View source for Adygea

{{short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Republic of Adygea
| subdivision_type   = Country
| settlement_type    = [[Republics of Russia|Republic]]
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Adygea.svg
| image_map          = Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Adygea (Crimea disputed).svg
| pushpin_map = European Russia
| pushpin_relief = 1
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-height = 250
| mapframe-stroke-width = 1
| image_skyline      = Acheshbok, Южные отроги горы Ачешбок, драматичные погодные условия раннего лета, Западный Кавказ.jpg
| subdivision_name   = [[Russia]]
| coordinates        = {{coord|44|39|N|40|00|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| subdivision_type2  = [[Federal districts of Russia|Federal district]]<ref name="FederalDistrict">{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Президент Российской Федерации|ru_type=Указ|ru_number=849|ru_date=13 мая 2000 г.|ru_title=О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе|ru_effective_date=13 мая 2000 г|ru_published_in="Собрание законодательства РФ", No.&nbsp;20, ст. 2112|ru_published_date=15 мая 2000 г|ru_amendment_type=Указа|ru_amendment_number|ru_amendment_date=19 января 2010 г|ru_amendment_title|en_entity=President of the Russian Federation|en_type=Decree|en_number=849|en_date=May 13, 2000|en_title=On the Plenipotentiary Representative of the President of the Russian Federation in a Federal District|en_effective_date=May 13, 2000|en_url|en_amendment_type=Decree|en_amendment_number|en_amendment_date=January 19, 2010|en_amendment_title}}</ref>
| subdivision_name2  = [[Southern Federal District|Southern]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Economic regions of Russia|Economic region]]<ref name="EconomicRegion">{{Cite Russian law|ru_entity=Госстандарт Российской Федерации|ru_number=ОК 024-95|ru_date=27 декабря 1995 г.|ru_title=Общероссийский классификатор экономических регионов.  2.&nbsp;Экономические районы|ru_amendment_type=Изменения|ru_amendment_number=5/2001 ОКЭР|en_entity=[[Gosstandart]] of the Russian Federation|en_number=OK 024-95|en_date=December 27, 1995|en_title=Russian Classification of Economic Regions.  2.&nbsp;Economic Regions|en_amendment_type=Amendment|en_amendment_number=5/2001 OKER}}</ref>
| subdivision_name3  = [[North Caucasus economic region|North Caucasus]]
<!-- government type, leaders -->
| governing_body     = [[State Council of the Republic of Adygea|State Council (''Khase'')]]<ref name="HeadLegis" />
| leader_title       = [[Head of the Republic of Adygea|Head]]
| leader_name        = [[Murat Kumpilov]]<ref name="HeadLegis">Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article&nbsp;7.4.</ref>
| leader_title1      = [[State Duma|Member of the State Duma]]
| leader_name1       = [[Vladislav Reznik]]
| leader_title2      = [[Federation Council (Russia)|Senators]]
| leader_name2       = [[Alexander Narolin]]<br>[[Murat Khapsirokov]]
| total_type         = Total
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_total_km2     = 7,792
| population_rank    = [[List of federal subjects of Russia by population|75th]]
| population_density_km2 = 63.77
| population_as_of   = [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]]
| population_total   = {{increase}} 496934
{{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
| 64.4% [[Russians]]|25.7% [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]]|3.3% [[Armenians]]|0.6% [[Ukrainians]]|6% other}}
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2021Censusa>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref>
| timezone1          = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085 |script-title=ru:"Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации |language=ru |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>
| blank_name         = [[OKTMO]] ID
| blank_info         = 79000000
| native_name        = {{native name|ady|Адыгэ Республик}}<br>{{native name|ru|Республика Адыгея}}
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Adygea.svg
| iso_code           = RU-AD
| registration_plate = 01
| utc_offset         = +3
| anthem             = [[Anthem of the Republic of Adygea]]<ref name="Anthem">Law #90</ref><br>{{center|[[File:Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Adygea.ogg]]}}
| flag_size          = 120px
| shield_size        = 75px
| flag_link          = Flag of Adygea
| shield_link        = Coat of arms of Adygea
| seat_type          = Capital
| seat               = [[Maykop]]<ref name="Capital">Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article&nbsp;62</ref>
| population_urban   = 49.4%
| population_rural   = 50.6%
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Official language]](s)
| blank_info_sec1    = [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]<ref>Constitution of the Republic of Adygea, Article&nbsp;5</ref>{{*}}[[Russian language|Russian]]<ref name="Russian">Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article&nbsp;68.1 of the [[Constitution of Russia]].</ref>
| area_footnotes     = <ref name="Area">{{cite web|url=http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm|title=Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (''Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation'')|access-date=2011-11-01|author=Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service)|date=2004-05-21|work=Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002)|publisher=Federal State Statistics Service|language=ru|archive-date=September 28, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928181511/http://perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_03.htm}}</ref>
| mapsize            = 300px
}}
'''Adygea''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑː|d|ɪ|ˈ|ɡ|eɪ|ə}} {{respell|AH-dig-AY-ə}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Adygeya|title=Adygeya at merriam-webster.com|work=m-w.com|access-date=2009-09-23}}</ref> officially the '''Republic of Adygea'''{{efn|{{langx|ady|Адыгэ Республик|Adyge Riespublik}}; {{langx|ru|Республика Адыгея|Respublika Adygeya}}}} or the '''Adygean Republic''', is a [[republics of Russia|republic]] of [[Russia]]. It is situated in the [[North Caucasus]] of [[Eastern Europe]]. The republic is a part of the [[Southern Federal District]], and covers an area of {{convert|7600|km2|sp=us}}, with a population of roughly 496,934 residents.<ref name="2021Censusa"/> It is an [[enclave]] within [[Krasnodar Krai]] and is the fifth-smallest Russian federal subject by area. [[Maykop]] is the [[capital city|capital]] and the largest city of Adygea, home to one-third of the republic's population.

