mode/2up?view=theater 3.242&ndash;247].</ref> According to the second-century-BC Greek grammarian [[Demetrius of Scepsis]], a certain Adrastus established Adrasteia as another name for Artemis.<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"]; [[Harpocration]], s.v. Ἀδράστειαν.</ref>  As noted above [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] saw a statue of Adrasteia in a temple of Artemis near [[Delphi]].<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.37.8 10.37.8].</ref>

===Others===
Adrasteia was also sometimes associated with other goddesses, including the [[Titans|Titan]] [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]] (who was herself associated with Mother goddess Cybele),<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.93.xml 1.1114&ndash;1127]; [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.12 10.3.12] (Rhea associated with Cybele).</ref> [[Ananke]] (Necessity), the personification of inevitability,<ref>West, pp. 194&ndash;198, which calls this identification a "Hellenistic embellishment" (p. 195).</ref> and the Egyptian mother goddess [[Isis]].<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"].</ref>

==Name==
The name Adrasteia can be understood as meaning "Inescapable".<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 "Adrastea"], which says: "the original—probably non-Grecian—name is understandable as 'Inescapable'"; West, p. 196 n. 63; Smyth, ''Prometheus Bound'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:907-943  936 n. 2]; White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdesXRC6ba8C&pg=PA233 p. 233 n. 11] ("Ineluctable"); Sommerstein 2019b, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.547.xml p. 547 n. 116] ("inescabability"). See also translations of the name as "Necessity" (Smyth, ''Prometheus Bound'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:907-943  936]; Sommerstein 2019b, ''Prometheus Bound''  [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.547.xml p. 936]) and "the Relentless One" (Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]).</ref> Several ancient writers, regarding 'Adrasteia' as an epithet for the goddess [[Nemesis]], derived the epithet from the name 'Adrastus'. Adrasteia was the name of a city and a plain in the [[Troad]], a name known to [[Homer]]; and according to [[Strabo]], the city and plain were said to have been named after a certain [[Adrastus (mythology)|"King Adrastus"]], of [[Hellespont]]ine [[Phrygia]], who was said to have built the first temple of Nemesis.<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333]; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220 p. 220]; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-2 s.v. Adrasteia 2]; Leaf, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA78 p. 78]; [[Homer]] ''[[Iliad]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.819-2.857 2.828]; [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13]; ''[[Suda]]'' [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/523 α 523 Adler], [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/524 α 524 Adler]. Hasluck suggests that "the existence of this ancient temple was probably seized upon eagerly as a link between Cyzicus and the Homeric cycle, though it may have no connection with the city on the Granicus any more than the Adrastus the Archive. The existence of the temple would be held tangible evidence for the legend that King Cyzicus married a lady of Homeric descent instead of a mere Thessalian." In addition, as Hasluck notes (n. 1), the fate of the [[Adrastus|Argive Adrastus]], the famous mythical leader of the disastrous expedition of the [[Seven against Thebes]], would also have suggested an association of the name Adrasteia with Nemesis.</ref> Strabo tells us that according to [[Antimachus]], Adrastus "was the first to build an altar to [Nemesis] beside the stream of the [[Aesepus River]]",<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 p. 499]; [[Antimachus]], fr. 131 Matthews = 53 Wyss in [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13].</ref> and that according to the fourth-century BC historian [[Callisthenes]] (''[[FGrHist]]'' 124 F 28), "Adrasteia was named after King Adrastus, who was the first to found a temple of Nemesis".<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333 n. 63]; [[Callisthenes]], ''[[FGrHist]]'' 124 F 28 in [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13]. Compare with [[Harpocration]] s.v. ''Ἀδράστειαν'' (per Munn, p. 333 n. 63), which says that [[Demetrius of Scepsis]] also associated the name Adrasteia (here an epithet of [[Artemis]]) with a certain Adrastus (''Ἀδράστου τινός''), and that "some" said that "Nemesis got the name Adrasteia from 'a certain King Adrastus [''παρὰ Ἀδράστου τινός βασιλέως''], or from Adrastus the son of Talaus'", i.e. the Archive Adrastus, leader of the Seven against Thebes.</ref> Other ancient writers derived the epithet from the Greek  ''{{lang|grc|διδράσκω}}'' ("run away"), interpreting the epithet to mean the goddess "whom none can escape", connecting the epithet with the fate of the mythical [[Argive]] King [[Adrastus]], leader of the doomed [[Seven against Thebes]].<ref>West, p. 196 n. 63; Hasluck, [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AE6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220 p. 220, with n. 1], which call this a "false etymology"; Smith, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aentry%3Dadrasteia-bio-2 s.v. Adrasteia 2]; [[LSJ]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Ddidra%2Fskw s.v. διδράσκω]; ''[[Suda]]'' [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/523 α 523 Adler], [http://www.cs.uky.edu/~raphael/sol/sol-entries/alpha/524 α 524 Adler]. Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 p. 247], says that "the popular etymology of her name as ἀναπόδραστος ('not to be escaped') ... is not attested before the Hellenistic age, when the early Stoics equated her with Fate".</ref>