Adygea is one of Russia's [[Ethnic groups in Russia|ethnic]] republics, primarily representing the indigenous [[Circassian people]] who form 25% of the Republic's population, while [[Russians]] form a majority at 60%, and with minority populations of [[Armenians]] and [[Ukrainians]]. The official languages of Adygea are [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].

==History==
[[File:Adygea02.png|thumb|left|Map of Adygea]]

The [[Adyghe Autonomous Oblast|Cherkess (Adyghe) Autonomous Oblast]] was established within the [[Russian SFSR]] on July&nbsp;27, 1922, on the territories of the [[Kuban-Black Sea Oblast]], primarily settled by the [[Adyghe people]].{{sfnp|Азаренкова|Бондарь|Вертышева|1986|p=154}} At that time, [[Krasnodar]] was the [[administrative center]]. It was renamed Adyghe (Cherkess) Autonomous Oblast on August&nbsp;24, 1922, soon after its creation. In the first two years of its existence the autonomous oblast was a part of the [[Russian SFSR]], but on October&nbsp;17, 1924, it was transferred to the jurisdiction of the newly created [[North Caucasus Krai]] within the RSFSR.<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite book |title=Политический альманах России 1997. Том 2. Социально-политические портреты регионов |trans-title=Political Almanac of Russia 1997. Vol. 2. Social and Political Portraits of the Regions |edition=online |url= http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/pubs/books/volume/218103adygeya.pdf |access-date=2007-04-17 |author1=М. Макфола |author2=Н. Петрова |year=1998 |publisher=Московский Центр Карнеги |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630091806/http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/pubs/books/volume/218103adygeya.pdf |archive-date=June 30, 2007 |language=ru}}</ref>

It was renamed Adyghe Autonomous Oblast (AO) in July 1928. On January&nbsp;10, 1934, the autonomous oblast became part of the new [[Azov-Black Sea Krai]], which was removed from North Caucasus Krai. Maykop was made the administrative center of the autonomous oblast in 1936. Adyghe AO became part of [[Krasnodar Krai]] when it was established on September&nbsp;13, 1937.

On July&nbsp;3, 1991, the oblast was elevated to the status of a republic under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation.<ref name="Established">Official website of the Republic of Adygea. [http://www.adygheya.ru/info/index.shtml Основные сведения] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723024244/http://adygheya.ru/info/index.shtml |date=July 23, 2013 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> The first President of the republic was [[Aslan Dzharimov]], elected on 5 January 1992.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Richmond|first1=Walter|title=The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future|date=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1134002498|page=146|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E6Z5AgAAQBAJ&q=Aslan+Dzharimov+5+january+1992}}</ref>

Relations between the Adyghe and ethnic Russians in Adygea are currently good.{{source?|date=October 2024}} Russians make up two-thirds of the population within Adygea.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |script-title=ru:ВПН-2010 |publisher=Gks.ru |access-date=2014-02-22 |language=ru |archive-date=March 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315114013/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm}}</ref> The current Head of Adygea is [[Murat Kumpilov]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-12 |title=Мурат Кумпилов назначен временно исполняющим обязанности Главы Адыгеи |url=http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/53727 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Президент России |language=ru}}</ref>

==Geography==
Adygea lies in Russia's [[Southern Federal District]] of Eastern Europe, in the foothills of the [[Western Caucasus|Northwestern Caucasus]] in the [[Caucasus Mountains]] System, with [[plain]]s in the northern areas and mountains in the southern area. Forests (mainly of European beech, oak, and maple) cover almost 40% of its territory.
*''Area'' — {{convert|7792|km2|abbr=on}}.
*''Borders'' — the Republic of Adygea is entirely surrounded by [[Krasnodar Krai]].
*''Highest point'' — [[Chugush Mountain]]: {{convert|3238|m|abbr=on}}.
<!--
*''Maximum N->S distance'': no data.
*''Maximum E->W distance'': no data.
*''Average elevation'': no data
-->

===Rivers===
[[File:Мистический каньон реки Ходзь в тумане, Западный Кавказ.jpg|thumb|Khodz river headwaters, endemic region]]
The {{convert|870|km|sp=us|adj=on}} long [[Kuban River]] is one of the major navigable rivers in the Caucasus region. It forms part of the northern border between the Republic of Adygea and [[Krasnodar Krai]].<br/>
Other rivers include:
*[[Belaya River (Kuban)|Belaya River]]
*[[Chokhrak River]]
*[[Dakh River]]
*[[Fars River]]
*[[Khodz River]]
*[[Kisha River]]
*[[Bolshaya Laba River]] — ''(forming part of the eastern border between Adygea and Krasnodar Krai)''
*[[Psekups River]]
*[[Pshish River]]
*[[Sakhray River]]
*Sukhoy Kurdzhips River — ''flows near the archaeological site at [[Mezmaiskaya cave]]''.<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Palaeontology and Zooarchaeology of Mezmaiskaya Cave (Northwestern Caucasus, Russia)
|last=Baryshnikova
|first=Gennady
|author2=John F. Hoffeckerb|author3=Robin L. Burgess
|date= May 1996
|journal= Journal of Archaeological Science
|volume=23
|issue=3
|pages=313–335
|doi=10.1006/jasc.1996.0030
|quote=Over 6000 large mammal and numerous small vertebrate remains have been recovered from preliminary excavations at Mezmaiskaya Cave
}}</ref>

===Lakes===
[[File:Lago-Naki.jpg|thumb|[[Lago-Naki plateau]] in Adygea]]
The republic has no large lakes. However,  it has several reservoirs:<ref>[https://expeducation.ru/ru/article/view?id=8504 МОНИТОРИНГ ВОДОХРАНИЛИЩ РЕСПУБЛИКИ АДЫГЕЯ]</ref>
*{{ill|Krasnodar Reservoir|ru|Краснодарское водохранилище}}, the largest in  [[North Caucasus]]
*Oktyabrskoye Reservoir<ref>[https://ozera.info/russia/ufo/adygea/oktyabrskoe Октябрьское]</ref>
*[[Shapsug Reservoir]]
*Tshchikskoye Reservoir (Тщикское)
*Shendzhiyskoye Reservoir
*Chetukskoye Reservoir
*Kuzhorskoye Reservoir
*Maykop Reservoir