The name Adrasteia (perhaps in connection with the Argive Adrastus) also has geographical associations with [[Argolis]].<ref>Leaf, [https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA79 p. 79].</ref> [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]] mentions a spring called Adrasteia at [[Nemea]],<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.15.3 2.15.3].</ref> and [[Pseudo-Plutarch]], mentions a root called Adraseia produced on a mountaintop in Argolis.<ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''De Fluviis'' [http://www.roman-emperors.org/Pseudo-P%20Revised.pdf 18.13]. Compare with [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/458/mode/2up?view=theater 48.463] which  calls Adrasteia "Argive", where Nonnus is probably drawing on the association of Adrasteia with the Archive Adrastus, see Rouse's [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca03nonnuoft/page/458/mode/2up?view=theater note ''a''].</ref>

==Sources==
===Early===
The earliest surviving references to Adrasteia appear in a fragment from the [[epic poem]] the [[Phoronis (epic poem)|''Phoronis'']] (c. sixth century BC), and in a fragment from  the lost play ''Niobe'' (c. early 5th century BC), by the tragedian [[Aeschylus]]. In both she is a [[Phrygia]]n mountain goddess associated with [[Mount Ida (Turkey)|Mount Ida]].<ref>Parker, p. 195; Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 p. 246].</ref>

The ''Phoronis'' describes Adrasteia as a mountain goddess, whose servants were the [[Idaean Dactyls]], Phrygian "wizards (''γόητες'') of Ida", who were the first to discover iron and iron working:<ref>Gantz, p. 148; Golann, p. 44; Farnell, [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n89 pp. 499&ndash;500]. For a discussion of this fragment see Tsagalis, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lL0vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA413 pp. 413&ndash;419]</ref>
:... where the wizards of Ida, Phrygian men, had their mountain homes: Kelmis, great Damnameneus, and haughty Akmon, skilled servants of Adrastea of the mountain, they who first, by the arts of crafty Hephaestus, discovered dark iron in the mountain glens, and brought it to the fire, and promulgated a fine achievement.<ref>''[[Phoronis (epic poem)|Phoronis]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/greek_epic_fragments_genealogical_antiquarian_epics_phoronis/2003/pb_LCL497.283.xml?rskey=VRlTip&result=1&mainRsKey=B6amIH fr. 2] [= Scholiast on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]] 1.1126-1131b "Δάκτυλοι Ἰδαῖοι"].</ref>

Aeschylus' ''Niobe'' fragment mentions the "territory of Adrasteia" associating it with the Berecyntians, a Phrygian tribe, and Mount Ida:<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333].</ref>
:The land I [Tanatalus] sow extends for twelve days’ journey: the country of the Berecyntians, where the territory of Adrasteia and Mount Ida resound with the lowing and bleating of livestock, and all of the Erechthean plain.<ref>[[Aeschylus]], ''Niobe'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-attributed_fragments/2009/pb_LCL505.167.xml fr. 158 Radt] [= [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:12.8.21 12.8.21]].</ref>