===Mountains===
[[File:Фишт2.jpg|thumb|Mount Fisht]]
The republic's major mountains and peaks range in height from {{convert|2000|-|3238|m|ft}}, and include:
*[[Chugush Mountain]] — {{convert|3238|m|abbr=on}}
*[[Mount Fisht]] — {{convert|2868|m|abbr=on}}
*Oshten Mountain
*Pseashkho Mountain
*Shepsi Mountain

===Natural resources===
The republic is rich in [[petroleum|oil]] and [[natural gas]]. Other natural resources include [[gold]], [[silver]], [[tungsten]], and [[iron]].

===Climate===
*''Average January temperature'': {{convert|-0.5|C}}
*''Average July temperature'': {{convert|+23|C}}
*''Average annual [[precipitation]]'': {{convert|70|cm|in|sp=us}}

February&nbsp;15, 2010, recorded the absolute maximum for the winter months&mdash;in the capital, the city of [[Maykop]], the temperature was {{convert|23.4|C|}}.

==Politics==
[[File:TozujVisit.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Former Head of the Republic of Adygea, Aslan Tkhakushinov, in 2010]]
The chief executive of the government of the Republic of Adygea is the [[Head of the Republic of Adygea|Head]] (called "President" until May 2011), who is appointed for a five-year term. Proficiency in the [[Adyghe language]] is a prerequisite for the candidate.<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ru:"Тихие" конфликты на Северном Кавказе |last=Казенин |first=Константин |year=2009 |publisher=[[Regnum news agency|Regnum]] |language=ru |location=Moscow |isbn=978-5-91150-030-6 |page=17}}</ref>

The current Head, [[Murat Kumpilov]] (since January&nbsp;27, 2017), succeeded [[Aslan Tkhakushinov]], initially as acting Head of the region. There is also a directly elected [[State Council of the Republic of Adygea|State Council]] (''Khase'' or ''Xase''—not to be confused with the Adyghe Khase, a union of Adyghe who supported Sovmen for a second term), which comprises the Council of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. Both councils are elected every five years and have 27 deputies each.

The Republic sends three representatives to the parliament of the Russian Federation; one to the [[State Duma]] and the other two to the [[Federation Council of Russia|Federation Council]].

The [[Constitution of the Republic of Adygea]] was adopted on May&nbsp;14, 1995.

==Administrative divisions==
[[File:Adygea districts.png|thumb|Administrative divisions of the Republic of Adygea]]{{Main|List of administrative and municipal divisions of the Republic of Adygea}}