Once in the Aeschylean ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', and twice in the Euripidean  ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'', Adrasteia is invoked as a ward against the consequences of boastful speech (perhaps here being identified with Nemesis as the punisher of boasts).<ref>West, p. 195 with n. 61.</ref> In ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'', after Prometheus foretells the fall of Zeus, the chorus warns Prometheus that the wise "bow to Adrasteia", a formulaic expression meaning to apologize for a remark which might offend some divinity.<ref>[[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-grc1:907-943 936]; Sommerstein, ''Prometheus Bound'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aeschylus-prometheus_bound/2009/pb_LCL145.547.xml 936 and note 116]; Smyth, ''Prometheus Bound'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0085.tlg003.perseus-eng1:907-943  936 and note 2]; Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=8W8lDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA333 p. 333].</ref> In the ''Rhesus'', the chorus, because of the praise they are about to give Rhesus, invoke the goddess saying:<ref>Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 p. 246, on lines 242&ndash;5]; Kovacs, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.391.xml p. 391 n. 8]; Murray, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0006.tlg019.perseus-eng2:342-350 note to ''Rhesus'' 342].</ref>
:May Adrasteia, daughter of Zeus
:shield my words from divine hostility!<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.391.xml 342&ndash;343]</ref>
In a subsequent passage the hero Rhesus invokes her ("may Adrasteia not resent my words") before boasting to the Trojan hero [[Hector]] that he will defeat the Greeks at [[Troy]] and sack all of Greece.<ref>[[Euripides]], ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'', [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/euripides-rhesus/2003/pb_LCL495.401.xml 468&ndash;473].</ref>

Adrasteia was explicitly identified with Nemesis by [[Antimachus]] of [[Colophon (city)|Colophon]] (late fifth century BC).<ref>Fries, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA246 246]&ndash;[https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 247], on lines 342&ndash;3; Golann, p. 43; Hornum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-innYh2yO48C&pg=PA7 p. 7].</ref> The geographer [[Strabo]] quotes Antimachus as saying:
:There is a great goddess Nemesis, who has obtained as her portion all these things from the Blessed. Adrestus was the first to build an altar to her beside the stream of the Aesepus River, where she is worshipped under the name of Adresteia.<ref>[[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:13.1.13 13.1.13] = [[Antimachus]], fr. 131 Matthews = 53 Wyss.</ref>

In a similar vein to the Aeschylean and Euripidean invocations, [[Plato]], in his ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' (c. 375 BC), has [[Socrates]] invoke Arasteia (i.e. Nemesis?) as a ward against divine retribution for&mdash;not a boast&mdash;but rather an eccentric idea:<ref>Munn, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HVurD0lHQv4C&pg=PA335 p. 335]; Emlyn-Jones and Preddy, [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-republic/2013/pb_LCL237.451.xml p. 451 n. 6].</ref>
:I bow myself down before Adrasteia, Glaucon, because of what I am about to say. You see, I really do suppose it a lesser misdemeanor to become the involuntary murderer of someone than to lead people astray about principles of what is fine and good and just.<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Republic (Plato)|Republic]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-republic/2013/pb_LCL237.451.xml 451a].</ref>
Plato (followed by the early [[Stoics]]) also equates Adrasteia with Fate, as the judge of reincarnating souls:<ref>Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 p. 247]; [[Plato]], ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/plato_philosopher-phaedrus/1914/pb_LCL036.479.xml? 248c&ndash;d].</ref>
:And this is a law of [Adrasteia], that the soul which follows after God and obtains a view of any of the truths is free from harm until the next period, and if it can always attain this, is always unharmed;

===Late===
Both the early 3rd-century BC poet [[Callimachus]], and the mid 3rd-century BC poet [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], name Adrasteia as a nurse of the infant [[Zeus]].<ref>Gantz, p. 42; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA75 p. 75].</ref> According to Callimachus, Adrasteia, along with the ash-tree nymphs, the [[Meliae]], laid Zeus "to rest in a cradle of gold", and fed him with honeycomb, and the milk of the goat Amaltheia.<ref>[[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 1 to Zeus'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/40/mode/2up 46&ndash;48].</ref> [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], describes a wondrous toy ball which Adrasteia gave the child Zeus, when she was his nurse in the "Idean cave".<ref>Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA197 p. 197]; West, p. 158 (which suggests a possible Orphic source for this story of the ball); Tripp, s.v. Adrasteia; [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/apollonius_rhodes-argonautica/2009/pb_LCL001.227.xml 3.132&ndash;136].</ref>