The Republic of Adygea is administratively divided into seven districts (''[[raion]]s''), two [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|cities/towns]], and (at a lower administrative level) five [[urban-type settlement]]s. [[Subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|Municipally]], the republic is divided into two urban okrugs, five urban settlements, and 46&nbsp;rural settlements.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Name  || Local Name || Area in<br>km<sup>2</sup> || Population<br>Census<ref name="ReferenceA">State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics.{{fcn|date=December 2023}}</ref> 2010 || Population<br>Estimate<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar |title=Federal State Statistics Service data|website=www.gks.ru |access-date=2019-01-15|archive-date=July 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726010024/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/doc_2018/bul_dr/mun_obr2018.rar}}</ref><br>1 Jan 2018
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Cities (republican municipal districts)'''
|-
|[[Maykop]]
|Городской округ <br> Майкоп
|58.6
|166,540
|165,279
|-
|[[Adygeysk]]
|Городской округ <br> Адыгейск
|32.4
|14,659
|15,207
|-
| colspan="5" |'''Districts'''
|-
|[[Giaginsky District]]|| Гиагинский м.р. || align="right" | 790.0 || align="right" | 31,766 || align="right" | 31,394
|-
|[[Koshekhablsky District]]|| Кошехабльский м.р. || align="right" | 606.7 || align="right" | 30,422 || align="right" | 29,726
|-
|[[Krasnogvardeysky District, Republic of Adygea|Krasnogvardeysky District]]|| Красногвардейский м.р. || align="right" | 725.5 || align="right" | 30,868 || align="right" | 31,765
|-
|[[Maykopsky District]]|| Майкопский м.р. || align="right" | 3,667.4 || align="right" | 58,439 || align="right" | 60,107
|-
| [[Takhtamukaysky District]] || Тахтамукайский м.р. ||align="right"| 440.0 ||align="right"| 69,662 ||align="right"| 82,909
|-
| [[Teuchezhsky District]] || Теучежский м.р. ||align="right"| 710.0 || align="right" | 20,643 ||align="right"| 20,802
|-
| [[Shovgenovsky District]] || Шовгеновский м.р. ||align="right"| 521.4 ||align="right"| 16,997 ||align="right"| 16,187
|-
|'''''Adygea Republic''' ''|| Республика Адыгея || align="right" | 7,600.0 || align="right" | 439,996	|| align="right" | 453,376
|}

* Note "м.р." above is an abbreviation for "муниципальный район" (Municipal District)

==Demographics==
*'''Population''': {{ru-census|p2010=439,996|p2002=447,109|p1989=432,588|p2021=496,934}}
{{Historical populations |3=1926|4=113481 |5=1939|6=241799 |7=1959|8=284690 |9=1970|10=385644 |11=1979|12=404504 |13=1989|14=432588 |15=2002|16=447109 |17=2010|18=439996 |19=2021|20=496934 |type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
! style="width:5em;"|2019
! style="width:5em;"|2021
|-
| style="text-align: left;"|Average:
| 73.8 years
| 71.2 years
|-
| style="text-align: left;"|Male:
| 69.1 years
| 66.6 years
|-
| style="text-align: left;"|Female:
| 78.4 years
| 75.8 years
|}

*'''Life expectancy''':<ref name="rosstat">{{cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/13207 |title=Демографический ежегодник России |publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service of Russia]] (Rosstat) |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=The Demographic Yearbook of Russia}}</ref><ref name="uiiss">{{cite web |url=https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293 |title=Ожидаемая продолжительность жизни при рождении |website=Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System of Russia |access-date=28 June 2022 |language=ru |trans-title=Life expectancy at birth |archive-date=February 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220124657/https://www.fedstat.ru/indicator/31293}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" heights="180">
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Adygea.png|Life expectancy at birth in Adygea
File:Life expectancy in Russian subject -Adygea -diff.png|Life expectancy with calculated differences
File:Life expectancy in Russia -Krasnodar Krai.png|Life expectancy in Adygea, Krasnodar Krai and neighboring regions 
File:Life expectancy in Russia -Krasnodar Krai (after 2014).png|Zoomed version of the chart since 2014
</gallery>

===Vital statistics===
:Source: [http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412011659/http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 |date=April 12, 2008 }}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 |script-title=ru:Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики |publisher=Gks.ru |date=2010-05-08 |access-date=2014-02-21 |language=ru |archive-date=December 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224183858/http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312%20}}</ref>
{{clear}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! style="width:70pt;"|Average population
! style="width:70pt;"|Live births
! style="width:70pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Fertility rates
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;"| 386,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,681
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,307
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,374
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.2
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;"| 396,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,900
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,907
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,993
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.0
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;"| 409,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,610
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,828
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,782
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.4
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:right;"| 423,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,966
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,283
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,683
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.0
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;"| 436,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,171
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,375
| style="text-align:right;"| 796
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.06
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:right;"| 439,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,912
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,905
| style="text-align:right;"| 7
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.96
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 444,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,306
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,969
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 663
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.5
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.73
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 447,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,774
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,662
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 888
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.54
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:right;"| 449,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,907
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,519
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 612
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.5
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-3.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.59
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,798
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,475
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 677
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.4
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-3.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.55
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,625
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,382
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 757
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-3.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.49
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,430
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,302
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 872
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.42
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:right;"| 451,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,340
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,245
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 905
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.38
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,879
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,215
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 336
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-5.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 1.22
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 448,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,071
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,710
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 639
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-5.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.27
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;"| 447,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,212
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,566
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 354
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-5.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.31
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:right;"| 447,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,540
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,715
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 175
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.39
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align:right;"| 446,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,634
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,929
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 295
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.6
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-5.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.40
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:right;"| 444,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,648
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,645
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 997
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.37
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 443,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,550
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,726
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 176
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.32
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align:right;"| 441,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,606
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,686
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2 080
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-4.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.33
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:right;"| 440,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,210
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,454
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1 244
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.50
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align:right;"| 440,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,601
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,558
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 957
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.60
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 439,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,513
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,219
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 706
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.66
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 439,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,721
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,065
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 476
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.70
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"| 441,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,511
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,197
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 554
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.66
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align:right;"| 444,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,700
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,924
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 224
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.4
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-0.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.71
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align:right;"| 445,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,568
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,814
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 246
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-0.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.68
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align:right;"| 448,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,699
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,938
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 239
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-0.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.73
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,613
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,841
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 228
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-0.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.72
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align:right;"| 453,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,451
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,818
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 367
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.69(e)
|-
| 2017
| style="text-align:right;"| 453,000
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,758
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,734
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 976
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-2.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2019
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,184
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,654
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 1,470
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-3.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|-
| 2020
| style="text-align:right;"| 
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,419
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,154
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 1,735
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|-3.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 
|}

===Ethnic groups===
According to the [[Russian Census (2021)|2021 Census]],<ref name=census2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> ethnic [[Russians]] make up 64.4% of the republic's total population, while the ethnic [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] are 25.7%. Other groups include [[Armenians]] (3.3%), [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] (1.2%), [[Romani people]] (0.7%) and [[Ukrainians]] (0.6%).

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | 1926 Census
! colspan="2" | 1939 Census
! colspan="2" | 1959 Census
! colspan="2" | 1970 Census
! colspan="2" | 1979 Census
! colspan="2" | 1989 Census
! colspan="2" | 2002 Census
! colspan="2" | 2010 Census
! colspan="2" | 2021 Census<sup>1</sup>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Russians]]
| 29,102
|25.6%
| 171,960
|71.1%
| 200,492
|70.4%
| 276,537
|71.7%
| 285,626
|70.6%
| 293,640
|68.0%
| 288,280
|64.5%
| 270,714
|63.6%
| 287,778
|64.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]]
| 50,821
| 44.8%
| 55,048
| 22.8%
| 65,908
| 23.2%
| 81,478
| 21.1%
| 86,388
| 21.4%
| 95,439
| 22.1%
| 108,115
| 24.2%
| 109,699
| 25.8%
| 114,688
| 25.7%<sup>2</sup>
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Armenians]]
| 738
|0.7%
| 2,348
|1.0%
| 3,013
|1.1%
| 5,217
|1.4%
| 6,359
|1.6%
| 10,460
|2.4%
| 15,268
|3.4%
| 15,561
|3.7%
| 14,810
|3.3%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Kurds]]
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 2
|0.0%
| 262
|0.1%
| 3,631
|0.8%
| 4,528
|1.1%
| 5,233
|1.2%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Romani people|Romani]]
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 
|
| 1,109
|0.3%
| 1,134
|0.3%
| 1,844
|0.4%
| 2,364
|0.6%
| 2,908
|0.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Ukrainians]]
| 26,405
|23.3%
| 6,130
|2.5%
| 7,988
|2.8%
| 11,214
|2.9%
| 12,078
|3.0%
| 13,755
|3.2%
| 9,091
|2.0%
| 5,856
|1.4%
| 2,810
|0.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Others
| 6,415
|5.7%
| 6,313
|2.6%
| 7,289
|2.6%
| 11,198
|2.9%
| 13,939
|3.4%
| 18,752
|4.3%
| 26,355
|5.9%
| 14,093
|3.3%
| 18,403
|4.1%
|}
# 50,304 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm|title=ВПН-2010|website=rosstat.gov.ru|access-date=November 26, 2020|archive-date=December 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204011820/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# Including 397 [[Kabardins]] and 16,133 [[Cherkess]].