According to [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], Adrasteia and [[Ida (nurse of Zeus)|Ida]] were daughters of [[Melisseus]], who nursed Zeus, feeding him on the milk of Amalthea.<ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.6 1.1.6]&ndash;[http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 7].</ref> [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]] says that Adrasteia, along with her sisters Ida and [[Amalthea (mythology)|Amalthea]], were daughters of [[Oceanus]], or that according to "others" they were Zeus's nurses, "the ones that are called Dodonian Nymphys (others call them the Naiads)".<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 182 (Smith and Trzaskoma, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA158 158], [https://books.google.com/books?id=vczTNMWLGdoC&pg=PA191 191, endnote to 182]).</ref>

===Orphic===
The story of Adrasteia as one of the nurses of Zeus possibly originated as early as a late-fifth-century [[Orphic]] theogony (the Eudemian Theogony).<ref>Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 p. 247]; West, pp. 72, 122, 131. For the Eudemian Theogony (named after the Peripatetic Eudemus who described it) as the possible (indirect) source for the story of Adrasteia as Zeus' nurse in Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, and Apollodorus, see West, pp. 121&ndash;128, 131&ndash;132; 158.</ref> Several possible Orphic sources contain accounts of Zeus being nursed by Adrasteia and Ida (here the daughters of Mellissos and Amalthea) and guarded by the [[Korybantes|Curetes]].<ref>Gantz, pp. 42, 743; Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 s.v. Adrastea]; Fries, [https://books.google.com/books?id=QyzoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA247 p. 247]; West, pp. 72, 122; Orphic frr. [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater 105 Kern] [= [[Hermias (philosopher)|Hermias]], ''On Plato's Phaedrus'' 248c], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/190/mode/2up?view=theater 151 Kern] [= [[Proclus]], ''On Plato's Cratylus'' 396b], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/196/mode/2up?view=theater 162 Kern] [= [[Proclus]], ''On Plato's Timaeus'' 41e (Taylor 1820, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130702025748/http://www.masseiana.org/proclus_timaeus.htm#BOOK_V  p. 397]}})].</ref> These have Adrasteia clashing bronze cymbals in front of the cave of Night ([[Nyx]]) where the infant Zeus was being concealed, from his father [[Cronus]], so that the infant's cries would not be heard.<ref>West, pp. 72, 122; Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 105b Kern] [= [[Hermias (philosopher)|Hermias]], ''On Plato's Phaedrus'' 248c], [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/192/mode/2up?view=theater 152 Kern] [= [[Proclus]], ''Platonic Theology'' 4.17 (Taylor 1816, [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page%3AProclusPlatoTheologyVolume1.djvu/335 pp. 259&ndash;260])]. Compare with [[Callimachus]], ''Hymn 1, to Zeus'' [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/42/mode/2up  51&ndash;53]; [[Ovid]], ''[[Fasti]]'' [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/ovid-fasti/1931/pb_LCL253.203.xml 4.207&ndash;210]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 139; [[Strabo]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng1:10.3.11 10.3.11]; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1.7 1.1.7], which all have the Curetes (or the [[Corybantes]]) clashing their weapons, to hide the baby's crying.</ref> In one she is said to be a "lawgiver" (''νομοθετοῦσα'') outside the cave's entrance.<ref>Graf, [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/adrastea-e103890?s.num=276&s.rows=100&s.start=200 s.v. Adrastea]; Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 105b Kern] [= [[Hermias (philosopher)|Hermias]], ''On Plato's Phaedrus'' 248c]. West, p. 132, taking note of Adrasteia's original associations with the Phyrigian Mount Ida, sees in the clashing of the bronze cymbals, a probable "reflection of Asiatic practice".</ref>