===Religions===
[[File:Mosque Maykop.JPG|thumb|left|Maykop Central Mosque]]
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Adygea as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|35.4}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1.4}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|3.8}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|23.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|19.8}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|8.2}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|7.8}}
}}

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 35.4% of the population of Adygea adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 23.6% to [[Islam]], 3% are [[nondenominational Christianity|unaffiliated]] [[Christians]] and 1% are Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to church or are members of other [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Orthodox churches]]. In addition, 19.8% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 8% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 8.6% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>
{{clear}}

===Education===
[[Adyghe State University]] and [[Maykop State Technological University]], both in the capital Maykop, are the two major higher education facilities in Adygea.

==Economy==
[[File:Солодовенный цех пивоваренного завода Майкопа.jpg|thumb|Maykop Beer Brewery]]
Even though it is one of the poorest parts of Russia, the republic has abundant forests and rich soil. The region is famous for producing [[cereal|grain]], [[sunflower]]s, [[tea]], [[tobacco]], and other produce. Hog and sheep breeding are also developed.

Food, timber, woodworking, pulp and paper, heavy engineering, and metal-working are the most developed industries.

===Transportation===
There is a [[Maykop Airport|small airport]] in [[Maykop]] ([[ICAO airport code]] URKM). Several rail lines pass through the republic.

==Culture==
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Yinal speaking Adyghe and Kabardian.webm|thumb|A man speaking Adyghe.]]
The [[Adyghe language]] (Адыгабзэ) is a member of the [[Northwest Caucasian language|Northwest Caucasian language family]]. Along with [[Russian languages|Russian]], Adyghe is the official language of the republic.

There are 8&nbsp;state and 23&nbsp;public museums in the republic. The largest museum is the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea in Maykop.

==Notable people==
*[[Anatoly Berezovoy]] (1942—2014), Soviet pilot/cosmonaut.
*[[Aslan Dzharimov]] (born 1936), first president of the Republic of Adygea.
*[[Anna Kareyeva]] (born 1977), handball player.
*[[Mukharby Kirzhinov]] (born 1949), weightlifter.
*[[Andrei Kobenko]] (born 1982), footballer.
*[[Nikita Kucherov]] (born 1993), ice hockey player.
*[[Vladimir Nevzorov]] (born 1952), judoka.
*[[Hazret Sovmen]] (born 1937), second president of the Republic of Adygea.
*[[Aslan Tkhakushinov]] (born 1947), third president of the Republic of Adygea.
*[[Aslan Tlebzu]] (born 1981), Adyghe folk musician.
*[[Konstantin Vasilyev]] (1942—1976), painter.

==See also==
{{Circassians}}
*[[Music in the Republic of Adygea]]
*[[Mezmaiskaya cave]]
*[[Circassian genocide]]
*[[Adyghe people]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Notes===
{{Notelist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Государственный Совет&nbsp;– Хасэ Республики Адыгея
|ru_type=Закон
|ru_number=90
|ru_date=7 июня 2007 г.
|ru_title=О государственных символах Республики Адыгея (текст в ред. от 7&nbsp;июня 2007&nbsp;г.)
|ru_effective_date=со дня официального опубликования
|ru_published_in="Советская Адыгея", No. 112–113
|ru_published_date=14 июня 2007 г
|ru_url=http://www.adygheya.ru/info/symbolism/index.shtml
|ru_amendment_type=Закона
|ru_amendment_number=91
|ru_amendment_date=28 апреля 2012 г.
|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменений в некоторые Законы Республики Адыгея
|en_entity=[[State Council of the Republic of Adygea]]
|en_type=Law
|en_number=90
|en_date=June&nbsp;7, 2007
|en_title=On the Symbols of State of the Republic of Adygea (text of rev. of June&nbsp;7, 2007)
|en_effective_date=the day of official publication
|en_url=
|en_amendment_type=Law
|en_amendment_number=91
|en_amendment_date=April&nbsp;28, 2012
|en_amendment_title=On Amending Various Laws of the Republic of Adygea
}}
*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=
|ru_type=Закон
|ru_number=168-1
|ru_date=14 февраля 1995 г.
|ru_title=О праздичных днях и памятных датах
|ru_effective_date=14 февраля 1995 г
|ru_published_in="Ведомости ЗС (Хасэ) - Парламента РА", No. 15
|ru_published_date=14 февраля 1995 г.
|ru_url=
|ru_amendment_type=Закона
|ru_amendment_number=231
|ru_amendment_date=1 августа 2013 г.
|ru_amendment_title=О внесении изменения в статью&nbsp;3 Закона Республики Адыгея "О праздичных днях и памятных датах"
|en_entity=
|en_type=Law
|en_number=168-1
|en_date=February&nbsp;14, 1995
|en_title=On Holidays and Memorial Dates
|en_effective_date=February&nbsp;14, 1995
|en_url=
|en_amendment_type=Law
|en_amendment_number=231
|en_amendment_date=August&nbsp;1, 2013
|en_amendment_title=On Amending Article&nbsp;3 of the Law of the Republic of Adygea "On Holidays and Memorial Dates"
}}
*{{RussiaBasicLawRef|ad}}
*{{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Президент Республики Адыгея
|ru_type=Распоряжение
|ru_number=46-рп
|ru_date=2 апреля 2007 г.
|ru_title=Об организации официального Интернет-сайта исполнительных органов государственной власти Республики Адыгея
|en_entity=President of the Republic of Adygea
|en_type=Directive
|en_number=46-rp
|en_date=April&nbsp;2, 2007
|en_title=On Creation of the Official Website of the Executive Organs of State Power of the Republic of Adygea
}}
*{{Cite book
|last1=Азаренкова
|first1=А.&nbsp;С.
|first2=И.&nbsp;Ю.
|last2=Бондарь
|first3=Н.&nbsp;С.
|last3=Вертышева
|title=Основные административно-территориальные преобразования на Кубани (1793–1985&nbsp;гг.)
|year=1986
|publisher=Краснодарское книжное издательство
|language=ru
}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811044553/http://adygnt.com/ad/menu-tvorcheskiy-sostav Адыгэ Республикэм и Лъэпкъ театр] (in Adyghe)
*[http://www.adygvoice.ru The Voice of Circassians (Adyghe Language)]
*{{in lang|ru}} [http://www.adygheya.ru/ Official website of the Republic of Adygea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515161545/http://www.adygheya.ru/ |date=May 15, 2011 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070106051706/http://www.kommersant.com/t-88/r_5/n_432/Republic_of_Adygea/ Overview of the Republic of Adygea] (''[[Kommersant]]'' newspaper)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040717070249/http://www.adygnet.ru/indexeng.shtml Official Website of the Adyghe State University]
*{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040810053808/http://www.adygnet.ru/indexrus.shtml Official Website of the Adyghe State University]
*{{in lang|ru}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20040628052159/http://museum.ru/M494 Official Website of the National Museum of the Republic of Adygea]

{{Republic of Adygea}}
{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Countries and regions of the Caucasus}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adygea, Republic of}}
[[Category:Adygea| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Southern Federal District]]
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Regions of Europe with multiple official languages]]
[[Category:Republics of Russia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]