Another later Orphic theogony (the Hieronyman Theogony, c. 200 BC?) has Adrasteia (or Necessity)<ref>As noted by White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdesXRC6ba8C&pg=PA233 p. 233 n.11], whether Adrasteia and Necessity (Ananke) are here considered to be distinct, or different names for the same goddess is unclear.</ref> united with ageless Time ([[Chronos]]) at the beginning of the cosmos.<ref>West, pp. 178, 194&ndash;198; Leeming, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iPrhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA5 s.v. Adrasteia, p. 5]; Feibleman, [https://books.google.com/books?id=jRGX4pCRCDIC&pg=RA1-PR6 p. 52]; [[Damascius]], ''De principiis'' (''On First Principles'') 123.31&ndash;80 = Hieronymus of Rhodes fr. 61A (White, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zdesXRC6ba8C&pg=PA232 pp. 232&ndash;233]) = Orphic [https://archive.org/details/orphicorumfragme00orphuoft/page/130/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 54 Kern].</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Greece|Myths|}}
* [[Korybantes]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* [[Aeschylus]] (?), ''[[Prometheus Bound]]'' in ''Aeschylus: Persians, Seven against Thebes, Suppliants, Prometheus Bound'', edited and translated by Alan H. Sommerstein, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 145. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99627-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL145/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''History, Volume I: Books 14-19'', translated by J. C. Rolfe, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 300, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1950. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99331-0}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL300/1950/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2007.01.0082%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D1%3Asection%3D1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus, The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Apollonius Rhodius]], ''[[Argonautica]]'', edited and translated by William H. Race, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 1, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99630-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL001/2009/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Callimachus]], ''Callimachus and Lycophron with an English translation by A. W. Mair; Aratus, with an English translation by G. R. Mair'', London: W. Heinemann, New York: G. P. Putnam 1921. [https://archive.org/stream/callimachuslycop00calluoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive].
* [[Demosthenes]], ''Orations, Volume III: Orations 21-26: Against Meidias. Against Androtion. Against Aristocrates. Against Timocrates. Against Aristogeiton 1 and 2'', translated by J. H. Vince, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 299, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1935. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99330-3}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL299/1935/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Diodorus Siculus: The Library of History''. translated by C. H. Oldfather, twelve volumes, [[Loeb Classical Library]], Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann, Ltd. 1989. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/home.html Online version by Bill Thayer].
*[[Euripides]], ''[[Rhesus (play)|Rhesus]]'' in ''Euripides: Bacchae, Iphigenia at Aulis, Rhesus'', edited and translated by David Kovacs, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 495. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99601-4}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL495/2003/volume.xml  Online version at Harvard University Press].
* [[Lewis Richard Farnell|Farnell, Lewis Richard]], ''[[The Cults of the Greek States]]'' vol 2, [[Clarendon Press]], Oxford, 1896. [https://archive.org/details/thecultsofthegre02farnuoft/page/n7 Internet Archive].
* [[James Feibleman|Feibleman, James Kern]], ''Religious Platonism: The Influence of Religion on Plato and the Influence of Plato on Religion'', Volume 13, Routledge, 2013 (first published 1959). {{ISBN|978-0-415-82962-5}}.
* Fowler, R. L. (2013), ''Early Greek Mythography: Volume 2: Commentary'', Oxford University Press, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0198147411}}.
* Fries, Almut, ''Pseudo-Euripides, "Rhesus": Edited with Introduction and Commentary'', Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 2014. {{ISBN|9783110342253}}.
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Golann, Cecil Paige, "The Third Stasimon of Euripides' Helena" in ''Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association'', 1945, Vol. 76 (1945), pp.&nbsp;31–46. {{JSTOR|283323}}.
* Graf, Fritz, "Adrastea" in ''Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World'', Volume 1, A-ARI, editors: Hubert Cancik, Helmuth Schneider, [[Brill Publishers]], 2002.
* ''The Greek Anthology, Volume III: Book 9: The Declamatory Epigrams'', translated by W. R. Paton, [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 84, Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]], 1917. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99093-7}}. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL084/1917/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press].
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{{Refend}}

{{Greek religion}}
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